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This paper mainly studies the problem of taxi sharing. Firstly the preprocessing technology was used to the obtained. The accurate and reliable data sets were got by the data reduction, data cleaning, and data segmentation method. The analysis process mainly using cluster analysis to analyze the data from the passenger’s daily get on and off location information, obtains the points of interest of the passengers, and then further optimizes the vehicle route according to the passenger’s demand, then obtains the most profitable driving route and maps actual shared routes on the map. The results of the study reduced the no-load rate of taxis and improved taxi efficiency and total revenue.

Protecting important targets, which also called territorial defense, will be an important application of the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the future. This paper designs a method to generate interception strategy by learning, which can deal with invaders launched from different directions and different velocity. Firstly, we analyze the influence of initial states on the game results, and explored the initial condition boundary inside which the invader could be intercepted. Secondly, territorial defense game is a complex multi-steps decision-making problem which has continuous action and state spaces. To address this problem, conventional decision methods such as dynamic programming, moving horizon optimization method and Q-learning will cause dimension explosion issue. In this paper, we introduce a fuzzy logic into the actor-critic algorithm and reduce the amount of computation effectively. We consider invaders with different directions and speeds, can offer a more realistic result. Experiments showed that the algorithm can balance the exploration and utilization behavior well and the defender can learn to intercept the invader without prior knowledge.

Preliminary studies have shown the feasibility of deep learning (DL)-based super-resolution (SR) technique for reconstructing thick-slice/gap diagnostic MR images into high-resolution isotropic data, which would be of great significance for brain research field if the vast amount of diagnostic MRI data could be successively put into brain morphometric study. However, less evidence has addressed the practicability of the strategy, because lack of a large-sample available real data for constructing DL model. In this work, we employed a large cohort (n = 2052) of peculiar data with both low through-plane resolution diagnostic and high-resolution isotropic brain MR images from identical subjects. By leveraging a series of SR approaches, including a proposed novel DL algorithm of Structure Constrained Super Resolution Network (SCSRN), the diagnostic images were transformed to high-resolution isotropic data to meet the criteria of brain research in voxel-based and surface-based morphometric analyses. We comprehensively assessed image quality and the practicability of the reconstructed data in a variety of morphometric analysis scenarios. We further compared the performance of SR approaches to the ground truth high-resolution isotropic data. The results showed (i) DL-based SR algorithms generally improve the quality of diagnostic images and render morphometric analysis more accurate, especially, with the most superior performance of the novel approach of SCSRN. (ii) Accuracies vary across brain structures and methods, and (iii) performance increases were higher for voxel than for surface based approaches. This study supports that DL-based image super-resolution potentially recycle huge amount of routine diagnostic brain MRI deposited in sleeping state, and turning them into useful data for neurometric research.

To improve the engine thermal efficiency and reduce emissions, a single-cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine was installed with a water direct injection (WDI) system in the current research. The effects of water injection ratio (WIR) and water injection timing (WIT) on engine combustion, knock intensity, and emissions were studied. The maximum braking torques (MBT), and the corresponding spark timings (ST) with different WDI strategies were investigated. The results showed that the WDI could effectively inhibit engine knock through increased WIR or delayed WIT, while the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) was reduced. With increasing WIR, the decreased in-cylinder temperature led to reduced NOx emission but increased HC emission. CO emission gradually decreased but increased again when WIR was over 40%. With WIR of 50% at test basic ST and MBT, NOx emission reduced by 48% and 18.8%, HC emission increased by 7.3% and 36.1%​​, but the ITE decreased by 1.3% and increased by 3% respectively. With the delay of WIT at test basic ST conditions, ITE and the emissions of NOx, CO, and HC decreased, CA50 gradually retarded, the exhaust temperature steadily increased. IMEP increased by 9.5%, and ITE increased by 3.5% at WIT of −60°CA ATDC when ST was optimized to MBT. NOx emission of basic ST and MBT decreased by 34.4% and 11.5% compared with the basic conditions, respectively. The optimized trade-off between ITE and emission was achieved with the WIT of −100°CA ATDC and WIR of 50%. The ITE and IMEP under WDI conditions can be further improved at the sacrifice of emissions with the optimized earlier combustion phase, but the increased range depended on knock suppression. The correlation between WIR and knock was more significant than that of WIT, indicating more robust knock suppression.

Our understanding of how individual mutations, whether present in all or just a fraction of the leukemia cells, affect cellular responses to therapy is limited. Leukemia mouse models provide a unique possibility to explore how therapy affects the evolution of genetically distinct clones and identify mechanisms of resistance allowing transfer to human disease. Herein, we studied how different therapies influenced survival, clonal evolution, and resistance patterns in mouse KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia with subclonal FLT3 N676K. Bone marrow (BM) from a leukemia expressing KMT2A-MLLT3-mCherry in all cells and a FLT3 N676K-GFP in 40% of cells, were re-transplanted to sublethally irradiated recipients (Hyrenius-Wittsten el al, Nat Commun, 2018). Upon engraftment, treatment was started with either chemotherapy (cytarabine for 5 days + doxorubicin for 3 days), the FLT3 inhibitor AC220, chemotherapy followed by AC220, or AC220+Trametinib, a MEK inhibitor. Targeted treatment was given for 28 days; controls received vehicle (Fig. 1a). Survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier and the developing leukemias were analyzed by flow-cytometry, RNA-sequencing and targeted gene re-sequencing. Each treatment prolonged survival with a median latency of 30 days for chemotherapy , 37.5 days for AC220, 42 days for chemotheraphy+AC220, and 45 days for AC220+Trametenib, versus 25.5 days for the control (Fig. 1b). Most leukemia cells expressed GFP/mCherry and mice displayed splenomegaly and leukocytosis. Next, we investigate how treatment impacted evolution of the KMT2A-MLLT3+FLT3 N676K cells and while they constituted all cells in control and chemotherapy-treated mice, the other treatments impacted their evolution. Three distinct patterns were discerned with either >80% of KMT2A-MLLT3+FLT3 N676K cells, >80% of cells expressing KMT2A-MLLT3 alone, or dual similar sized clones of cells expressing KMT2A-MLLT3 alone or KMT2A-MLLT3+FLT3 N676K(Fig. 1c). Eradication of the FLT3-leukemia cells was rare, but most common in mice receiving AC220+Trametinib and the frequency of dual clones increased when mice received chemotherapy followed by AC220, in line with treatment selectively affecting evolution of genetically distinct cells (Fig. 1d). To find clues to treatment resistance, RNA-sequencing (N=44) revealed segregation into three major clusters: 1) leukemias expressing KMT2A-MLLT3 alone, 2) control and chemotherapy-treated leukemias and 3) AC220 treated leukemias. Notably, a set of AC220-treated mice clustered close to the control and chemotherapy-treated mice (Fig. 1e). Flow-cytometry data showed that similar to the control and chemotherapy-treated leukemias, the myeloid BM cells of those AC220 samples, aberrantly expressed B220 (Fig. 1f). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed enrichment of gene sets correlating with stem cells and oxidative phosphorylation in those AC220-treated leukemias, suggesting a switch in cellular phenotype and metabolic state upon treatment. By contrast, the other AC220 leukemias (cluster 3), instead showed enrichment of gene sets correlating with granulocyte/macrophage progenitors and immune regulatory pathways, indicating selective dependence of distinct cellular pathways upon resistance (Fig. 1g). Finally, acquisition of AC220 resistance mutations was rare with a FLT3 D835Y and a Ptpn11 G503V detected in two leukemias only. Taken together, these results show that the specific treatment given not only affected survival of the FLT3 N676K mutated KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia, but also impacted how the genetically distinct cells evolved. The general lack of acquired mutations upon targeted treatment suggests that target-independent mechanisms that result in alternate activation of survival/proliferation explains acquired resistance in a majority of mice and provides novel insights into treatment resistance. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The discrepancies in inclusion characteristics and localized corrosion behaviour and mechanism induced by inclusions in DSS2101 are contrastively investigated. We found that the two types of inclusions consisted of (Al, Mn, Cr)–O–S and (Ce, Al, Mn)–O–S. Numerous twins and denser entangled dislocations were distributed near the (Al, Mn, Cr)–O–S/matrix. The distorted and normal BCC phase exhibited the { 1 ‾ 10 } N ∥ { 1 ‾ 12 } D orientation relationship, whereas severe lattice expansion existed along the { 0 1 ‾ 2 } and { 1 ‾ 20 } crystallographic directions, presumably resulting in the priority initiation of pitting. Besides, the (Al, Mn, Cr)–O, (Al, Mn)–O core and CeAlO3 shell had especially poor electrical conductivity, making formation of the galvanic couple difficult. However, the deformed matrix served as an anode relative to the normal matrix (as a cathode), facilitating pitting rate of Ce-free steel. In contrast, the electrochemical reaction of MnS (as an anode) and the chemical reaction of the CeAlO3 shell protected the adjacent matrix (as a cathode) from erosion by self-dissolution in Ce-modified steel. The synergistic effect of the differential aeration cell (DAC) and occluded corrosion cavity (OCC) was supposed to deteriorate the microcrevice corrosion and galvanic corrosion.

To investigate the morphological changes of cerebral cortex correlating with anti-seizure medication in Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (CECTS), and their relationships with seizure control. This study included a total of 188 children, including 62 patients with CECTS taking anti-seizure drugs, 56 patients with drug-naive, and 70 healthy controls. A portion of cases were also followed-up for longitudinal analysis. Cortical morphological parameters were quantitatively measured by applying surface-based morphometry analysis to high-resolution three-dimension T1 weighted images. Among the three groups, the morphological indices were compared to quantify any cortical changes affected by seizures and medication. The relationships among anti-seizure medication, seizure controls and cortical morphometry were investigated using causal mediator analysis. The Rolandic cortex of the drug-naive patients showed abnormal cortical thickness by comparing with that of healthy controls, and thinning by comparing with that of patients with medication. The cortical thickness in the Rolandic regions was negatively correlated with duration of medication and duration of seizure-free. Longitudinal analysis further demonstrated that the thickness of Rolandic cortex thinned in post-medication state relative to the pre-medication state. Mediation analysis revealed that morphological alteration of the Rolandic cortex might act as a mediator in the path of anti-seizure medication on seizure control. Our findings highlighted that anti-seizure medication was associated with regression of abnormal increment of cortical thickness in the Rolandic regions in CECTS. The neuroanatomical alteration might be a mediating factor in the process of seizure control by anti-seizure medication.

The conventional sense-and-avoid collision avoidance mode of UAV (unmaned aerial vehicle) lacks applicability and timeliness in a multi-threat environment. In this paper, a new efficient collision avoidance approach for uncertain threat environments derived from the idea of autonomous mental development is proposed. The proposed collision avoidance pattern consists of a sensory layer, a logic layer and a development layer. The threat information is sensed using the sensory layer, and the path planning approach in the logical layer is applied to the output configuration of UAV. In the development phase, the developmental networks approach is used for online learning, training and updating the logical layer so as to form the sense–action mapping, which is stored as the “basic experience” for UAV executing the avoidance manoeuvre. In the implementation phase, the command is executed by matching the sensing information and action base. The simulation results show that the proposed approach has better timeliness compared to the conventional approaches.

A “smart” fluid has been considered as an important part of softer matters, which undergoes a change in some macroscopic property in response to an external stimulus, such as light, pH, temperature and so on. Among these stimulus, light could serve as a trigger which possesses a series of advantages compared with other kinds of stimulus. Firstly, light is more temperate and non-invasive, since it need not any additives. Secondly, light signal is more available. Thirdly, light could aim at a special functional group, which is valuable on medical applications. This smart fluid is usually named as photorheological (PR) fluids, which show changes in their rheological and flow properties under irradiation of light at a given wavelength. Therefore, PR fluids has been widely employed in research and development for photo-responsive micelles. But it is difficult to synthesize some new complex photosensitive molecules, so it is worth to develop simple classes of PR fluid that require no special synthesis and make full use of inexpensive chemicals to combination. In this research, we investigated a class of such photo-responsive systems obtained by mixing traditional cationic surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium salicylate (C 16 TASal) or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and a common photosensitive compound azobenzene (AZB) and their photosensitive properties by employing the rheological measurements, freeze-etching electron microscopy (FF-TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR). The rheological properties of the C 16 TASal/AZB mixed system indicate that the rheological behavior is corresponding with the Maxwell model. In the solution of C 16 TASal, salicylate ions didn’t penetrate into the palisade layer but adsorbed on the interface of the micelles due to the bridges between carboxyl groups of salicylate anions and water molecules by hydrogen bonding. The rod-micelles connected to each other through these hydrogen bonds and then formed a pseudo-network. The addition of AZB to the pure C 16 TASal solution partially broke the pseudo-network connections between micelles leading to the decrease of viscosity of C 16 TASal solution. The dimerization of hydrogen bond among the micelles was confirmed by IR and 1 H NMR. Through UV irradiation, AZB molecules undergone a photoisomerization from trans - to cis -form, which strengthened the steric hindrance and altered the molecular packing at the micellar interface, so the network junctions between C 16 TASal micelles was completely destroyed, and the micelles become much shorter entities or more diffuse, resulting that the zero-shear viscosity of C 16 TASal/AZB decreased by about one order of magnitude compared with that without UV irradiation. Under visible light irradiation, cis -AZB transformed to trans -AZB again, and the connections between micelles formed again, leading to the increased viscosity of the system. That is to say, due to the cis - trans photoisomerization of AZB, the viscoelastic of C 16 TASal/AZB could be reversibly regulated under UV-Vis irradiation. However, because of the different conversion ratio between trans - and cis -AZB structure, the viscosity of system could not return to the previous state by cycle illumination. Subsequently we demonstrated another mixed solution of CTAB/NaSal/AZB with the same method. The results show that the viscosity of this system also reduced after the sample had been exposed to UV irradiation in accord with that of C 16 TASal/AZB mixed solution, but under visible light irradiation, the viscosity of the system did not change and the system cannot be reversible regulation, which might be related to the existence of NaBr in the CTAB/NaSal/AZB mixed solution. These results are important for the development of light-responsive mixed system formed by traditional cationic surfactants and a common photosensitive compound. Thus, the C 16 TASal/AZB system could be regarded regard as a new photorheological fluids of the smart fluids, which is conducive to understand the nature of the photosensitive aromatic compounds and exploit their application fields. rheological property, cetyltrimethylammonium salicylate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, azobenzene

The phase behaviour of a ternary system composed of cationic gemini surfactant 2-hydroxypropyl-1,3-bis(myristyldimethylammonium chloride) (14-3(OH)-14(2Cl)), nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene laurel ether (C12H25(OCH2CH2)10OH, Brij-30) and H2O was studied and its phase diagram was determined. In several different phase regions identified in the phase diagram, the viscoelastic worm-like micellar solution region was investigated. The focus of the investigation was the increase in the viscosity of the micellar solution with the temperature and the Brij-30 content, as suggested by a partial region of the triangular phase diagram. With an increase in the Brij-30 content or temperature, one-dimensional micellar growth occurred, and a maximum appeared in the zero-shear viscosity, η0, versus Brij-30 content or temperature curves; this was true for mixed solutions containing 14-3(OH)-14(2Cl) and Brij-30 in different mass ratios (WBrij-30/W14-3(OH)-14(2Cl)). After the maximum point, the decrease in viscosity is the result of the micellar shortening in the size with Brij-30 content and of the micellar branching in the network structure with temperature. This rheological analysis was performed to investigate the structural changes in different solutions as well as the effects of various factors on micellar growth. Various techniques were used to study the phase-transition processes occurring in this system, including cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering measurements, and differential scanning calorimetry. The transition mechanisms of the aggregates were analysed on the basis of the obtained results.

The Fulu iron formation (IF) is an iron-rich unit in the Neoproterozoic glacial successions, South China. The major element data suggest that the iron sources of the Fulu IF are derived from binary mixing from hydrothermal and detrital loads. The Fulu IF is characterized by slightly positive Eu anomalies similar to other Neoproterozoic IFs, indicating that a high-temperature hydrothermal input may contribute little to Neoproterozoic IFs. A shift from non-existent to slightly negative Ce anomalies of the Fulu IF indicates that the IF precipitated across an iron chemocline separating a weakly oxic surface ocean from an oxygen-depleted deep ocean.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for animals. Zn controls the action of more than 300 enzymes and plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Evidence has shown that Zn has an antioxidant function, and oxidative damage can occur with Zn deficiency. To assess the effect of Zn deficiency-induced spleen fibrosis, Zn-deficient mice, normal mice, and high-Zn mice were generated and assessed. The Zn content of the spleen in each group was determined, and histopathological examination of the spleens of each group was performed. In the film, we found that the spleens of the Zn-deficient group had high levels of proteinaceous material exudation, interstitial broadening, and lymphocyte reduction, with increased collagen, α-SMA expression, antioxidants, and oxygen free radicals. Zn deficiency inhibited the expression of antioxidants in mice, and the activity of oxygen free radicals in Zn-deficient mice was increased. The detection of α-SMA, collagen 1, and TGF-β by fluorescence quantitative PCR revealed that the expression index increased in Zn-deficient mice. In addition, to verify the effect of Zn deficiency on the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulatory system, MMPs were determined by real-time PCR, and the expression in the Zn deficiency group was lower than that in the normal group and high-Zn group. The MMP-2 and MMP-13 analyses showed that the expression of the high-Zn group was significantly higher than that of the normal group, indicating that Zn plays an important role in its expression. The above experimental analysis showed that Zn deficiency induces oxygen free radical damage, which further leads to spleen fibrosis.

Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can modulate cortical excitability, and may be beneficial for motor recovery after stroke. However, the neuroplasticity effects of rTMS have not been thoroughly investigated in the early stage after stroke. Objective To comprehensively assess the effects of high- and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations on motor recovery in early stroke patients, using a randomized controlled trial based on clinical, neurophysiological and functional imaging assessments. Methods Sixty hospitalized, first-ever ischemic stroke patients (within 2 weeks after stroke) with motor deficits were randomly allocated to receive, in addition to standard physical therapy, five consecutive sessions of either: (1) High-frequency (HF) rTMS at 10 Hz over the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1); (2) Low-frequency (LF) rTMS at 1 Hz over the contralesional M1; (3) sham rTMS. The primary outcome measure was a motor impairment score (Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer) evaluated at baseline, after rTMS intervention, and at 3-month follow-up. Cortical excitability and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were obtained within 24 h before and after rTMS intervention. Analyses of variance were conducted to compare the recovery effects among the three rTMS groups, assessed using clinical, neurophysiological and fMRI tests. Results Motor improvement was significantly larger in the two rTMS groups than in the control group. The HF-rTMS group showed significantly increased cortical excitability and motor-evoked fMRI activation in ipsilesional motor areas, whereas the LF-rTMS group had significantly decreased cortical excitability and motor-evoked fMRI activation in contralesional motor areas. Activity in ipsilesional motor cortex significantly correlated with motor function, after intervention as well as at 3-month follow-up. Conclusion HF- and LF-rTMS can both improve motor function by modulating motor cortical activation in the early phase of stroke., Highlights • rTMS is an effective neurorehabilitative strategy for enhancing motor recovery in the early stage after stroke. • Effects of high- versus low-frequency rTMS on motor regions reflect different neuroplastic mechanisms supporting motor recovery. • Functional reorganization of the ipsilesional M1 after stroke plays a critical role in long-term motor recovery.

Humans have a fundamental ability, that is, to share vision among each other to fulfill common goals, which cooperative UAVs do not have. The difficulties mainly lie in the homologous mathematical description of humans and elusive experimental practice. This paper proposed a parallel multiview splicing on clouds, which first review both theory and practice studies in UAVs. These terms are then reconsidered from humans’ vision sharing. Next, a conceptual model of parallel multiview splicing on clouds is proposed and the mathematical deduction if fulfilled. Furthermore, an experimental cooperative UAVs platform is built to practically implement the algorithms. Both the simulated and practiced results have validated the feasibility of our method. Finally, a general discussion and proposals for addressing future issues are given.

This study proposes a new method for motion artifact (MA) removal in Photoplethysmography (PPG) signal that combines accurate heart rate (HR) frequency estimation and notch filtering. The method applies LMS-Newton adaptive filtering to reduce motion artifact noise and uses a novel HR correction stage for accurate HR frequency estimation. Notch filters are used to recover clean PPG signal from HR frequency and second harmonic frequency of PPG. On a widely used dataset of 12 recordings, our method achieves an averaged HR error of 0. 92bpm and a Pearson correlation of 0.997. Experimental results further show that our method can recover the PPG waveform with clear dicrotic peaks even for strongly MA-corrupted PPG signal.

Lithium (Li) is ingested by the animal body and will be distributed throughout the body fluid environment. The model of carp with lithium exposing was established to study the effects of Li on oxidative damage and inflammatory response to kidneys. The histological analysis showed that the kidney inherent structure of the Li poisoning group was destroyed and the inflammatory cells were infiltrated. The blood analysis showed that Li content in the poisoning group was higher and the ROS level in the kidney tissue significantly increased; Li significantly inhibited the expression of GSK-3β and TSC2 in the kidney but increased the expression of TOR at the mRNA level. Under Li stimulation, MDA level increased, SOD/CAT/GSH-Px activities decreased; pro-inflammatory factors significantly increased in the poisoning group. The expression of IL-10 significantly decreased in the poisoning group compared with the control group. The expression of each protein was consistent with the mRNA level. Li inhibits the antioxidant level and enhances oxidative damage. qPCR analysis shows that the significant expression of anti-inflammatory factors was significantly inhibited, and over-expression of pro-inflammatory factors stimulated inflammatory response. Besides, Li aggravated the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK in a dose-dependent manner. All the results confirmed that excess Li causes oxidative damage to promote the occurrence of inflammatory reactions in the carp kidney.

We have exploited an extremely efficient and versatile route to prepare ferrocene-containing cross-conjugated polymers (oligomers) in the main-chain. Using a variety of 1,1′-disubstituted ferrocenyl ketone-derived N-tosylhydrazones, reaction with aryl halides under palladium-catalysis gave 14 poly(ferrocenylene-vinylidene) cross-conjugated polymers (oligomers) in 50–80% yield. It was noteworthy that all the polymeric products were well soluble in common organic solvents, endowing them with high solution processability. Pendant double bonds of these cross-conjugated polymers (oligomers) were suitable towards further processing with high reactivity. The optical properties of the polymers (oligomers) were examined. The electrochemical properties of polymers (oligomers) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and suggested a quasi-reversible process. Moreover, these cross-conjugated polymers (oligomers) proved thermally stable and demonstrated promising potential as low-migration burning rate catalysts.

Our aim was to investigate regional difference in brain activities in response to antiepileptic drug (AED) medications in benign epilepsy with central-temporal spikes (BECTS) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fifty-seven patients with BECTS underwent resting-state fMRI scans after receiving either valproic acid (VPA) (n = 15), levetiracetam (LEV) (n = 21), or no medication (n = 21). fMRI regional homogeneity (ReHo) parameter among the three groups of patients were compared and were correlated with total doses of AED in the two medicated groups. Compared with patients on no-medication, patients receiving either VPA or LEV showed decreased ReHo in the central-temporal region, frontal cortex, and thalamus. In particular, the VPA group showed greater ReHo decrease in the thalamus and milder in cortices and caudate heads compared with the LEV group. In addition, the VPA group demonstrated a negative correlation between ReHo values in the central-temporal region and medication dose. Both VPA and LEV inhibit resting-state neural activity in the central-temporal region, which is the main epileptogenic focus of BECTS. VPA reduced brain activity in the cortical epileptogenic regions and thalamus evenly, whereas LEV reduced brain activity predominantly in the cortices. Interestingly, VPA showed a cumulative effect on inhibiting brain activity in the epileptogenic regions in BECTS. • Regional differences in brain activity in response to different AEDs in BECTS. • AEDs inhibit resting-state neural activity in epileptogenic and subcortical regions in BECTS. • Valproic acid effect on the cortical epileptogenic regions and thalamus evenly. • Levetiracetam effect seen predominantly in cortices. • Valproic acid has a cumulative effect on inhibiting brain activity in epileptogenic regions.

While wild silkworms have served humans for several thousand years, little attention on cold hardiness has been paid to these economically important species. In the present study, supercooling capacity and low temperature tolerance of Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Méneville) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), an economic insect reared both for silk production as well as human food, were examined under laboratory conditions. The supercooling points (SCPs) of pupae dropped significantly from a mean of -15.6°C in prediapause to -20.1°C in diapause, and then increased to -17.5°C during postdiapause development. Sex and voltinism influenced body mass but had no significant effect on the SCP. Our data demonstrated that cold tolerance of A. pernyi is tightly linked to life stage. Exposure of eggs to -5°C for up to 8 h had no effect on the hatching rate, whereas silkworm larvae failed to break through the chorion and hatch following a 4-8-h exposure to -10°C. Mean SCPs of intact eggs and naked larvae one day before hatching were similar, -23.3°C and -22.3°C, respectively, indicating that chorion does not significantly affect SCP. Comparison of lower lethal temperature (LLT50) and SCP means suggested that both pupae and eggs of A. pernyi are chill intolerant. These data will improve our understanding of low temperature tolerance in this commercially important species.

The Dajiangbian Formation in South China is a siliciclastic-dominated sedimentary succession with low-grade metamorphism deposited on the western margin of the Cathaysia Block, and is capped by a glaciogenic diamictite (the Sizhoushan Formation). The Sizhoushan glaciogenic strata can be attributed to the Jiangkou glacial (Sturtian glacial) episode as they share stratigraphic and lithological similarities with Jiangkou strata in South China. Some carbonate, chert and shale units throughout the upper part of the Dajiangbian Formation were sampled for carbonate carbon isotope (δ13Ccarb) and organic carbon isotope (δ13Corg) analyses. A range of geochemical indices including oxygen isotopes (δ18O) and Mn/Sr (Fe/Sr) ratios suggest that primary carbon isotope values were preserved in the upper Dajiangbian Formation. The upper Dajiangbian Formation shows δ13Ccarb of -0.1‰, upward decreasing towards to -5.4‰. We suggest that the negative δ13C excursion beneath the Sizhoushan diamictite is correlative with the Pre-Sturtian Islay δ13Ccarb anomaly and allows correlation with the global Neoproterozoic isotope stratigraphy. We find that carbonate and organic carbon isotope data of the upper Dajiangbian Formation are coupled, consistent with the δ13Ccarb-δ13Corg pattern observed on multiple continents.

Diapause hormone and its analogs terminate pupal diapause in Helicoverpa zea when injected, but if such agents are to be used as effective diapause disruptors it will be essential to develop simple techniques for administering active compounds that can exert their effect by penetrating the insect epidermis. In the current study, we used two molecules previously shown to have high diapause-terminating activity as lead molecules to rationally design and synthesize new amphiphilic compounds with modified hydrophobic components. An assay for diapause termination identified 13 active compounds with EC50's ranging from 0.9 to 46.0 pmol per pupa. Three compounds, Decyl-1963, Dodecyl-1967, and Heptyl-1965, selected from the 13 compounds most active in breaking diapause following injection, also successfully prevented newly-formed pupae from entering diapause when applied topically. These compounds feature straight-chain, aliphatic hydrocarbons from 7 to 12 carbons in length; DH analogs with either a short-chain length of 4 or an aromatic phenethyl group failed to act topically. Compared to a high diapause incidence of 80-90% in controls, diapause incidence in pupae receiving a 10 nmole topical application of Decyl-1963, Dodecyl-1967, or Heptyl-1965 dropped to 30-45%. Decyl-1963 and Dodecyl-1967 also remained effective when topically applied at the 1 nmole level. These results suggest the feasibility of developing DH agonists that can be applied topically and suggest the identity of new lead molecules for development of additional topically-active DH analogs. The ability to penetrate the insect epidermis and/or midgut lining is critical if such agents are to be considered for future use as pest management tools.

One critical aspect of an insect's ability to overwinter successfully is the effective management of its water resources. Maintenance of adequate water levels during winter is challenging because of the prevailing low relative humidity at that time of year and the short supply of environmental water that is not in the form of ice. These issues are further exacerbated for insects overwintering as pupae, comprising an immobile stage that is unable to move to new microhabitats if conditions deteriorate. The present study compares the water balance attributes of diapausing and nondiapausing pupae of the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea Boddie, aiming to identify the mechanisms used by diapausing pupae to maintain water balance during winter. Diapausing pupae are 10% larger than nondiapausing individuals. Water loss rates for nondiapausing pupae are low (0.21 mg h−1) and are suppressed (0.01 mg h−1) in diapausing pupae. Cuticular lipids, which serve to waterproof the cuticle and thus suppress cuticular water loss, are more than two-fold more abundant on the surface of diapausing pupae, and oxygen consumption rates during diapause drop to almost one-third the rate observed in nondiapausing pupae. Water gain can be accomplished only when atmospheric water content is near saturation or during contact with free water. At moderate relative humidities (20–40%), water loss rates are very low for diapausing pupae, suggesting that these moth pupae have robust mechanisms for combating water loss. The exceptional ability of H. zea to suppress water loss during diapause is probably a result of the combined effects of increased size, more abundant cuticular lipids and decreased metabolic rates.

This review summarizes recent studies focusing on diapause hormone (DH) in the Helicoverpa/Heliothis complex of agricultural pests. Moths in this complex overwinter in pupal diapause, a form of developmental arrest used to circumvent unfavorable seasons. DH was originally reported in the silkmoth Bombyx mori, a species that relies on DH to induce an embryonic diapause. But, in the case of Helicoverpa/Heliothis, levels of dh transcripts and DH peptides are more abundant in nondiapausing pupae than in diapausing individuals, and DH effectively terminates diapause within a specific temperature range. A structure activity relationship study indicated that the active core of DH is the C-terminal hepta-peptide, LWFGPRLa. We designed and synthesized a first generation of DH agonists and identified two agonists (PK-2Abf and PK-Etz) that were nearly 50- and 13-fold more potent than the native hormone. These studies revealed two structural characteristics of DH and its agonists that are essential for interaction with the receptor: a trans-Pro configuration to form a type I β-turn and a hydrophobic moiety involved in ligand binding. Modification of DH at the active core yielded a potent DH antagonist (DH-Jo, acetyl-GLWA[Jo]RLa) as well as an agonist (DH-2Abf-K). Three compounds (Decyl-1963, Dodecyl-1967, Heptyl-1965) were identified as agents capable of penetrating the cuticle of young pupae and thereby preventing the entry into diapause. DH receptor cDNA was cloned and an effective in vitro high throughput screen system was established for future use. This work sets the stage for further development of DH analogs and antagonists that have the potential to disrupt insect diapause as a tool for pest management.

This paper presents a robust non-iterative distributed model predictive control algorithm for spatially interconnected systems. The system consists of multiple linear discrete-time subsystems, which are weakly coupled in their states. Each subsystem is subject to state and input constraints as well as disturbances. The predictive model of each subsystem updates its state, depending on its own state and the neighboring states. The disturbance and the model error are handled via robustness constraints. The recursive feasibility of the optimization problems and the stability of the closed-loop systems are established. Finally, the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed algorithm are verified via simulations.

Cognitive UAV simulates the intelligence of humans and has the ability to sense the environment around to make decisions by itself. It is more adaptive to solve the collision avoidance problem in uncertain environment for UAVs. In this paper, the impulsive differential inclusions theory is applied to establish the mathematical model based on the characteristic of cognitive UAV. On this basis, the collision avoidance stability is defined and analyzed and the mathematical form is calculated. The simulation shows that the analyses of collision avoidance stability will play the assistant and the surveillant role in collision avoidance for cognitive UAVs.

Small UAVs are seeking wide usage in urban space for its advantageous performance. However, there are crowded with static and dynamic buildings, causing serious challenges for UAVs’ safety. This paper proposes a novel autonomous collision avoidance method based on time-obstacle dynamic map. First, the state estimation and trajectory prediction are performed based on extended Kalman filtering. Second, the time-obstacle dynamic map is constructed via introducing time axis. Third, the flyable paths are searched on the basis of breadth first approach and then the optimal path can be obtained through A-Star algorithm. Finally, the simulation results have shown that the proposed collision avoidance method can avoid immobile building and moving obstacles, and making a safe path for UAVs in urban space

Considered the high dynamic and complexity of air combat and the limitations of existing technologies, inspired by knowledge structure of human and the biological neural mechanism of learning, this paper designs a brain like air to air combat system with autonomous learning ability. Firstly, the air combat confrontation ability was divided into the ability of action value assessment which belongs to the category of declarative knowledge and the decision-making ability which belongs to the category of procedural knowledge. The system structure of alternate learning and the sub-regional learning principle using error as learning motivation was designed with reference to the biological neural mechanism of learning process. The simulation experiment proves that the learning system designed in this paper can achieve self-confrontation through self-learning without human prior knowledge and calibrated data and can learn the maneuver tactics similar to the human pilot’s classical maneuver without human guidance.

This paper is concerned with the filter design problem for a class of linear networked control systems in the presence of unknown disturbances with distributed sensors subject to randomly occurring deception attacks. The Round-Robin protocol is utilized to regulate the signal transmission between sensors due to limited communication resource. Sufficient conditions are established to ensure the desired performance by applying the discrete-time Wirtinger's inequality. Furthermore, a corresponding distributed filter is designed to guarantee security. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed filter design scheme.

This study presents a robust heart rate monitoring algorithm using photoplethysmography (PPG) signal during physical exercise. The proposed method combines two stage: motion artifact removal and frequency refinement. The cascaded normalized least mean square adaptive filter is used to attenuate the noise introduced by motion artifacts in the PPG signal. A phase vocoder technique is used to refine the frequency calculated by Fourier Transform, from which the heart rate is finally tracked. On a publicly available database of twelve PPG recordings, the proposed technique obtains an average absolute error (AAE) of 1.08 beat per minute (BPM). Person correlation coefficient of 0.997 is achieved between true heart rate and estimated heart rate. In contrast to other available approaches, the proposed method has merely one parameter to tune in spectral peak tracking step for heart rate estimation.

Single satellite passive location has many advantages and practical applications, but it also has limitations such as the positioning is not accurate and the sample points of track are relatively sparse. Knowing the shortcomings of such single satellite positioning measurements, this paper gives the simulation of a three-point passive location method based on joint Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Frequency Difference of Arrival (FDOA) and analyzes the Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) performances based on positioning error. The simulation results show that this method is able to calculate the position of radiation source with TDOA and FDOA measured at three points. GDOP performances show the relative velocity and position between radiation source and satellite can affect positioning accuracy in the range of TDOA and FDOA estimation error.

With the rapid development of various spacecraft, aircraft and ground control communication requirements for the increasingly high-to-air transmission link research have received more and more attention of the agencies. Under the high-speed mobile environment of the aircraft, the paper has carried out air-ground transmission link. Considering the pure multipath signal, which is not affected by the role of the shadow, and the direct signal, which is affected by the shadow effect, we have designed C.Loo channel model. Based on minimum mean square error criterion, we get the influence of parameters on the data fitting degree of channel model and the most appropriate parameters for the data measured in this paper.

Purpose. This study was aimed at evaluating the motor cortical excitability and connectivity underlying the neural mechanism of motor deficit in acute stroke by the combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electrophysiological measures. Methods. Twenty-five patients with motor deficit after acute ischemic stroke were involved. General linear model and dynamic causal model analyses were applied to fMRI data for detecting motor-related activation and effective connectivity of the motor cortices. Motor cortical excitability was determined as a resting motor threshold (RMT) of motor evoked potential detected by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). fMRI results were correlated with cortical excitability and upper extremity Fugl-Meyer assessment scores, respectively. Results. Greater fMRI activation likelihood and motor cortical excitability in the ipsilesional primary motor area (M1) region were associated with better motor performance. During hand movements, the inhibitory connectivity from the contralesional to the ipsilesional M1 was correlated with the degree of motor impairment. Furthermore, ipsilesional motor cortex excitability was correlated with an enhancement of promoting connectivity in ipsilesional M1 or a reduction of interhemispheric inhibition in contralesional M1. Conclusions. The study suggested that a dysfunction of the ipsilesional M1 and abnormal interhemispheric interactions might underlie the motor disability in acute ischemic stroke. Modifying the excitability of the motor cortex and correcting the abnormal motor network connectivity associated with the motor deficit might be the therapeutic target in early neurorehabilitation for stroke patients.

In many fish species, the immune system is significantly constrained by water temperature. In spite of its critical importance in protecting the host against pathogens, little is known about the influence of embryonic incubation temperature on the innate immunity of fish larvae. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were incubated at 24, 28 or 32 °C until first feeding. Larvae originating from each of these three temperature regimes were further distributed into three challenge temperatures and exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a full factorial design (3 incubation × 3 challenge temperatures). At 24 h post LPS challenge, mortality of larvae incubated at 24 °C was 1.2 to 2.6-fold higher than those kept at 28 or 32 °C, regardless of the challenge temperature. LPS challenge at 24 °C stimulated similar immune-related processes but at different levels in larvae incubated at 24 or 32 °C, concomitantly with the down-regulation of some chemokine and lysozyme transcripts in the former group. Larvae incubated at 24 °C and LPS-challenged at 32 °C exhibited a limited immune response with up-regulation of hypoxia and oxidative stress processes. Annexin A2a, S100 calcium binding protein A10b and lymphocyte antigen-6, epidermis were identified as promising candidates for LPS recognition and signal transduction.

Depositional age of the Xieshuihe Formation in the Nanhua Basin, South China has been controversial in the past two decades, which hampers our understanding of the synchroneity of the 2nd episode of Sturtian glaciation as well as regional stratigraphic correlation. In this study, a new SIMS zircon U–Pb age of 691.9 ± 8.0 Ma (MSWD = 1.3) was obtained from a tuffaceous siltstone bed within the upper Xieshuihe Formation in the Nanhua Basin, which is within errors consistent with the ID-TIMS U–Pb zircon age of 688.6 + 9.5/−6.2 Ma from Yukon, Canada, the SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages of 685 ± 7 and 684 ± 4 Ma from central Idaho, the SHRIMP U–Pb zircon age of 686 ± 4 Ma from southeastern Idaho, and the SHRIMP U–Pb age of 703 ± 6 Ma from northern Utah, North American Cordilleran margin. All these dated formations conformably underlie the upper Sturtian glaciogenic diamictite. Hence new ages suggest a maximum initiation age of ca. 690 Ma for the 2nd episode of Sturtian glaciation, which is synchronous in at least two geographically separated palaeocontinents. The commonly low δ 18 O values (3–5‰) from the zircon grains of Xieshuihe Formation suggest an influence of glaciation during their formation, probably by means of an ice–fire interaction process as previously proposed. Additionally, new age data suggest the Xieshuihe Formation is not correlative with the Liantuo Formation/Banxi Group as previously assumed. Rather, it could be correlated with the Liangjiahe Member, Fulu Formation in South China, which is feasible in terms of sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy.

The age and stratigraphic correlation of the Liantuo Formation in the Yangtze Block have been controversial. Disputes diverge on whether it is correlative with the Xieshuihe Formation, the Fulu Formation, the Chang’an Formation or the Banxi Group. Some radiometric dates have been obtained from the Liantuo Formation but they suffer from inheritance. In this paper, we carried out a detailed SIMS U–Pb zircon examination of the Liantuo Formation. Radiometric dates from six tuff/tuffaceous siltstone beds within the Liantuo Formation suggest it was deposited in a time interval of ca. 780–714 Ma, indicating its correlation with the Banxi Group. New ages not only coordinated the age-paleopole contradictions in the Liantuo and Nantuo formations for exploring the evolution history of Yangtze Block during the breakup of Rodinia supercontinent, but also strengthened the viewpoint that the Sturtian glaciation occurred at ca. 715 Ma in at least three paleocontinents of Arabia-Nubia, Laurentia, and South China. Some zircon grains in samples YC20 and 13YCB develop bright domains of ca. 690–680 Ma. These domains have lower total REE, lower trace element contents, and lower Th/U ratios than cores. However, both the bright domains and cores show similar δ18O values lower than the normal mantle zircon values. These characteristics suggest that these domains were possibly formed by post-depositional recrystallization.

The imidazole derivative KK-42 is a synthetic insect growth regulator known previously to be capable of averting embryonic diapause in several Lepidoptera, but whether it also affects diapauses occurring in other developmental stages remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the effect of KK-42 on pupal diapause in two species of Lepidoptera, the Chinese oak silkworm Antheraea pernyi and the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea, and in one species of Diptera, the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. In A. pernyi, KK-42 delayed pupal diapause termination under the long day conditions that normally break diapause in this species. Likewise, in H. zea, KK-42 delayed termination of pupal diapause, a diapause that, in this species, is normally broken by high temperature. KK-42-treated pupae of these two species eventually terminated diapause and successfully emerged as adults, but the timing of diapause termination was significantly delayed. KK-42 also significantly increased the incidence of pupal diapause in H. zea and S. crassipalpis when administered to larvae that were environmentally programmed for diapause, but it was not capable of inducing pupal diapause in H. zea if larvae were reared under environmental conditions that do not normally evoke the diapause response. Experiments with H. zea showed that the effect of KK-42 on pupal diapause was dose- and stage-dependent, but not temperature-dependent. Results presented here are consistent with a link between KK-42 and the ecdysteroid signaling pathway that regulates pupal diapause.

To improve our understanding of ocean chemistry and biogeochemical cycling following the termination of large-scale Paleoproterozoic iron formation (IF) deposition (∼1.85 billion years ago [Ga]), we conducted a Fe–S–C–Mo geochemical study of the ∼1.65 Ga Chuanlinggou Formation, Yanshan Basin, North China. Despite the cessation of IF deposition, our results suggest the presence of anoxic but non-euxinic (ferruginous) conditions persisted below the surface mixed layer for the deepest portion of the continental rifting basin and that this pattern is apparently independent of the local organic carbon content. However, our paired S-isotope data of carbonate-associated sulfate and pyrite suggest presence of sulfate in pore fluids, which is not consistent with insufficient sulfate for bacterial sulfate reduction in the water column. Despite evidence for deposition under anoxic conditions, sedimentary molybdenum (Mo) concentrations are mostly not enriched relative to average continental crust. This relationship is consistent with the notion that sulfide-dominated conditions in the water column and/or the sediments are required for Mo enrichment and validates past assertions that Mo enrichment patterns in ancient shales track both the local presence and global distribution of euxinia specifically. In addition, we identified extensive diagenetic carbonate precipitation in the upper Chuanlinggou Formation with only moderately negative δ 13 C values (−3.4 ± 1.4‰). We propose, with support from a numerical model, that these diagenetic carbon isotope values were most likely derived from precipitation of carbonates dominantly in the methanic zone within the sediments. Diagenetic carbonate precipitation in the methanic zone is likely to have been more extensive in the Proterozoic than the Phanerozoic due to porewater oxidant limitation.

Cytosolic juvenile hormone binding protein (cJHBP) is a carrier of juvenile hormone (JH) in insects, however knowledge about its evolution and expression remains extremely limited. In this study, a gene encoding for cJHBP was isolated from the Chinese oak silkmoth Antheraea pernyi. A database search showed that the homologous sequences were present in several animal species including nematodes, insects, tunicates, fish, and mammals. The A. pernyi cJHBP had 54–85% identity with its homolog from other insects, and 58–62% identity with vertebrate glyoxalase domain containing protein 4 (Glod-4). Phylogenetic analysis supported the hypothesis that insect cJHBP shares a common ancestor with vertebrate Glod-4. RT-PCR detection showed that the cJHBP gene was expressed throughout the developmental stages and in all tested tissues of A. pernyi, which agreed with the data from Bombyx mori cJHBP and Homo sapiens Glod-4. These data suggest that insect cJHBP may play a similar function as vertebrate Glod-4.

The Neoproterozoic glaciations represent a remarkable milestone in Earth evolution due to their major influence on atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. The early Cryogenian, ‘Sturtian’ glaciations, evidence for which has been recorded worldwide, may have lasted for about 50 million years, but the precise timing and synchroneity of these glaciations have been disputed. Jiangkou glacigenic strata in South China can be attributed to the Sturtian glacial episode as they share sedimentological, stratigraphic and lithological similarities with Sturtian strata in South Australia. As such, dating the onset of the Jiangkou glaciation would contribute to testing the synchroneity of the worldwide Sturtian glaciation. In this paper, we demonstrate by means of SIMS U–Pb zircon dating that the Jiangkou glaciation in South China was initiated at 715.9 ± 2.8 Ma. The new age is, within uncertainty, synchronous with dates obtained from the lower parts of glacigenic successions in Laurentia and Oman, thereby indicating thereby indicating a synchroneity and global extent to the Sturtian glaciation. The synchronous occurrence of the Sturtian glaciation in mid- to low-latitude regions implies rapid ice sheet advancement in response to ice-albedo feedback, as supported by numerical climatic modeling.

The Asia Pacific Workshop on Mixed and Augmented Reality (APMAR2017) ,July 2-4, 2017, International Exchange Center of Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

BIM is regarded as a new problem-solving method in the field of architecture construction. With the continuous development and progress of BIM, it also has a series of impacts on the field of project cost. In this paper, through literature research, expert interviews, questionnaires, data analysis, and other ways, the current front-line AEC (architecture, Engineering & Construction) practitioners were investigated. This paper investigates the understanding of BIM in the field of construction cost and the current development obstacles and makes a cross-analysis of the development obstacles of various industries. It is found that technology is the most important obstacle in technology, economy, society and other factors, and how to solve the problem of model standardization and accuracy is the most important part. In the cross research of technical problems and professions, we found that there are many deficiencies in the modeling function of current BIM software, and there are also some problems in the transformation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional data, which are considered as obstacles of the whole industry. The research results of this paper can be used as a practical reference for future research, trying to provide technical and management solutions for the implementation and development of BIM in the construction cost of our country.

a b s t r a c t We present high-resolution sulfur and carbon isotope records from the cap carbonate of the Doushantuo Formation, South China, a unique suite of depositional facies spanning across a pronounced paleo- oceanic depth gradient. The i34S of carbonate-associated sulfate (CAS) decreases across a shelf-to-slope depth transect. We propose that the deeper-water slope profile represents syn-glacial sulfur isotope compositions of the seawater sulfates with impact of 34 S-depleted hydrothermal sulfur inputs, while the i 34 S of the shallow inner-shelf were dominantly controlled by the 34 S-enriched terrigenous input. We suggest that the terrigenous sulfur inputs were mainly from weathering and erosion of the pre- Marinoan Datangpo Formation—glacially ground and then freshly exposed during rapid deglaciation. The widespread Datangpo Formation, deposited between the Sturtian and Marinoan glacial intervals, is noted for the unusually high i34S values of its pyrite. The low sulfate conditions in the ocean allowed for strong local controls and consequent heterogeneities in seawater chemistry. The post-Marinoan ocean was stratified in the immediate wake of glaciation, with anoxic deep waters overlain by an oxic, melt-water layer. During the transgression, the shallow water was disturbed by upwelling. The oxidation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from deep water would lead to transiently enhanced 13C depletions but 34S enrichments in the shallow waters.

We report here the first integrated U–Pb dating and hafnium–oxygen isotope analyses of detrital zircon grains from sedimentary and volcaniclastic rocks in the Neoproterozoic Nanhua Basin, central South China. These data provide vital information on the depositional cycles of the Cryogenian strata and their bearings on the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent, and the characteristics of Precambrian crustal growth in the South China Block and neighboring continents. Zircon SIMS U–Pb ages indicate that the Qingshuijiang Formation was deposited at 772 ± 5 Ma and the Fanzhao Formation was deposited between 800 and 770 Ma. The onset time of the Sturtian (Jiangkou) glaciation is constrained to be no older than 730 Ma. Together with compilations of all available high precision zircon U–Pb data on tuff beds in the Nanhua Basin, our work demonstrates that the Cryogenian deposition in South China began at about 850 Ma and had three depositional cycles at ca. 850–820 Ma, 820–720 Ma and 720–635 Ma. Hf isotope analyses and U–Pb dating, combined with existing O isotope analyses, of detrital zircon have revealed three striking features for grains with 1.0–0.7 Ga ages: (1) about 22% of total analysed grains have Hf isotope compositions that plot between the new continental crust and depleted mantle growth curves; (2) about 80% of zircon grains have δ18O values below 6.5‰; and (3) 950–700 Ma is the most dominant age group in the total of 1616 concordant detrital zircon ages from the Cryogenian sedimentary rocks. The Early Neoproterozoic (1.0–0.7 Ga) thus appears to have witnessed significant juvenile crustal growth in South China. In addition, zircon analyses of the Cryogenian sedimentary rocks revealed 3.2–2.9 Ga and possibly 2.7–2.4 Ga as two additional episodes of juvenile crust growth in South China and neighboring continents.

With the national low-altitude airspace open, small UAVs are widely used in urban space. But there are dense obstacles and complex electromagnetic waves, producing serious challenges for UAVs' safety. In the region UAV loses track, it should have the ability to fly automatically and to escape from this region. By imitating the human-beings' escaping thoughts, five flying principles(exploring principle, optimal path principle, dead zone escaping principle, neighbor gather principle and roominess tending principle) are proposed based on the combination of breadth first algorithm, exploring random tree structure, so a humanoid algorithm is constructed on the basis of the five principles. The contrastive simulation results have verified that the proposed method in this paper can not only avoid the problem in traditional algorithms that obstacles simplifying is not applicable to dense environment, but also greatly boost exploring efficiency by applying exploring random tree structure to breadth first algorithm.