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Bioisosterism is a useful strategy in rational drug design to improve pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of lead compounds. Imidazolidinones have been reported as potent kinase inhibitors and antileishmanial agents. In this study, bioisosteres of imidazolidinones (compounds 1-3) were evaluated for their antileishmanial properties. The modified imidazolidinones exhibited potent antileishmanial activity against extracellular as well as intracellular Leishmania donovani parasites in nanomolar concentrations. The selectivity index of these compounds on host cells was found to be more than 1000, emphasizing their specificity toward the parasite. Using SwissTargetPrediction software, we assessed the potential targets of these compounds and found MAPK as the most probable target. To in vitro validate, we developed a novel in vitro kinase assay that mimics the in vivo nature of the functional kinome. Compounds 1-3 displayed specific inhibition of parasite kinase activity accompanied by an increase in intracellular sodium levels in the parasites. This might be the effect of kinase inhibition that regulates sodium homeostasis through Na-ATPases. Finally, the compound-treated parasites underwent apoptosis-like death. This study represents bioisoterism as a novel approach for drug design to establish the structure-activity relationship, which in turn helps to improve the therapeutic activity of lead compounds.

Palmitoylation has been recently identified as an important post-translational rheostat for controlling protein function in eukaryotes. However, the molecular machinery underlying palmitoylation remains unclear in the neglected tropical parasite, Leishmania donovani. Herein, we have identified a catalog of 20 novel palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs) and characterized the promastigote-specific PAT (LdPAT4) containing the canonical Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) domain. Immunofluorescence analysis using in-house generated LdPAT4-specific antibody demonstrated distinct expression of LdPAT4 in the flagellar pocket of promastigotes. Using metabolic labeling-coupled click chemistry method, the functionality of this recombinant enzyme could be authenticated in E. coli strain expressing LdPAT4-DHHC domain. This was evident by the cellular uptake of palmitic acid analogs, which could be successfully inhibited by 2-BMP, a PAT-specific inhibitor. Using CSS-Palm based in-silico proteomic analysis, we could predict up to 23 palmitoylated sites per protein in the promastigotes, and further identify distinctive palmitoylated protein clusters involved in microtubule assembly, flagella motility and vesicular trafficking. To highlight, proteins such as Flagellar Member proteins (FLAM1, FLAM5), Intraflagellar Transport proteins (IFT88), and flagellar motor assembly proteins including the Dynein family were found to be enriched. Furthermore, analysis of global palmitoylation in promastigotes using Acyl-biotin exchange purification identified a set of S-palmitoylated proteins overlapping with the in-silico proteomics data. The attenuation of palmitoylation using 2-BMP demonstrated several phenotypic alterations in the promastigotes including distorted morphology, reduced motility (flagellar loss or slow flagellar beating), and inefficient invasion of promastigotes to host macrophages. These analyses confirm the essential role of palmitoylation in promastigotes. In summary, the findings suggest that LdPAT4 acts as a functional acyltransferase that can regulate palmitoylation of proteins involved in parasite motility and invasion, thus, can serve as a potential target for designing chemotherapeutics in Visceral Leishmaniasis.

Tissue repair is a complex process that necessitates an interplay of cellular processes, now known to be dictated by epigenetics. Intriguingly, macrophages are testimony to a large repertoire of evolving functions in this process. We identified a role for BMP signaling in regulating macrophage responses to

Alongside the quick development in the populace thickness in urban areas,the requests for more offices and assets is developing step by step. To address the issues of city improvement, the use of Web of Things (IoT) gadgets and the savvy frameworks is the brisk and profitable source. The interconnection and correspondence of thousands of IoT gadgets with each other over the web brings about producing tremendous measure of information, called as Large Information. The reconciliation of IoT benefits alongside Enormous Information preparing in a systematized route for the advancement of keen city is a critical activity. To beat this problem, we proposed a framework for brilliant city improvement in light of IoT utilizing the investigation of Huge Information.Sensors sending is utilized including keen home sensors, vehicular systems administration, climate and in addition water sensors, shrewd stopping sensor, and observation objects, and so on. The gathered information from all brilliant framework is prepared at constant to accomplish shrewd urban areas utilizing Hadoop with Start, VoltDB, Tempest or S4. We utilize existing datasets by different specialists including supportability, keen homes with savvy machines, shrewd stopping alongside the utilization of advanced cells, climate investigation, and speed control of vehicle for examination and testing. All the datasets are replayed to test the ongoing proficiency of the framework. At long last, we assessed the framework by proficiency in term of throughput and time for preparing. The aftereffect of investigation demonstrates that the framework we have proposed is adaptable and proficient.

Globalization has brought sweeping changes in socio-economic-cultural realms in our society. One of the ways in which human beings are influenced by globalization is through technology, of which the internet has a wider reach than any other medium. The phenomenon of the internet has created 'virtual spaces' in which adolescents spend increasing amounts of time. This study on adolescent identity formation and internet usage was conducted on a random sample of 120 (60 respondents were boys and 60 were girls) adolescent from different technical institutes of Kanpur city. It was found that 90.83 per cent respondents use computer at home and maximum respondents were interested in facebook on internet, whereas, 78.33 per cent respondents give their opinion that internet give latest information, current affairs, latest update etc. and 71.66 per cent respondents give their opinion that internet increase their knowledge. The finding shows that 75.83 per cent respondents think that cyber and pornography increase higher rate of sexual aggression and greater risk of teenage pregnancy, 70 per cent respondents think that internet play an important role in their physical development, while 67.5 per cent of respondents stated that internet has a important in their identity formation, whereas, 66.66 per cent respondents think that internet create a platform of cyber bullying as well as 65 per cent of respondents satisfied with the present resources and opportunities.

The present paper reports the nonlinear optical properties of chalcogenide Se85−xTe15Bix (0 ≤ x ≤ 5) thin films. The formulation proposed by Boling, Fournier, and Snitzer and Tichy and Ticha has been used to compute the nonlinear refractive index n2. The two-photon absorption coefficient β2, and first- and third-order susceptibilities [χ(1) and χ(3)] are also reported. The nonlinear refractive index n2 is well correlated with the linear refractive index n and Wemple–DiDomenico (WDD) parameters, in turn depending on the density ρ and molar volume Vm of the system. The density of the system is calculated experimentally by using Archimedes’ principle. The linear optical parameters, viz. n, WDD parameters, and optical bandgap Eg, are measured experimentally using ellipsometric curves obtained by spectrophotometry. The composition-dependent behavior of n2 is analyzed on the basis of various parameters, viz. density, bond distribution, cohesive energy (CE), and optical bandgap Eg, of the system. The variation of n2 and β2 with changing bandgap Eg is also reported. The values of n2 and χ(3) of the investigated chalcogenides are compared with those of pure silica, oxide, and other Se-based glasses.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic disorder which usually has its onset in early adulthood. At one end of the spectrum is depression and at other is mania. Like many psychiatric illnesses, it is not treatable but its symptoms are completely manageable with medications. Commonly used drugs are mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics along with adjunctive medications such as anxiolytics and antidepressants. In general, a combination of these drugs is used for treatment. These drugs have significant adverse effects which add to the burden of the disease. Presently, there are 11 US Food and Drug Administration - approved drugs for management of acute mania, 3 for bipolar depression and 7 for bipolar maintenance. This review article details the use of these drugs in BD.

Background: Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of shorter duration of magnesium sulphate therapy given till 4 hours after delivery as compared to the standard duration of 24 hours postpartum therapy, given to prevent eclampsia in patients with severe preeclampsia. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study of magnesium sulphate therapy in women with severe preeclampsia was conducted with 50 patients each in control and study group. The control group received 24 hours of postpartum magnesium sulphate therapy and the study group received for 4 hours or one intramuscular dose in postpartum period. Chi square and unpaired “t” test were used for statistical analysis of data; a probability value of

Heterotopic gestation, although common with assisted reproductive techniques, is very rare in natural conception. A high index of suspicion can help in timely diagnosis and appropriate intervention. We report a case of 30 year old patient who was treated for a heterotopic pregnancy. She had taken treatment for genital tuberculosis in the past. The patient presented acutely with a ruptured tubal pregnancy in shock and this was managed by emergency laparotomy. A high index of suspicion is needed in women with risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy and in low risk women who have free fluid with or without an adnexal mass with an intrauterine gestation.

By 2040-50, urban India will constitute a 50 per cent share in the total population of the country. Though as per 2011 Census the share of the country’s urban population to its total is still at 31 per cent, urban India has grown five times since 1961 in terms of population. India is going through a crucial phase of transition, from being predominantly a rural country to one where a majority of the people aspire to live in cities. While the number of people residing in urban India is on the rise, equally alarming is the rise in the number of the urban poor. Standing at no less than 76 million, the burgeoning size of the urban poor cannot be ignored. 13.7 million slum households in India live amidst inadequate amenities, poor health outcome, insecurity as well as unstable incomes. One of the key challenges faced by urban poor is their limited capacity to spend on health care. Overcrowded government hospitals often force them to seek treatment from unlicensed and untrained, yet more affordable private providers. Providing health care right from the pre-natal up to adolescence stage is vital in order to ensure healthy growth and quality of life. In this paper an endeavour has been made to contextualise the health problems and challenges faced by urban poor and solutions are being suggested to combat these problems., {"references":["1.\tAgarwal, S. and Taneja, S., 2005, All Slums are not equal: Child Health Services among the Urban Poor. Indian Pediatrics, 42: 233-244. 2.\tBarua, A. and Singh, S., 2003, Representation for the Marginalized—Linking the Poor in the Health Care System: Lessons from Case Studies in Urban India. Paper presented at the Urban Research Symposium, Washington D.C. 3.\tChatterjee G. 2002. Consensus versus Confrontation: Local Authorities and State Agencies form Partnerships with the Urban Poor in Mumbai. Nairobi: UNHABITAT. 4.\tDuza B. M. et al., 2003, Kolkata for Mother and Child: A Case Study. Washington D.C: The World Bank. Edmond K. M. et al., 2006, Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality. Pediatrics, 117(3): 380-386. 5.\tFalkingham, J. and Namazie, C., 2002, Identifying the Poor: A Critical Review of Alternative Approaches. Department of International Development (DID), UK. 6.\tGovernment of India, 2000, National Population Policy. New Delhi: Government of India. Government of India, 2002, National Health Policy. New Delhi: Government of India. Government of Uttar Pradesh, 2004. Draft Five Year Urban Health Proposal for Agra, Uttar Pradesh (Under RCH-II). Lucknow: Government of Uttar Pradesh. 7.\tHaddad, L., Ruel, M. T. and Garret, J. L., 1999, Are urban poverty and under nutrition growing? Some newly assembled evidence. Discussion Paper No. 3, Food Consumption and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C. 8.\tInstitute for Research in Medical Statistics, 2003, India Population Project-VIII. End Line Survey, 2003. New Delhi: Institute for Research in Medical Statistics. 9.\tIslam et al., 2006, Urban Health and Care Seeking Behaviour: A Case Study of Slums in India and the Philippines. Bethesda, MD: The Partners for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates Inc. 10.\tLoughhead, S. et al., 2001, Urban Poverty and Vulnerability in India. New Delhi: Department for International Development (DID). 11.\tMontgomery, M. R. and Hewett, P. C., 2005, urban poverty and health in developing countries: Household and neighbourhood effects. Demography, 42 (3): 397-425. 12.\tNational Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), 1998, India's Urban Sector Profile, New Delhi India. Research Study Series Number 61. 13.\tOffice of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, 2001, Primary Census Abstract. Total Population: Table A-5. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. 14.\tOffice of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, 2005, Slum Population India, Series-I, Census of India 2001. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. 15.\tPlanning Commission, 2001, National Human Development Report, 2001. New Delhi: Planning Commission, Government of India. 16.\tPlanning Commission, 2002, Tenth Five Year Plan, Vol. 2, New Delhi: Government of India. 17.\tPelletier, D. L. et al., 1995, the effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries. Bulletin of the WHO, 73: 443-448. 18.\tRamanathan, U., 2004, Illegality and Exclusion. International Environmental Law Research Centre Working Paper No. 2, IELRC Switzerland. 19.\tRuzicka, L. T. and Kane, P., 1985, Nutrition and child survival in south Asia. In: K. Srinivasan and S. Mukerji. (eds.), Dynamics of Population and Family Welfare, Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House. 20.\tSclar, E. D., Garau, P. and Caroloni, G., 2005, the 21st century health challenge of slums and cities. Lancet, 365: 901-903. Shekhar, C. and Ram, F., 2005 National Report on Evaluation of Functioning of Urban Health Posts/Urban Family Centres in India. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences. 21.\tSivaramakrishnan, K. C. and Singh, B.,N., 2001, Urbanization. http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/ reports/ serereport/ser/vision2025/urban.doc. 22.\tTaneja, S. and Agarwal, S., 2003, Situational Analysis for Guiding USAID/India and EHP/India: Technical Assistance Efforts in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. Virginia: USAID-EHP UN-HABITAT, 2006, State of the World's Cities Report 2006/2007. London: Earthscan. 23.\tUnited Nations, 2005, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. New York: United Nations Population Division. 24.\tWHO. 1999. Creating Healthy Cities in the 21st Century, In David Satterwaite (eds.), the Earthscan Reader on Sustainable Cities. London: Earthscan Publications. 25.\tWHO and UNICEF, 2002, Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. New York: WHO and UNICEF."]}

Metastasis in retroperitoneal lymph nodes is found to be relatively chemoresistant according to various studies. The role of systematic lymphadenectomy in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer is a controversial topic. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of lymph node positivity in patients undergoing interval cytoreduction in epithelial ovarian cancer and its effect on recurrence-free and overall survival. Retrospective study of 60 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent interval cytoreduction between January 2011 and December 2015 was done. The histopathology report was studied, and the percentage of nodal metastases was determined. The overall survival and recurrence-free survival were calculated. The association of node positivity to survival and recurrence pattern was analyzed. Our study found that the rate of lymph node positivity was 25%, and this was comparable to other studies. The median recurrence-free survival (RFS) for all patients was 24.4 months. RFS for node-positive patients was 15.7 and 26.8 months for node-negative patients (p-value 0.002). The Median overall survival for all patients was 73.6 months. The mean overall survival (OS) for patients with positive nodes was 49.9 and 51 months and for patients with negative nodes (p-value 0.492). Lymph nodes are relatively chemoresistant. The presence of nodal metastases has a significant impact on recurrence-free survival. However, its role in overall survival is not established. Systematic lymphadenectomy has prognostic implication in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.

The request of cutting edge optical fiber correspondence frameworks is high information rate like 20 GB/s, 40 GB/s up to 100 GB/s per channel. That is extremely testing to send more channels into one single fiber channel separating needs to diminished from 250GHz to 50GHz or much littler. The consequence of that straight and nonlinear corrupting impact will be serious in such high information rate optical frameworks. The examination of a few diverse adjustment designs and produce unearthly proficient regulation configuration in rapid information rate lightwave frameworks are investigated. NRZ, RZ, Duobinary, Manchester, and Manchester Duobinary are under the proposed examine. As a matter of first importance, framework exhibitions of NRZ, RZ, Duobinary and Manchester more than a few existing transmission strands are thought about at various information rate, length and laser control and got the prevailing corrupting impact is subject to information rate; length, and laser control. Manchester Duobinary is observed to be the most spectral productive among the examined adjustment groups. Furthermore, last, examine about in what manner can enhance the Quality factor of Manchester Duobinary when information rate increment for future research.

An experiment was conducted with sixty genotypes of fennel for phenotypic characterization of different vegetative characters such as plant height, branches per plant, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellate per plant, seeds per umbellate, seeds per umbel and seed yield. Variability observed for quantitative traits showed high range variation for plant height, umbels per plant, umbellate per plant, seeds per umbellate, seeds per umbel and seed yield. Characterization of germplasm based on morphological parameters signifies the extent of variability present in the population and also provides needful information for selection of desirable genotypes for varietal development and also genotypes which can be conserved for unique traits. The identification keys based on morphological characters are very useful for identification of genotypes and have a pivotal role to identify genotypes in the field without any use of costly chemicals and are fairly comparable with their results.

Introduction: Bipolar disorder is a chronic, debilitating psychiatric disorder. Mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics are first line drugs for bipolar disorder. They have significant adverse effects. Aim: The study was conducted with an aim to evaluate the pattern of occurrence of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in the patients with bipolar disorder and to assess their causality, severity and preventability. Materials and Methods: A prospective and observational study - carried out in the psychiatry outpatient department of New Civil Hospital, Surat for 15 months. All patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and receiving pharmacotherapy were included. Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser (UKU) side effect rating scale and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) were used for documenting ADRs and tardive dyskinesia, respectively. Assessment of causality, severity and preventability of recorded ADRs was done using Naranjo’s algorithm and WHO-UMC scale, modified Hartwig and Seigel Scale and modified Schumock and Thornton scale, respectively. Descriptive statistics was used (percentage, mean±standard deviation) for presentation of demographics and other numerical data; Chi Square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to assess association between variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 703 ADRs were recorded from 175 patients. The most common ADRs observed were asthenia (11.95%) and sedation (10.24%). Majority of ADRs were mild on assessment with UKU scale. Mood stabilizers (59.46%) were most frequently associated with ADRs and lithium was most common single drug responsible. Upon causality assessment, majority of the reactions were probable (54.77% with WHO-UMC scale, and 56.33% with Naranjo’s algorithm). The association of results between the two scales was statistically significant (p

Mascots are popular way of promoting brands. A study was conducted in India compromising of 150 students to understand the spokes influence the way young consumers perceive products. Abased on the information collected, alternative spoke-mascot relationships have been tried out. Experiments confirm that effective mascots should consider the combinations of physical design elements, color, and cultural preferences of the targeted audience.

Chromones (1-benzopyran-4-ones) are natural occurring compounds present in representative amounts in a normal human diet and are associated with interesting physiological activities such as antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, anticancer etc. These biological activities are thought to be related to the antioxidant properties of chromones i.e. to neutralize active oxygen and to cut off free radicals processes that can delay or inhibit cell impairment which leads to various diseases. In this review, we have summarized the literature reports published in about 70 research articles during the period January 2004 to March 2014 on more than 400 naturally as well as the synthetically derived chromone derivatives having antioxidant potential. The literature reports suggest that the double bond, a carbonyl group of chromone and 3´,4´-dihydroxy group (catechol) in ring B along with the C-3 and C-5 hydroxyl groups are important for radical scavenging activity. In turn, a decrease in the radical scavenging potential has been observed upon methylation / glycosylation of the hydroxyl groups on chromone nucleus.

We are reporting the linear and nonlinear optical properties of Se-based quaternary chalcogenide Se–Sn–(Bi,Te) thin films. Thin films of bulk chalcogenide glasses, prepared by melt quenching method are deposited on glass substrate using thermal evaporation technique. The optical behavior of studied chalcogenide glass systems is investigated using transmission spectra in the spectral range of 400–2500 nm. The glasses exhibit considerable optical nonlinearities which are estimated using linear optical parameters. Linear refractive index has been calculated using well-known Swanepoel method. Wemple-DiDomenico (WDD) parameters are also reported for the investigated glasses. Optical band gap is determined using Tauc extrapolation method and is observed to increase with Sn content. The formulation proposed by Fournier and Snitzer is used to determine the nonlinear behavior of the refractive index. It is observed that n2 increases linearly with increasing n. The values of n2 are compared with pure silica and the...

The findings of present investigation revealed that the application of 80 kg farm yard manure (FYM) per plant significantly increased trunk diameter (9.47%), fruit yield (25.22 kg/tree), number of fruits (212.75 fruits/tree), average fruit weight (118.22 g), fruit diameter (5.96 cm), fruit length (5.58 cm), volume of fruit (129.71 cc), peel weight (32.95 g), weight of sacs (85.27 g), juice percentage (48.30%), TSS (12.11 °B), ascorbic acid (26.37 mg/100 g edible portion), total sugar (6.63%), reducing sugar (2.92%), non-reducing sugar (3.71%), juice acidity (0.79%) (significantly minimum), phosphorus soil at 15 to 30 cm depth (12.50%), soil potassium at 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm depths (0.74, 2.27 and 0.75%, respectively), leaf nitrogen (28.17%), leaf potassium (6.28%), leaf zinc (27.88%), leaf iron (5.47%) and minimum 29.92 days to 75% flowering, 52.58 days to fruit set at initial stage and 6.33% fruit drop at maturity. Whereas, application of FYM 60 kg per plant gave maximum B:C ratio (2.30) and net return (38472.31 Rs/ha). The application of 750 g nitrogen per plant gave significant maximum trunk diameter (8.99%), average weight (118.19 g), diameter (6.06 cm) and length of fruit (5.53 cm), peel weight (33.38 g), weight of sacs (84.80 g), volume of fruit (132.31 cc), titrable acidity (0.83%), leaf nitrogen (25.25%), leaf zinc (24.37%), leaf iron (3.46%) and minimum 55.60 days to fruit set at initial stage and 6.79% fruit drop at maturity. While the application of 500 g nitrogen per plant increased number of fruits (204.20 per plant), yield (23.19 kg per plant, TSS (11.37 °B), ascorbic acid (25.66 mg/100 g edible portion), total sugar (6.30%), reducing sugar (2.83%), non-reducing sugar (3.48%), B:C ratio (2.55), net return (39212.93 Rs./ha) and minimum 31.33 days to 75% flowering. The combined application of 80 kg FYM and 750 g nitrogen per plant led to significant increase in plant height (15.20%), spread (N-S, 18.03%; E-W, 18.99%), canopy volume (81.81%), soil nitrogen at different depths (0 to 15 cm, 41.78%; 15 to 30 cm, 51.36% and 30 to 60 cm, 27.71%) over initial level. Key words: Farm yard manure (FYM), nitrogen, kinnow mandarin, soil and leaf analysis, hot arid region, economical treatments, sandy soils, fruit yield.

A series of two-photon (TP) active 4-dimethylaminocinnamoyl coumarins were synthesized. These compounds exhibit red shift in absorption and considerable Stokes shift in emission spectra in comparison to the parent coumarin. Large TP absorption cross-sections were measured for all the coumarins in dilute solutions. A correlation between the chemical structure and TP characteristics was established. TP confocal microscopy revealed that these coumarin derivatives can be internalized by cancer cells rendering them a potential candidate as a label in TP confocal imaging.

We present a quantum scheme for signing contracts between two clients (Alice and Bob) using entangled states and the services of a third trusted party (Trent). The trusted party is only contacted for the initialization of the protocol, and possibly at the end, to verify clients&rsquo, honesty and deliver signed certificates. The protocol is fair, i.e., the probability that a client, say Bob, can obtain a signed copy of the contract, while Alice cannot, can be made arbitrarily small, and scales as N &minus, 1 / 2 , where 4 N is the total number of rounds (communications between the two clients) of the protocol. Thus, the protocol is optimistic, as cheating is not successful, and the clients rarely have to contact Trent to confirm their honesty by delivering the actual signed certificates of the contract. Unlike the previous protocol (Paunković et al., Phys. Rev. A 84, 062331 (2011)), in the present proposal, a single client can obtain the signed contract alone, without the need for the other client&rsquo, s presence. When first contacting Trent, the clients do not have to agree upon a definitive contract. Moreover, even upon terminating the protocol, the clients do not reveal the actual contract to Trent. Finally, the protocol is based on the laws of physics, rather than on mathematical conjectures and the exchange of a large number of signed authenticated messages during the actual contract signing process. Therefore, it is abuse-free, as Alice and Bob cannot prove they are involved in the contract signing process.

Chronic kidney disease and pre-eclampsia are both known individual culprits for significant morbidity and mortality of mother and child worldwide. Non traumatic spontaneous subdural hematoma in pregnancy is a rare scenario, however stage 5 chronic kidney disease with superadded pre-eclampsia can be contributory factor for spontaneous extra axial bleed. Our patient was 25-year-old with history of end stage renal disease and chronic hypertension admitted with superadded pre-eclampsia. She had 1 living issue and 2 stillbirths. There was sudden deterioration of mental status as well as motor performance, the patient turned stupurous and was not following verbal commands. Patient was sent for MRI evaluation of brain and diagnosed as right sided subdural hematoma with significant midline shift towards the contralateral side. No intraparenchymal haemorrhage was noted.

Background: Prescribing pattern of antipsychotics has changed over the decade with availability of newer antipsychotics. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to analyze the utilization pattern of antipsychotics at our hospital. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of case files of patients receiving antipsychotics was carried out in the psychiatry outpatient department of new civil hospital, Surat, for a period of 6 months. Pattern of antipsychotic prescription, the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators, defined daily dose (DDD)/1000 inhabitants/day (DID), prescribed daily dose (PDD), and the PDD-to-DDD ratio were assessed. Results: A total of 2115 drugs were prescribed in 631 prescriptions, of which 804 (38.01%) were antipsychotics. Schizophrenia (55.31%) was the most common diagnosis. Sedative-hypnotics (30.23%) were the most common coprescribed drug group. Atypical antipsychotics were more commonly prescribed – olanzapine: 47.39%, risperidone: 27.49%, clozapine: 13.06%, and others: 12.06%. The average number of antipsychotics/prescription: 1.29 ± 0.53; prescribing of antipsychotics by generic name: 95.02%; prescribing from the WHO essential medicines list: 43.66%; prescribing from National List of Essential Medicines: 47.89%; prescribing for injections of antipsychotics: 0.62%; prescriptions of fixed-drug combinations: 0.50%, and DID of antipsychotics: 0.014 mg. PDD-to-DDD ratios for trifluoperazine, ziprasidone, amisulpride, and clozapine were 1. Conclusion: The second‑generation antipsychotic olanzapine was the most commonly prescribed antipsychotic. The prescriptions were complete and followed principles of rational prescribing in majority of cases. Prescribing the drugs available from hospital supply will decrease cost of therapy in chronic psychiatric disorders.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting lower motor neurons. SMA is caused by mutations in the Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which result in reduced levels of functional SMN protein. Biochemical studies have linked the ubiquitously expressed SMN protein to the assembly of pre-mRNA processing U snRNPs, raising the possibility that aberrant splicing is a major defect in SMA. Accordingly, several transcripts affected upon SMN deficiency have been reported. A second function for SMN in axonal mRNA transport has also been proposed that may likewise contribute to the SMA phenotype. The underlying etiology of SMA, however, is still not fully understood. Here, we have used a combination of genomics and live Ca2+ imaging to investigate the consequences of SMN deficiency in a zebrafish model of SMA. In a transcriptome analyses of SMN-deficient zebrafish, we identified neurexin2a (nrxn2a) as strongly down-regulated and displaying changes in alternative splicing patterns. Importantly, the knock-down of two distinct nrxn2a isoforms phenocopies SMN-deficient fish and results in a significant reduction of motor axon excitability. Interestingly, we observed altered expression and splicing of Nrxn2 also in motor neurons from the Smn−/−;SMN2+/+ mouse model of SMA, suggesting conservation of nrxn2 regulation by SMN in mammals. We propose that SMN deficiency affects splicing and abundance of nrxn2a. This may explain the pre-synaptic defects at neuromuscular endplates in SMA pathophysiology.

The paper proposes a parallel SVM for detecting intrusions in computer network. The success of any Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a complex problem due to its non-linearity and quantitative or qualitative traffic stream with irrelevant and unnecessary features. How to choose effective and key features of IDS is a very important topic in information security. Since the training data set size may be very large with a large number of parameters, which makes it difficult to handle single SVM therefore parallel LMM concept is proposed in this paper for distributing data files to n different sets of n different devices that reduce computational complexity, computational power and memory for each machine. The proposed method is simple but very reliable parallel operation SVM and can be used for large data files and unbalanced method also provides the flexibility to change depending on the size of the data file, the processor and the memory available on the various units. The proposed method is simulated using MATLAB and the result shows its superiority.

A series of 6- and 8-cinnamoylchromen-2-one and dihydropyranochromen-2-one derivatives were synthesized and their antiproliferative activities were evaluated against three human cancer cell lines, i.e., ovarian adenocarcinoma (SK-OV-3), leukemia (CCRF-CEM), and breast carcinoma (MCF-7). In general, 8-cinnamoylchromen-2-one derivatives were found to have higher antiproliferative activity against the cancer cells when compared with 6-cinnamoyl analogues. Among all of the hybrid chromen-2-one − chalcone/flavanone compounds, a 7-hydroxy-8-cinnamoylchromen-2-one derivative 35 was found to be consistently active against all the cancer cell lines and inhibited the cell proliferation of SK-OV-3, CCRF-CEM, and MCF-7 by 63%, 50%, and 43%, respectively, at a concentration of 50 μmol/L after 72 h of incubation. This compound also exhibited the highest Src kinase inhibition (IC50 = 14.5 μmol/L). Structure−activity relationship studies provided insights for designing the next generation of chromen-2-one − chalcone hybrid prototypes and the development of new leads as anticancer agents and (or) Src kinase inhibitors.

Bulk samples of Te-rich Ge20Te80-xBix (x = 0, 1.5, 2.5, 5.0) glassy alloys are prepared by melt quenching technique. The thin films of the bulk samples are deposited by using vacuum evaporation technique for their electrical and photoelectrical measurements. Keithley 6487 picoammeter has been used to study the electrical and photoelectrical characteristics of Ge20Te80-XBix thin films kept in vacuum. Temperature dependent dark and photoconductivity is studied in the temperature range 300-360 K and voltage V = 80V. Photoconductivity with intensity at room temperature follows a power law where power γ lies near to 0.5, suggesting that the recombination is bimolecular in nature. The density of defect states and photosensitivity are found to follow an opposite trend with each other. The differential life time is determined from the rise and decay of photocurrent w.r.t. time. The dispersion parameter and localized state distribution parameter are estimated from decay curves and reported for the studied composition.

This paper presents a variable phase shifter in Substrate Intergrated Waveguide (SIW) technology for beam steering antenna application. With this design, the phase difference between antenna array elements can be varied which results in changing the direction of maximum radiation. The proposed structure is designed by interfacing of a 3 dB directional coupler and — 300 phase shifter. The optimized design produces 30% bandwidth at 10 GHz operating frequency. In the 8.5–11.5 GHz band, isolation between input ports is higher than 20 dB and the return loss is better than 15 dB. By changing the feeding port, the phase difference of 600±20 and 1190±1.50 between the direct and coupled port are achieved. This circuit is useful in beam steering radar application.

Unlike some vertebrates and fishes, humans do not have the capacity for tooth regeneration after the loss of permanent teeth. Although artificial replacement with removable dentures, fixed prosthesis and implants is possible through advances in the field of prosthetic dentistry, it would be ideal to recreate a third set of natural teeth to replace lost dentition. For many years now, researchers in the field of tissue engineering have been trying to bioengineer dental tissues as well as whole teeth. In order to attain a whole tooth through dental engineering, that has the same or nearly same biological, mechanical and physical properties of a natural tooth, it's necessary to deal with all the cells and tissues which are concerned with the formation, maintenance and repair of the tooth. In this article we review the steps involved in odontogenesis or organogenesis of a tooth and progress in the bioengineering of a whole tooth.

First-pass hepatic metabolism can significantly limit oral drug bioavailability. Drug transport from the intestine through the lymphatic system, rather than the portal vein, circumvents first-pass metabolism. However, the majority of drugs do not have the requisite physicochemical properties to facilitate lymphatic access. Herein, we describe a prodrug strategy that promotes selective transport through the intestinal lymph vessels and subsequent release of drug in the systemic circulation, thereby enhancing oral bioavailability. Using testosterone (TST) as a model high first-pass drug, glyceride-mimetic prodrugs incorporating self-immolative (SI) spacers, resulted in remarkable increases (up to 90-fold) in TST plasma exposure when compared to the current commercial product testosterone undecanoate (TU). This approach opens new opportunities for the effective development of drugs where oral delivery is limited by first-pass metabolism and provides a new avenue to enhance drug targeting to intestinal lymphoid tissue.

The aim of the present work is to study the temperature and frequency dependence of ac conductivity of new quaternary Se84-xTe15Bi1.0Pbx chalcogenide glasses. The Se84-xTe15Bi1.0Pbx (x = 2, 6) glassy alloys are prepared by using melt quenching technique. The temperature and frequency dependent behavior of ac conductivity σac(ω) has been carried out in the frequency range 42 Hz to 5 MHz and in the temperature range of 298-323 K below glass transition temperature. The behavior of ac conductivity is described in terms of the power law ωs. The obtained temperature dependence behavior of ac conductivity and frequency component (s) are explained by means of correlated barrier hopping model recommended by Elliot.

The effect of 2- pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride (2-PAMCl) and atropine with or without curcumin was investigated in dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate; DDVP) induced toxicity in rats. Rats were exposed to DDVP (2 mg/kg sub-cutaneously) once daily for the period of 21 days. Post DDVP exposure, rats were further treated with 2-PAMCl (50 mg/kg intramuscular, once daily) + atropine (10 mg/kg, i.m. once daily) with or without curcumin (200 mg/kg; oral; once daily) for further 21 days. We observed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), while there was a significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes, brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) activity on DDVP exposure of rats. These alterations were restored significantly by co-administration of 2-PAMCl + atropine in DDVP exposed rats. Curcumin when co-supplemented with 2-PAMCl + atropine also significantly protected serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and restored brain AChE activity and 5-HT level in animals sub-chronically exposed to DDVP. Histopathological observations along with biochemical changes in rat blood and tissues revealed significant protection offered by 2-PAMCl + atropine against DDVP. The results indicate that DDVP-induced toxicity can be significantly protected by co-administration of 2-PAMCl + atropine individually, however, curcumin co-supplementation with 2-PAMCl + atropine provides more pronounced protection, concerning particularly neurological disorders.

The frequency-dependent characteristics of P- and S-wave attenuation in the upper crust of NW Himalayas have been estimated using local earthquakes for a frequency range of 1.5 to 18 Hz. A total of 43 local events of magnitude 2.1 - 4.8, mostly from the vicinity of Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT) have been used in the analysis. The extended coda normalization methods were applied to estimate the quality factors for P- waves (QP) and S-waves (QS) and the single back-scattering model has been used earlier (Kumar et al. [1]) to determine the quality factor for coda waves (QC). The observed quality factors QP and QS is strongly frequency dependent and the estimated average frequency dependent relation is given by QP = (97 ± 3)f (1.06 ± 0.06) and QS = (127 ± 6)f (0.96±0.06) respectively for P- and S-waves. A comparison of QS estimated in this study and QC previously reported shows that QC > QS for entire frequency range. This indicates the enrichment of coda waves and the importance of scattering attenuation to the attenuation of S-waves in the study region infested with faults and fractures. The ratio QS/QP is found to be greater than unity for the entire frequency range indicating that the body waves from source to station paths crossed a crustal volume with dry and rigid rocks. The frequency dependent relations developed in this study can be very useful to ground motion modeling which in turn is required in the seismic hazard assessment of the region.

Aim and Objective: Quality of methodological and statistical parameters published in various Indian Medical Journals are usually debated in terms of appropriateness. Aim of this manuscript is to analyze and validate efficacy studies on antidepressant drugs published in Indian Medical Journals regarding quality of various methodological and statistical parameters used. Materials and Methods: An in-depth review of Efficacy studies on Antidepressant published in Indian Medical Journals was conducted. Articles were retrieved from all possible sources like Published Journals, downloaded through Pubmed, MedInd, Opengate, Medknow, and Cochrane. These studies were analyzed and validated for various methodological and statistical parameters. Descriptive statistics for various parameters with confidence interval (CI) is also reported herewith. Results : Of 32 articles reviewed, primary and secondary endpoints and sample size calculation was reported in only one article (3.1%; 95% CI, 0.5 to 15.7%). Power and CI was not reported in any of the reviewed articles. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were reported in 9 (28.3%; 95% CI, 15.5 to 45.3%) articles. Information regarding randomization was mentioned in 12 (37.5%; 95% CI, 22.9 to 54.7%) articles, whereas reporting of blinding or open label status of the study was mentioned in 21 (65.6%; 95% CI, 48.3 to 79.5%) articles. Assumptions of statistical tests were not reported in any of the reviewed articles. Statistical tests were used in only 14 (43.7%; 95% CI, 28.1 to 60.6%) articles of which 70% of were inappropriate. All studies were underpowered for small and medium effect size. Conclusion: Quality of reporting of methodological and statistical aspects of antidepressant efficacy studies published in Indian medical journals are poor and hence makes difficult to conclude on issues related to validity of these studies.

Objective: To evaluate the reporting of the statistical methods in articles published in two Indian pharmacology journals. Materials and Methods: All original articles published since 2002 were downloaded from the journals' ( Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP) and Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology (IJPP)) website. These articles were evaluated on the basis of appropriateness of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics was evaluated on the basis of reporting of method of description and central tendencies. Inferential statistics was evaluated on the basis of fulfilling of assumption of statistical methods and appropriateness of statistical tests. Values are described as frequencies, percentage, and 95% confidence interval (CI) around the percentages. Results: Inappropriate descriptive statistics was observed in 150 (78.1%, 95% CI 71.7-83.3%) articles. Most common reason for this inappropriate descriptive statistics was use of mean ± SEM at the place of mean (SD) or mean ± SD. Most common statistical method used was one-way ANOVA (58.4%). Information regarding checking of assumption of statistical test was mentioned in only two articles. Inappropriate statistical test was observed in 61 (31.7%, 95% CI 25.6-38.6%) articles. Most common reason for inappropriate statistical test was the use of two group test for three or more groups. Conclusion: Articles published in two Indian pharmacology journals are not devoid of statistical errors.