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When a sector suffers a reduction in the demand for its products, its suppliers are also affected. This paper shows that when demand for a product falls, there is a decline in the number of domestic plants producing inputs for that good. This result is obtained using data from Chilean manufacturing during the 1995–2006 period, using the increase in Chinese penetration as a demand shock. Using plant-product level data, I find that the observed effect on the number of suppliers is explained by multi-product plants dropping varieties, especially small plants, low-productivity plants and low-markup varieties. This is an intuitive but previously unobserved network effect through which import competition may have a productivity-enhancing effect.

[EN] Competition among companies is growing globally, with the need to increase productivity and efficiency in the product sector. However, there is also a growing concern about global warming and the depletion of natural resources, as well as their effects on human health. In this context, all human activities that involve intense usage of resources must take into account sustainability as one of the decision criteria. This work presents the application of decision-making methods to define the best product mix in the agricultural machinery industry. With this objective, the current schedule of the production line was identified, along with the production flow, by performing an inventory analysis and an environmental impact study (endpoint). A total of seven alternatives for the production mix of grain trailers were defined, considering different materials and production processes. The selection of the best schedule according to the different criteria was performed through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the managerial implications for decision making. The results obtained through AHP identified a single alternative as being the best, which facilitates the decision making. The DEA method identified two alternatives as the most efficient, and in this case the manager can choose between a product mix that generates lesser environmental impact or greater profitability. Although applied to agricultural industry, the presented methodology can be easily adapted to other activities related to the built environment, such as construction industry., The authors acknowledge the financial support the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project: PID2020-117056RB-I00), along with FEDER funding to the second author, and the financial support of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) to the last author.

Tourism is one of the strengths in accelerating and supporting regional profitable improvement. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the parties involved in realizing the decision to visit tourist thourgh tourism services. This research is quantitative research conducted using quantitative methods and data collection techniques are carried out through observation, interviews, and recording literartur to managers and tourists in the tourist attraction of the central jawa ranggawarsita museum. The results of testing the product mix coefficient and the decision to visit show the value of t count > t table (10.591>1.661), so Ho is rejected, indicating that there is a significant influence between the product mix and the decision to visit tourists in the central java museum ranggawarsita thus the hypothesis is answered from the research on the effect of the museum product mix on the decision to visit tourists at the ranggawarsita central java museum. The manager of a tourist attraction requires efforts to increase the accesibility and facilities contained in these tourist objects, so that tourists feel comfortable, considering that tourists are one of the sources of income for the community. Keywords: E-Commerce and decisions visiting

The aim of this paper was to show the application of the ABC and AHP (multi-criteria method for hierarchical analysis of decision processes) as an important part of decision making in supply processes which are realized in the floral industry. The ABC analysis was performed in order to classify the product mix from the perspective of the demand values. This in consequence enabled us to identify the most important products which were then used as a variant in the AHP method.

In this article we discuss the impact of the recent housing crisis and economic recession on the southern US softwood sawmill industry. We use the first difference model to quantify the impact of market conditions on the performance of independent sawmills including their adjustments and responses between 2006 and 2012. Our results show that lumber and log price change, adjustment in product mix and labor input, and export strategy were key factors influencing production and capacity utilization levels during and after the housing crisis. Furthermore, these factors contributed in different magnitudes in the housing crisis and recovery periods.

A Soft Drinks Industry Levy on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) was announced in the Westminster budget on 16 March 2016. The UK Government plans to introduce the SSB levy in 2018, with legislation enacted in 2017. The aim of the levy is ‘…..to give companies plenty of space to change their product mix’. The levy is a banded duty on soft drinks with less than 5 g/100 ml being classed as tax exempt, drinks with between 5−8 g/100 ml taxed at a basic level tax at 18 pence per litre, and drinks with greater than 8 g/100 ml taxed at a higher level of 24 pence per litre. The Office for Budget Responsibility forecast that the Soft Drinks Industry Levy will attract revenue of £500 million for 2019–2020, the second year of implementation. Unusually, the expected revenue raised will be hypothecated to fund physical activity and breakfast clubs in English schools. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy on SSBs has the potential to reduce both childhood obesity and the prevalence and severity of tooth decay, although precise estimates of effect are unclear. The levy should be welcomed by the dental profession as a structural fiscal policy to improve both general and dental health.

This paper examines the effect of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Cluster Rule on the product-mix decisions of plants in the pulp, paper, and paperboard industries. The Cluster Rule combines regulatory requirements from the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act that are based on plants altering their production processes away from chlorine-based bleaching agents. In addition to, or instead of, altering production processes, plants may plausibly comply with the regulation by reducing output of bleached products or dropping some of these products entirely. Using a difference-in-difference-in-differences approach, we find evidence that plants facing both air and water Cluster Rule regulation (treatment group) are more likely to drop bleached products relative to unbleached products compared to plants facing only air Cluster Rule regulation (control group). Furthermore, we find evidence that plants in the control group alter their product mixes toward bleached products.

Based on a detailed database of a beverages producer‐distributor that expanded its product variety by leveraging its logistic network, we show that product diversification generates economies of scope and also higher operational costs. The result is an inverted‐U relationship between variety and productivity: When the firm offers few additional categories, productivity grows, but as the number of categories rises, the costs of executing the operational routines increase rapidly and productivity falls. The negative effect on productivity increases if the added product category is more dissimilar to previous ones, and decreases with learning from operational experience. Our results highlight how frictions at the operational level can limit the benefits of diversification, even in the absence of other sources of diseconomies, such as increased coordination needs.

Bulgarian Abstract: В статията се разкриват ползите от прилагането на анализа на рентабилността по клиенти в контекста на спецификите на хотелиерския продукт и състоянието на управленското счетоводство в хотелите. На тази основа е аргументирана необходимостта управленското счетоводство и информационните системи в хотелите да бъдат приоритетно адаптирани и развивани в съответствие с целите и методическия инструментариум на анализа на рентабилността по клиенти, като същевременно запазят функцията си по набиране на информация за оперативните приходи и разходи по центрове на отговорност. Във връзка с това е предложен модел за провеждане на анализ на рентабилността по клиенти на база ABC-метод, като с помощта на пример са изяснени методическите аспекти и ползите от прилагането на подхода. Последните се състоят в осигуряването на информация за целите на вземане на редица мениджърски решения, свързани с управлението на разходи, продуктовия микс, ценообразуването, за оценка на представянето и въвеждането на различни маркетингови инициативи. English Abstract: The article reveals the benefits of customer profitability analysis implementation according to the specifics of the hotel product and the state of the management accounting in hotels. On this basis is substantiated the necessity management accounting and information systems in the hotels to be anteriorly adapted and developed in relevance with the objectives and methodological tools of customer profitability analysis, while keeping their function in collecting information for operational revenues and costs by responsibility centers. A model for customer profitability analysis based on ABC method is proposed in this connection, providing an example to clarify its methodological aspects and benefits. The latter consist in providing information for the purposes of taking a variety of management decisions regarding costs, product mix, pricing, performance measurement and implementation of various marketing initiatives.

Ergonomics has been playing an important role in assembly system design ASD that contains not only the main assembly line balancing problem but also the subassembly line balancing and assembly layout problem. The ergonomics in ASD has an impact both on productivity and on workers' health, especially when frequent changes in the product mix occur. In this study, we propose a systematic approach in order to handle ASD, which consists of three subproblems, while considering ergonomic risk factors. The first two subproblems are solved simultaneously using the proposed rule-based constructive search algorithm, where ergonomic risks are evaluated by OCRA method. Later, layout problem is solved under transportation constraints using local search methods with various neighborhood structures. To provide the applicability and evaluate the performance of the proposed systematic approach, a real-life case study in a harness manufacturing company is solved and prototype productions are performed.

The case highlights Mike Gilliland, who built a single organic foods store in 1987 in Boulder, Colorado, into Wild Oats Markets, a chain of natural foods stores that by 2001 had annual sales of $1 billion and stores in 38 states. The case includes a history of the natural foods business and explores why Gilliland's timing was so favorable. By the 1980s, when Gilliland got started, the natural foods business had grown and matured, consisting mostly of small specialty stores selling locally grown natural foods. Although the industry was created by the California counter-culturists, it was built into a national phenomenon by the second generation of leaders, including Gilliland and Whole Foods founder John Mackey. The natural foods industry was clubby and congenial until Gilliland sought to grow his business beyond Boulder, Colorado, expanding into four states, including California. Mackey responded by moving into Boulder. Whole Foods became the nation's number one natural foods seller by the early 1990s. Whole Foods went public in 1992, and Wild Oats, in 1996. Whole Foods's success had begun to erode Wild Oats's market share, hurt sales growth, and depress the stock price. Gilliland favored taking Wild Oats in a new direction, modeled after Henry's Marketplace, a San Diego chain that Wild Oats had purchased in 2000. Henry's approach was to offer a product mix that appealed to a broader range of people than did the natural foods stores. Henry's competed effectively with Whole Foods because it had a different customer base; the stores were cheap to build if the company wanted to expand; and the company had showed sustained growth since its founding in 1943. But the Wild Oats board of directors disagreed, opting instead for continuing on the same path. The board also expressed an interest in replacing Gilliland. He now had to weigh his options and contemplate leaving the company he had nurtured for the past twentyThis case can be used to examine the importance of long-range planning. Entrepreneurs tend to be reactive; they often succeed because they seize opportunities when they become available. The ability to recognize an opportunity and to seize it is an important entrepreneurial strength, but it can prove fatal if not balanced with proactive strategic planning.

This paper presents the development and application of a Work In Process (WIP) control approach to manage inventory in order to reduce manufacturing throughput time and its variation in a high product mix case study company. The approach involves a stage level regulation of WIP, which also serves as the means of sequencing production at the workstations. Its stage level regulation of WIP is similar to that of the Kanban (supermarket-based) control approach; however, its own set WIP levels are not for stock keeping, but are thresholds that the stage WIP should not exceed for each product type. Therefore, it avoids the proliferation of WIP that has been identified as a hindrance to the application of Kanban control in high product mix manufacturing environments. It is applied under the CONWIP and the Push production control mechanisms and its performance is compared against the first in first out (FIFO) rule for the prioritisation of products for processing and a sequencing rule that is based on the similarity of products, and this provides an opportunity to compare the improvements obtained from it against the company's current application of FIFO rule under the Push control. The results obtained show that the CONWIP's regulation of total system WIP reduces throughput time and facilitates the application of sequencing rules in selecting the next product for processing. In real life, this might reduce the time needed by personnel to decide and identify the next product for processing. On the other hand, the Push control delivers a higher throughput rate, but can also lead to the proliferation of WIP which in turn increases the mean and variation of the throughput time. However, the application of the WIP control approach to sequence production under the Push control is able to avoid this negative outcome of the Push control.

This article focuses on contemporary problems of definition and delineations industries and industry aggregations. The research results point out that there are different industry structures which are covering tourism, accommodation and restaurant services sector. For these multifaceted industries the identifiable attributes that contribute to a formation of the industry structure are strong varied in their importance depending on an across national locations, product mix and target market segments. In the article the main conceptual principles of forming industry groups are analyzed and represented in the form of a data model (Methodological framework). Using of this model could better explain how conceptual principles can be used to forming industry groups or adapted for national purposes. The research results shows that the basis for grouping industries and inter-industry groups is the integration and agglomeration of production units by the nature of goods produced and services provided, taking into account the common features and relationships with sources of demand and markets for products. At the present stage of development the highest-level categories reflect the conceptual division of the economy into industries. The researches result shows that there is a change of the industries structure, through appearing new industries. It is suggested to provide the strictly and narrowly definition of new economic industries and industries agglomerations.

This article explores the determinants of changes to the range of exports at the firm level with a focus on the role played by the firm’s local environment. It extends the model developed by Bernard et al. (2010) to a multiregional setting to account for localized externalities. The model is tested using French micro-data on monoregional manufacturing firms covering the period 2002–2007. Our main finding is that the local product space has an impact on exporters’ product-market entry and exit decisions. Firms tend to modify their exported product mix to achieve congruence with the core products of the locality. Also, firms receive higher revenue from the export of products that are more related to the core capabilities of the locality.

This research offers the optimization model, which is Pure integer linear programming (PILP), to solve the product mix problem based-on resources of time. The objective function is to maximize profit. The production volumes are the decision variable and have defined by using the resource of time and demand. Lingo 11 had been used to solve problems. The result from model validation, the mathematical model can provide the decision variable of the number of production volume as many as the result of calculating the bottleneck

The study on coal dust pyrolysis was carried out and three products were obtained, tar, char and gas. Pyrolysis of Morupule coal dust was carried out at different temperature to determine how change of temperature affect tar yield. Temperatures were varied from 400°C, then 500°C, 550°C and lastly at 600°C. In this study, temperature and heating rate were found to influence the product mix and yield of coal dust pyrolysis.

International audience; This paper presents a multi-objective optimization approach for global fab scheduling, based on a mathematical model that determines production targets, i.e. product quantities to complete in each operation and each period on a scheduling horizon. The multi-objective approach balances product mix variability minimization and throughput maximization using an ε-constraint approach. For evaluation purposes, the global fab scheduling model is coupled with a generic multi-method simulation model. Numerical experiments conducted on industrial data illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.

Modern world is facing a virtual crisis with human diseases surpassing the immune system of the body and Allopathic system of medicine finding it hard to keep pace with the changes in the contemporary malignant bacteria. The world is now gradually turning towards nature for the cures rather than the chemical therapy, which according to the masses leads to uninvited side effects. The natural therapy assures of almost no side effects, but the recovery is always gradual albeit permanent. Ayurveda is a form of alternative medicine that finds its history thousands of years ago in the Indian culture. According to Merriam Webster, Ayurveda can be defined as seeking to treat and integrate body, mind and spirit using a comprehensive approach by emphasizing on diet, herbal remedies, exercise, meditation and breathing therapy. India being the origin place of ‘Ayurveda’ finds its theories in the ancient ‘Vedas’, thus is more than a thousand years old. Fragrance of Ayurveda has been commercialized by certain Indian companies like Dabur, Patanjali and Himalayan etc. These companies like Patanjali and Himalayan find their origin in 1930s in the form of trust for human services. This research is an empirical study that would analyze major Indian Ayurvedic companies and study the role of Product and Services in case of Ayurveda product sales. The study has been conducted with the primary data collected in the form of a structured questionnaire from various company executives, and statistical tools were applied for the analysis of the data. Multiple linear regression was the major tool applied and the impact of product mix was studied on the sales growth of the Ayurvedic companies. The results implied positive effect of certain elements of product mix on the sales growth of the Ayurvedic companies, thus concluding major role of product line, service quality and packaging on the increase in the sales aspect.

This chapter looks at the techno-economic feasibility of processing of polymetallic nodules obtained from Pacific as well as Indian Ocean with an emphasis on cobalt market. Numerous processing routes have been developed for recovery of three (Cu + Ni + Co) as well as four (Cu + Ni + Co + Mn) metals. Some of the processes tested on scales varying from tens to a few hundreds of kilograms per batch indicate that there are no major gaps in the processing technologies. With the passage of time, recovery of molybdenum and rare earth elements (Mo and REE) from this resource has also gained importance. Various feasibility studies for extraction of metals from polymetallic nodules are presented in this chapter with respect to operating and capital investments for a 1.5/3.0 million tonne plant. It appears that enhanced requirement of cobalt and nickel mainly for the battery industry may drive the deep-sea mining in the future. The study concludes that it would be advisable to target 4+ metal recoveries (including Mo, REE, etc.) and design a flexible flow sheet for optimal product mix to get maximum value addition.

Jel Kodları: M40, M41 Artan rekabet ile birlikte işletmelerin doğru maliyet bilgilerine ihtiyaçları artmıştır. Maliyet bilgisi, finansal raporlama, kontrol, karlılık analizi, ürün tasarımı, fiyatlandırma ve ürün karması gibi çeşitli stratejik kararlarda kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada ürün karması kararları için Faaliyet Tabanlı Maliyetleme yaklaşımının daha geliştirilmiş bir şekli olan, günümüz rekabet koşullarında doğru maliyet bilgilerini sağlamada etkin bir yaklaşım olarak kabul edilen, daha basit, daha az maliyetli Zamana Dayalı Faaliyet Tabanlı Maliyetleme esas alınmaktadır. Bir örnek üzerinden Zamana Dayalı Faaliyet Tabanlı Maliyetleme’ye dayalı karma tam sayılı programlama modeli ile optimal ürün karmasının belirlenmesi ve bu karmanın faaliyet sonuçlarına etkisini ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır. With increasing competition, companies’ accurate cost information needs increased. Cost information is used in financial reporting, control, profitability analysis, product design, and in many strategic decisions such as pricing, and product mix. In this study, for product mix decisions, Time Driven Activity Based Costing, improved form of Activity Based Costing, that is easy to update, less costly, and accepted as an effective approach that provides true cost information in nowadays competitive conditions is examined. It is aimed to determine optimal product mix by using mixedinteger programming model based on Time Driven Activity Based Costing and demonstrate the effects on bottom line with an example.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Métodos de Apoio à Decisão Empresarial Submitted by João Silva (jpps@estgf.ipp.pt) on 2020-09-21T09:51:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DM_AnaCarvalho_MMADE_2019.pdf: 1887039 bytes, checksum: e78872210d300c271a29a71aa6b12da5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-09-21T09:51:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DM_AnaCarvalho_MMADE_2019.pdf: 1887039 bytes, checksum: e78872210d300c271a29a71aa6b12da5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 N/A

Small businesses usually have sustainability difficulty. It is, therefore, the main aim of this study to assess the sustainability indicators of a small restaurant business, in particular, is a coffee shop in Thailand named Montreux Cafe and Farm. It specifically dealt with four indicators, such as the marketing promotional strategy, the service/product mix, the service environment, the service physical environment, and the service delivery system. The study utilized the qualitative way of research through interviews and observations. Reviews and comments were also gathered. It was found that the four indicators are the ones given attention in order for the coffee shop to stay within five years or beyond. It is then recommended that the small restaurant business to become sustainable should use social media for its marketing promotional strategy and pay more attention to what the customers would expect to experience in terms of the service/product mix, service physical environment, and service delivery system.

This paper analyzes how intensified Chinese export competition affects the exports and product ranges of firms from Finland. Using a novel identification strategy that exploits changes in Chinese export policies, we find that Chinese export competition reduces aggregate product-level exports. Firm-level analysis further shows that Chinese competition leads to substantial price cuts to retain market shares, especially for homogeneous products. In addition, we also discover that firms respond to the increased level of Chinese export competition by dropping their marginal products. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of export competition with China for developed countries.

In this chapter, I seek the answer to a single question: is it possible to set up and operate a successful, profitable, online grocery business? The answer is sought and illustrated by reference to a single case study methodology to analyse the UK company, Ocado. It is recognised that the grocery retail sector is unusual in that customers invariably purchase multiple items at one time, that the product mix contains multiple items that are perishable within a defined time period, that the products demanded fluctuate widely according to seasonal factors, and that Ocado has a unique place within the UK retail sector. Nevertheless, the detailed examination of the practices of Ocado offered in this chapter illustrates a model whereby the focal point company proceeds via disintermediation of several of the conventional stages of the supply chain. Key is the allocation of time to the three main remaining processes: order taking, order picking or fulfilment, and order delivery. In so doing, Ocado has established a unique first-mover advantage in online grocery retail that will be difficult to supplant.

В работе уточнено определение термина «ассортимент товара» и предложена математическая модель оптимизации плана производства предприятия, которая учитывает нелинейный характер зависимости цены товара от объёма производства. Проведена апробация на данных предприятия ООО «Кызылское учебно-производственное предприятие Всероссийского общества слепых» (ООО «Кызылское УПП ВОС»).

Inexact quadratic programming (IQP) is designed to handle impreciseness in data/ modelling parameters of quadratic programming (QP). The nature of IQP often leads to procedural and applicability problems. The existing studies on IQP have not incorporated the terms of the type x i x j , i ≠ j in the formulation of IQP problem (or IQPP), thereby limiting its scope of applications to specific types of problems only. The paper presents an extension of the past efforts by including such terms and hence, gives wider scope of its applications. Two methodologies viz. Duality approach and Modified method to solve the generalized IQPP are suggested. In addition, it has been shown that the Modified method significantly increases the computational efficiency by reducing the involved variables and constraints. Finally, an application of IQP is demonstrated by citing a realistic problem from an area of product mix and production planning, particularly in the tea industry.

The success of industrial companies is characterized by the efficient use of its resources. Most of decisions regarding to the efficient use of resources such as man, machine and material are subject to constraints. This paper considers a class of resource allocation problem named Product Mix Problem (PMP). The PMP is considered as an important production planning decision in the field of industrial engineering and management. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal quantities of different products that are required different amount of resources to maximize the return profit of a company where resources are limited. A Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) is proposed in this paper to as a methodology to search optimal solution. MATLAB Software is used to perform the proposed CSO method. Then, a comparative study between the CSO solution and existing solution in the literature is given. The simulations outcomes show the superiority of CSO over other methods.

During pneumatic control system design, the critical value for choosing the appropriate pneumatic actuator is the weight of the workpiece. In the case of flexible production systems, which are the core part of the Industry 4.0 (I4.0) concept, the weight of the workpieces is often variable, since the crucial feature of this kind of production is its ability to deal with variable parts. Therefore, in order to deal with the variable weight of parts, a pneumatic actuator is chosen according to the heaviest part. However, according to another I4.0 principle, energy efficient operation of machines, the previous criteria for choosing a pneumatic actuator is energy efficient only when handling the heaviest part. In all other cases, operation of the pneumatic actuator is suboptimal in terms of energy efficiency. Aiming to solve this problem, this paper considers the possibility of using a new pressure regulator instead of traditional manually adjusted pressure regulators. This regulator provides operating pressure modification in real-time in accordance with the weight of the workpieces. In this way, the optimal compressed air consumption is ensured for each workpiece. Implementation of this device has yielded significant energy savings; however, the value is variable and depends on working task characteristics.

Manufacturing flexibility is defined here as the variety in product mix and volume that can be produced by a manufacturing plant. Several firms have adopted an approach of using common product desi...