315 results on '"Queralt, I."'
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152. Estudios en la zona crítica en campos agrícolas regados con aguas depuradas: experiencias de laboratorio y de campo en el Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat
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Gallardo Hernández, Helena, Tapias Pantebre, Josefina Carlota, Marguí Grabulosa, Eva, Queralt i Mitjans, Ignasi, and Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació
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Química de suelos ,Calidad del agua ,Química dels sòls ,Suelos agrícolas ,Sòls agrícoles ,Reutilización del agua ,Reutilització de l'aigua ,Espectroscòpia de raigs X ,Rural land use ,Ciències de la Salut ,Water reuse ,Water quality ,Espectroscopia de rayos X ,X-ray spectroscopy ,Soil chemistry ,Qualitat de l'aigua - Abstract
La agricultura es la actividad económica que requiere mayor consumo de agua. En muchos países desarrollados la aplicación de aguas regeneradas para riego de campos agrícolas es una práctica cada vez más común. En España, la reutilización de aguas depuradas está regulada por el Real Decreto 1620/2007, en el cual se establecen las condiciones y criterios de calidad que deben cumplir las aguas regeneradas según su uso, pero no su aplicación en función del tipo de suelo y especie vegetal. La presente tesis tiene como objetivo principal evaluar la influencia del riego con aguas regeneradas sobre suelos agrícolas y su influencia sobre la composición química de elementos minerales en vegetales hortícolas. El estudio de la interacción suelo-agua de riego se llevó a cabo en laboratorio, mediante columnas experimentales de gran volumen. Los resultados mostraron que, tras el riego con agua regenerada, los suelos esmectíticos, con respecto a los suelos ricos en illita y clorita, retienen mayor concentración de algunos elementos potencialmente contaminantes, como el arsénico y el antimonio, además del sodio, con un mayor riesgo en el desarrollo de sodicidad con afectación a la retención de nutrientes. El trabajo experimental se desarrolló a partir de estudios de campo, en invernadero y en laboratorio. Se crearon rutinas de calibración para el análisis multielemental en muestras vegetales mediante EDXRF y µ-XRF. De los análisis de µ-XRF se concluye que existen variaciones relativas en la distribución de concentraciones de determinados elementos químicos en secciones de raíces de Daucus carota y de Raphanus sativus. Los resultados de EDXRF mostraron que las aguas regeneradas contienen concentraciones más elevadas de las principales especies iónicas (Na+, Mg2+, Cl- y Br-) con respecto al agua de red y se correlacionan con concentraciones mayores de estos elementos en las muestras vegetales. Como resultados más destacados se puede concluir que la composición química del agua de riego se correlaciona con la composición del suelo en cuanto a carga iónica (asociada a salinidad) y carga de metales. La composición global a nivel multivariante de los elementos minerales mayoritarios en la flor de Cynara scolymus del Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat se correlaciona con concentraciones de K+, Cl-, Pb y SO42- del agua de riego y con el contenido en arcilla y Na del suelo. En cuanto a las concentraciones de metales y metaloides en las aguas de riego del Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat no sobrepasan los valores máximos permitidos por la legislación vigente. En las muestras de Cynara scolymus se acumulan principalmente en la raíz, mientras que los nutrientes y otros elementos móviles (Na y Br) se acumulan en las partes aéreas de Cynara scolymus (hoja, nervio, tallo y flor). De un modo general, el estudio permite concluir que en los procedimientos para el diseño de mecanismos y procesos de irrigación con aguas regeneradas en instalaciones de producción agraria deberían incluirse estudios de detalle del medio receptor para una correcta gestión de la Zona Crítica, aspecto insuficientemente considerado en disposiciones legales y en guías de buenas prácticas de la producción hortofrutícola., The use of reclaimed water for irrigation of agricultural crops is a common practice in many developed countries. In Spain, the RD 1620/2007 regulates water quality criteria depending on its use, without taking into account the type of soil or the vegetal species. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of irrigation with reclaimed water on agricultural soils and its influence on the chemical composition of mineral elements in horticultural vegetables. The study of soil-irrigation water interaction was carried out though experimental columns. Results showed that, after irrigation with reclaimed water, smectite-rich clay mineral retains some potential toxic elements, as antimonium and arsenicum, and more sodium than illite and chlorite enriched soils, which implies major risk to sodicity and possible affectation with retention of nutrients. To study irrigation water-soil-plant interactions, field works and greenhouse experiments were carried out. Different calibration routines for multielemental analysis of vegetal samples by means of EDXRF and µ-XRF were developed. µ-XRF results showed relative differences on some chemical elements distribution in root sections of Daucus carota and Raphanus sativus. EDXRF results showed differences on chemical composition in vegetables depending on the irrigation water. Concentration values of ionic species (Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, Br-) were higher on reclaimed water and these elements were also higher in vegetables irrigated with this water. One of the most relevant results is that chemical composition of the irrigation water and soils, as ionic and metal charge, are well correlated. Multielemental composition on globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) of Baix Llobregat Agrarian Park (“Carxofa Prat”), concerning major elements, is well correlated with K+, Cl-, Pb and SO 2- concentration values on irrigation water and with clay content and Na concentration on soil. Metal and metalloid concentrations on irrigation water of the Baix Llobregat Agrarian Park are below maximum allowed values by current legislation and are mainly accumulated in roots of Cynara scoluymus, whereas nutrients and other mobile elements are accumulated at aerial parts. To conclude, before procedures to design irrigation with reclaimed water in agricultural production facilities, detailed studies of the receiving environment should be included to manage the Critical Zone.
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- 2017
153. Detection of anomalies with the polarization state of the magnetoteluric signal
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Val Balmaña, Aitor and Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar
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Bachelor's thesis ,Bachelor's theses ,Electromagnetic fields ,Treballs de fi de grau ,Geofísica ,Camps electromagnètics - Abstract
Treballs Finals de Grau de Física, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2017, Tutora: Pilar Queralt Capdevila, It has been tested the usefulness of the technique developed by Escalas (2015) for detecting and characterizing anomalies in the magnetoteluric signal. The system is based on the Morlet wavelet, wich allows making a polarization analysis in the time-frequency domain. For doing that, first, it has been made a synthetic signal with a magnetoteluric tensor and then, it has been analysed. Finally, it has been searched anomalies in real data.
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- 2017
154. Dispersion analysis in wave propagation using parametrized mimetic finite differences
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Ferrer Àvila, Miguel and Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar
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Wave propagation ,Bachelor's thesis ,Propagació d'ones ,Bachelor's theses ,Dispersió (Física nuclear) ,Scattering (Nuclear physics) ,Treballs de fi de grau - Abstract
Treballs Finals de Grau de Física, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2017, Tutora : Pilar Queralt Capdevila, Wave propagation simulations using numerical methods are subject to dispersion errors due to the discrete nature of the differentiation operator. To minimize the effects of dispersion, high-order operators are preferred to solve the wave propagation model. The mimetic finite-difference method is a family of fourth-order finite-difference operators which can be constructed by varying a set of six free parameters. In this work, I explore the effect of varying these parameters on the dispersion of elastic waves, in search of the optimal set of values to minimize this anomaly in a one-dimensional problem.
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- 2017
155. Two-dimensional modeling and inversion of the controlled-source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric methods using finite elements and full-space PDE-constrained optimization strategies
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Galiana Blanch, Savitri, Garcia, Xavier, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Geologia, and Queralt, Pilar
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Anàlisi numèrica ,Geophysics ,Geofísica ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques ,Análisis numérico ,Numerical analysis - Abstract
The controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM) and magnetotellurics (MT) methods are common geophysical tools for imaging the Earth's electrical interior. To appreciate measured data, both methods require forward and inverse modeling of the subsurface with the ultimate goal of finding a feasible model for which the simulated data reasonably fits the observations. The goodness of this fit depends on the error in the measured data, on the numerical error and on the degree of approximation inferred by numerical modeling. Therefore, active research focuses on new methods for modeling and inversion to improve accuracy and reliability for increasingly complex scenarios. In a first step, physical factors such as anisotropy, topography and realistic sources must be taking into account. Second, numerical methods need to be assessed in terms of solution accuracy, time efficiency and memory demand. The finite elements (FE) methods offer much flexibility in model geometry and contain quality control mechanisms for the solution, as shape function order and adaptive mesh refinement. Most emerging modeling programs are based on FE, however, inversion programs are generally based on finite differences (FD) or integral equation (IE) methods. On the other hand, inverse modeling is usually based on gradient methods and formulated in the reduced-space, where the electrical conductivity is the only optimization variable. Originally, the inverse problem is stated for the EM fields and the conductivity parameter (in the full-space), and constrained by governing partial differential equations (PDEs). The reduced-space strategy eliminates the field variables by applying equality constraints and solves then, the unconstrained problem. A common drawback of this is the repeated costly computation of the forward solution. Solving the PDE-constrained optimization problem directly, in the full-space, has the advantage that it is only necessary to exactly solve the PDEs at the end of the optimization, but it comes at the cost of a larger number of variables. This thesis develops a robust and versatile adaptive unstructured mesh FE program to model the total field for two-dimensional (2-D) anisotropic CSEM and MT data, allowing for arbitrarily oriented, three-dimensional (3-D) sources, for which a two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5-D) approximation is employed. The formulations of the problems in a FE framework are derived for isotropic and anisotropic subsurface conductivity structures. The accuracy of the solution is controlled and improved by a goal-oriented adaptive mesh refinement algorithm. Exhaustive numerical experiments validate the adaptive FE program for both CSEM and MT methods and on land and marine environments. The influence of the model dimensions, mesh design and order of shape functions on the solution accuracy is studied and notably, an outperformance of quadratic shape functions is found (compared to linear and cubic). Several examples demonstrate the effect of complex scenarios on EM data. In particular, we study the distortion caused by: the bathymetry, the orientation and geometry of the sources and the anisotropy, considering vertical and dipping cases. All examples showcase the importance of adequate consideration of these very common physical features of real world data. Further, a formulation for the 2.5-D CSEM inversion as a PDE-constrained optimization in full-space is derived within a FE framework following two strategies: discretize-optimize and optimize-discretize. The discretize-optimize formulation is implemented using a general purpose optimization algorithm. Two examples, a canonical reservoir model and a more realistic marine model with topography, demonstrate the performance of this inversion scheme, recovering in both cases the model’s main structures within an acceptable data misfit. Finally, the optimize-discretize formulation is derived in a FE framework, as a first step towards a development of an inversion scheme using adaptive FE meshes., [cat] El mètode de font electromagnètica controlada (CSEM) i el mètode magnetotel.lúric (MT) són tècniques geofísiques usades habitualment per obtenir una imatge de les propietats elèctriques del subsòl terrestre i s'utilitzen independentment, conjuntament i en combinació amb altres tècniques geofísiques. Per poder interpretar les dades, ambdós mètodes necessiten la modelització directa i inversa de la conductivitat elèctrica del subsòl amb l'objectiu final d'obtenir un model coherent per al qual les dades simulades s'ajustin de forma raonable a les observacions. Naturalment, la qualitat d'aquest ajust no només depèn de l'error en les dades mesurades i de l'error numèric, sinó també del grau en l'aproximació física inferit per la modelització numèrica. D'aquesta manera, les recerques actuals se centren a investigar noves metodologies per a la modelització i inversió, per tal d'obtenir models acurats i fiables de les estructures de la Terra en escenaris cada cop més complexos. Un primer pas és millorar les aproximacions en la modelització tenint en compte factors físics com ara l'anisotropia, la topografia o fonts més realistes. En segon lloc, per tal d'acomodar aquests factors en un programa de modelització i inversió i per poder tractar els conjunts de dades típicament llargs, els mètodes numèrics han de ser avaluats en termes de la precisió de la solució, l'eficiència en temps i la demanda en memòria. Els mètodes de modelització en elements finits (FE) són coneguts per oferir una major flexibilitat en la modelització de la geometria i contenen mecanismes de control de la solució, com ara l'ordre de les funcions forma i la tècnica de refinament adaptatiu de la malla. La majoria de programes de modelització emergents estan basats en els FE, i mostren avantatges significatius, però gairebé tots els programes de modelització inversa, encara avui dia, estan basats en el mètode de les diferències finites (FD) o en el mètode de l'equació integral (IE). A més a més, la modelització inversa desenvolupada per a dades electromagnètiques (EM) es basa generalment en mètodes del gradient i es formula en un espai reduït, on les úniques variables d'optimització són els paràmetres del model, és a dir, la conductivitat elèctrica del subsòl. Originalment, el problema invers es formula per als camps EM i per al paràmetre conductivitat, i està constret per les equacions diferencials en derivades parcials (PDEs) que governen les variables camps EM. L'estratègia d'espai reduït elimina les variables camps aplicant lligams d'igualtat i soluciona, doncs, el problema no constret en l'espai reduït dels paràmetres del model. Un desavantatge general d'aquests mètodes és la costosa repetició del càlcul de la solució del problema directe i de la matriu jacobiana de sensibilitats (per mètodes basats en Newton). D'altra banda, també és possible de solucionar el problema invers en l'espai complet de les variables camps EM i del paràmetre conductivitat. Solucionar-hi el problema d'optimització constret per les PDEs té l'avantatge que només és necessari de solucionar exactament el problema directe al final del procés d'optimització, però això comporta el cost addicional de tenir moltes més variables d'optimització i de la presència de lligams d'igualtat. També, en particular, en el marc dels FE, el problema d'optimització constret per les PDEs té l'avantatge afegit d'incloure tècniques sofisticades pròpies dels FE en el procés d'inversió, com ara el refinament adaptatiu de la malla. Aquesta tesi desenvolupa un programa robust i versàtil amb FE i malles irregulars adaptatives per modelar numèricament el camp total de dades CSEM i MT bidimensionals (2D) i anisòtropes, que permet l'ús de fonts tridimensionals (3D) orientades arbitràriament. Per tal de representar fonts CSEM 3D en un model físic 2D, s'utilitza una aproximació dos i mig dimensional (2.5D). Les formulacions FE es deriven per a ambdós mètodes, per a estructures de conductivitat del subsòl isòtropes i anisòtropes. Encara que el cas anisòtrop no és general, inclou anisotropia vertical i de cabussament. La precisió en la solució es controla i millora amb un algoritme de refinament adaptatiu de la malla utilitzant mètodes d'estimació de l'error a posteriori. Una sèrie exhaustiva d'experiments numèrics valida el programa de FE adaptatius per ambdós mètodes, CSEM i MT, i en escenaris terrestres i marins. S'estudia la influència de les dimensions del model, del disseny de la malla i de l'ordre de les funcions forma en l'exactitud de la solució i es troba un comportament notablement superior de les funcions forma quadràtiques comparades amb les lineals o cúbiques. Diferents exemples mostren l'efecte d'escenaris complexos sobre les dades EM, en particular, un model amb batimetria, un model terrestre i un de marí amb fonts orientades i de dimensió finita, un medi amb anisotropia vertical amb un reservori encastat i un altre amb un reservori encastat en una estructura anticlinal. Aquests exemples demostren la importància de considerar adequadament (en termes de modelització directa) característiques físiques com la topografia, l'orientació i geometria de la font i l'anisotropia del medi, que sovint es troben en mesures reals. Juntament amb això, es deriva una formulació per al problema invers 2.5D CSEM com una optimització constreta per les PDEs en l'espai complet i en un marc de FE, seguint dues estratègies diferents: discretització-optimització i optimització-discretització. L'estratègia de discretització-optimització considera que el problema invers es troba en forma discretitzada i deriva les condicions d'optimitat de la Lagrangiana i el pas de Newton. Contràriament, l'aproximació optimització-discretització deriva primer les condicions d'optimitat i el pas de Newton o una aproximació d'aquest, i després discretitza les equacions resultants. La implementació de la formulació discretització-optimització es mostra en dos exemples, un model canònic de reservori i un model marí més realista amb topografia, utilitzant un programa d'optimització de propòsit general, que és una implementació d'un algoritme de programació quadràtica seqüencial (SQP). Encara que no s'utilitza una regularització explícita, l'ús de diferents malles per al paràmetre del model i per a les variables camps, permet recuperar les principals estructures del model i obtenir un ajust de les dades acceptable. Cal dir, però, que l'eficiència en temps i memòria del programa hauria de millorar-se. Finalment, el problema invers 2.5D CSEM es formula com un problema d'optimització constret per les PDEs en l'espai complet i en un marc de FE utilitzant una estratègia d'optimització-discretització i com un primer pas per al desenvolupament d'un esquema d'inversió que utilitzi malles adaptatives de FE.
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- 2016
156. Characterization of seismic soil effects
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Vilacís Baurier, Berta, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, and Figueras Vila, Sara
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Bachelor's thesis ,Ones sísmiques ,Sòls ,Seismic waves ,Bachelor's theses ,Soils ,Treballs de fi de grau - Abstract
Treballs Finals de Grau de Física, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2016, Tutores: Pilar Queralt Capdevila, Sara Figueras Vila, It is widely known that local site effects can have a drastic influence on seismic hazards. Consequently, in vulnerable areas such as highly urbanized zones it is a major issue to characterize them. In the present study I characterize the soil effects in several places of Barcelona and Girona cities for the 29th October, Ml = 4:3, earthquake located in Alt Empordà Coast. The soil effect assessment has been estimated using two approaches. In one hand, the soil transfer function and response spectra are obtained from real recordings in rock and soil sites and also from ambient seismic soil measurements. In the other hand, using one dimensional (1D) numerical modelling. These methods provide parameters used to estimate the expected seismic ground motion during earthquakes. Among them, the soil fundamental frequency, the soil transfer function, the response spectra and the macroseismic intensity increment will be analysed in this work
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- 2016
157. CSEM monitoring at the Hontomín CO2 storage site: modeling, experimental design and baseline results
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Vilamajó Llobera, Eloi, 1988, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica
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Dióxido de carbono ,Vigilancia ambiental ,Seguiment ambiental ,Carbon dioxide ,Environmental monitoring ,Diòxid de carboni ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques - Abstract
This thesis is devoted to the development of a land-based controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM) experimental methodology to be applied to the monitoring of CO2 storage at the Technological Development Plant (TDP) of Hontomín (Burgos, Spain). The main objectives of the thesis are 1) the evaluation of the feasibility of performing a CSEM monitoring at Hontomín, 2) the design of the CSEM monitoring experiment, and 3) the acquisition of the baseline (pre-injection) data set and the processing of the data obtaining the geoelectrical response of the structure. A modeling experiment has been performed simulating the resistivity changes in the reservoir caused by the storage and evaluating the ability of the method to detect them. The study analyzes the capabilities of different experimental configurations (source/receiver location and relative orientation, emission frequencies...) in order to decide the appropriate configuration in views of the real experiment. The study considered the simulation of an experimental configuration in two different moments of the storage process (pre- and post-injection). It compares the synthetic results obtained in each case and seeks the differences to infer the presence of CO2. A wide range of scenarios of increasing complexity were simulated, from 1D models with an infinite CO2 plume to models with a 3D plume in a medium that contains the casings of the injection and monitoring wells and considers the noise conditions at the Hontomín TDP. The CO2 effect on the synthetic data was analyzed with two different approaches: quantifying the signal caused by the CO2 on the data, TLS (time-lapse signal), and comparing it with the noise conditions in the study area, D (detectability). A borehole-to-surface configuration is sensitive to the presence of CO2, to its saturation and to the relative position source/plume. Furthermore, it was observed that the steel casings installed in the injection and monitoring wells affect the EM propagation from the transmitter to the surface. The study concluded that the CSEM monitoring is suitable at Hontomín given that measurable changes will occur between time- lapsed data sets. Considering the results obtained in the modeling study, the CSEM monitoring experiment was designed. The baseline acquisition was carried out between April 21st and 26th 2014. A borehole-to-surface configuration was used with three different transmitter dipoles: 1) vertical dipole in the injection well HI (dVED-1), 2) vertical dipole in the monitoring well HA dVED- 2), and 3) horizontal dipole using one electrode in each well (dHED). Receivers were distributed at the surface in two different patterns: cross-shape and circular-shape. During each emission, 86 surface dipoles were measuring the electric field. Data processing focused on the obtaining of the geoelectrical response of the subsurface for each source/receiver configuration and for each processed frequency. To this goal, time series were divided into segments and, for each one, the transfer function between source transmission and receiver electric field were calculated. Experimental data were analyzed in terms of experimental uncertainty (error associated to each measurement) and experimental repeatability. Experimental results allowed to characterize the geoelectrical response of the Hontomín structure (including steel casings). Baseline data quality is high: experimental errors are lower than 1% in amplitude and 1º in phase for most of the data points. Repeatability is high (differences lower than 1% in most of the cases). The casing influence over the experimental data was investigated. We tested the hypothesis that a current was induced along the casing of the injection well. To reproduce the experimental behavior of the data, a number of scenarios have been simulated. For low frequencies, the hypothesis can explain the experimental data. Considering the high data quality obtained and the results of the modeling study, we consider that the CSEM experiment will be able to detect the CO2-caused resistivity changes in the reservoir after the post-injection repetition of the experiment., Aquesta tesi se centra en el desenvolupament del mètode electromagnètic de font controlada (CSEM) aplicat al monitoratge de l’emmagatzematge geològic de diòxid de carboni (CO2) a la Planta de Demostració Tecnològica (PDT) d’Hontomín (Burgos). El control del comportament del CO2 es basa en la detecció dels canvis de resistivitat que tenen lloc al reservori un cop el CO2 desplaça la salmorra. La tesi engloba el progrés de l’experiment de monitoratge CSEM des dels seus inicis fins a l’actualitat. En primer lloc, s’avalua la viabilitat del monitoratge mitjançant el mètode CSEM a partir d’un estudi de modelització numèrica i s’analitzen les bondats de diferents configuracions experimentals. L’estudi consisteix en la simulació d’una configuració experimental en dos estadis del procés d’emmagatzematge (pre-injecció i post-injecció) i en la comparació dels resultats sintètics amb l’objectiu de relacionar les diferències amb la presència del CO2. Inclou la simulació d’un ampli rang d’escenaris de complexitat creixent. Es proposen dues aproximacions diferents per poder quantificar el senyal causat pel CO2 i comparar-lo amb les condicions de soroll reals a Hontomín. En segon lloc, es descriu el disseny del dispositiu de control de l’evolució temporal de la ploma de CO2 aplicat a la PDT d’Hontomín i la realització de la campanya pre-injecció. El processat de les dades experimentals ha consistit en el càlcul de la resposta geoelèctrica de la formació geològica, incloent les carcasses metàl·liques dels pous d’injecció i monitoratge. Les dades experimentals s’analitzen en funció del seu error experimental i de la seva repetibilitat. La qualitat de les dades experimentals pre-injecció és alta respecte als dos punts de vista: els errors experimentals són inferiors a l’1% en l’amplitud i a 1º en la fase per la majoria de les dades i les diferències en la repetibilitat són inferiors a l’1% en la majoria dels casos. Finalment, s’estudia la influència de les carcasses sobre les dades experimentals. S’investiga si la inducció d’un corrent al llarg de la carcassa del pou d’injecció pot explicar el seu comportament. A partir de la simulació de diferents escenaris, s’ha comprovat que la hipòtesi és capaç de reproduir el comportament qualitatiu de les dades a freqüències baixes.
- Published
- 2016
158. Combining Discrete Element and Process-based sedimentary models: a new tool to model syntectonic sedimentation
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Carmona Bardella, Ana, Gratacós Torrà, Òscar, Hardy, Stuart, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l'Oceà
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Conques sedimentàries ,Sedimentary basins ,Structural geology ,Geología estructural ,Geologia estructural ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques ,Cuencas sedimentarias - Abstract
In order to understand the current state of the natural rocky environment and its heterogeneity, we require to study the interaction and time evolution of the numerous geological processes that have contributed to the geological reality we observe today. Given this, the thesis presented here concerns itself with numerical modelling of geological processes. The forward numerical model developed during this thesis is able to simulate deformation and sedimentation in one single setting. To do this, the model uses a novel approach that combines a Discrete Element Model (DEM) and a process- based sedimentary model, Simsafadim (SFM) to link both processes, deformation and sedimentation. The discrete element model (DEM) deals with the simulation of deformation in different materials in 2D and 3D. It is primarily used to investigate the propagation and evolution of deformation in the upper crust caused by tectonic movements. Simsafadim (SFM) is a process-based numerical forward model, which simulates subaqueous clastic transport and sedimentation in three dimensions, including processes of carbonate interaction, production, transport and sedimentation. It can model efficiently the distribution of facies and the depositional architectures in a sedimentary basin and it is a powerful tool for the 3D prediction of stratigraphic structures. Merging both codes provides a new tool for geological modelling in which deformation is influenced by the presence of syntectonic sediment dispersal and deposition. In addition, the tectonic processes change the topographic surface, which influences fluid flow, transport and, consequently, sedimentation in the process-based sedimentary model. The interaction of tectonic and sedimentary processes allows us to study the propagation of deformation in the syntectonic materials as well as how these new sediments influence the propagation of deformation in the pretectonic unit. The model is applied in two different cases studies, in order to test the viability of the new model, as well as to achieve new insight in the respective themes treated: 1) First case study: the effect of normal faulting and a relay ramp on sediment dispersal. The model is used to study the sedimentary infill in an extensional basin, specifically related to a relay ramp system. To perform the test study two configurations are designed: with one normal fault, and with two overlapping normal faults linked by a relay ramp. The different results show that the source area location in relation to the available accommodation space plays the major role in the distribution of different sediment types into the basin. Nonetheless, when the source area for water and sediment is defined as regional and parallel to the fault, the grain size distribution obtained by the two overlapping faults linked by a relay ramp have clear asymmetries when compared with the ones obtained by one-fault configurations. Therefore, the different extensional experiments allow us to conclude that the configuration with a relay ramp can play an important role in the distribution of the sediments into the basin. 2) Second case study: The effect of syntectonic sedimentation on fold geometry The numerical is used to investigate the effect of syntectonic sedimentation on fold geometry and specifically related to a delta progradation surrounded by two growing anticlines. To the initial tectonic configuration that reproduces the growth of two faults, two different cases of the sedimentary model are considered: without sediments, and considering syntectonic sedimentation. Summing up, the main results obtained for these experiments conclude that the syntectonic sedimentation is controlling the mechanism of fold growth and the final fold geometry: the left-side fold shows a left-vergent asymmetric anticline. Moreover, the strain suggests that this anticline is passing from a detachment fold (without sediments) to a fault propagation fold basinwards (with sediments). As a consequence, the inner syncline and the related sedimentary basin are also changing in transversal and longitudinal direction, being wider with syntectonic sedimentation., El objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és donar un pas endavant en el coneixement dels processos geològics que intervenen en la formació de les conques sedimentàries mitjançant la creació d'un model numèric per modelitzar la sedimentació sintectònica en un ambient subaquàtic. El model numèric desenvolupat en aquesta tesi és capaç de modelitzar la sedimentació clàstica subaquàtica i la deformació de la unitat pretectònica en una sola configuració. Per fer això, el model combina dos models ja existents: un model d'elements discrets per simular la deformació de la unitat pretectònica (DEM) i un model sedimentari basat en processos, per modelitzar la sedimentació clàstica subaquàtica Simsafadim (SFM). La unió d'aquest dos models, DEM i SFM, proporciona una nova eina per a la modelització geològica. En el nou model, l’evolució de deformació en la unitat pretectònica canviarà la topografia de la conca, que afectarà directament la batimetria, influenciant així els processos de transport i sedimentació que hi tenen lloc. Alhora, aquesta evolució de la deformació de la unitat pretectònica estarà influenciada per la presència dels nous materials sintectònics. Amb aquesta doble interacció tectònica-sedimentària del nou model, també es pot estudiar la deformació en els materials sintectònics. Aquesta nova eina de modelització permet simular i analitzar diferents arquitectures deposicionals sintectòniques i escenaris geològics més complexos. Tant per ampliar el coneixement de com els processos de sedimentació-deformació interactuen en alguns ambients tectònics, com per comprovar l'eficàcia del model, la nova eina s'aplica a dos casos diferents: 1) En primer lloc s'utilitza el model numèric en un ambient extensional per estudiar l'impacte que té la presència de falles normals i les corresponents zones de relleu en la distribució del sediment a la conca. Quan es compara la distribució de sediment obtinguda amb una configuració de dos falles amb una rapa de relleu, amb la distribució de sediment obtinguda amb una configuració d'una sola falla, els resultats mostren asimetries, tant longitudinals com perpendiculars a les estructures. 2) En el segon cas s'estudia l'efecte de la sedimentació sintectònica sobre la geometria final d'un plec. Els resultats, obtinguts a partir de la comparació de l'evolució de les estructures considerant o no considerant sedimentació sintectònica, estableixen que la sedimentació sintectònica pot afectar tant al mecanisme de formació del plec com a la seva geometria final.
- Published
- 2016
159. Relative space-time scaling of electromagnetic soundings arrays
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Urgellés Tres, Jordi and Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar
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Bachelor's thesis ,Geophysics ,Bachelor's theses ,Methodology ,Metodologia ,Treballs de fi de grau ,Geofísica - Abstract
Treballs Finals de Grau de Física, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Any: 2015, Tutora: Pilar Queralt Capdevila, There are many methods for the study of near-surface applied geophysics. This study will not only help understand how the main geoelectrical methods works (DC and MT) but also improve the technique used for analysis, combining the best of both methods and takes advantage of the best each. I test an empirical relation between the DC and MT data on synthetic models and I applied it on real data. A discussion of the limits and utility of this relationship is also presented.
- Published
- 2015
160. Tomografia elèctrica a escala de laboratori: investigació del sistema roca-salmorra-CO(2)
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Bosch Ros, David, Ledo Fernández, Juanjo, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica
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Carbon sequestration ,Geophysics ,Captura y almacenamiento de dióxido de carbono ,Seismic tomography ,Ciclo del carbono (Biogeoquímica) ,Cicle del carboni (Biogeoquímica) ,Tomografia sísmica ,Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry) ,Tomografía sísmica ,Geofísica ,Captura i emmagatzematge de diòxid de carboni ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques - Abstract
La captura i emmagatzematge geològic de CO2 es considera una opció viable per a la reducció de les emissions netes d’aquest gas a l’atmosfera terrestre. El procés consisteix a separar el CO2 de la resta de gasos generats durant l’ús de combustibles fòssils, transportar-lo fins a les plantes d’emmagatzematge i injectar-lo en una formació porosa i permeable que el retindrà, en principi, indefinidament. En aquesta tesi es consideren els aqüífers salins profunds com a reservori de CO2 de referència. La fase d’emmagatzematge requereix que es monitoritzi el subsòl mitjançant tècniques indirectes no destructives, amb l’objectiu de caracteritzar la distribució del CO2 dins el reservori per poder assegurar que la contenció és efectiva i permanent. Entre els mètodes de monitoreig existents, els mètodes elèctrics i electromagnètics són molt convenients, degut a la seva sensibilitat a la conductivitat elèctrica, una propietat física intrínsecament relacionada amb la fracció de volum de fluids conductors presents a la porositat de la roca. Quan s’injecta CO2 al subsòl, la substitució de salmorra (conductora) per gas (resistent) genera un contrast de resistivitat detectable amb mètodes elèctrics i electromagnètics. En funció de la magnitud del canvi, es pot quantificar la saturació de CO2 del reservori. Aquesta tesi centra la seva investigació en els efectes elèctrics d’alguns dels fenòmens que tenen lloc a micro-escala durant el procés d’injecció i emmagatzematge geològic de CO2. L’objectiu principal consisteix a caracteritzar la distribució de resistivitat elèctrica d’una mostra centimètrica de gres de Fontainebleau en dos experiments principals, mitjançant la tècnica de la tomografia elèctrica aplicada a escala de laboratori. Els dos experiments principals d’aquesta investigació inclouen, per un cantó, la quantificació de la saturació de CO2 per a diferents graus de saturació i, per l’altre, el monitoreig del sistema en un experiment de dissolució de CO2 a alta pressió (40 bar). A l’experiment I, la mostra representa una petita fracció d’un aqüífer salí profund (saturat d’una salmorra molt salina) en diferents estadis de l’avanç del plomall de CO2. A l’experiment II, la mostra representa una fracció d’un aqüífer somer (amb una salmorra poc salina) en la qual hi ha hagut una invasió de CO2 des d’un aqüífer proper. Per tal de poder realitzar els experiments plantejats, s’ha dissenyat i muntat un sistema experimental que permet realitzar mesures de tomografia elèctrica a les condicions de pressió requerides, sense haver d’aturar l’experiment. Els dos experiments principals són una de les contribucions més importants d’aquesta tesi, perquè per primer cop s’ha aplicat tomografia elèctrica a escala centimètrica en experiments que involucren CO2. Els resultats han demostrat que el sistema experimental permet obtenir dades significatives i de bona qualitat. Els models resultants de l’experiment I han permès quantificar la saturació de CO2 a l’interior de la porositat de la roca, mentre que l’experiment II ha permès determinar l’augment de la conductivitat de la salmorra degut a la dissolució i dissociació de CO2 al llarg de vuit dies. Així, aquesta tesi suposa una contribució rellevant al camp de l’emmagatzematge geològic de CO2 i al de l’aplicació de la tomografia elèctrica a escala de laboratori, presentant una investigació dels fenòmens elèctrics fruit de la interacció entre els components del sistema roca–salmorra–CO2 a escala centimètrica. Les dades experimentals adquirides, a més, constitueixen una base de coneixement per a la calibració dels models obtinguts amb tècniques elèctriques i/o electromagnètiques de gran escala, o per a la realització de processos d’upscaling., Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered a feasible alternative to reduce the net emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere. This thesis is related to the monitoring phase of the process, after CO2 has been injected into the porosity of a reservoir and the evolution of the system and its properties has to be controlled. The main goal of monitoring is to obtain an accurate characterization of the subsurface CO2 accumulation, in order to verify the quantity of injected gas and to detect any possible leakage. Geophysical monitoring of the reservoir is performed from the surface or along boreholes, and thus it becomes necessary to perform laboratory experiments to investigate the behavior of the reservoir rock in relation to CO2, and to calibrate the results of the field scale methods. Electric and electromagnetic methods are especially well-suited for CCS monitoring due to the sensibility of electric resistivity to CO2 saturation. This thesis focuses on two main objectives. Firstly, to design and construct an experimental setup which is able to perform electrical tomography measurements on a centimeter-scale rock sample at various P-T conditions. Secondly, to perform two new experiments related to CO2 monitoring. In the first experiment, we have quantified the CO2 saturation inside a cylindrical (4x8 cm) Fontainebleau rock sample at various CO2 volume fractions, emulating a small fraction of a saline aquifer at different injection stages (the sample was saturated with a highly saline brine). In the second experiment, we have detected and quantified the effects of the dissolution of the CO2 in the brine on the same sample at a pressure of 40 bar during eight days, emulating the invasion of CO2 into a shallow aquifer (the brine used was of low salinity). Both experiments of this thesis represent a contribution to the CCS field, as they highlight some important aspects which are typically neglected, such as the effect of the surface conductivity and the variation of brine conductivity during the experiment. If both factors are ignored, the CO2 saturation will be underestimated by using only the resistivity index method. We have modified the equation to account for these two influences, thus contributing to a more accurate monitoring.
- Published
- 2015
161. Cerdanya basin characterisation using H/V and F-K seismic noise methods
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Soussé Villa, Rubén, Ledo Fernández, Juanjo, and Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar
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Cerdanya (Catalunya) ,Bachelor's thesis ,Cerdanya (Catalonia) ,Bachelor's theses ,Treballs de fi de grau ,Seismic prospecting ,Prospecció sísmica - Abstract
Treballs Finals de Grau de Física, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Any: 2015, Tutors: Juanjo Ledo i Pilar Queralt, Seismic noise methods are nowadays widely used in geophysics being easy and non-invasive techniques to characterise the subsoil. In the present study I use F-K and H/V methods to process data collected on the Cerdanya Basin during 2012 by ICGC. The main objective has been to determine the thickness of the basin sedimentary materials in two different locations: Ger, above the mountain, and an aerodrome, down the valley. H/V method uses single geophones to record triaxial seismic noise vibrations. The data processing is able to find the resonant frequency of the soil, which is a good indicator of the sedimentary material thickness but does not provide a numerical value. On the other hand, F-K method goes further and uses arrays of registering stations to acquire data. The processing and inversion of this seismic noise gives the Rayleigh waves propagation velocity for each subsoil layer, giving way to a good characterisation of the material that conforms them. This characterisation allows us to estimate the rocky basement depth, which finally becomes in 360 meters for the aerodrome and 100 meters for Ger. The final processing method performed has been to combine the results from the two previous methods to achieve a second thickness numerical measure, which approaches to the previous results obtained.
- Published
- 2015
162. Anàlisi temps-freqüència de l’estat de polarització del senyal magnetotel·lúric = Polarisation analysis of the magnetotelluric signal in the time-frequency domain
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Escalas Oliver, Magdalena, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, Queralt Capdevila, Pilar, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica
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Prospecció magnetotel·lúrica ,Geophysics ,Prospección magnetotelúrica ,Magnetotelluric prospecting ,Geofísica ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques - Abstract
El mètode magnetotel·lúric (MT) és una tècnica geofísica que proporciona la distribució de la resistivitat elèctrica en el subsòl a partir de les fluctuacions temporals del senyal electromagnètic (EM) natural mesurades a la superfície terrestre. El senyal MT sovint esdevé contaminat per soroll EM d’origen antropogènic (soroll cultural). La seva detecció i eliminació és un dels reptes actuals per millorar la qualitat de les respostes obtingudes amb el mètode MT. L’estudi de les característiques del senyal MT i del soroll cultural és un pas clau per poder diferenciar ambdós senyals i eliminar posteriorment el soroll. En general el senyal MT no presenta un estat de polarització concret en el domini temps-freqüència (t-f), ara bé, algunes de les seves fonts naturals com les pulsacions geomagnètiques del tipus Pc3 o les ressonàncies Schumann es caracteritzen pel seu estat de polarització. En canvi, el soroll cultural sol estar polaritzat linealment en una direcció determinada a causa de la posició fixa de les seves fonts a l’espai. Tenint en compte que l’estat de polarització del senyal MT està estretament lligat a les característiques de les seves fonts, en aquesta tesi es proposa la seva anàlisi com a eina per identificar i caracteritzar algunes de les seves fonts naturals i les fonts de soroll cultural que el contaminen. Atès que tant el senyal MT com el soroll cultural són senyals variables amb el temps i presenten múltiples freqüències, s’ha considerat adient analitzar el seu estat de polarització en el domini temps-freqüència (t-f). La principal contribució d’aquesta tesi és el desenvolupament, per primer cop, d’un mètode per analitzar l’estat de polarització del senyal MT en el domini (t-f) a partir de les sèries temporals dels camps elèctric i magnètic. S’han establert les bases teòriques del mètode, que permet obtenir els atributs de polarització d’ambdós camps en el domini (t-f) mitjançant la transformada wavelet, i s’ha implementat en un codi anomenat MTWAVELETS. El mètode desenvolupat s’ha aplicat a l’anàlisi de nombroses sèries temporals MT mesurades a diferents localitzacions i que presenten o bé indicis de soroll cultural o bé indicis de la presència de senyals geomagnètics amb un estat de polarització determinat. A partir de l’anàlisi de sèries temporals MT mesurades a Hontomín (Espanya) i a Lamezia Terme (Itàlia) s’ha detectat el soroll cultural creat per línies elèctriques, la circulació de trens per vies fèrries electrificades amb corrent continu, aerogeneradors i entorns industrials i urbans, i s’ha determinat la posició relativa d’aquestes fonts respecte els punts de mesura. S’ha caracteritzat el comportament que presenten l’amplitud i els atributs de polarització d’aquests senyals sorollosos en el domini (t-f), de manera que a partir d’ara pot identificar-se fàcilment la presència d’aquestes fonts contaminants a sèries temporals MT. D’altra banda, l’anàlisi de dades mesurades a Tramutola (Itàlia) ha suggerit que les pulsacions geomagnètiques del tipus Pc3 són una de les causes de l’oscil·lació que presenten les respostes MT en aquest site en el domini (t-f). Així mateix, s’han detectat i analitzat els quatre primers modes de les ressonàncies Schumann a partir de sèries temporals MT mesurades a Huidobro (Espanya). L’anàlisi (t-f) dels seus atributs de polarització ha permès diferenciar aquest senyals geomagnètics de la resta del senyal MT. La nova eina desenvolupada en aquesta tesi constitueix una aportació significativa per a l’anàlisi del senyal MT, ja que permet detectar i caracteritzar les seves fonts, ja siguin naturals o de soroll. Té nombroses aplicacions: en l’àmbit de la millora de les respostes MT per a la identificació del soroll cultural i de senyals geomagnètics que puguin alterar-les, i en l’estudi de la ionosfera i la magnetosfera per a la caracterització de senyals geomagnètics., The magnetotelluric (MT) signal is usually affected by electromagnetic anthropogenic noise (cultural noise). At present, its detection and removal is one of the challenges to improve the responses of the MT method. The MT signal does not generally have a specific polarisation state in the time-frequency (t-f) domain. However, some of its natural sources such as Pc3 geomagnetic pulsations or Schumann resonances have characteristic polarisation properties. In contrast, cultural noise is usually linearly polarised in a certain direction due to the fixed location of its sources in space. The major contribution of this thesis is the development, for the first time, of a method for polarisation analysis of the MT signal in the (t-f) domain. It is proposed as a tool to identify and characterise some of its natural sources and those of cultural noise. It provides the polarisation attributes of the MT signal in the (t-f) domain computed in terms of the wavelet transform, since both the MT signal and the cultural noise show time and frequency variations. The theoretical basis of the method has been established, and it has been implemented in a code named MTWAVELETS. Cultural noise created by power lines, electrified DC railways, wind turbines and industrial areas has been detected and characterised from the analysis of MT time series acquired at Hontomín (Spain) and Lamezia Terme (Italy). The analysis of MT time-series from Tramutola (Italy) points to Pc3 pulsations as one of the causes of the oscillation of the MT responses in the (t-f) domain at this site. Moreover, the first four modes of the Schumann resonances were detected and analysed from MT time-series acquired at Huidobro (Spain). The new tool developed in this thesis is a major contribution to the analysis of the MT signal since it allows detecting and characterising its sources, both natural and noisy. It has many applications: in the scope of improving the quality of the MT responses due to the identification of cultural noise and geomagnetic signals capable of altering them, and in the scope of the study of the ionosphere and the magnetosphere due to the characterisation of geomagnetic signals.
- Published
- 2015
163. Development of a New Parallel Code for 3-D Joint Refraction and Reflection Travel-Time Tomography of Wide-Angle Seismic Data. Synthetic and Real Data Applications to the Study of Subduction Zones
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Meléndez i Catalán, Adrià, Sallarès Casas, Valentí, Rodríguez Ranero, César, Korenaga, Jun, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Geologia, Sallarès, Valentí, and Ranero, César R.
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Seismic tomography ,Terremotos ,Terratrèmols ,Marges continentals ,Continental margins ,Tomografia sísmica ,Earthquakes ,Tomografía sísmica ,Márgenes continentales ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques - Abstract
Memoria de tesis doctoral presentada por Adrià Meléndez Catalán para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias de la Tierra por la Universitat de Barcelona (UB), realizada bajo la dirección del Dr. Valentí Sallarès i Casas del Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), del Dr. César Rodríguez Ranero del Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) y del profesor Jun Korenaga.-- 171 pages, [EN] This dissertation is devoted to seismic tomography. I have implemented a new modelling tool for 3-D joint refraction and reflection travel-time tomography of wide-angle seismic data (TOMO3D). The reason behind this central objective is the evidence that the information based on 2-D seismic data does not allow to capture the structural complexity of many 3-D targets, and in particular that of the seismogenic zone in subduction margins. The scientific rationale for this statement, which justifies the central part of my thesis work, is based on the analysis of 2-D models obtained in the convergent margin of Nicaragua, a seismically active area where a textbook example of tsunami earthquake took place in 1992. In this application I modelled two perpendicular wide-angle seismic profiles for the characterisation of the overriding plate and the interplate fault. To do this, I applied TOMO2D, a state-of-the-art joint refraction and reflection 2-D travel-time tomography code. The inversion outcomes are two 2-D velocity models along both profiles, together with the 1-D geometry of the interplate boundary. In combination with other geophysical data measurements, namely coincident multichannel seismic profiles and gravity data, these models provide new constraints on the nature and structure of the margin, and in particular add new insights on the nucleation and propagation of the said earthquake and its tsunamigenic behaviour. Ultimately, this case study evidences the aforementioned limitations of 2-D modelling in the investigation of 3-D geological structures and phenomena. Following from this first application and with the idea of increasing the amount of data used in travel-time tomography, I focused on an a priori paradoxical phenomenon related to water-layer multiple phases, that under certain circumstances, is observed on wide-angle record sections. The interest of this study lies in the fact that this phenomenon can provide additional constraints on travel-time tomography models. First, I propose and corroborate the hypothesis explaining the apparent paradox, and then derive the most favourable geological conditions for the phenomenon to occur. Subsequently, the possibility to model this multiple-like phases is introduced in TOMO3D. [...], [CAT] Aquesta tesi està dedicada a la tomografia sísmica. Concretament, he implementat una eina de modelització 3D per a la tomografia conjunta de temps de trajecte de refraccions i reflexions (TOMO3D). La raó darrere d'aquest objectiu és l'evidència de que la informació basada en dades sísmiques 2D no permet copsar la complexitat de gran part dels cossos geològics, i en particular de la zona sismogènica en marges de subducció. El desenvolupament del TOMO3D es basa en el TOMO2D, un codi d'avantguarda per a la tomografia conjunta de refraccions i reflexions en 2D. Els arxius de codi han estat reescrits, redefinint i introduint les funcions necessàries per dur a terme la inversió 3D. Els testos fets amb la versió seqüencial del codi posen de manifest la necessitat de paral·lelització ja que l'increment de la mida dels conjunts de dades així com la modelització de la dimensió espacial afegida fan que les inversions siguin computacionalment exigents. La versió paral·lelitzada del TOMO3D ha sigut aplicada a un cas sintètic complex que simula una zona de subducció. Aquesta primera aplicació 3D serveix per avaluar la correcció de la programació del codi, i com a descripció pas a pas del procediment de modelització. Els resultats demostren la capacitat del codi per recuperar acuradament la distribució de velocitat i la geometria dels dos reflectors. Finalment, el TOMO3D és aplicat a un conjunt 3D de dades de sísmica de gran angle adquirit al marge pacífic d'Equador i Colòmbia per extreure'n un model 3D de la velocitat de les plaques cavalcant i subduïda, que és comparat amb el resultat obtingut amb un codi 3D de tomografia de temps de trajecte de refraccions (FAST). La comparació indica que el TOMO3D és més acurat que el FAST però al mateix temps és computacionalment més exigent. Tot i així, la paral·lelització del TOMO3D permet utilitzar plataformes de supercomputació, a diferència del que passa amb el FAST i la majoria de codis existents. [...]
- Published
- 2014
164. The structure and formation of the Tyrrhenian basin in the Western Mediterranean back-arc setting = Formación y estructura de la cuenca del Tirreno en el contexto de retrarco del Mediterráneo Occidental
- Author
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Prada Dacasa, Manuel, Sallarès Casas, Valentí, Rodríguez Ranero, César, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica
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Prospección sísmica ,Gravimetry (Geophysics) ,Gravimetría (Geofísica) ,Mantell terrestre ,Geofísica ,Seismic prospecting ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques ,Geophysics ,Mantle of the earth ,Seismic reflection method ,Método de reflexión sísmica ,Gravimetria (Geofísica) ,Mètode de reflexió sísmica ,Manto terrestre ,Prospecció sísmica - Abstract
[spa] La tesis que presento se centra en el estudio de la estructura cortical y de los procesos de formación de la cuenca del Tirreno, con el principal propósito de ampliar el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos involucrados en la evolución de márgenes divergentes. Para ello, en esta tesis se realiza el procesado, análisis, modelización, e interpretación geológica de dos perfiles geofísicos adquiridos durante la campaña de sísmica marina MEDOC (2010) en el mar Tirreno. Ambos perfiles geofísicos incluyen datos de sísmica de gran ángulo (SGA), de reflexión multicanal (SRM) y de gravimetría, a partir de los cuales he obtenido los resultados siguientes: 1.Dos modelos de velocidad de propagación de ondas P (Vp) y de la geometría del Moho. 2.Análisis estadístico de incertidumbre de los parámetros de cada modelo de velocidad. 3.Modelado gravimétrico a partir de la conversión a densidad de los modelos de Vp. Con este método se pretende constreñir la petrología de los diferentes dominios geológicos a partir del empleo de diferentes relaciones empíricas de velocidad-densidad para diferentes tipos de roca. 4.Dos perfiles de SRM stackados y migrados en tiempo, de los cuales procesé uno de ellos (MEDOC 4). La interpretación conjunta de estos resultados junto con un análisis exhaustivo de las velocidades de los modelos, e información geológica de las rocas del lecho marino, han permitido caracterizar la naturaleza cortical (continental/oceánico) de los principales dominios geológicos en la cuenca del Tirreno central, los cuales incluyen: corteza continental, corteza de retroarco de carácter magmático y manto exhumado. Estos resultados junto con observaciones de la geomorfología de la batimetría, han dado paso a la discusión de la distribución en planta de dichos dominios geológicos en toda el área de estudio. Finalmente, propongo un modelo de apertura de cuenca en el cual se especula sobre la formación de los diferentes dominios geológicos identificados anteriormente. Dicho modelo se basa en los modos de apertura de cuencas de retroarco propuestos para las cuencas del Pacífico occidental, y en estudios de modelización numérica realizados para explicar la exhumación del manto en los márgenes pasivos del Atlantico Norte., [eng] In this thesis I present a geophysical study that aims to define the structure and petrological nature of the main geological domains in the Central Tyrrhenian basin, and to investigate the mechanisms involved in their formation. The geophysical data used in this thesis was acquired during the MEDOC (2010) survey within the framework of the MEDOC project, which was designed to improve our understanding of the origin and evolution of rifted margins. The present work is based on the analysis, processing, modeling, and interpretation of coincident Wide-Angle Seismic (WAS), Multichannel Seismic (MCS), and gravity data corresponding to the two longest transects acquired during the MEDOC survey in the Central Tyrrhenian basin, the southern Line GH/MEDOC-6 (~450 km) and the northern Line EF/MEDOC-4 (~400 km). Both lines run across the Central Tyrrhenian basin from Sardinia to the Campania margin. The processing of MCS data provides the tectonic structure and geometry of the sedimentary basins, whereas the modeling of WAS data from travel-time tomography provides 2D seismic velocity models from which the velocity distribution of the crust and uppermost mantle, and the geometry of the crust-mantle boundary are inferred. The WAS models are then converted to density models using existing empirical relationships for different lithologies in order to test which of the different hypothesis concerning the petrological nature of the basement (e.g. continental/oceanic crust or exhumed mantle) explain better the observed gravity data. The results obtained together with the integration of geological data from rock sampling of the seabed reveals the existence of three geological domains in the Central Tyrrhenian, that is: continental crust, magmatic crust, and exhumed mantle. The comparison between the results of Line EF/MEDOC-4 (northern line) with those of the Line GH/MEDOC-6 (southern line) reveals that the velocity and tectonic structure of the three geological domains differ in some regions from north to south. These differences are most likely attributed to the southward increase of extension that characterizes the Tyrrhenian basin. The basement configuration presented in this thesis led to a completely new definition of geological domains in the Central Tyrrhenian. According to the presented distribution of the basement, rifting in the Central Tyrrhenian basin would have started with continental crust extension, continued with back-arc spreading leading to generation of magmatic back-arc crust, and followed by mantle exhumation intruded by later magmatic episodes. The interpretation of these results differ from current conceptual models of the formation of rifting systems involving mantle exhumation and indicate that the response of the continental lithosphere to extension processes may be more complex than previously assumed. Finally, to explain the mechanism involved in the formation of these domains, I examine the modes of back-arc basin formation proposed to explain the formation of the western Pacific basins [Martinez et al., 2007; Dunn and Martinez, 2011], as well as the causes that may have led to mantle exhumation [Pérez-Gussinyé, et al., 2006]. In summary, the proposed conceptual model is based on a slab rollback and depleted mantle setting, in which production of extension-related melting is limited, thus, crustal accretion is attributed to hydrous flux melting. The model presents 5 stages of opening that includes: (I) a normal subduction scenario followed by (II) development of the back-arc rift, (III) initiation of back-arc spreading, (IV) mantle exhumation, and finally (V) emplacement of large volcanic edifices in the central parts of the basin.
- Published
- 2014
165. Magnetotelluric characterisation and monitoring of the Hontomín CO2 storage site, Spain
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Ogaya Garcia, Xènia, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, Ledo Fernández, Juanjo, Jones, Alan G., and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica
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Carbon sequestration ,Prospecció magnetotel·lúrica ,Captura y almacenamiento de dióxido de carbono ,Prospección magnetotelúrica ,Magnetotelluric prospecting ,Captura i emmagatzematge de diòxid de carboni ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques - Abstract
The electromagnetic methods are especially interesting for the characterisation and monitoring of geological storage of CO2 sites. The electrical resistivity is a physical parameter that depends on the mineralogical composition of the rocks, as well as on other characteristics such as porosity, pore connectivity, pore fluid salinity, saturation, temperature and pressure. The CO2 injected in the reservoir produce changes in the resistivity that enables its detection with electromagnetic methods. However, it is necessary to have a thorough knowledge of the structure at the pre-injection state to detect and quantify the changes produced by the injected CO2. The magnetotelluric method is the only electromagnetic method with a penetration depth ranging from ten of metres to hundreds of kilometres depth. Furthermore, this method allows determining the directionality and evolution of the structures in depth thanks to its tensorial character. Hence, the objective of this thesis is to characterise using the magnetotelluric method, the Technological Development Plant (TDP) of Hontomín for Geological Storage of CO2 in a deep saline formation and evaluate the capabilities of the magnetotelluric method to monitor the injected gas. The work presented in this thesis represents an important contribution to the characterisation projects of CO2 storage sites in deep saline formations. The 3D resistivity model obtained defines the reference geoelectrical model for the subsequent electromagnetic monitoring studies. Moreover, the model shows the dome structure of Hontomín and the main fault system. The model allows identifying the potential leakage zones and defines the monitoring needs for the Hontomín TDP. This model also correlates satisfactorily with hydrogeochemical, seismic, gravimetric and well-log data. Additionally, the monitoring capabilities of the magnetotelluric method have been assessed in this work, proposing a new methodology to improve the resolution of the surface magnetotelluric responses to resistivity changes occurred at the reservoir level., La captura y almacenamiento geológico de dióxido de carbono (CO2) constituye una de las soluciones tecnológicas propuestas en la actualidad para reducir las emisiones de este gas a la atmosfera. El objetivo de esta tecnología es capturar y transportar el gas desde los grandes focos emisores hasta los lugares seleccionados como almacenes geológicos, donde es inyectado. Esta tesis se centra en la Planta de Desarrollo Tecnológico (PDT) de Hontomín (España), donde el almacenamiento geológico se llevará a cabo en un acuífero salino profundo. La PDT se enmarca en el proyecto Compostilla OXYCFB300, dentro del Programa Energético Europeo para la Recuperación (European Energy Programme for Recovery). La mayoría de las propiedades físicas de la roca almacén, en especial la resistividad eléctrica, variarán tras la inyección de CO2. El fluido salino conductor contenido en el poro será sustituido por el gas, de carácter más resistivo, reduciendo el volumen de agua disponible para la conducción iónica. Por ello, los métodos electromagnéticos, sensibles a la resistividad eléctrica, son especialmente interesantes para este tipo de proyectos ya que permiten estudiar la evolución del gas inyectado y estimar la saturación de CO2 en el poro. Esta tesis tiene por objetivo la caracterización, control y seguimiento de la PDT de Hontomín mediante el método magnetotelúrico. El objetivo principal es la obtención de un modelo geoeléctrico tridimensional (3D) de referencia, que permita caracterizar la zona en la situación de preinyección y sirva de modelo base para los posteriores estudios de seguimiento con métodos electromagnéticos de fuente controlada. Asimismo, esta tesis persigue evaluar la capacidad de control y seguimiento del método magnetotelúrico. Con este propósito, se ha desarrollado una nueva metodología para mejorar la resolución de las respuestas magnetotelúricas superficiales a cambios de resistividad producidos en el reservorio (metodología denominada layer stripping). La caracterización de la PDT de Hontomín se ha llevado a cabo en dos etapas. En la primera etapa se adquirió un perfil magnetotelúrico de orientación NS. Este primer estudio demostró la idoneidad del método para caracterizar la zona de estudio y proporcionó un modelo geoeléctrico bidimensional (2D) de la misma. En la segunda etapa se completó la adquisición de los datos, lo que permitió la obtención del modelo geoeléctrico 3D de la PDT. Esta tesis presenta ambos estudios de caracterización. Cada uno de ellos es justificado por un análisis previo de dimensionalidad de los datos y detalla la metodología de inversión empleada para alcanzar resultados válidos y apropiados. El modelo 2D obtenido previamente ha sido validado por el modelo 3D, el cual se correlaciona satisfactoriamente con datos hidrogeoquímicos, sísmicos, gravimétricos y datos de pozos, entre otros. Este modelo 3D constituye el modelo geoeléctrico de referencia de la PDT, siendo la principal contribución de esta tesis. El modelo muestra la estructura de domo de Hontomín y los principales conjuntos de fallas. Permite así identificar las posibles zonas de fuga y definir las necesidades de control y seguimiento de la PDT. De este modo, esta tesis supone una importante contribución a los proyectos de caracterización de almacenes de CO2 en acuíferos salinos profundos. El método magnetotelúrico ha demostrado ser una técnica electromagnética apropiada para caracterizar el área de estudio. Los resultados obtenidos son significativos y ponen de manifiesto la importancia de establecer un modelo geoeléctrico de la situación de preinyección a fin de caracterizar la estructura, concretar las necesidades de control de la planta y definir el modelo de referencia para los posteriores estudios de seguimiento. Los estudios electromagnéticos son complementarios a estudios de caracterización sísmicos y dada su sensibilidad a la conductividad eléctrica, se establecen como métodos de resolución superior para determinados aspectos de interés en el almacenamiento de CO2 y su seguimiento a largo plazo.
- Published
- 2014
166. Geophysical and geological characterization of the active structures and of the nature of the basement in the Eurasia-Africa plate boundary (SW Iberian Margin): Implications for regional geodynamics and seismic hazard assessment = Caracterització geofísica i geològica de les estructures actives i la natura del basament en el límit de plaques Euràsia-Àfrica (Marge SO d’Ibèria): Implicacions per la geodinàmica regional i per l’avaluació de la perillositat sísmica
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Martínez Loriente, Sara, Gràcia Mont, Eulàlia, Sallarès Casas, Valentí, Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica, and Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar
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Tectónica de placas ,Geodinámica ,Seismic tomography ,Plate tectonics ,Geofísica ,Geodynamics ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques ,Geophysics ,Geodinàmica ,Tectònica de plaques ,Tomografia sísmica ,Seismic reflection method ,Método de reflexión sísmica ,Mètode de reflexió sísmica - Abstract
[spa] El Margen SO de Iberia es una zona de gran interés dónde han tenido lugar grandes terremotos y tsunamis, como el de Lisboa de 1755 (Mw 8.5) o el de Horseshoe de 1969 (Mw 8.0). La convergencia NO-SE entre las placas de África y Eurasia controla la actividad sísmica de moderada magnitud que caracteriza la región. Datos de sísmica de reflexión multicanal adquiridos recientemente, junto con datos batimétricos y perfiles de alta resolución (campaña SWIM 2006; IP: Eulàlia Gràcia) de la parte externa del Golfo de Cádiz (límite de placas Eurasia- África), revelan deformación activa involucrando litosfera oceánica antigua (Mesozoico). Estos conjuntos de datos muestran deformación en dirección a lo largo de dos lineaciones prominentes (la Lineación Norte y la Lineación Sur), se observan desplazamientos del fondo marino y fallamiento activo a profundidades de 10 km y con una longitud mínima de 150 km [Bartolomé et al., 2012]. Además los datos de SWIM revelan fallas de strike-slip orientadas E-W mostrando deformación en superficie en forma de estructuras en flor. También se observan estructuras compresivas de dirección NE-SO en la zona del Coral Patch Ridge y de las Seine Hills [Martínez-Loriente et al., 2013]. Pese a que la región se caracteriza por una sismicidad muy débil, los datos demuestran que hay deformación activa. Muchas de las nuevas estructuras cartografiadas corresponden a cabalgamientos ciegos y estructuras en dirección que son capaces de generar grandes terremotos (Mw 7.2 ¿ 8.4) y consecuentes tsunamis [Martínez-Loriente et al., 2013]. Los modelos de tomografía y gravimetría a lo largo del perfil NEAREST P1 adquirido en la parte externa del Margen SO de Iberia, revelan la presencia de peridotita serpentinizada en el basamento del Gorringe Bank y los sectores adyacentes de las llanuras abisales de Tagus y Horseshoe [Sallarès et al., 2013]. Estos tres dominios formarían parte de una banda de rocas ultramáficas, la cual se habría generado probablemente durante la primera fase de la abertura del Atlántico Norte (Cretácico Inferior) [Sallarès et al., 2013]. La estructura de velocidad en la parte sur del perfil, indica la presencia de una corteza oceánica delgada y muy heterogénea, similar a la descrita en zonas de generación de corteza lenta o muy lenta [Martínez-Loriente et al., submitted]. Esta corteza oceánica delgada se habría formado durante la primera fase lenta (8 mm/año) de generación de corteza en el segmento NE del Atlántico Central (190-180 Ma) [Martínez-Lorietne et al., submitted]. La integración de los resultados de los perfiles NEAREST P1 y P2 [Sallarès et al., 2011], junto con datos previamente publicados, revelan la presencia de 3 dominios oceánicos en el Margen SO de Iberia: (1) El dominio de la Llanura abisal del Seine, generada durante los primeros episodios de generación de corteza oceánica del segmento NE del Atlántico Central; (2) el dominio del Golfo de Cádiz, compuesto por corteza oceánica generada en el sistema de expansión Alpino-Tethys entre Iberia y África, el cual es sincrónico con la formación del dominio anterior; (3) el dominio del Gorringe Bank, compuesto por rocas del manto exhumadas, formadas durante las primeras fases de la abertura del Atlántico Norte. Estos modelos indican que la Llanura abisal del Seine y el Golfo de Cádiz están separadas por la Lineación Sur, mientras que el Golfo de Cádiz y el Gorringe Bank están separados por un sistema de falla profunda localizado en el centro de la llanura de Horseshoe, al cual nos referimos como el cabalgamiento de la llanura abisal de Horseshoe [Martínez-Loriente et al., submitted]. Estos nuevos descubrimientos son relevantes para los estudios de peligrosidad sísmica en la región. Por un lado, la presencia de deformación activa ha sido demostrada en la parte externa del Golfo de Cádiz, involucrando estructuras consideradas hasta el momento como inactivas [Zitellini et al., 2009]. Por el otro lado, el conocimiento de la naturaleza del basamento en el Margen SO de Iberia puede proporcionar información muy valiosa en el proceso de sismogénesi, como la nucleación de terremotos y la velocidad de propagación. Ambos aspectos pueden ayudar a refinar los modelos de evaluación del riesgo sísmico y de tsunamis., [eng] In this PhD Thesis I present a new interpretation of: 1) active structures implicating old oceanic lithosphere; 2) the nature of the basement; and 3) the distribution of the basement domains and the geodynamic reconstruction of the SW Iberian margin, a region that hosts the slow convergent boundary between the African and Eurasian plates. This interpretation is based on new geophysical data acquired, processed and modeled in the framework of this PhD work. The main findings of my study are the following ones: 1) Recently acquired high-resolution multichannel seismic profiles together with bathymetric and sub-bottom profiler data (SWIM 2006 survey) from the external part of the Gulf of Cadiz (Eurasia-Africa plate boundary) reveal active deformation involving old (Mesozoic) oceanic lithosphere [Martínez-Loriente et al., 2013]. This dataset shows active strike-slip occurring along the prominent lineaments North and South, imaging seafloor displacements and active faulting to depths of at least 10 km and of a minimum length of 150 km [Bartolome et al., 2012]. Seismic moment tensors show predominantly WNW–ESE right-lateral strike-slip motion [Geissler et al., 2010]. Estimates of earthquake source depths close to the fault planes indicate upper mantle (i.e., depths of 40–60 km) seismogenesis [Stich et al., 2010, Bartolomé et al., 2012], implying the presence of old, thick, and brittle lithosphere. Moreover, the SWIM 2006 dataset also reveals E-W trending dextral strike-slip faults showing surface deformation of flowerlike structures, which predominate in the Horseshoe Abyssal Plain. In contrast, NE-SW trending compressive structures prevail in the Coral Patch Ridge and in the Seine Hills [Martínez-Loriente et al., 2013]. Although the Coral Patch Ridge region is characterized by subdued seismic activity, the area is not free from seismic hazard. Most of the newly mapped faults correspond to active blind thrusts and strike-slip faults that are able to generate large magnitude earthquakes (Mw 7.2 to 8.4) [Martínez-Loriente et al., 2013]. 2) Combined seismic and gravity modeling along NEAREST profile P1 acquired in the external part of the SW Iberian margin, reveals the presence of a serpentinized peridotite basement flooring the Gorringe Bank and adjacent sectors of the Tagus and Horseshoe abyssal plains [Sallarès et al., 2013]. These three domains would be part of a wide ultramafic rock band [Sallarès et al., 2013], similar to the Zone of Exhumed Continental Mantle off Western Iberia [Pinheiro et al., 1992; Dean et al., 2000]. Furthermore, the basement velocity structure of the southeastern part of the profile (i.e., the Coral Patch Ridge and Seine Abyssal Plain) indicates the presence of a highly heterogeneous, thin oceanic crust (4-6 km-thick), similar to that described in slow/ultraslow spreading centers, with local high-velocity anomalies possibly representing serpentinite intrusions [Martínez-Loriente et al., submitted]. 3) The integration of the results from NEAREST profiles P1 and P2 that runs across the central Gulf of Cadiz [Sallarès et al., 2011], and previously existing data reveals the presence of three main oceanic domains offshore SW Iberia [Martínez-Loriente et al., submitted]: (a) the Seine Abyssal Plain domain, made of oceanic crust that would be generated during the first slow (~8 mm/yr) stages of seafloor spreading of the northeastern segment of the Central Atlantic (i.e. 190 Ma – 180 Ma) [Martínez-Loriente et al., submitted]; (b) the Gulf of Cadiz domain, constituted of oceanic crust generated in the Alpine-Tethys spreading system between Iberia and Africa, which was coeval with the formation of the Seine Abyssal Plain domain and lasted up to the North Atlantic continental break-up (Late Jurassic) [Sallarès et al., 2011]; and (c) the Gorringe Bank domain, made of exhumed mantle rocks that was probably generated during the earliest phase of the North Atlantic opening that followed the continental crust breakup (Early Cretaceous) [Sallarès et al., 2013]. During the Miocene, the NW–SE trending Eurasia–Africa convergence resulted in thrusting of the southeastern segment of the exhumed serpentinite band over the northwestern one, forming the Gorringe Bank [Sallarès et al., 2013]. These models indicate that the Seine Abyssal Plain and Gulf of Cadiz domains are separated by the Lineament South strike-slip system, whereas the Gulf of Cadiz and Gorringe Bank domains are bounded by a deep thrust fault system located at the center of the Horseshoe Abyssal Plain, which we refer to as the Horseshoe Abyssal plain Thrust [Martínez-Loriente et al., submitted]. These new findings are relevant for geohazard assessment in the region. On one hand, the presence of active deformation has been demonstrated in the external part of the Gulf of Cadiz, involving structures considered inactive [e.g. Zitellini et al., 2009] until the present work. On the other hand, the knowledge of the nature of the SW Iberian margin basement may provide valuable information into the process of seismogenesis, such as earthquake nucleation and velocity propagation. Both aspects will help to refine regional seismic and tsunami hazard assessment models.
- Published
- 2013
167. Estudi i caracterització de l'abocador de residu miner d'Osor (Girona)
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Saladich Cubero, Joan, Rivero Marginedas, Lluís, Queralt i Mitjans, Ignasi, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Geoquímica, Petrologia i Prospecció Geològica
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MDT ,Codificació residu ,Residus industrials ,Factory and trade waste ,Waste disposal sites ,Tomografia elèctrica ,AR preliminar ,Anàlisi geoquímic ,Desenvolupament humà i sostenible::Enginyeria ambiental::Tractament dels residus [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Abocadors - Abstract
L'estudi consisteix en una recopilació d'informació històrica, i seguidament, determinació del volum total d'estèrils del dipòsit, mitjançant la combinació tomografies elèctriques obtingudes al camp i eines de SIG. La segona part de l'estudi consisteix en un anàlisi geoquímic dels estèrils, per a determinar la composició química i la lixiviació d'aquest. Finalment es caracteritza el residu segons la normativa legal vigent.
- Published
- 2013
168. Seismic Oceanography: A New Tool to Characterize Physical Oceanographic Structures and Processes
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Buffett, Grant George, Carbonell, Ramon, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica
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Oceanografia sísmica ,Sísmica de reflexió multicanal (MCS) ,Oceanografia física ,Oceanografia ,Oceanography ,Sismologia ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques ,Seismology - Abstract
Large scale global oceanic circulation redistributes heat and freshwater and therefore affects global climate. One of its main forcing mechanisms is, in addition to surface heat and freshwater fluxes, the diapycnal (across lines of equal density) mixing in the ocean interior. The energy needed to drive the mixing processes is mainly provided by tides and wind [Wunsch, 2002]. It is transformed into internal wave energy, cascading through a range of smaller scales leading finally into turbulence and molecular dissipation. Water masses in the ocean are stratified and often separated by relatively thin layers with strong gradients in temperature and/or salinity across which heat and mass transfer occur in order to maintain global circulation and stratification. However, these processes are difficult to observe in practice. Below a few meters, the ocean is opaque to light, and thus to direct optical observations of deep processes [Thorpe, 2005]. Therefore, the development of scientific methodologies and instruments to directly or indirectly measure processes in the ocean interior are of high importance to understanding those processes and their implications.The motivation behind this research is two-tier: 1) broadly, and academically, it is the scientific curiosity of understanding the ocean in order to better comprehend its role in the context of Earth systems; 2) expressly, the motivation is to develop the methodological toolset necessary to observe the ocean on a spatial and temporal scale not possible with traditional oceanographic techniques, thus allowing the foundation of more accurate models of ocean circulation and thereby, ocean-climate interactions.The toolset is emerging as a robust technique of physical oceanography known as 'seismic oceanography'. By definition, seismic oceanography is the application of multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection profiling to physical oceanography. This definition, however, could be subject to future revision and refinement because the development of seismic oceanography observational tools will inevitably lead to newer perspectives.The Mediterranean Outflow Water (henceforth, MOW) is a natural laboratory for seismic oceanography. The MOW was chosen to test seismic reflection in oceanography for three main reasons: 1) The strong oceanographic signature of the MOW. Due to the penetration of the MOW into the North Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar, strong characteristic contrasts in temperature (1.5 °C) and salinity (0.3 psu) and thus, density (0.4 kg/m3) are observed between the MOW and the surrounding Atlantic waters [Baringer and Price, 1997]. These contrasts in density (along with sound speed) are the contributing factors to reflection coefficient, making the identification of structures and processes possible. 2) The large variety of oceanographic and topographic features, such as a continental slope, undulating seafloor (including seamounts and basins) and mesoscale Mediterranean salt lenses (meddies). These structures and processes are believed to play an important role in maintaining the temperature and salinity distribution in the north Atlantic [Bower et. al., 1997]. 3) Finally, extensive archived data sets of bothoceanographic and seismic data place interpretive constraints on the data collected.Part I of this thesis consists of two peer-reviewed papers published by the author and coauthors (Chapters 1 and 2), one manuscript submitted for publication (Chapter 3) and two published peer-reviewed research letters that the author played a lesser role developing (Chapter 4). Part II of the thesis addresses the seismological (Chapter 5) and oceanographic backgrounds (Chapter 6) in the context of some of the structures and processes that are amenable to seismic ensonification. Part III consists of general discussions and conclusions (Chapter 7) and potential future research and development (Chapter 8)., La motivació que hi ha al darrera d'aquest treball es pot separar en dos nivells: 1) En termes generals, i acadèmicament, és la curiositat purament científica d'estudiar l'oceà per tal de comprendre millor el seu paper en el context de les Ciències de la Terra; 2) Concretament, la motivació és desenvolupar les eines necessàries per a observar l'oceà a una escala espaial i temporal que no és possible amb les tècniques tradicionals oceanogràfiques, permetent així generar models més precisos de circulació oceànica i, per tant, de les interaccions oceà-clima.L'objectiu a curt i mitjà termini d'aquesta tesi és el desenvolupament de noves eines d'oceanografia física que proporcionin noves perspectives sobre la dinàmica oceànica. Aquest conjunt d'eines està emergint com una metodologia sòlida dins de l'oceanografia física coneguda com 'oceanografia sísmica'. Per definició, l'oceanografia sísmica és l'aplicació de la sísmica de reflexió multicanal (MCS) a l'oceanografia física. Aquesta definició, però, podria estar subjecte a una futura revisió i perfeccionament, ja que el desenvolupament d'eines d'oceanografia sísmica inevitablement donarà lloc a noves perspectives.La part principal d'aquesta tesi la constitueixen quatre articles, publicats per l'autor i co-autors al llarg del seu període d'investigació (capítols 1, 2 i 4); així com un article sotmès (Capítol 3). En la segona part, com a suport per als lectors no familiaritzats, s'aborden els antecedents sismològics (Capítol 5) i oceanogràfics (Capítol 6) en el context d'algunes de les estructures i processos que són susceptibles de ser identificats mitjançant la sísmica. Les conclusions generals es presenten en el Capítol 7 i en el Capítol 8 es donen algunes recomanacions per a futures investigacions i desenvolupaments (Part III). La tesi es complementa amb quatre apèndixs, on a banda d'un ampli resum en català (Apèndix I), hi ha els diagrames de flux utilitzats per l'autor en el processament de les dades sísmiques (Apèndix II), un conjunt de set desplegables de les seccions sísmiques en gran format (Apèndix III) i finalment un glossari de termes útils per ajudar als lectors no iniciats en qualsevol de les branques de la sismologia o l'oceanografia (Apèndix IV).
- Published
- 2011
169. La biblioteca mediateca : educación secundaria : propuesta de trabajo
- Author
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Federació de Moviments de Renovació Pedagògica de Catalunya. Grupo Bibliomedia and Queralt i Catà, Enric
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medios de enseñanza ,afición a la lectura ,mediateca ,biblioteca escolar ,habilidades de información - Abstract
Resumen tomado de la publicación. Anexos En una sociedad en que cada vez hay más información al alcance de los ciudadanos, es necesaria la formación de niños y jóvenes en torno a la lectura y a la selección y tratamiento de información. Desde el Grup Bibliomèdia de la Federació de Moviments de Renovació Pedalgògica de Catalanya (FMRPC) se plantea la posibilidad de recoger y formular propuestas de actividades de biblioteca que pudiesen ser desarrolladas en la mayoría de los centros docentes. Este volumen recoge la justificación y el marco conceptual, acompañadas por un compendio de actividades de biblioteca para educación secundaria, agrupadas por ciclos. Las actividades están organizadas en tres bloques: El desarrollo del hábito lector, búsqueda y tratamiento de la información y formación de usuarios. Se trata de propuestas claras, de fácil aplicación que cada escuela puede adaptar a su realidad. Cataluña Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín 5 -3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ESP
- Published
- 2009
170. Magnetotelluric Investigation of Geoelectrical Dimensionality and Study of the Central Betic Crustal Structure, A
- Author
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Martí i Castells, Anna, Queralt i Capdevila, Pilar, Roca i Abella, Eduard, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica
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Prospecció magnetotel·lúrica ,Geodinàmica ,Magnetotelluric prospecting ,Geophysical exploration ,Geomagnetisme ,Serralades Bètiques ,Geomagnetism ,Geofísica de la massa sòlida ,Benéticos Range (Spain) ,Prospecció geofísica ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques - Abstract
The magnetotelluric (MT) method is a geophysical method that allows characterizing the electric properties of the Earth materials. Within the frame of this method, this thesis is divided in two parts.The first part presents a series of methodological contributions to the dimensionality analysis of the MT data, emphasizing on the effects produced by errors.Thus, the WAL and the Bahr dimensionality methods, both based on the use of rotational invariants, have been studied. In the first, the method has been extended in order to consider data errors and the fact that geological structures can not always be approached to the ideal cases. In this sense, a program, WALDIM, has been created, which allows performing the dimensionality analysis in real data. With reference to the Bahr method, its limitations and inconsistencies have been analysed, and have been solved through the redefinition of the threshold limits of the invariants, and the use of an additional parameter, Q, also used by the WAL method.In the second part, the magnetotelluric study of the geoelectric structures of the Central Betics crust is presented. The data show a complex dimensionality, for which these have been modelled using a 3D model at crustal level. The model shows a good correlation between the resistivity structures and the surface geology, as well as the continuation of them at lower depths. Below the Internal Zone, at upper crustal level, the model shows a conductive body between the Nevado-Filabride complex and the Betics detachment level. This conductor is interpreted as a differentiated lithologic unit, formed by basic or low crustal rocks, containing a conducting mineral phase, such as graphite or pyrite., El mètode magnetotel·lúric és un mètode geofísic que permet caracteritzar les propietats elèctriques dels materials de la terra. Dins el marc d'aquest mètode, aquesta tesis es divideix en dues parts.La primera consisteix en una sèrie d'aportacions metodològiques a l'anàlisi de la dimensionalitat de les dades, posant èmfasi en els efectes produïts pels errors.D'aquesta manera, s'han estudiat els ja coneguts mètodes d'anàlisi de la dimensionalitat de WAL i Bahr, basats en invariants rotacionals. En el primer, s'ha ampliat el mètode per tal de considerar els errors de les dades i el fet que les estructures geològiques no sempre es poden relacionar amb els casos ideals. Així, s'ha creat el programa WALDIM, que permet realitzar l'anàlisi de la dimensionalitat per a dades reals. Pel que fa al mètode de Bahr, s'han analitzat les seves limitacions i inconsistències, que s'han resolt mitjançant la redefinició dels valors llindar, i la utilització d'un paràmetre adicional, Q, també utilitzat en el mètode de WAL.En la segona part, es presenta l'estudi magnetotel·lúric de l'estructura geoelèctrica de l'escorça de la zona central de la Serralada Bètica. Les dades mostren una dimensionalitat complexa, i es modelitzen mitjançant la creació d'un model 3D a nivell cortical. Aquest model mostra una bona correlació entre les estructures resistives i la geologia superficial, així com la seva continuïtat a majors profunditats. A nivell d'escorça superior, el model mostra un cos conductor a la Zona Interna, localitzat entre els complexes Nevado-Filàbride i el nivell de desenganxament de les Bètiques. Aquest conductor s'interpreta com una unitat litològica diferenciada, formada per roques bàsiques o del mantell inferior, que conté una fase mineral conductora, com pot ser grafit o pirita., El método magnetotelúrico es un método geofísico que permite caracterizar las propiedades eléctricas de los materiales terrestres. En el marco de este método, esta tesis se divide en dos partes. La primera consiste en una serie de aportaciones metodológicas al análisis de dimensionalidad de los datos, enfatizando en los efectos producidos por los errores. Así, se han estudiado los ya conocidos métodos de análisis de dimensionalidad de WAL y Bahr, basados en invariantes rotacionales. En el primero, se ha ampliado el método de manera que se consideren los errores de los datos, y el hecho que las estructuras geológicas no se correspondan siempre con casos ideales. De esta manera, se ha creado el programa WALDIM que permite realizar el análisis de la dimensionalidad en datos reales. En cuanto al método de Bahr, se han analizado sus limitaciones e inconsistencias, que se han solucionado mediante la redefinición de los valores lindar, y la adición de un nuevo parámetro, Q, también utilizado en el método de WAL. En la segunda parte, se presenta el estudio magnetotelúrico de la estructura geoeléctrica de la corteza de la zona central de la Cordillera Bética. Los datos muestran una dimensionalidad compleja, y se modelizan mediante la creación de un modelo 3D a nivel cortical. Este modelo muestra la buena correlación entre las estructuras resistivas y la geología superficial, así como su continuidad a profundidades mayores. A nivel de corteza superior, el modelo muestra un cuerpo conductor en la Zona Interna, localizado entre el complejo Nevado-Filábride y el nivel de despegue de las Béticas. Este conductor se interpreta como una unidad litológica diferenciada, formada por rocas básicas o del manto inferior, que contiene un mineral conductor tal como grafito o pirita.
- Published
- 2006
171. Analytical methodologies based on X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and Inductively Couple Plasma Spectroscopy (ICP) for the assessment of metal dispersal around mining environments
- Author
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Marguí Grabulosa, Eva, Queralt i Mitjans, Ignasi, Hidalgo Muñoz, Manuela, and Universitat de Girona. Departament de Química
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Tesis i dissertacions acadèmiques ,Mobilitat dels metalls ,Spectrometry ICP ,Activitat minera ,Spectrometry XRF ,Mining activity ,Movilidad des los metales ,Lead isotope ratios ,Espectrometria ICP ,Metals mobility ,Espectrometria XRF ,Relacions isotòpiques determinades ,Relaciones isotópicas determinadas ,54 - Química - Abstract
La investigació que es presenta en aquesta tesi es centra en l'aplicació i millora de metodologies analítiques existents i el desenvolupament de nous procediments que poden ser utilitzats per a l'estudi dels efectes ambientals de la dispersió dels metalls entorn a les zones mineres abandonades.En primer lloc, es van aplicar diferents procediments d'extracció simple i seqüencial per a estudiar la mobilitat, perillositat i bio-disponibilitat dels metalls continguts en residus miners de característiques diferents. Per altra banda, per a estudiar les fonts potencials de Pb en la vegetació de les zones mineres d'estudi, una metodologia basada en la utilització de les relacions isotòpiques de Pb determinades mitjançant ICP-MS va ser avaluada. Finalment, tenint en compte l'elevat nombre de mostres analitzades per a avaluar l'impacte de les activitats mineres, es va considerar apropiat el desenvolupament de mètodes analítics d'elevada productivitat. En aquest sentit la implementació d'estratègies quantitatives així com l'aplicació de les millores instrumentals en els equips de XRF han estat avaluades per a aconseguir resultats analítics fiables en l'anàlisi de plantes. A més, alguns paràmetres de qualitat com la precisió, l'exactitud i els límits de detecció han estat curosament determinats en les diverses configuracions de espectròmetres de XRF utilitzats en el decurs d'aquest treball (EDXRF, WDXRF i EDPXRF) per a establir la capacitat de la tècnica de XRF com a tècnica alternativa a les clàssiques comunament aplicades en la determinació d'elements en mostres vegetals., The research presented in this thesis is based on the application and improvement of analytical existing methodologies and the development of novel procedures that can be used to assess the environmental effects on metal dispersal around abandoned mining activities. On the one hand, single and sequential extraction procedures were properly applied in order to study the potential mobility, risk and bioavailability of the metals contained in several mining wastes of different features. On the other hand, in an attempt to study the potential sources of the anomalous lead content in vegetation specimens growing on the waste and soils of abandoned mining areas, a methodology based on the use of stable lead isotope ratios using ICP-MS instrumentation was evaluated.Finally, in view of the considerable number of vegetation specimen analysis necessary to assess the impact of mining activities, the study of high productivity analytical methods for metal determination in this kind of matrices was considered appropriate. In this sense, the implementation of suitable quantitative strategies and the recent improvements in the XRF instrumentation have been evaluated to achieve reliable analytical results for plant analysis. Besides, analytical figures of merit such as precision, accuracy and limits of detection have been carefully determined in the diverse configurations of XRF spectrometers employed in the course of this work (EDXRF, WDXRF, EDPXRF) using different excitation sources in order to assess the capability of XRF as an alternative analytical tool to classical destructive methodologies, commonly applied for the determination of elements in vegetation matrices.
- Published
- 2006
172. Study of the product generated by aggregate Extraction Industry as a ceramic raw material
- Author
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Oliver Graells, Isaura, Viladevall Solé, Manuel, Queralt i Mitjans, Ignasi, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria del Terreny, Cartogràfica i Geofísica
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Enginyeria civil [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Àrids (Materials de construcció) -- Indústria i comerç ,Enginyeria civil::Geologia::Mineralogia [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Enginyeria civil::Geologia [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] - Abstract
The aggregate extraction industry generates large amounts of residues that are basically in the form of sludge. These are the result of the cleaning process, with water, in which the materials extracted from the soil are subject to. In fact, this water, used in order to free the aggregates from the smallest fractions that they have, are driven to a raft in where the particles that are in suspension are decanted. The result of this decantion is, on one hand; the production of large volume of sludge that rest stored, and on the other hand; the significant water flows that are returned to the aquifer of where they have been previously pumped. Therefore, the result of the aggregate treatment in industrial plants is the generation of sizeable volumes of sludges that are deposed in rafts.
- Published
- 2002
173. Artritis adyuvante y citocromo P-450 hepático
- Author
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Moreno Aznárez, Juan José, Castellote i Bargalló, M. Cristina, Queralt i Regué, Josep, and Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Farmàcia
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Enzimas ,Malalties del fetge ,Biotransformation (Metabolism) ,Drugs ,Artritis reumatoide ,Ciències de la Salut ,Enzymes ,Biotransformación (Metabolismo) ,Biotransformació (Metabolisme) ,Medicamentos ,Rheumatoid arthritis ,Enzims ,Enfermedades del higado ,Medicaments ,Liver diseases - Abstract
[spa] El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido comprobar si se modifica el metabolismo de fármacos durante la artritis adyuvante, modelo experimental de artritis reumatoide, y en caso de que fuera así, estudiar los factores que intervienen en su modificación. De los resultados obtenidos se desprende que existe una marcada depresión de la capacidad metabolizadora de fármacos, sin la alteración de las pruebas habituales de funcionalismo hepático. Esta disminución se manifiesta antes de que aparezca inflamación articular sistemática. Asimismo, se ha comprobado que los niveles de cobre y zinc en hígado están aumentados en ratas con artritis y se ha observado “in vitro” que ambos metales son capaces de reducir la actividad del citocromo P-450. Por otro lado, no se han encontrado modificaciones en los niveles de glutation o en la lipidoperoxidación hepática que puedan ser atribuidas al proceso artrítico o que puedan explicar su patogenia. Se ha puesto de manifiesto que el daño articular puede inhibirse mediante el tratamiento, con fármacos antiinflamatorios, a diferencia de lo que sucede con las afectaciones hepáticas. A nivel hepático, podría pensarse que la activación de las células de Kupffer por las partículas de M. butyricum generen prostaglandinas que actuando sobre el hepatocito inician el proceso patológico responsable de la afectación del citocromo P-450. Dado que la terapéutica con indometacina o dexametasona, fármacos que inhiben la síntesis de prostaglandinas no restaura las alteraciones enzimáticas, otros mediadores deben ser los responsables de la perpetuación de las modificaciones del metabolismo de fármacos.
- Published
- 1988
174. Estudi evolutiu del procés inflamatori i autoanticossos en l'artritis experimental
- Author
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Castell, Margarida, Castellote i Bargalló, M. Cristina, Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Fisiologia Animal, and Queralt i Regué, Josep
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Inflammation ,Inflamación ,Immunology ,Inmunología ,Immunologia ,Inflamació ,Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques - Abstract
Hi ha tota una sèrie de models animals en els quals es pot induir una patologia semblant a l'artritis reumatoide. Aquests models experimentals constitueixen un dels millors mètodes per a investigar la fisiopatologia del procés inflamatori i per a determinar l'activitat de medicaments antiinflamatoris en la fase preclínica. Un d'aquests models experimentals és l'anomenada artritis adjuvant induïda en rates mitjançant l'administració d'adjuvant complet de Freund ("Mycobacterium tuberculosis" suspès en oli mineral). L'artritis adjuvant és una patologia que cursa amb poliartritis i amb tota una sèrie d'alteracions sistèmiques que afecten altres teixits i que indueixen nombrosos canvis en els components cel·lulars i humorals sanguinis. En aquest treball s'ha intentat aprofundir en diferents aspectes d'aquesta patologia. Així doncs, s'ha seguit l'evolució de la inflamació articular i d'altres determinacions somatomètriques durant dos mesos. També s'ha analitzat la influència de la malaltia sobre una sèrie de paràmetres locomotors, com són, entre altres, l'activitat motora total i el ritme circadiari dels animals. D'altra banda s'han estudiat paràmetres sèries fent un especial èmfasi en l'a determinació de l'activitat reductora sèrica com a possible paràmetre d'aplicació en el diagnòstic i evolució de la malaltia i com a mesura de l'eficàcia del tractament. També s'han analitzat algunes característiques immunològiques de la patologia, amb la finalitat d'esbrinar si, en aquest aspecte, hi ha similituds entre l'artritis adjuvant i l'artritis reumatoide. Està ben establert que l'artritis adjuvant és una malaltia immunològica, però la naturalesa de l'antigen i de la resposta immune enfront aquest no es coneixen. En aquest treball ens hem centrat en un aspecte concret de la resposta immune de tipus humoral, com és la detecció i quantificació d'autoanticossos, els quals juguen un important paper en l'artritis reumatoide. També s'han estudiat els nivells sèrics d'activitat complementària total, per tal d'observar les seves variacions paral·leles a la patologia i a la presència d'autoanticossos.
- Published
- 1985
175. Metabolismo microsomal hepático en ratas con artritis experimental
- Author
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Moreno Aznárez, Juan José, Castellote i Bargalló, M. Cristina, and Queralt i Regué, Josep
- Subjects
Fetge ,Metabolism ,Liver ,Farmacovigilància ,Tesis de Llicenciatura (Tesines) ,Drug monitoring ,Metabolisme - Abstract
Tesi de Llicenciatura per a la obtenció del Grau de Farmàcia. Facultat de Farmàcia. Universitat de Barcelona. Director: M. Cristina Castellote i Bargalló, Josep Queralt i Regué. 1983.
- Published
- 1983
176. Evaluation of novel biomass-derived materials as binding layers for determining labile mercury in water by diffusive gradient in thin-films technique.
- Author
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Marrugo-Madrid S, Marrugo-Negrete J, Queralt I, Palet C, and Díez S
- Subjects
- Water analysis, Biomass, Diffusion, Gels, Sulfur analysis, Environmental Monitoring methods, Mercury analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
In this work, several binding gels were successfully prepared in Diffusive Gradient in Thin-film (DGT) that targeted the inclusion of novel biomass-derived materials for the determination of the labile fraction of mercury (Hg) in water. First, five biomass-derived materials were tested and the descending order as a function of the average percentage of Hg removal in solution was feathers > biochar > cork > canola meal > rice husk. The best two materials were treated and pulverized into powder to be embedded in a hydrogel; and so, feathers were pyrolyzed preserving the sulfur contained in their keratin structure (FBC), and biochar (BC) was modified and pyrolyzed with sublimated sulfur (SBC) to increase the Hg sorption sites in its structure. Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry confirmed that the different pyrolysis procedures increased sulfur absorption successfully. The efficiency of the new gels (BC, SBC and FBC) in agarose was evaluated by comparative Hg uptake tests, showing a larger efficacy in the following order: SBC > BC > FBC. To assess the suitability of their application in freshwater environments, novel DGT devices were also evaluated to determine their diffusion coefficients (D). This test was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, with particular focus on the potential competence of trace elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and As), which are commonly present in natural waters affected by mining. A stronger linear relationship between the Hg uptake by binding layers and the deployment time were obtained for the DGT devices with SBC (R
2 = 0.948) vs. BC (R2 = 0.885). Therefore, the D obtained for Hg were 8.94 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 for DGT-SBC and 5.12 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 for DGT-BC devices at 25 °C, both within the same order of magnitude reported by previous studies. The good performance obtained by DGT-SBC devices is a promising result and indicates the potential for valorization of waste materials in the DGT technique., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
177. Pehuén (Araucaria araucana) seed residues are a valuable source of natural antioxidants with nutraceutical, chemoprotective and metal corrosion-inhibiting properties.
- Author
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Gallia MC, Bachmeier E, Ferrari A, Queralt I, Mazzeo MA, and Bongiovanni GA
- Subjects
- Animals, Antioxidants chemistry, Antioxidants isolation & purification, Biological Products chemistry, Biological Products isolation & purification, Biphenyl Compounds antagonists & inhibitors, Chlorocebus aethiops, Corrosion, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Molecular Structure, Picrates antagonists & inhibitors, Protective Agents chemistry, Protective Agents isolation & purification, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Structure-Activity Relationship, Vero Cells, Antioxidants pharmacology, Araucaria araucana chemistry, Biological Products pharmacology, Dietary Supplements, Protective Agents pharmacology, Seeds chemistry
- Abstract
In the last decade, green chemistry has been attracting great interest in many contexts, including, among others, natural antioxidants. However, only a few works deal with natural residue extracts and biowaste, which could be an efficient, economical and environmentally friendly source for the production of useful compounds. In this study, we look for antioxidant activity in Araucaria araucana seeds, an iconic pine species of the Argentine and Chilean Patagonia commonly known as "pehuén". Piñones are the edible pehuén seeds, and it is estimated that approximately 40 tons of piñones are harvested annually in Argentina and Chile. The chemical composition, antioxidants, metal corrosion-inhibiting properties and biological activity of edible and discarded piñón tissues were determined. Acute toxicity was discarded by in vitro testing and double fluorescent staining. Biological activity was evaluated in vivo by determining redox markers in salivary glands from rats treated with Cyclophosphamide (an oncological drug). All piñón tissues had antioxidants and antioxidant activity, with the coats showing the highest levels (up to 404 µg ascorbic acid equivalent per mg). The coats, in particular, had high gallic acid, catechin, quercetin and tannin contents, and more antioxidant activity, polyphenols and flavonoids than berries from the region. Results by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry showed that Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca were majority elements in the coat, embryo and endosperm. Furthermore, coat extract also showed significant anti-corrosion activity and in vivo protection against oxidative damage. The results indicate that piñón biowaste is a low-cost attractive source of natural antioxidants with potential nutraceutical, medical and metal corrosion protection applications., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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178. Simple and reliable determination of Zn and some additional elements in seminal plasma samples by using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.
- Author
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Marguí E, Dumić J, Queralt I, Baković L, and Jablan J
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Male, Semen Analysis, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Zinc, Semen chemistry, Trace Elements analysis
- Abstract
Trace elements are essential for the normal spermatogenesis of mammals and play a critical role in sperm quality and pathological processes e.g. inflammation. Consequently, multi-elemental analysis of seminal plasma (SP) may provide significant information on physiological and pathophysiological processes occurring in the male reproductive tract. Therefore, the development of a simple, fast and reliable method for seminal plasma (SP) analysis by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) could be useful for both, scientific and clinical studies. In this study, a detailed assessment of the sample preparation parameters and measurement conditions, including analysis of the shape and element distribution of the deposited residue on the reflector by micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, was carried out. Using the best analytical conditions, limits of detection for trace elements were found to be in the range of 0.04-0.3 mg kg-1. Trueness and precision of the results, evaluated by spiked SP sample analysis, were in most cases acceptable with recovery values in the range of 87-109% and relative standard deviations 3-12% (n = 5). The developed TXRF method was applied for the analysis of several SP samples from patients with different diagnoses and the results were compared with those obtained by ICP-OES. Among the studied trace elements with a role in the antioxidant defence system only Zn could be quantified and some differences in Zn concentrations among studied groups were observed. However, further studies on a large number of samples are required to define the exact relationship between the element composition and semen quality.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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179. Cellulose mini-membranes modified with TiO 2 for separation, determination, and speciation of arsenates and selenites.
- Author
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Zawisza B, Sitko R, Queralt I, Margui E, and Gagor A
- Abstract
Sorptive and selective mini-membranes based on TiO
2 directly synthesized onto cellulose filters (TiO2 @cellulose) have been developed. The in situ synthesis of TiO2 @cellulose applied is simple and economically advantageous. The obtained membranes can be useful for (1) separating arsenic(V) and selenium(IV) from other ions and organic matter, (2) speciation of arsenic and selenium, and (3) determining ulratraces of these ions in water samples. The membranes exhibit good stability and high maximum adsorption capacities for Se(IV) (71 mg g-1 ) and As(V) (41 mg g-1 ). A monolayer chemical adsorption of analytes on the membranes was confirmed. The structure of membranes was examined with scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, and micro energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-EDXRF). The membranes were characterized by homogenous distribution of TiO2 onto cellulose. The TiO2 @cellulose was used as a new sorbent in micro-solid phase extraction for determination of Se(IV) and As(V) by EDXRF. Using direct analysis of mini-membranes after sorption of analytes avoids the elution step. Thus, the proposed procedure is an attractive and solvent-free option for quantitative monitoring of Se(IV) and As(V) in different materials. Both analytes were quantitatively and simultaneously separated/determined from samples at pH 2 with very good recovery (close to 100%), precision (4.5%), and detection limits (0.4 ng mL-1 Se and 0.25 ng mL-1 As). TiO2 @cellulose membranes were applied to water analysis. Graphical-abstract Effective method for determination of ultra trace arsenates and selenites using cellulose-based sorbent.- Published
- 2020
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180. Possibilities and drawbacks of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry as a fast, simple and cost-effective technique for multielement analyses of cosmetics.
- Author
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Marguí E, Dalipi R, Borgese L, Depero LE, and Queralt I
- Abstract
This paper shows a simple, rapid and cost-effective method for multielement analyses of cosmetics. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) is used to determine the composition, particularly the presence of potentially toxic elements, of cosmetics. Three sample preparation methods based on suspension preparation were developed for different types of cosmetic samples, e.g. lipsticks, eye shadows and body creams. Limits of detection within the low mg kg
-1 range were obtained and enabled cosmetic screening for compliance with the legal thresholds for some major toxic elements. A good accuracy of the results on a wide range of concentration levels (>10000 mg kg-1 ) was found without the need of sample dilution. Results obtained for most elements in the lipstick and cream samples agreed with those obtained by the reference method recommended by the Food and Drug Administration, based on using inductively coupled plasma techniques after microwave digestion. However, for eyeshadow analysis, a more sophisticate approach is needed to improve the analytical results., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
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181. Determination of gold leaf thickness using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: Accuracy comparison using analytical methodology and Monte Carlo simulations.
- Author
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Pessanha S, Queralt I, Carvalho ML, and Sampaio JM
- Abstract
In this work, we compared the accuracy of gold leaves thickness determination using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) setups for different X-ray excitation sources. The sources used consisted on: a) direct Bremsstrahlung from an Amptek Mini-X X-ray tube with Rh target, b) partially monochromatized radiation of the same X-ray tube using combination of Al and Ag filters and, c) monochromatic radiation using secondary target, in a portable setup with triaxial geometry. The performance of the used setups was compared using model samples made with gold foil standard reference materials of known thicknesses (1, 2 and 2.5 μm). Thickness determination was based on the selective attenuation that the different energies of a given element of an under-layer undergo in the gilded layer. Ideally, as it can be expected from physics fundamentals, monochromatic radiation is needed for improved accuracy. However, considering the difficulties in using monochromatic radiation in portable instrumentation applicable in Cultural Heritage studies, filtered radiation can also be used for reliable results. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations of the portable setup with conventional planar geometry were performed for comparison and for future application in more complex samples., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
182. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with mediterranean agricultural soils: Lab-controlled adsorption and desorption studies.
- Author
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Torrent L, Marguí E, Queralt I, Hidalgo M, and Iglesias M
- Subjects
- Adsorption, Agriculture, Citric Acid chemistry, Kinetics, Particle Size, Povidone chemistry, Metal Nanoparticles chemistry, Models, Chemical, Silver chemistry, Soil chemistry
- Abstract
The production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has increased tremendously during recent years due to their antibacterial and physicochemical properties. As a consequence, these particles are released inevitably into the environment, with soil being the main sink of disposal. Soil interactions have an effect on AgNP mobility, transport and bioavailability. To understand AgNP adsorption processes, lab-controlled kinetic studies were performed. Batch tests performed with five different Mediterranean agricultural soils showed that cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity are the main parameters controlling the adsorption processes. The adsorption kinetics of different sized (40, 75, 100 and 200 nm) and coated (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)) AgNPs indicated that these nanoparticle properties have also an effect on the adsorption processes. To assess the mobility and bioavailability of AgNPs and to determine if their form is maintained during adsorption/desorption processes, loaded soils were submitted to leaching tests three weeks after batch adsorption studies. The DIN 38414-S4 extraction method indicated that AgNPs were strongly retained on soils, and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed that silver particles maintained their nanoform, except for 100 nm PEG-AgNPs and 40 nm citrate-coated AgNPs. The DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) leaching test was more effective in extracting silver, but there was no presence of AgNPs in almost all of these leachates., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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183. Comprehensive analysis of renal arsenic accumulation using images based on X-ray fluorescence at the tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels.
- Author
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Bongiovanni GA, Pérez RD, Mardirosian M, Pérez CA, Marguí E, and Queralt I
- Subjects
- Animals, Copper metabolism, Humans, Kidney pathology, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Mitochondria drug effects, Mitochondria metabolism, Mitochondria pathology, Models, Animal, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Synchrotrons, Tissue Distribution, Arsenic pharmacokinetics, Arsenic toxicity, Kidney drug effects, Kidney metabolism
- Abstract
Exposure to arsenic (As) through drinking water results in accumulation of As and its methylated metabolites in several organs, promoting adverse health effects, particularly potential development of cancer. Arsenic toxicity is a serious global health concern since over 200 million people are chronically exposed worldwide. Abundant biochemical and epidemiological evidence indicates that the kidney is an important site of uptake and accumulation of As, and mitochondrial damage plays a crucial role in arsenic toxicity. However, non-destructive analyses and in situ images revealing As fate in renal cells and tissue are scarce or almost non-existent. In this work, kidney tissue from exposed rats was analyzed by EDXRF (Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence), micro-SRXRF (micro X-ray Fluorescence using Synchrotron Radiation), SRTXRF (SRXRF in total reflection condition), SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscope in combination with EDXRF) and SRXRF-XANES (SRXRF in combination with X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy). Our results provide evidence of renal cortex distribution of As with periglomerular localization, co-localization of S, Cu and As in subcellular compartment of proximal tubule cells, mono-methylarsonous acid accumulation in renal cortex mitochondria, and altered subcellular concentration and distribution of other elements., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
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184. Critical evaluation of the use of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the analysis of whole blood samples: application to patients with thyroid gland diseases.
- Author
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Marguí E, Jablan J, Gerić M, Inić S, Domijan AM, Janušić R, Šarčević B, Queralt I, and Garaj-Vrhovac V
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Elements, Humans, Middle Aged, Thyroid Diseases diagnosis, Thyroid Gland pathology, Blood Chemical Analysis methods, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission methods, Thyroid Diseases blood
- Abstract
Multielemental analysis of whole blood can provide significant information for the evaluation of nutritional status and diagnosis of certain diseases as well as for the assessment of exposure to potentially toxic metals. However, the quantification of multiple elements in whole blood is not easy partly because of the wide variation in element concentrations (from ng L
-1 to g L-1 ) and the complex matrix. The aim of this work was to develop a fast, sustainable, and reliable analytical method, in combination with low-power TXRF, for multielemental analysis of blood samples. Firstly, a set of experiments were carried out to select the best diluent type and dilution factor using the control material SeronormTM Trace Elements Whole Blood L-1. A critical evaluation of the parameters affecting the sample deposition on the reflector was also carried out including a study of the shape and element distribution of the deposited residue on the reflector by micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Using the best analytical conditions, limits of detection estimated were in the low milligrams per kilogram range and similar to those obtained using more complex sample treatments such as digestion. Accuracy and precision of the results were in most cases acceptable (recoveries 89-102%, RSD 6-8%, n = 5). Only underestimated values were obtained for light elements such as potassium. To prove the applicability of the method, several blood samples from control and thyroid disease patients were analyzed. Despite the fact that more samples need to be analyzed, it seems that Zn and Br contents in some of the patients are significantly higher compared to control samples. Graphical abstract.- Published
- 2019
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185. Determination and speciation of ultratrace arsenic and chromium species using aluminium oxide supported on graphene oxide.
- Author
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Baranik A, Gagor A, Queralt I, Marguí E, Sitko R, and Zawisza B
- Abstract
Alumina supported on graphene oxide (Al
2 O3 /GO) nanocomposite as new nanosorbent in dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (DMSPE) for As(V) and Cr(III) preconcentration is described. The crucial issue of the study is synthesis of novel nanocomposite suitable for sorption of selected species of arsenic and chromium. Al2 O3 /GO demonstrates selectivity toward arsenates in the presence of arsenites at pH 5 and chromium(III) ions in the presence of chromate anions at pH 6. The Al2 O3 /GO nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Raman spectroscopy. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated based on the Langmuir adsorption model were 43.9 mg g-1 and 53.9 mg g-1 for As(V) and Cr(III), respectively. The nanocomposite was used as solid sorbent in preconcentration of As(V) and Cr(III)_ions from water samples and their determination using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). The As(V) and Cr(III) ions can be quantitatively preconcentrated from 25 to 100 mL aqueous samples within 5 min using DMSPE procedure and 1 mg of Al2 O3 /GO. The nanocomposite was also used for preparation of Al2 O3 /GO membrane. Then, As(V) and Cr(III)_ions can be retained under flow condition by passing analyzed solution through Al2 O3 /GO membrane. Under the optimized conditions, As(V) and Cr(III) ions can be determined with very good recovery (92-108%), precision (RSD 2.7-4.0%) and excellent limit of detection (0.02 ng mL-1 As and 0.11 ng mL-1 Cr). The accuracy of the method was studied by analyzing certified reference materials (NIST 1640a) and spiked real water samples., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2018
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186. Presence, mobility and bioavailability of toxic metal(oids) in soil, vegetation and water around a Pb-Sb recycling factory (Barcelona, Spain).
- Author
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Mykolenko S, Liedienov V, Kharytonov M, Makieieva N, Kuliush T, Queralt I, Marguí E, Hidalgo M, Pardini G, and Gispert M
- Subjects
- Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Hazardous Waste analysis, Lead analysis, Metals, Heavy toxicity, Plants chemistry, Recycling, Soil chemistry, Soil Pollutants toxicity, Spain, Metals, Heavy analysis, Soil Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
The work was conducted to establish contamination from improper disposal of hazardous wastes containing lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb) into nearby soils. Besides other elements in the affected area, the biological role of Sb, its behaviour in the pedosphere and uptake by plants and the food chain was considered. Wastes contained 139532 ± 9601 mg kg
-1 (≈14%) Pb and 3645 ± 194 mg kg-1 (≈0.4%) Sb respectively and variability was extremely high at a decimetre scale. Dramatically high concentrations were also found for As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Sn and Zn. In adjacent natural soils metal(oid)s amounts decreased considerably (Pb 5034 ± 678 mg kg-1 , Sb 112 mg kg-1 ) though largely exceeded the directives for a given soil use. Metal(oid)s potential mobility was assessed by using H2 O→KNO3 →EDTA sequential extractions, and EDTA extracts showed the highest concentration suggesting stable humus-metal complexes formation. Nevertheless, selected plants showed high absorption potential of the investigated elements. Pb and Sb values for Dittrichia viscosa grown in wastes was 899 ± 627 mg kg-1 and 37 ± 33 mg kg-1 respectively. The same plant showed 154 ± 99 mg kg-1 Pb and 8 ± 4 mg kg-1 Sb in natural soils. Helichrysum stoechas had 323 ± 305 mg kg-1 Pb, and 8 ± 3 mg kg-1 Sb. Vitis vinifera from alongside vineyards contained 129 ± 88 mg kg-1 Pb and 18 ± 9 mg kg-1 Sb, indicating ability for metal uptake and warning on metal diffusion through the food chain. The biological absorption coefficient (BAC) and the translocation factor (TF) assigned phytoextraction potential to Dittrichia viscosa and Foeniculum vulgare and phytostabilization potential to Helichrysum stoechas. Dissolved metal (oid)s in the analysed water strongly exceeded the current directive being a direct threat for livings. Data warned against the high contamination of the affected area in all its compartments. Even though native plants growing in metal-contaminated sites may have phytoremediation potential, high risk of metal diffusion may threat the whole ecosystem., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2018
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187. Usefulness of a Dual Macro- and Micro-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer to Develop Quantitative Methodologies for Historic Mortar and Related Materials Characterization.
- Author
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García-Florentino C, Maguregui M, Romera-Fernández M, Queralt I, Margui E, and Madariaga JM
- Abstract
Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectrometry has been widely used for elemental quantification of mortars and cements. In this kind of instrument, samples are usually prepared as pellets or fused beads and the whole volume of sample is measured at once. In this work, the usefulness of a dual energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRF), working at two lateral resolutions (1 mm and 25 μm) for macro and microanalysis respectively, to develop quantitative methods for the elemental characterization of mortars and concretes is demonstrated. A crucial step before developing any quantitative method with this kind of spectrometers is to verify the homogeneity of the standards at these two lateral resolutions. This new ED-XRF quantitative method also demonstrated the importance of matrix effects in the accuracy of the results being necessary to use Certified Reference Materials as standards. The results obtained with the ED-XRF quantitative method were compared with the ones obtained with two WD-XRF quantitative methods employing two different sample preparation strategies (pellets and fused beads). The selected ED-XRF and both WD-XRF quantitative methods were applied to the analysis of real mortars. The accuracy of the ED-XRF results turn out to be similar to the one achieved by WD-XRF, except for the lightest elements (Na and Mg). The results described in this work proved that μ-ED-XRF spectrometers can be used not only for acquiring high resolution elemental map distributions, but also to perform accurate quantitative studies avoiding the use of more sophisticated WD-XRF systems or the acid extraction/alkaline fusion required as destructive pretreatment in Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry based procedures.
- Published
- 2018
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188. Ceria nanoparticles deposited on graphene nanosheets for adsorption of copper(II) and lead(II) ions and of anionic species of arsenic and selenium.
- Author
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Baranik A, Gagor A, Queralt I, Marguí E, Sitko R, and Zawisza B
- Abstract
A nanocomposite prepared from graphene nanosheets and cerium nanoparticles (G/CeO
2 ) was applied to the extraction of Se(IV), As(V), As(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II). The structure of G/CeO2 was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The optimal pH values for extraction are 4.0 for As(V), 3.0 for Se(IV), and 6.0 for both Cu(II) and Pb(II). The maximum adsorption capacity of G/CeO2 (expressed as mg·g-1 ) were calculated by the Langmuir model and are found to be 8.4 for As(V), 14.1 for Se(IV), 50.0 for Cu(II) and 75.6 for Pb(II). The sorbent was applied to dispersive solid phase microextraction prior to direct quantitation by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry without the need for prior elution. The limits of detection (in ng·mL-1 units) are 0.10 for As(V), 0.11 for Se(IV), 0.19 for Cu(II) and 0.21 for Pb(II). The precisions (RSDs) are <4.5%. The accuracy of the method (1 - 4%) was verified by analysis of the certified reference material (CRM 1640a - natural water). The method was successfully applied in ultratrace element determination and to the speciation of selenium in environmental waters. Graphical abstract The method gives possibility of simultaneous preconcentration and determination in environmental waters of both anionic (As(V) and Se(IV)) and cationic (Cu(II) and Pb(II)) forms of selected metals using graphene nanosheets and cerium nanoparticles. Se(IV) can be selective determined in the presence of Se(VI).- Published
- 2018
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189. Graphene Oxide Decorated with Cerium(IV) Oxide in Determination of Ultratrace Metal Ions and Speciation of Selenium.
- Author
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Baranik A, Sitko R, Gagor A, Queralt I, Marguí E, and Zawisza B
- Abstract
Graphene oxide decorated with cerium(IV) oxide (GO/CeO
2 ) was synthesized and applied in adsorption of several metal ions such as As(III), As(V), Se(IV), Cu(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous samples. The important feature of GO/CeO2 nanocomposite is also its selectivity toward selenite in the presence of selenate. The structure of GO/CeO2 has been proven by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The maximum adsorption capacities of GO/CeO2 calculated by Langmuir model toward arsenic, selenium, copper, and lead ions are between 6 and 30 mg g-1 . An interesting feature of this adsorbent is its excellent dispersibility in water. Thus, GO/CeO2 nanocomposite is ideal for fast and simple determination of heavy metal ions using dispersive microsolid phase extraction (DMSPE). Moreover, coupling DMSPE with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) is extremely beneficial because it allows direct analysis of adsorbent. Thus, the analyte elution step, as needed in many analytical techniques, was obviated. The influence of sample volume and the sorption time as well as the influence of foreign ions and humic acid on the recovery of determined elements are discussed in the paper. The results showed that developed methodology provided low limits of detection (0.07-0.17 μg/L) and good precision (RSD < 4%). The GO/CeO2 nanocomposite was applied to analysis of real water samples and certified reference materials (CRM) groundwater (BCR-610) and pig kidney (ERM-BB186).- Published
- 2018
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190. Holocene geochemical footprint from Semi-arid alpine wetlands in southern Spain.
- Author
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García-Alix A, Jiménez-Espejo FJ, Jiménez-Moreno G, Toney JL, Ramos-Román MJ, Camuera J, Anderson RS, Delgado-Huertas A, Martínez-Ruiz F, and Queralt I
- Abstract
Here we provide the geochemical dataset that our research group has collected after 10 years of investigation in the Sierra Nevada National Park in southern Spain. These data come from Holocene sedimentary records from four alpine sites (ranging from ∼2500 to ∼3000 masl): two peatlands and two shallow lakes. Different kinds of organic and inorganic analyses have been conducted. The organic matter in the bulk sediment was characterised using elemental measurements and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS). Leaf waxes in the sediment were investigated by means of chromatography with flame-ionization detection and mass spectrometry (GC-FID, GC-MS). Major, minor and trace elements of the sediments were analysed with atomic absorption (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as well as X-ray scanning fluorescence. These data can be reused by environmental researchers and soil and land managers of the Sierra Nevada National Park and similar regions to identify the effect of natural climate change, overprinted by human impact, as well as to project new management policies in similar protected areas.
- Published
- 2018
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191. Atmospheric dust deposition on soils around an abandoned fluorite mine (Hammam Zriba, NE Tunisia).
- Author
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Djebbi C, Chaabani F, Font O, Queralt I, and Querol X
- Subjects
- Mining, Tunisia, Wind, Air Pollutants analysis, Dust analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Metalloids analysis, Metals analysis, Soil Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
The present study focuses on the eolian dispersion and dust deposition, of major and trace elements in soils in a semi-arid climate, around an old fluorite (CaF
2 ) and barite (BaSO4 ) mine, located in Hammam Zriba in Northern Tunisia. Ore deposits from this site contain a high amount of metal sulphides constituting heavy metal pollution in the surrounding environment. Samples of waste from the surface of mine tailings and agricultural topsoil samples in the vicinity of the mine were collected. The soil samples and a control sample from unpolluted area, were taken in the direction of prevailing northwest and west winds. Chemical analysis of these solids was performed using both X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. To determine the transfer from mine wastes to the soils, soluble fraction was performed by inductively coupled plasma and ionic chromatography. The fine grained size fraction of the un-restored tailings, still contained significant levels of barium, strontium, sulphur, fluorine, zinc and lead with mean percentages (wt%) of 30 (calculated as BaO), 13 (as SrO), 10 (as SO3 ), 4 (F), 2 (Zn) and 1.2 (Pb). Also, high concentrations of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) were found with an averages of 36, 24 and 1.2mgkg-1 , respectively. As a result of the eolian erosion of the tailings and their subsequent wind transport, the concentrations of Ba, Sr, S, F, Zn and Pb were extremely high in the soils near to the tailings dumps, with 5%, 4%, 7%, 1%, 0.8% and 0.2%, respectively. Concentration of major pollutants decreases with distance, but they were high even in the farthest samples. Same spatial distribution was observed for Cd, As and Hg. While, the other elements follow different spatial patterns. The leaching test revealed that most elements in the mining wastes, except for the anions, had a low solubility despite their high bulk concentrations. According the 2003/33/CE Decision Threshold, some of these tailings samples were considered as hazardous. Furthermore, other waste samples, considered non hazardous, were not inert. In contrast, the SO4 2- , Ba, Pb and Sb leachable contents measured in most of the soil samples were relatively high, exceeding the inert threshold for landfill disposal of wastes., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2017
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192. Alpine bogs of southern Spain show human-induced environmental change superimposed on long-term natural variations.
- Author
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García-Alix A, Jiménez-Espejo FJ, Toney JL, Jiménez-Moreno G, Ramos-Román MJ, Anderson RS, Ruano P, Queralt I, Delgado Huertas A, and Kuroda J
- Abstract
Recent studies have proved that high elevation environments, especially remote wetlands, are exceptional ecological sensors of global change. For example, European glaciers have retreated during the 20
th century while the Sierra Nevada National Park in southern Spain witnessed the first complete disappearance of modern glaciers in Europe. Given that the effects of climatic fluctuations on local ecosystems are complex in these sensitive alpine areas, it is crucial to identify their long-term natural trends, ecological thresholds, and responses to human impact. In this study, the geochemical records from two adjacent alpine bogs in the protected Sierra Nevada National Park reveal different sensitivities and long-term environmental responses, despite similar natural forcings, such as solar radiation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, during the late Holocene. After the Industrial Revolution both bogs registered an independent, abrupt and enhanced response to the anthropogenic forcing, at the same time that the last glaciers disappeared. The different response recorded at each site suggests that the National Park and land managers of similar regions need to consider landscape and environmental evolution in addition to changing climate to fully understand implications of climate and human influence.- Published
- 2017
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193. Development of X-ray Fluorescence Quantitative Methodologies To Analyze Aqueous and Acid Extracts from Building Materials Belonging to Cultural Heritage.
- Author
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García-Florentino C, Maguregui M, Marguí E, Queralt I, Carrero JA, and Madariaga JM
- Abstract
Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF) is widely used in art and cultural heritage for direct measurements and elemental quantification of solid samples. However, in the literature there are not works dealing with the quantitative application of ED-XRF to liquid extracts coming from samples belonging to cultural heritage. In this work, a novel methodology based on the use of ED-XRF spectrometry after thin film deposition on special sample retainers and a subsequent evaporation was developed to quantify light elements (Z ≤ 20) in aqueous extracts and heavy elements (Z > 20) in acid extracts, coming from materials and degradation products belonging to built heritage (mortars, black crusts, and calcium carbonate formations). For this purpose, special sample retainers were used instead of more common adsorbent filter papers. Three different ED-XRF calibration methodologies were designed as elemental quantification tools and "green chemistry" alternatives to conventional techniques. On the one hand, the developed external ED-XRF calibration methodology for elements with Z ≤ 20 was proposed as an alternative to ion chromatography to obtain information about the degradation processes that the building materials suffered. On the other hand, the external ED-XRF calibration for elements with Z > 20 in acid extracts was optimized as a faster and cleaner quantification alternative to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Finally, with the aim to reduce the matrix effect and to improve the quantitative results for elements with Z > 20 in acid extracts, a novel ED-XRF calibration methodology based on standard additions was successfully designed and applied to real samples belonging to built heritage.
- Published
- 2017
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194. Immunotoxicological effects of arsenic bioaccumulation on spatial metallomics and cellular enzyme response in the spleen of male Wistar rats after oral intake.
- Author
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Soria EA, Pérez RD, Queralt I, Pérez CA, and Bongiovanni GA
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Arsenic administration & dosage, Arsenic metabolism, Biomarkers, Gene Expression Regulation, Male, Oxidation-Reduction, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Arsenic toxicity, Spleen drug effects
- Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a worldwide environmental contaminant, which compromises immunity and causes various associated disorders. To further investigate its immunotoxicity, male Wistar rats were exposed to 100ppm of sodium arsenite (inorganic AsIII) in drinking water for 2 months. Given that metals are significant immune regulators, their content and distribution were analysed in spleen tissues, to then evaluate subsequent changes of redox enzyme responses in spleen parenchyma cells (splenocytes). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry demonstrated As accumulation in both white and red pulps (p<0.005), and As-related pulp-dependent modifications of the content of Cu, Ca, Zn and Fe (p<0.01). Correlational path analysis revealed direct effects of As on their spatial distribution (Cu: -0.76, Ca: -0.61, Zn: 0.38; p<0.02). As-exposed splenocytes showed ɣ-glutamyltranspeptidase inhibition, peroxidase induction, and variable responses of nitric oxide synthase (p<0.05). Concanavalin A-treated splenocytes (T cell mitogen) were more susceptible in vitro to these As-related enzymatic changes than those treated with lipopolysaccharide (B cell mitogen) (p<0.05). The study thus established the impact of As bioaccumulation on metallic spatial homeostasis in the spleen, and then identified enzymatic dysfunctions in splenocytes. This suggested that arsenic disrupts biometal-dependent immune pathways and redox homeostasis, with mitogen exposure modifying the toxicological response., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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195. Bromine and bromide content in soils: Analytical approach from total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.
- Author
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Gallardo H, Queralt I, Tapias J, Candela L, and Margui E
- Subjects
- Bromides isolation & purification, Bromine isolation & purification, Soil Pollutants isolation & purification, Bromides analysis, Bromine analysis, Soil chemistry, Soil Pollutants analysis, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission methods
- Abstract
Monitoring total bromine and bromide concentrations in soils is significant in many environmental studies. Thus fast analytical methodologies that entail simple sample preparation and low-cost analyses are desired. In the present work, the possibilities and drawbacks of low-power total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) for the determination of total bromine and bromide contents in soils were evaluated. The direct analysis of a solid suspension using 20 mg of fine ground soil (<63 μm) gave a 3.7 mg kg(-1) limit of detection for bromine which, in most cases, was suitable for monitoring total bromine content in soils (Br content range in soils = 5-40 mg kg(-1)). Information about bromide determination in soils is also possible by analyzing the Br content in water soil extracts. In this case, the TXRF analysis can be directly performed by depositing 10 μL of the internal standardized soil extract sample on a quartz glass reflector in a measuring time of 1500 s. The bromide limit of detection by this approach was 10 μg L(-1). Good agreement was obtained between the TXRF results for the total bromine and bromide determinations in soils and those obtained by other popular analytical techniques, e.g. energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (total bromine) and ionic chromatography (bromide). As a study case, the TXRF method was applied to study bromine accumulation in two agricultural soils fumigated with a methyl bromide pesticide and irrigated with regenerated waste water., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
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196. Green approach for ultratrace determination of divalent metal ions and arsenic species using total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and mercapto-modified graphene oxide nanosheets as a novel adsorbent.
- Author
-
Sitko R, Janik P, Zawisza B, Talik E, Margui E, and Queralt I
- Abstract
A new method based on dispersive microsolid phase extraction (DMSPE) and total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) is proposed for multielemental ultratrace determination of heavy metal ions and arsenic species. In the developed methodology, the crucial issue is a novel adsorbent synthesized by grafting 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane on a graphene oxide (GO) surface. Mercapto-modified graphene oxide (GO-SH) can be applied in quantitative adsorption of cobalt, nickel, copper, cadmium, and lead ions. Moreover, GO-SH demonstrates selectivity toward arsenite in the presence of arsenate. Due to such features of GO-SH nanosheets as wrinkled structure and excellent dispersibility in water, GO-SH seems to be ideal for fast and simple preconcentration and determination of heavy metal ions using methodology based on DMSPE and TXRF measurement. The suspension of GO-SH was injected into an analyzed water sample; after filtration, the GO-SH nanosheets with adsorbed metal ions were redispersed in a small volume of internal standard solution and deposited onto a quartz reflector. The high enrichment factor of 150 allows obtaining detection limits of 0.11, 0.078, 0.079, 0.064, 0.054, and 0.083 ng mL(-1) for Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), As(III), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively. Such low detection limits can be obtained using a benchtop TXRF system without cooling media and gas consumption. The method is suitable for the analysis of water, including high salinity samples difficult to analyze using other spectroscopy techniques. Moreover, GO-SH can be applied to the arsenic speciation due to its selectivity toward arsenite.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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197. Total reflection X-ray spectrometry (TXRF) for trace elements assessment in edible clams.
- Author
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Marguí E, de Fátima Marques A, de Lurdes Prisal M, Hidalgo M, Queralt I, and Carvalho ML
- Subjects
- Animals, Europe, Mass Spectrometry, Turkey, Vietnam, Bivalvia chemistry, Metals analysis, Shellfish analysis, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission methods
- Abstract
The present contribution presents a preliminary investigation of the chemical composition with respect to major, minor, trace, and ultratrace elements in several clam species that are frequently used for human consumption in Portuguese markets and worldwide. In order to use a simple and rapid analytical methodology for clam analysis, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry were selected as analytical techniques. The analytical capabilities of TXRF spectrometry were evaluated for the determination of minor and trace elements in commercial edible clams. We compared the direct analysis of powdered suspensions (using different sample amounts and dispersant agents) with the analysis of the digested samples for trace element determination. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of clam digests was also performed to evaluate the analytical possibilities of TXRF spectrometry for trace and ultratrace analysis.
- Published
- 2014
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198. Elemental mapping of Moroccan enameled terracotta tile works (Zellij) based on X-ray micro-analyses.
- Author
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Bendaoud R, Guilherme A, Zegzouti A, Elaatmani M, Coroado J, Carvalho ML, and Queralt I
- Abstract
The purpose of this work is the elemental mapping of enameled terracotta samples (Zellij), produced between the 13th and 20th centuries in Morocco, collected from five different monuments from Marrakech. These pieces were analyzed by two non-destructive micro X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers, aiming to obtain elemental distribution and elemental composition. From the obtained spectra we have identified the main elements present in the tin-opacified lead glaze. The identification of the decoration colors is based on the different ratios between the fluorescence lines of the main component of the glaze (Pb-Lα line) and the fluorescence lines of the main components of the pigment (Co-Kα, Mn-Kα, Ni-Kα,… lines). The semi-quantitative calculations based on these ratios revealed significant differences between modern and ancient samples., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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199. Liquid phase microextraction strategies combined with total reflection X-ray spectrometry for the determination of low amounts of inorganic antimony species in waters.
- Author
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Marguí E, Sagué M, Queralt I, and Hidalgo M
- Subjects
- Liquid Phase Microextraction standards, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission standards, Antimony analysis, Liquid Phase Microextraction methods, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission methods, Water analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
In the present study, and taking into account the microanalytical capability of total reflection X-ray spectrometry (TXRF), we explored the possibilities of hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with TXRF for the determination of low amounts of inorganic Sb species in waters. For each of the LPME configurations aforementioned, experimental parameters affecting Sb extraction but specially the proper sample preparation process (deposition volume on the reflective carrier and drying mode) and measurement conditions for subsequent TXRF analysis have been carefully evaluated. The best analytical strategy for the determination of Sb(III) and Sb(V) in the low μg L(-1) range was found to be the application of the DLLME mode before TXRF analysis. The developed methodology was successfully applied to the determination of inorganic Sb speciation in different types of spiked water samples., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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200. Dispersive micro solid-phase extraction using multiwalled carbon nanotubes for simultaneous determination of trace metal ions by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.
- Author
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Skorek R, Zawisza B, Marguí E, Queralt I, and Sitko R
- Abstract
A methodology based on dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as solid sorbent prior to measurement with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry is proposed. The procedure consists of chelating of nickel, cobalt, copper, and lead ions with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and posterior adsorption of metal chelates on MWCNTs (1 mg) dispersed in the aqueous samples (100 mL). DMSPE promotes immediate interaction between the metal chelates and MWCNTs and shortens time of sample preparation in comparison with classical solid-phase extraction. After microextraction process, MWCNTs are collected onto filter and directly measured by EDXRF. With this technique, the direct quantification of metal species held in solid materials is possible and, therefore, the elution step can be avoided. The effects of various experimental parameters such as pH of the solution, amounts of MWCNTs and APDC, sample volume, and time of stirring were investigated. With the best analytical conditions (1 mg of MWCNTs, 2 mg of APDC, 100 mL sample volume, pH = 7, and 5 min time of stirring), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) can be simultaneously determined with very good recoveries (101%, 98%, 96%, 99%, respectively) and detection limits (0.43, 0.11, 0.46, 0.15 ng mL(-1), respectively). The method was applied in determination of trace metal ions in tap water and wastewater samples.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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