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This review gives an account of the coordination chemistry of thiosemicarbazone ligands with three (tridentate) or four (tetradentate) potential donor atoms. The syntheses and structures of the ligands complexes are described according to the donor atom combinations and metals involved. The review also covers the biological activities of the ligands and complexes in the context of their applications as therapeutic or diagnostic PET or SPECT imaging agents.

The experiment was conducted under the agro-ecological zone of Modhupur Tract (AEZ-28) to determine the genetic diversity among 39 rice genotypes, collected from Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Lal Teer Seed Ltd. and Chittagong Hill Tracts. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters based on Mahalanobis’s D2 statistics and Canonical Variate Analysis. Cluster I consisted with the highest number of (11) genotypes from different origin, whereas cluster IV consisted with the lowest number of (3) genotypes. Cluster III consisted of BRRI dhan 28, BRRI dhan 45, Gold, Tia, Dowel and Moyna showed maximum mean yield. Maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster II and cluster III. The highest inter genotypic distance was observed between Tharak dhan and BRRI dhan 45. Cluster III had the highest mean values for grain yield, harvest index, 1000-grain weight and number of effective tillers per hill and cluster V for number of primary branches per panicle and cluster VI for number of filled grains per panicle that had significant positive correlation with grain yield. Number of unfilled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain yield showed maximum contribution towards genetic divergence. The genotypes from these clusters with desirable characters may be used as potential donor for future hybridization program to develop high yielders.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v25i1.17010

All right hepatic lobe (RHL) donors in our program are asked to participate in a longitudinal quality-of-life study that begins at their evaluation and continues throughout the first postdonation year. Here we report the characteristics of donor candidates who completed the donation process despite ambivalence. In all, 183 RHL candidates consented, and 133 became donors. Ambivalent donors (ADs; n = 45) identified themselves through verbal statements or written comments, or they were identified by staff during the evaluation. ADs were predominantly male (73.3%), were older than unambivalent donors (UADs; >35 years: 76% of ADs versus 53% of UADs, P = 0.008), and were well educated (college graduate: 60% of ADs versus 17% of UADs, P = 0.01). Brother-to-brother and son-to-father combinations were most common among ADs. Alcohol (22% versus 11%, P = 0.04) and hepatitis C virus (51% versus 27%, P = 0.008) were more common as disease etiologies for recipients with ADs versus recipients with UADs. More ADs than UADs considered themselves to be religious (68.9% versus 43.2%, P = 0.007). Ambivalence about RHL donation was present in 33.8% of the candidates who completed the donation process. These results suggest that ambivalence should not be the sole reason for disqualifying a potential donor who otherwise satisfies program requirements. Liver Transpl 17:1226–1233, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.

Dunsmore S, Karpinski M, Young A, Storsley L. Access to living donor transplantation for Aboriginal recipients: a study of living donor presentation and exclusion. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E617–E621. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Aboriginals experience high rates of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and are less likely to receive a kidney transplant from a living donor. We hypothesized that higher rates of hypertension and diabetes in Aboriginal communities would result in fewer potential living donors coming forward and more exclusions for medical reasons. We performed a retrospective study to examine the frequency of potential donor presentation and the reasons for donor exclusion among Aboriginal and Caucasian wait-listed ESRD patients at our center. Three hundred and eighty-five wait-listed patients were studied, including 174 Aboriginals and 211 Caucasians. Time on the waiting list was similar between groups. A similar proportion of Aboriginals and Caucasians had at least one potential donor (40% vs. 46%), and the rate of donor exclusion for medical reasons was also similar (23% vs. 21%). Potential donors to Aboriginals were more likely to be excluded for non-medical reasons (50% vs. 30%; p

In research on philanthropy, much attention has been given to the impact of the actual economic costs of giving. This paper argues that the perceived psychological costs of giving should also be taken into consideration when seeking to understand donations to charitable organizations. It is already known that people differ in their attitudes towards money, and that money attitudes are mostly independent from income, but these findings have been largely overlooked in the study of philanthropy and altruism. This paper seeks to rectify that omission by investigating the relationship between charitable giving and money perceptions. The analyses show that, regardless of the actual financial resources held by a donor, the size of their donations is negatively affected by feelings of retention (a careful approach to money) and inadequacy (people who worry about their financial situation). We conclude that an understanding of money perceptions is an additional important factor in the understanding of charitable behaviour. Fundraising professionals should not only select potential donors based on their absolute financial capacities but also take the potential donor's own financial perceptions into account when asking for donations.

Objetivo: Descrever os indicadores de desempenho relacionados à notificação de mortes encefálicas e captação de órgãos em relação aos óbitos ocorridos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI/sala amarela) do Hospital Estadual Getulio Vargas (HEGV), entre o período de janeiro a setembro de 2010. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo quantitativo retrospectivo. Foram estudados os prontuários de pacientes internados no CTI e sala amarela do HEGV entre os meses de janeiro a setembro de 2010. Resultados: Durante o período de janeiro a setembro de 2010, a Central de Transplantes recebeu ao todo, 364 notificações de ME de todos os hospitais pertencentes ao Estado do Rio, independente de sua esfera administrativa (federal, estadual, municipal e particular). O Hospital Estadual Getúlio Vargas foi responsável por 32 dessas notificações, representando 8,8% do total e tem se mostrado fundamental para a melhoria desses números no estado. Individualmente, encontra-se acima da média de efetivações de doação, com 46,4%, quando o esperado pela Associação Brasileira de Transplante de Órgãos (ABTO) é 40%. Conclusão: Acredita-se que, com maior treinamento de profissionais, criação de CIHDOTT’s com profissionais exclusivos para busca ativa, manutenção do potencial doador e entrevista familiar, os índices de notificação, captação e efetivação de doação poderão elevar as estatísticas dos transplantes no estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Summary Uncontrolled donation after cardiac death (DCD) could increase the donor pool in the UK. Air ambulance (AA) teams may be well placed to recruit these donors. They cover large geographical areas, have short transfer times and tasked predominantly to life-threatening cases. The potential to recruit from this pool of donors was reviewed. Seventy-five month activity of an AA unit was analysed identifying patients who entered prehospital cardiac arrest (PHCA). Patients over 70 years of age were excluded as were those whose cardiac arrest was unwitnessed. A minimum potential donor pool was estimated based upon patients dying of medical causes. Rates of bystander resuscitation, mechanism of death and patient demographic data were observed. During 10 022 missions 534 patients entered PHCA. A total of 106 patients met inclusion criteria. There were 12 paediatric cases; 39 cases of 17–50 year olds and 55 cases of 50–70 year olds. Medical and traumatic causes of death accounted for 60 and 46 cases respectively. Bystander resuscitation efforts were provided in 47% of cases. A regional AA could contribute to a national uncontrolled DCD programme. Given that there are 31 AA’s in England and Wales, we estimate that there could be a minimum of 300 additional potential donors annually.

Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) savannas depend on contiguous grass cover to facilitate frequent surface fires. Enhanced flowering, seed production, and germination may be linked to season of fires. We assessed the effect of month of prescribed fire (February, April, May, and July) on percentage of plants with flowering culms (FCs%), FC/area, FC/plant, seed production, and germination for five warm seasons, fall-flowering grasses. Multivariate analysis indicated the response of flowering and fruiting to burn month varied among the grass species. The dominant species, Sporobolus junceus and Schizachyrium scoparium var. stoloniferum, had greater numbers of most flowering characteristics when burnt during April, May, and July. Aristida purpurascens had increased FC/plant after May and July burns. In contrast, Ar. mohrii had the fewest FC/plant and seeds/FC when burnt in July. Germination was greatest (26–60%) for Ar. purpurascens. Seeds collected following July burns for Ar. purpurascens and Ar. ternarius and after May burns for S. junceus were within the highest germination values recorded. Germination of Sc. scoparium var. stoloniferum was very low after February and July burns (≤5%). With Ar. mohrii, only seed collected following February (2%) and April burns (3%) germinated. April, May, and July fires increased seed production of dominant matrix grasses, thus facilitating the potential for recruitment of these species and facilitating seed collection from potential donor sites for ground-layer restoration projects. Varying prescribed fire burn month captured variation in flowering characteristics among these grasses.

El propósito del estudio fue comparar los datos relacionados a la formación y perfil de los coordinadores de trasplante de Brasil y España para evaluar oportunidades de mejoría en la negativa familiar y el mantenimiento del donante en nuestro país. Una minuciosa evaluación fue realizada, comparando los datos de formación del coordinador de trasplante, perfil del coordinador de trasplante y de la metodología de trasplante de cada país. En Brasil el promedio de horas de capacitación recibida antes de empezar a trabajar con trasplantes es de ocho horas, en España de 42 horas. En Brasil 22,9% de los coordinadores de trasplante son médicos y en España 95% son médicos. El tiempo que actúa el coordinador de trasplantes en Brasil es de nueve meses y 22 días y en España 60 meses. El Modelo de Gestión de la Organización Nacional de Trasplante, puede ser adaptado en Brasil, como una forma de mejoría en la formación del coordinador de trasplante y de cambiar las tasas por negativa familiar y por pérdidas de mantenimiento. The purpose of this study was to compare data related to professional education and profiles of transplant coordinators in Brazil and Spain in order to evaluate opportunities for improvement, due to family rejection and maintaining the potential donor within the country. A detailed evaluation was carried out which compares the formal education data of the transplant coordinator, the coordinator's profile, and the transplant methodology of each country. In Brazil, there is an average of eight hours in training prior to beginning work with transplants, whereas in Spain, 42 hours are necessary. In Brazil 22.9 % of transplant coordinators are physicians, while in Spain 95% are physicians. The average length of time that the transplant coordinator has worked in Brazil was nine months and twenty-two days, while in Spain it was sixty months. The National Transplant Organization Management Model (El Modelo de Gestión de la Organizacion Nacional) may be adapted in Brazil as a way to improve transplant coordinator education and family rejection and maintenance losses. O propósito do estudo foi comparar os dados relacionados à formação e perfil dos coordenadores de transplantes do Brasil e Espanha para avaliar oportunidades de melhorias em relação à recusa familiar e manutenção do potencial doador. Uma minuciosa avaliação foi realizada, comparando os dados de formação do coordenador de transplante, perfil do coordenador de transplantes e da metodologia de transplante em cada país. No Brasil, a média de horas de capacitação recebida antes de começar a trabalhar foi de oito horas e na Espanha foi de 42 horas. No Brasil, 22,9% dos coordenadores de transplante são médicos, na Espanha 95% são médicos. O tempo que atua o coordenador de transplante no Brasil foi nove meses e 22 dias, na Espanha, 60 meses. O Modelo de Gestão da Organização Nacional de Transplante pode ser adaptado no Brasil como forma de melhoria nas perdas por negativa familiar e por perdas na manutenção.

Introduction. Organ donation after brain death (DBD) has declined in the United Kingdom, whereas donation after cardiac death (DCD) has increased markedly. We sought to understand the reasons for the decline in DBD and determine whether the increase in DCD was a major factor. Methods. The UK Transplant Registry was analyzed to determine trends in organ donation. Data from the "Potential Donor Audit," an audit of all patients younger than 76 years who died in noncardiothoracic UK intensive care units, was analyzed to identify trends in clinical demographics and management and to determine whether potential donors (DBD and DCD) were identified and appropriate steps were taken to enable organ donation. Results. There were 7589 (12.8 per million of population [pmp]) deceased organ donors in the United Kingdom from 1999 to 2009. The total number of deceased donors increased by 16% (to 14.9 pmp), but DBD donors decreased from 744 to 612, and the overall increase in donors was due to an 8-fold increase in DCD donors (33 in 1999 to 2000, 288 in 2008 to 2009). Analysis of the Potential Donor Audit over the 5-year period 2004 to 2005 to 2008 to 2009 showed that the number of patients dying in intensive care units who were possibly brain stem dead (comatose, apparently apnoeic with unresponsive pupils) decreased from 1929 in 2004 to 2005 to 1495 in 2008 to 2009 (22.5% reduction). The proportion of potential DBD donors who became donors increased from 45% to 51%. Conclusion. There is no evidence that the increase in DCD donors has contributed directly to the decline in DBD, which reflects a decrease in the number of patients with brain death.

Every year the number of patients waiting for a heart transplant increases faster than the number of available donor organs. Some potential donor organs are from donors with active communicable diseases, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), potentially making donation prohibitive. The advent of direct-acting antiviral agents for HCV has drastically changed the treatment of HCV. Recently, these agents have been used to treat HCV in organ donor recipients who acquired the disease from the donor organ. We report a case of heart-kidney transplantation from an HCV viremic donor to HCV negative recipient with successful treatment and sustained virologic response.

Aim Luminex Single Antigen bead assay (LSAB) derived mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values of anti-HLA antibodies directed at the potential donor’s HLA are the primary parameter used in the virtual crossmatch to predict physical crossmatch (XM) outcome. We aimed to develop statistically validated LSAB MFI cutpoints for predicting CDC XM and FCXM results. Methods We leveraged the ASHI proficiency testing (PT) 80% consensus results of 7156 T FCXM, 6758 B FCXM, 2917 T CDC XM and 2233 B CDC XM as the reference results to investigate whether LSAB MFI of IgG anti-HLA antibodies predict validated physical XM results. LSAB MFI was determined in our laboratory using One Lambda Single Antigen HLA Class I and Class II beads. The 80% consensus results are from 8 consecutive challenges during 2013 to 2016, and 107 laboratories across USA tested sera and HLA typed cells distributed by ASHI, and reported the results to ASHI for assessment of the laboratory’s proficiency. Data analysis included: summing of MFI of IgG antibodies directed at HLA-A, B and C for investigating their association with T FCXM and T CDC XM results; summing of MFI of antibodies directed at HLA-A, B, C, DR, DQ and DP for investigating their association with B FCXM and B CDC XM results; assigning alternate ASHI challenges to the Discovery set and the Validation set; investigating the association between LSAB MFI and physical XM results by logistic regression analysis corrected for overdispersion; and identification of LSAB MFI cutpoint for maximizing the sum of sensitivity and specificity. LSAB MFI cutpoints derived from the Discovery set to predict FCXM and CDC XM results were investigated in an independent validation set. Results Table 1 demonstrates that LSAB MFI cutpoints from the Discovery set predicts XM outcomes in the Validation set (ROC AUC range from 0.974 to 0.999). Conclusions We have developed and validated LSAB MFI cutpoints for use in the virtual crossmatch to accurately predict physical T FCXM, B FCXM, T CDC XM and B CDC XM results.

BACKGROUND: Blood donor screening with enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I, and later to HTLV-I/II, has led to the unnecessary deferral of tens of thousands of individuals. The licensure of the Abbott PRISM HTLV-I/HTLV-II chemiluminescent immunoassay (ChLIA) may permit the reinstatement of historically deferred donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The efficacy of a reentry algorithm involving a follow-up sample from EIA-deferred donors testing HTLV-I/II ChLIA nonreactive was evaluated using 386 serologic confirmed-positive samples archived since the inception of anti-HTLV donor screening. Reactivity of the 386 samples by the ChLIA, when coupled with the package insert sensitivity data, may be used to demonstrate efficacy of the reentry algorithm. Donor incidence was also examined from 2008 through 2009 to evaluate changes to the existing HTLV screening policy. RESULTS: From January 1, 1995, to April 28, 2008, a total of 64,052 donors to the American Red Cross were deferred solely because of HTLV EIA false positivity, representing more than 130,000 US donors. HTLV ChLIA identified 386 confirmed-positive donations from 386 randomly selected donors representing reactivity to both the bioMerieux and the Abbott HTLV-I/II EIAs (95% confidence interval [CI], 99.2%-100%); both EIAs have since been discontinued. This is comparable to the detection of 843 of 843 confirmed-positive samples during the ChLIA clinical trials (95% CI, 99.48%-100%). Incident HTLV infections occurred primarily among female repeat donors during 2008 throughout 2009. CONCLUSIONS: Donors testing falsely positive by historic EIAs since 1988 should be considered for reinstatement if a contemporary sample tests ChLIA nonreactive. Changes to the existing screening algorithm seem unlikely since new HTLV infections were detected among repeat donors.

Trunk defects can be approached through a multitude of regional flaps that can be harvested from the shoulder girdle, the epigastric axis, the paraspinal region, or the pelvic girdle. The aim of the reconstruction is to provide adequate and tension-free restoration of tissue integrity with minimal functional morbidity, water- and airtight closure of cavities, and coverage of exposed vital structures. Potential donor sites should be estimated for their tissue quality and anticipated donor site morbidity. The prototypical pedicled flap has a constant, reliable anatomy; however, the pedicled flap should have a configuration that is versatile and adequate for coverage and should resist infection. Also, the surgical technique should be uncomplicated.

Purpose of review The article discusses the fundamental principles of cheek reconstruction and summarizes recently published techniques and reviews in the field. Recent findings Reconstruction of the cheek is a complex endeavour. Patient, defect, and potential donor site factors must be carefully considered in the restoration of cheek form and function. Fortunately the surgeon, each with his or her own personal preferences and experience, has a wealth of techniques available from which to choose. New flaps and techniques are described including recent reviews of traditional techniques. Examples include a modification to the Mustarde flap, an axial pedicled flap from the radix nasi region, a technique of superficial musculoaponeurotic system plication to achieve primary closure of large defects, and reviews of the submental island flap, the subcutaneous cervicofacial flap, the medial sural artery perforator flap, and the anterolateral thigh flap. Summary Surgical innovation and conscientious assessments of traditional techniques continue to advance the field of cheek reconstruction towards improved aesthetic and functional outcomes.

Kidney transplantation in pediatric patients has become a routinely successful procedure, with 1- and 5-year patient survival rates of 98% and 94%, and 1- and 5-year graft survival rates of 93% to 95% and 77% to 85% (the range takes into account differences between living and deceased donors). These good outcomes represent the cumulative effect of improvements in pre- and posttransplant patient care, operative techniques, immunosuppression, and infection prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment. This article provides a brief historical overview, discusses the indications for transplantation, describes the evaluation process for the recipient and the potential donor, outlines the operative details, reviews the various causes of and risk factors for graft dysfunction, and analyzes outcomes.

Despite a limited supply of donors, potential donor hearts are often declined for subjective concerns regarding organ quality. This analysis will investigate the relationship between donor heart AR and patient outcome at pediatric transplant centers. The UNOS database was used to identify all match runs for pediatric candidates (age 18 years) from 2008 through March 2015 in which a heart offer was ultimately placed. Centers which received ≥10 offers/y were included (10 634 offers, 38 centers). Transplant centers were stratified based on their AR: low (20%, n = 13), medium (20%-40%, n = 16), or high (40%, n = 9). Low AR centers experienced worse negative WL outcome compared with medium (P = .022) and high (P = .004) AR centers. Low AR centers had similar post-transplant graft survival to medium (P = .311) or high (P = .393) AR centers; however, medium AR centers had better post-transplant graft survival than high AR centers (P = .037). E-F survival from listing regardless of transplant was worse for low AR centers compared with medium (P .001) or high (P = .001) AR centers. Low AR centers experience worse WL outcomes without improvement in post-transplant outcomes. High AR centers experience higher post-transplant graft failure than medium AR centers. AR of 20%-40% appears to have optimal WL and post-transplant outcomes.

Organ transplantation is a boon to medical field as it helps in saving the lives of those who would otherwise die. A lot of poor people were conned of their organs and illegal trafficking of the same became a well-connected business hub. Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994 was passed in 1994 to prevent illegal trafficking of human organs and to lay down regulations for removal, storage and transplantation of the human organs for therapeutic purpose and to prevent the commercial dealings of the same, which was further amended in 2011. In this article, authors want to attract the attention of readers towards the legal procedures, operating protocol and involvement of various authorities and their powers related to transplantation of human organs. Most of the population, including doctors do not have the knowledge of standard operating procedures due to which mediators may take undue advantage or the incognizance may discourage a potential donor. Authors hereby emphasis on registration for organ donation so that everybody can have a life after death.

What is death? The question is of wide-rangang practical importance because we need to be able to distinguish the living from the dead in order to treat both appropriately; specifically, the permissibility of retrieving vital organs for transplantation depends upon the potential donor's ontological status. There is a well-established and influential biological definition of death as irreversible breakdown in the functioning of the organism as a whole, but it continues to elicit disquiet and rejoinders. The central claims of this paper are that the best way to address the question as to what death is, is to attend closely to our ordinary concept of death; doing so reveals that, whilst our ordinary understanding accommodates the biological definition, it also includes the thought that, for someone who has died, there will never again be anything it is like to be that person. Support for these claims is provided, and their academic and practical implications traced. The important practical implication is that we are left in quandary as to whether certain potential organ donors — for example, anencephalic babies and the permanently vegetative — are dead, a quandary that has serious implications for the relevance of the dead donor rule in transplant ethics.

The need for lung grafts is currently greater than ever. Unfortunately, the availability of grafts is insufficient for this demand. So we are forced to request organs for transplantation in the "waste bin." One possible solution to this problem may be the use of grafts from brain-dead patients. Sadly brain death is followed by devastating hemodynamic, inflammatory, and neurohumoral reactions in the potential donor which not only inflict direct damage, but also induce activation of the immune system which can cause rejection or even graft failure. Therefore, various groups have examined measures to prevent this outcome. In this review, we attempt to reconstruct the events that follow brain death, suggesting an algorithm to prevent a brain-dead patient's lungs from further damage. Finally, we are proposing potential measures of graft's protection of further investigation.

In Japan, the number of living kidney transplantations has increased each year, and an accurate evaluation of renal function must be conducted before donation to minimize the risk to donors. Recently, the Japanese Society of Nephrology issued a new equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in Japanese people. This study compared the accuracy of eGFR and creatinine clearance (Ccr) values with that of inulin clearance (Cin) for assessing renal function in kidney donors.Clinical data were analyzed for 85 potential living kidney donors who had undergone routine measured GFR (mGFR) and Ccr measurements from October 2006 to November 2008 at a single center. Inulin clearance, representing the mGFR, was determined by standard method. The eGFR was calculated as: eGFR = 194 x Scr(-1.094) x Age(-0.287) (for females, x0.739).Mean mGFR was 96.1 +/- 14.7 (range 67.8-126.8); mean eGFR, 72.6 +/- 12.7 (range 50.1-107.1); and mean Ccr, 117.3 +/- 22.4 (range 35.1-170.1), in units of ml/min/1.73 m(2) for each. Relative to mGFR, the correlation coefficient for Ccr was 0.496, and the mean difference between the two values was 21.1 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (23.2%), with a root-mean square error (RMSE) of 19.6. The correlation coefficient between eGFR and mGFR was 0.502, and the mean difference between the two values was -23.5 (23.7%), with a RMSE of 11.0. Bland-Altman plots showed that Ccr overestimated mGFR in 90.6% of cases, whereas eGFR underestimated mGFR in 95.3% of cases.Ccr and eGFR values did not accurately estimate mGFR in Japanese living kidney donors.

Whilst mainstream transplant literature provides valuable insights into the influences on families to donate organs and tissues for transplant, the relevance of these findings in relation to organ donation for research remain speculative. The present study aims to expand the research donation literature, by exploring factors that influence a family's decision to donate brain tissue to neuroscience research. The verbal responses of the senior available next-of-kin (NOK), to the question of brain donation for research, are analysed. The donation rate was high (54%) over the 5-year-period. NOK relationship to the deceased, and post mortem interval were the main factors associated with a positive donation. Parents were most likely to donate and this may result from a lifetime of decision-making on behalf of the deceased. Also, the longer the interval between death of the potential donor and the question being asked, the greater the likelihood of donation.

Objetivo: Descrever a captação de córneas no Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre (CHSCPA) e analisar as atividades do seu Banco de Olhos (BOSCPA) entre 2003 e 2007. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva da captação de córneas no CHSCPA e dos prontuários dos doadores de origem interna e externa atendidos pelo BOSCPA no período. Empregou-se teste t de Student ou Mann-Whitney, Qui-quadrado e descrição das taxas de porcentagem, sendo significativo P

We present the synthesis of 1-thioglycosyl derivatives of uridine, which were designed to act as potential donor substrates for glycosyltransferases. We constructed such analogs using 5-amino-2-pyridyl 1-thioglycosides as glycosyl units which were connected to uridine via succinic linker. For preparation of the amide bonds we applied different condensation procedures.

The lack of a common understanding of what a charity is, and the general refusal of relief for cross-border gifts, can distort the charitable “market” by favouring local charities over those established in other countries. Territorial restrictions on tax incentives frequently add to the administrative costs of giving to charity, by forcing donors to use local charities as conduits for cross-border gifts. They may even dissuade a potential donor from giving at all. All of this may be about to change—at least within the EU. We now have the opinion of Advocate General Mengozzi in the Persche case, which concerns the argument that territorial restrictions on tax incentives for charitable giving contravene the provisions of the EU Treaty regarding the free movement of capital.

Objective: Kidney transplantation with a living donor has proved to be an effective solution for kidney patients on the waiting list for transplantation. Nevertheless, it may be difficult to find a living kidney donor. The purpose of this explorative study is to investigate how kidney transplant candidates may, or may not, find a living donor in the Netherlands. Methods: We compared a group of 42 patients who did not find a living donor with a group of 42 patients who did, using semi-structured interviews. Results: We found that, although almost all patients recognized the advantages of living kidney donation and were willing to accept the offer of a living kidney donor, many found it very difficult to ask a potential donor directly. This was true for both groups. Conclusion: Patients may gain from professional support to deal with this situation in ways that balance their medical needs and their personal relationships. Practice Implications: Support programs should be developed to assist patients in developing strategies for discussing living kidney donation with potential donors. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

This study aimed to determine whether osteochondral allograft plugs from the humeral head are a good topographic match to recipient sites on the femoral condyle. If so, the donor pool for allograft osteochondral transplantation to the knee may increase. Simulated osteochondral grafts of 1-cm, 1.5-cm, and 2-cm diameters were taken from the surface map of the humeral heads and superimposed and optimized on recipient sites of identical size on the femoral condyles. Primary measurement criteria included contour mismatch and circumferential step-off. These measurements increased with donor plug size. For the 1-cm and 1.5-cm plugs, the lowest mean mismatch (0.068 mm and 0.110 mm, respectively) and step-off (0.057 mm and 0.154 mm, respectively) occurred at the 30 degree medial position. For the 2-cm plugs, the lowest mean mismatch (0.183 mm) and step-off (0.227 mm) occurred at the 60 degree lateral position. Although 1-cm osteochondral plugs were a good topographic match to the recipient sites, the 2-cm plugs had a mismatch approaching 0.5 mm, an offset with a demonstrated peak contact pressure > 40% higher than normal. The topographic match of the humeral head suggests it is a potential donor source for osteochondral allograft transfer to the distal femur.

Las intervenciones que el profesional de enfermería realiza al donante potencial de órganos son primordiales para asegurar una óptima utilización de los órganos a trasplantar. Debe tener muy claro los aspectos básicos concernientes a la donación y trasplante de órganos, para así convertirse en un promotor de esta modalidad terapéutica. Es necesario identificar los vacíos en el conocimiento y la actitud de estos profesionales con el fin de motivar, sensibilizar e incrementar la población potencial de donantes en el servicio de urgencias para adultos. Objetivo: describir los elementos teóricos en la identificación de donantes potenciales de órganos en el servicio de urgencias del Hospital de San José. Metodología: estudio de tipo cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, en el período comprendido entre agosto y noviembre de 2007. Se diseñó una encuesta con diez preguntas basada en la legislación colombiana que rige la donación de órganos; la muestra estuvo conformada por diez profesionales de enfermería que laboran en un hospital de nivel III en el servicio de urgencias para adultos, sala de reanimación y unidad de cuidado intermedio. Resultados: el 60% del personal se había desempeñado en el servicio de urgencias durante un tiempo menor a un año, cinco entre dos y seis meses y uno solo 15 días. El otro 40% había laborado más de un año. Se observó que quienes respondieron la encuesta no conocen las leyes que regulan la donación de órganos en Colombia o no recuerdan el objeto de las mismas. Acerca del conocimiento de las contraindicaciones absolutas y relativas, el concepto no es claro. Conclusión: como la donación de órganos es un tema que genera expectativa dado el gran número de pacientes que ingresan a programas de diálisis, es necesaria la implantación de un programa de garantía de calidad del proceso de donación-extracción en instituciones hospitalarias, proporcionando una metodología de trabajo que se convierta en herramienta útil para el desempeño de esta labor. La utilización de un protocolo de detección e identificación de donante potencial que sea organizado y que involucre en forma directa al profesional de enfermería, contribuiría al aumento de posibles candidatos para la donación y trasplante de órganos. Abreviaturas: TR, trasplante (s).

This study uses a door-to-door fund-raising field experiment to explore the returns to physical appearance on fund-raising success. Interestingly, blonde females earn more on average than brunette counterparts. However, the returns to physical appearance depend critically on the race of a potential donor.

This work is set in the field of social marketing and more specifically in the context of blood donation. Its principal objective focuses on segregating potential donors by using the inhibitors or barriers to a blood donation behaviour as criteria. Moreover, an analysis of the predisposition to donate blood, the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for donating blood, and the incentives that may stimulate their donation conduct was conducted for each of the four identified groups. The results reveal that the four segments differ significantly in their predisposition to donate, in their motivations and in the incentives that encourage them to donate blood.

In planning the sequential transfer of free flaps with an adequate time interval, the transferred prior flap can be considered a potential donor site when it becomes partially dispensable as a result of redundancy. Increased control of the range of flap thickness is one of the advantages of a perforator flap. Therefore, a transferred perforator flap with a redundancy in thickness could be reelevated later as a thin perforator flap that leaves significant subcutaneous tissue intact. We present an unusual case in which a prior free perforator flap was reelevated as a thin flap and transferred as a free flap to another location. Two years after the first transfer, the medial thigh septocutaneous perforator-based flap in the calf region was elevated again, with only the inclusion of a thin subcutaneous layer based on the same perforator pedicle, and was moved as a free flap to the anterior tibial region. The use of a prior perforator flap as a donor site for a later flap can avoid the additional sacrifice of a new donor site. The recycling of redundant perforator flaps to yield another flap through tangential splitting is another advantage of perforator flaps.

We compare the actual with the potential donor exposure and possible infection rates in the Hanover Medical School (MHH) platelet (PLT) transfusion recipients if the current MHH standard of apheresis PLT concentrate (A-PC) supply would be replaced by a pooled PLT concentrate (P-PC) transfusion regimen.The electronic records of the MHH Institute of Transfusion Medicine and the MHH Department of Medical Controlling were evaluated to assess the development of PLT needs and supply at MHH from 2003-2006. For 2006, we evaluated all PLT transfusion recipients with respect to their overall transfusion needs, classified them for low and high PLT transfusion needs, and related them to the diagnostic groups that underlie their PLT demands. We assumed a P-PC preparation procedure using 4 whole blood-derived buffy coats for all calculations for potential donor exposure. To predict the possible infection rates of an unrecognized viral infection with low prevalence in the general population to A-PC or to P-PC recipients and the influence of neutralizing agent specific antibodies (NAB), we established a mathematical contamination/infection model based on the current PLT transfusion mode and data about GBV-C virus infection among Hanover blood donors.From 2003 to 2006, the 1,300-1,400 persons comprising MHH apheresis donor pool covered a 36% increase in PC transfusions. The exclusive use of P-PCs instead of A-PC would require a total of 36,240-49,276 whole blood donations to meet MHH demands, corresponding to a more than 1 log step increase in donor exposure. For individual hematological patients, the change to P-PCs would imply an 80-125%, for individual surgical patients a 40-50% higher donor exposure. Our infection model revealed an approximately 4 times higher infection.A change to P-PC would imply a more than one log step higher donor exposure, and an unrecognized infection with a prevalence around 1% leads to an up to 4 times higher infection rate. A general change in the PC transfusion policy that favors P-PCs is dangerous and must be avoided.Ziel der Studie war die Erfassung der tatsächlichen im Vergleich zur potentiellen Spenderexposition sowie der möglichen Infektionsraten bei Empfängern von Thrombozytenkonzentraten (TK), falls der gegenwärtige Transfusionsstandard an der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (MHH) – die Patientenversorgung mit Apheresekonzentraten (A-TK) – von einer Transfusionsstrategie mit gepoolten Thrombozytenkonzentraten (P-TK) abgelöst würde.Wir haben die elektronischen Datenbanken des MHH-Instituts für Transfusionsmedizin sowie der MHH-Abteilung für Medizinkontrolling bezüglich der Entwicklung des Thrombozytenbedarfs und der Thrombozytenversorgung für die Jahre 2003–2006 ausgewertet. Bezogen auf das Jahr 2006 wurden alle MHH-Thrombozytenempfänger hinsichtlich des Gesamttransfusionsbedarfs, niedrigen bzw. hohen Thrombozytenbedarfs bzw. auf die dem Thrombozytenbedarf zugrunde liegenden Erkrankungen untersucht. Auf der Basis von 4 Buffy Coats aus Vollblutkonserven als Ausgangsmaterial für die Herstellung eines P-TK berechneten wir die potentielle Spenderexposition für die MHH-TK-Empfänger. Wir entwickelten ein mathematisches Modell, um mögliche Infektionsraten bei einer unerkannten viralen Infektion mit niedriger Prävalenz in der Allgemeinbevölkerung bei A-TK-oder bei P-TK-Empfängern unter Einschluss neutralisierender virusspezifischer Antikörper vorherzusagen. Dieses Modell basiert auf der gegenwärtigen Transfusionspraxis für TK in Hannover und bekannten Daten zu GBV-C-Virusinfektionen bei Hannoveraner Blutspendern.Der 1,300–1,400 Personen umfassende MHH-Apheresespenderpool stellte für die Jahre 2003 bis 2006 sicher, dass der 36%ige Anstieg der Thrombozytentransfusionen bewältigt werden konnte. Die ausschlieβliche Anwendung von P-TK anstelle von A-TK hätte 36.240–49.276 Vollblutspender erfordert, was einem Anstieg der Spenderexposition um mehr als eine Logstufe entsprochen hätte. Individuelle Thrombozytenempfänger mit niedrigem, moderatem, hohem und sehr hohem A-TK-Bedarf hätten eine um 42, 67, 84 und 109% höhere Spenderexposition gehabt. Für individuelle hämatologische Patienten hätte der Wechsel des Transfusionsregimes zu P-TK eine um 80–125%, für individuelle chirurgische Patienten eine um 40–50% höhere Spenderexposition zur Folge gehabt. Unser Rechenmodell zur Abschätzung von Infektionsfolgen zeigt eine zirka viermal höhere Infektionsrate.Ein Wechsel der Transfusionsstrategie auf Pool-TK würde mit einer um mehr als eine Log-Stufe erhöhten Spenderexpositition einhergehen, und eine unerkannte Infektion mit einer Prävalenz von zirka 1% führt zu einer um den Faktor 4 erhöhten Infektionsrate bei Pool-TK-Empfängern. Ein genereller Wechsel in der Transfusionsstrategie für Thrombozytenkonzentrate ist daher als gefährlich anzusehen und muss unbedingt vermieden werden.

The aim was to explore how relatives and physicians understood cases where organ donation had been requested and what factors were salient for the decision on donation. Physicians of 25 deceased patients and 20 relatives were interviewed. The material was analyzed using qualitative methods. Eleven patients had declared their wishes on donation before death; in 14 cases the relatives had to decide. Half of these relatives accepted donation and half refused. The donation request was of secondary importance to the families; they were totally occupied by the death and initially tried to avoid the request by regarding "no" as a nonresponse. They needed support to relieve their immediate reactions of uneasiness, start rational thought processes, and reach well-grounded answers. The basis for requesting donation was good; relatives, with regard to circumstances, had been well prepared for the death by continuous information from the physicians and had confidence in staff, accepted that the question was raised, and understood the death criteria. However, about half the physicians experienced conflicts regarding prerequisites of procuring organs and dealing with relatives. Three different approaches were displayed: prodonation, neutral, and ambivalent. Only physicians with a prodonation approach received acceptance for donation.

Purpose To implement and evaluate a change in practice regarding the timing of introducing donation for inpatient hospice staff and families whereby scripted information about tissue/organ donation was given by the nurse upon admission as part of the normal admission process and then repeated at the time of death per usual protocol. Methods Data were collected from staff for 6 months (January to June 2006). The hospice staff agreed to complete a donor services comment log at the admission and at the death of each patient to relay any concerns with the change in practice rather than just writing down complaints as was the previous practice. Data were supplemented with staff input during regular meetings. Donation rates were compiled as usual for 6 months and compared with the preceding 6 months. Results Data were analyzed from the written interactions. Trends identified were limited by the small sample size. The results confirmed that both nursing staff and potential donor families supported the change in practice. No families or staff called the organ procurement organization with complaints during the 6-month period. Corneal donations increased from 2 to 7, a 250% increment for the 6-month period. Conclusion The assumption that discussing donation when hospice patients are admitted will lead to a decrease in donation is not supported by the results of this study. The findings suggest the need for a methodologically rigorous, theoretically driven examination of hospice donor families' reactions to the introduction of donation at admission and the subsequent decrease in stress and increase in donation rates.

Background Availability of a healthy, human-leukocyte-antigen-matched hematopoietic stem cell source is a prerequisite for successful allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In 70% of cases, the search of hematopoietic stem cells shifts from siblings to unrelated donor registries. Given that the Human Leucocytes Antigens (HLA) system is highly polymorphic and that the cost of HLA typing remains high, the adequacy between registry content and patient needs must be assessed. Registries should be optimally organized to increase the probability for any given patient to find a donor. Methods A welfare function associated with the existence of an HLA registry was defined as was a measure of the advantage for laboratories having performed HLA typing. We hypothesized a way to formalize registry efficiency and applied it to the French Hematopoietic Stem Cell donors Registry. Results The model determined an implicit value for the stem cell graft and showed that efficiency increased very slowly with increasing number of potential donors in registries. The optimal size of a registry was found to be sensitive to model parameters. Conclusion Increased registry size, in terms of number of donors foreseeable in the French registry, would have a limited impact on registry efficiency and thus social effectiveness. Nevertheless, the calibration of the model justifies the goal of recruiting 100 000 new volunteer donors over the next 10 years as proposed by the French government in the “Graft Plan”. The policy of the regulatory agency should be oriented towards improving the probability a compatible potential donor identified during a preliminary search would become an actual fully compatible donor and towards reducing the cost of typing.

The originally diverse ciscoe fish fauna of the Laurentian Great Lakes has suffered many extinctions and local extirpations. Bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) are presumed extirpated from Lake Ontario and the reintroduction of this deepwater fish is under consideration. Given the demographic fluctuations of this species in the other Great Lakes and its recent intralacustrine origin, we sought to identify a genetically diverse and similar source of C. hoyi via an analysis of genetic diversity and population structure using 10 microsatellite loci. Despite well-documented demographic declines, we found no genetic evidence of bottlenecks in 12 C. hoyi samples from the four potential donor lakes (Huron, Michigan, Superior and Nipigon). By contrast, evidence of bottlenecks in historical samples of C. artedi from Lake Ontario suggested that standard genetic methods frequently used to identify population bottlenecks can only detect very severe and long-lasting demographic declines in naturally large populations. Patterns of genetic differentiation and assignment tests indicated that C. hoyi from Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, which are not differentiated, are genetically most similar to Lake Ontario ciscoes. The small available sample of deepwater ciscoes recently caught in Lake Ontario did not allow determining if these represent a small undetected C. hoyi population or a recent invasion of the deep section by C. artedi. On the basis of genetic criteria, we conclude that C. hoyi from any location within Lake Huron or Lake Michigan would be judicious sources of breeders for reintroducing C. hoyi in Lake Ontario.

The lumbar region is a potential donor site for perforator-based rotational or free flaps or as a recipient site for free flaps to obtain coverage for deficits in the sacral region. Because of the lack of consensus regarding the microvascular anatomy of this potential flap site, a robust investigation of the anatomy of this region is required.Three-dimensional reconstructions (n = 6) of the microvasculature of the lumbar region were generated using MIMICS software (Materialise, Belgium) for each of the four paired lumbar vessels. Diameter, course, and pedicle length were recorded for all lumbar artery (LA) perforators. Statistical analysis was performed using SigmaStat 4.0 and graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism 6 Software.Perforators arising from the first pair of LAs are reliably detected along the inferior margin of the 12th rib, extending inferiorly and laterally from the midline while perforators arising from the fourth pair of LA perforate the fascia along a horizontal plane connecting the posterior iliac crests. There are significantly more cutaneous perforators arising from the first (L1) and fourth (L4) pairs of LA than from the second (L2) and third (L3) (mean ± SD: L1, 5.5 ± 1.2; L2, 1.4 ± 0.7; L3, 1.3 ± 0.7; L4, 4.8 ± 1.0; P0.05). The average perforator diameter arising from L1 is greater than those arising from L4 (diameter ± SD: L1, 1.2 mm ± 0.2L4, 0.8 mm ± 0.2; P0.0001). L1 and L4 perforators have longer pedicle lengths than those arising from L2 and L3 (length ± SD: L1, 98.2 mm ± 57.8; L4, 106.1 mm ± 23.3L2, 67.5 mm ± 27.4; L3, 78.5 mm ± 30.3; P0.05).Perforators arising from the first and fourth LAs arise in a predictable fashion, have adequate pedicle lengths, and are of suitable diameter to support a perforator flap. We present a case to support the potential use of this flap for microvascular breast reconstruction.

[Resumen] Introducción: los tipos de donantes aceptados actualmente son los vivos, los cadáveres y los potenciales en muerte encefálica (ME) y en asistolia. A pesar de esto, España no cubre la demanda de la población en lista de espera para trasplante. Objetivos: - Describir el proceso patológico y evaluar las intervenciones de Enfermería en un paciente Donante Potencial de Órganos (DPO) y Tejidos de la Unidad Polivalente del Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. - Elaborar un plan de cuidados enfermero para ese mismo paciente. - Aplicando la escala Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS), conocer la carga de trabajo enfermero que puede llegar a suponer este tipo de pacientes. Desarrollo: debido a la magnitud del problema está justificado establecer un plan de cuidados individualizado, basado en el Proceso de Atención de Enfermería (PAE), para conocer la actuación enfermera en el mantenimiento de los órganos de DPO en ME. Además, se aplicó la escala NEMS para cumplir con los objetivos. Este caso desenvólvese en la Unidad Polivalente del Servicio de Medicina Intensiva del Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), uno de los centros trasplantadores más importantes de nuestro país. Discusión y conclusiones: finalmente, tras el mantenimiento adecuado de los órganos del donante, fue posible la extracción quirúrgica. Cabe añadir que el caso clínico parece apoyar que la sistematización del trabajo enfermero garantizaría la detección correcta de problemas y la estandarización de los cuidados en cada caso. Además, la escala NEMS demostró que la carga de trabajo enfermero que demanda un DPO no difiere de la del resto de pacientes de la UCI. Por último, destaca la importancia de ayudar a la familia a aceptar la ME. [Resumo] Introdución: os tipos de donantes aceptados actualmente son os vivos, os cadáveres e os potenciais en morte encefálica (ME) e en asistolia. A pesar diso, España non cubre a demanda da poboación en lista de espera para transplante. Obxectivos: - Describir o proceso patolóxico e avaliar as intervencións de Enfermaría nun paciente Doante Potencial de Órganos (DPO) e Tecidos da Unidade Polivalente do Servizo de Medicina Intensiva. - Elaborar un plan de coidados enfermeiro para ese mesmo paciente. - Aplicando a escala Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS), coñecer a carga de traballo enfermeiro que poda chegar a supoñer este tipo de pacientes. Desenvolvemento: debido á magnitude do problema está xustificado establecer un plan de coidados individualizado, baseado no Proceso de Atención de Enfermaría (PAE), para coñecer a actuación enfermeira no mantemento dos órganos do DPO en ME. Ademais, se aplicou a escala NEMS para cumprir cos obxectivos. Este caso desenvolveuse na Unidade Polivalente do Servizo de Medicina Intensiva do Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), un dos centros tranplantadores máis importantes do noso país. Discusión e conclusións: finalmente, tras o mantemento adecuado dos órganos do doante, foi posíbel a extracción cirúrxica. Cabe engadir que o caso clínico parece apoiar que a sistematización do traballo enfermeiro garantiría a detección correcta de problemas e a estandarización dos coidados en cada caso. Ademais, a escala NEMS demostrou que a carga de traballo enfermeira que demanda un DPO non difire da do resto de paciente da UCI. Por último, destaca a importancia de axudar á familia a aceptar a ME. [Abstract] Introduction: The types of donors currently accepted are living donors, cadavers and the potential donors with brain death (BD) and asystole. Despite this, Spain doesn´t cover the demand of the population on waiting list for transplant. Objectives: - Describe the pathological process and evaluate the nursing interventions in a patient Organ Potential Donor (OPD) and Tissues of the Multipurpose Unit of Intensive Medicine Service. - Develop a plan of nurse care for the same patient. - Applying the scale Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS), measure nurse workload that can involve this type of patients. Development: Because of the magnitude of the problem, it is justified establish an individualized care plan based on the Nursing Care Process (NCP), to recognize the nurse performance in the maintenance of the organs of the OPD with BD. In addition, the NEMS scale was applied to achieve the objectives. This case was carried out in the Multipurpose Unit of Intensive Medicine Service of the Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), one of the most important transplant centers in our country. Discussion and conclusions: In our case, after the proper maintenance of the organs of the donor, the surgical removal was possible. We should add that the clinical case seems to support that the systematization of nursing work would ensure the correct detection of problems and standardization of cares in each case. Additionalt, the NEMS scale showed that nursing workload that demands a OPD does not differ from that of other ICU patients. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of helping the family to accept the ME. Traballo fin de grao (UDC.ENFC). Enfermaría. Curso 2014/2015.

espanolLa prestacion del consentimiento para la extraccion de organos de persona fallecida muestra evidentes diferencias frente al concepto tecnico-juridico de consentimiento informado; aunque podria encontrar cierta similitud con las exigencias propias de la obtencion del llamado consentimiento por sustitucion, y, en el supuesto de menores o incapaces, con el supuesto del consentimiento por representacion. La legislacion espanola, adoptando el regimen propio del entorno de los Estados pertenecientes al Consejo de Europa, ha disenado un sistema de presuncion de consentimiento salvo manifestacion expresa en contrario; en el que la labor de la coordinacion de trasplantes se debe dirigir a constatar si el potencial donante manifesto en vida tal oposicion; en el bien entendido que no se requerira en momento alguno una justificacion o posible ponderacion de los motivos de la negativa; y aunque la actuacion cotidiana de las coordinaciones de trasplantes dirija su estrategia de actuacion a involucrar a los pacientes en la responsabilidad y significado de tal acto de generosidad. La STEDH de 24 de junio de 2014 (caso Petrova v Lituania), sin perjuicio de mostrar su plena conformidad con los regimenes basados en el consentimiento presunto recogidos en el Convenio de Oviedo de 4 de abril de 1997 y su Protocolo Adicional de Estrasburgo de 24 de enero de 2002, ha relacionado con el llamado derecho a la vida familiar la obligacion de los poderes publicos de favorecer que la opinion de estos pueda al menos ser tenida en cuenta antes de adoptarse la oportuna decision. EnglishAgreeing to the removal of organs from deceased shows obvious differences from the technical-legal concept of informed consent; though some similarity might be found with those of obtaining consent by substitution, and in the case of minors or disabled, with the assumption of consent by proxy (consent by representation). The Spanish legislation, adopting the regime itself of the environment States belonging to the Council of Europe, has designed a system of presumed consent unless specifically stated otherwise; in which the work of the transplant coordination should be directed to determine whether the potential donor expressed in life such opposition; on the understanding that at no time be required a possible justification or weight whatsoever of the reasons for the refusal; and although the daily performance of transplant coordinators direct its action strategy to involve patients in the responsibility and significance of such an act of generosity. The JECHR of June 24, 2014 (case Petrova v Latvia), although showing full conformity with the regulations based on presumed consent contained in the Oviedo Convention of 4 April 1997 and its Additional Protocol Strasbourg 24 January 2002, has linked the so-called right to family life with the obligation of public authorities to provide the closest relatives with at least an opportunity to set out their views before an appropriate decision is adopted.

Background: Organ transplantation is getting more important and the demand increased exponentially in the past decade. However, due to the shortage of organ supply, some people died while waiting for an organ and the other may rely on all forms of organ support to live. Hong Kong has the lowest organ donation rate among the developed world despite large-scale organ donation enhancement activities implemented for decade. Since consent from family members is mandatory, it is important to understand the reasons relatives given for consenting or refusing to donation. Objectives: (1) To investigate the change of attitudes towards organ donation in Hong Kong during 2004 to 2012. (2) To understand the difficulties of transplant coordinators encountered during counseling Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey looking at the recent change of reasons of the families of the potential donors to make decision about donation. Transplant coordinators of all 7 clusters completed questionnaires after counseling each potential donor referred during the 7 months study period. Demographic data and reasons of refusal or consent of donation were recorded and analyzed and compared with previous results. Difficulties of transplant coordinators encountered during counseling were recorded. Results: Totally 52 questionnaires were completed within 7 months. The conversion rate were similar when compared to that in 2004 (44.3% in 2004 vs 40% in 2012). The proportion of older potential donor in the refusal group is higher than that of consent group (> 60 years old 51.6% vs 38%,). The demographic data was neither statistical significantly different between consent and refusal group nor correlated with refusal of donation. From 2004 to this survey, the most common reason to refusal remained to be the traditional belief of buried intact. Both were 33%. The “expressed wish of the deceased to object donation while alive” increased from 13% in 2004 to 20% in 2012 (p=0.378), and “no consensus from family” dropped from 26% in 2004 to 11% in 2012 (p=0.083). The reason “no expression of any wish” remained static when compared to that in 2004 (15% vs 16%, p=0.982). The reason for consenting to donation changed a lot. Although the most common reason remained the “wish to help others” (94% vs 41%, p

Solid organ transplantation is now the standard of care for many HIV-infected patients with end-stage kidney or liver disease. There is an overall organ shortage that affects all transplant candidates, including those with HIV. The use of HIV-infected donors could help alleviate this shortage. The precedent for this approach was set in South Africa, where promising short-term outcomes have been reported in a limited number of HIV-infected recipients of kidney transplants from HIV-infected donors. As a consequence, the HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act was passed in the United States, legalizing research into HIV-infected organ donation. In this review, we discuss some of the key issues related to HIV-infected organ donation, including the need for transplant in HIV-infected populations, characterization of the potential donor pool in the USA, criteria for donor selection, concerns specific to the HIV-infected donor, the ethics of HIV-infected organ donation, and the next steps toward making HIV-infected donation a reality in the USA.

The introduction of a stand-alone Bone Bank in our Regional Orthopaedic Hospital has improved the availability of femoral head allograft. Benninger et al. (Bone Joint J 96-B:1307-1311, 2014), demonstrated their institutions bank to be cost effective despite a 30 % discard rate for harvested allograft. We sought to audit our own discard rates and subsequent cost-effectiveness of our bone bank. Donor recruitment. Before approaching a potential donor, our establishment's nurse specialists review their clinical notes and biochemical laboratory results, available on a regional Electronic Care Records. They view femoral head architecture on radiographs against set criteria, Patient Archive and Communication system (SECTRA, Sweden). In total 1383 femoral heads were harvested, 247 were discarded giving an overall rate of 17.9 %. The most common reasons for discard of harvested graft was a positive microbiology/bacteriology result, n = 96 (38.9 %). After a rise in discard rates in 2007, we have steadily reduced our discard rates since 2006/2007 (28.2 %), 2008/2009 (17 %), 2010/2011 (14.8 %), and finally to 10.3 % in 2012/2013. In the current financial year, our cost to harvest, test, store and release a femoral head is £ 610. With a structured donor recruitment process and unique pre-operative radiographic analysis we have successfully reduced our discard rates bi-annually making our bone bank increasingly cost-effective.

I asked a cooperative charity whose headquarters is located in Seoul, South Korea, to send 16,000 solicitation letters of four different types, with each having a different attachment, in order to better understand the philanthropy initiatives and individuals' social preferences by collecting responses and comparing them by letter type. They received one donation and 381 'active' returns in eight weeks. The real coin attachment, though some charities including UNICEF have used this 'coin strategy,' did not bring a significantly positive effect. A sense of involuntarily indebtedness does not seem to be one of the major driving forces behind reciprocity. The coin attachment appeals to the potential donor's inequity aversion: A significantly larger proportion of mail recipients returned the letter with 100 Korean won than those with no attachment. I also claim that the results from the previous studies should be extrapolated with extra care due to the sample selection bias.

Introduction: Blood banks must ensure reliability of blood supplies. However many prospective donors are temporarily deferred due to reasons that are preventable. Objective: To describe the reasons for deferral of prospective blood donors at a local Blood Collection Centre. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive analysis of reasons for deferral of 488 prospective blood donors between April 2011 and May 2012. They were screened using the Pan American Health Organization 2009 guidelines. Haemoglobin was assessed using the Copper sulphate (CuSO4) Method: 293 subjects (60.04%), or HemoCue Hb201+: 195 subjects (39.96%). Results: 179(36.7%) were females aged 18 to 59years. The commonest reason for deferral was high blood pressure: 126donors (25.8%). Others included lack of sleep 27 (5.5%), not eating prior: 5(1.02%), drank alcohol/ smoked prior, 9 (1.84%), tattoo/piercing, 14 (2.87%), breast feeding, inter-current illnesses, and "too soon" after a previous donation. 57(11.7%), were deferred due to low haemoglobin. 16 (28.1%), were screened using CuSO4 and 41(71.9%) using HemoCue. Conclusion: A high percentage of deferrals were due to hypertension or reasons that would not potentially endanger the blood recipients and could be prevented. This emphasizes the need for education of potential donor populations in order to avoid unfruitful blood bank visits. Deferrals based on low haemoglobin were higher using Hemocue method.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation in patients with hematological malignancies, bone marrow failures, immunodeficiencies, and inherited metabolic disorders. In order to facilitate these transplants, large repositories of frozen UCB units collected from altruistic unrelated donations have been established and to date there are more than 600,000 units stored in cord blood banks all over the world. These products have been collected, stored, and released for transplantation under stringent quality conditions in order to ensure their safety and efficacy. The development and evolution of the policies and procedures currently in use in cord blood banking have been largely influenced by the clinical outcome of the transplants performed using these units. This review will describe some of the main steps and procedures involved in the clinical banking of unrelated UCB donations starting from the recruitment and selection of the potential donor (the mother) to the final distribution of the unit to the transplant program and its clinical outcome follow-up.

Background:Fresh autogenous cancellous bone graft is the material of choice in reconstruction and fusion procedures in foot and ankle surgery. There are many potential donor sites for graft harvest, all with recognized minor and major complications. The proximal tibia is one such potential site and is particularly suited to foot and ankle surgery, because it is within the operative field and under tourniquet control.Methods:A retrospective review was performed of 148 procedures using bone graft from the proximal tibia performed over a period of 5 years. Minimum followup was 3 months. Data were obtained from operative notes and patient interviews to establish pain, morbidity, and overall satisfaction.Results:Most patients had no pain (78%) or very mild pain (20%) at the site of graft harvest immediately after surgery. At followup, 96% had no pain and 4% had very mild pain with certain activities such as kneeling. There were no major complications. Four patients (2.7%) had persisting areas of paresthesia at followup, but none were troubled by it. One patient had a superficial wound infection that resolved. The period of nonweightbearing, usually 2 to 3 weeks, was dictated by the primary procedure. There were no complications related to early weightbearingConclusions:The proximal tibia is a suitable and safe site for bone graft harvest for foot and ankle surgery. There is no need for additional restrictions in weightbearing after this procedure.

• Background The relationship between accessibility to the full range of subspecialty care available at freestanding pediatric hospitals and organ donor management and recovery rates has not been studied. • Objective To examine current rates of recovery of organs from children for transplantation at free-standing pediatric hospitals versus all other hospitals. • Methods Data from the hospitals served by Mid-America Transplant Services from January 2000 to July 2003 were reviewed. Organ recovery rates from freestanding children’s hospitals were compared with the rates from other types of institutions. Patients were included if their organs were considered medically suitable at the time of referral for donation. • ResultsOverall, 66% (210/318) of the potential organs were recovered. The type of institution in which the potential donor was managed did not influence the proportion of organs recovered: 67% (96/144) at freestanding children’s hospitals versus 66% (114/174) at all other hospitals. A greater proportion of livers were recovered at other donor institutions than at children’s hospitals (100% vs 85%, P≤.01). • Conclusion The organ recovery rate from potential pediatric donors is low. In general, this rate does not appear to be affected by the type of managing pediatric institution except for liver recovery, which favors institutions that are not freestanding children’s hospitals. The low rate of recovery suggests that although suitable donors are identified, appropriate referrals are made, and families provide consent for donation, major obstacles remain to the successful recovery of organs.

In recent years, transplantation has assumed an important role in the treatment of patients with end-stage organ failure. With the passage of Transplantation of Human Organ Act by the Indian parliament, transplantation of organs from brain dead donors has become a reality. Although there are many issues in success of cadaver programme, intensivists can play a crucial role by converting a potential donor into an actual donor. This article reviews the identification of potential organ donor and pathophysiological changes surrounding brain death, with particular emphasis on management of the organ donor in the intensive care unit. With an increased awareness of donor management issues and the application of a rational physiological approach, the number of functional organs for transplantation can be increased.

The aim of this case study is to discuss the clinical management of a non-heart beating organ donor. This case study will concentrate in particular on the clinical assessment of the potential donor patient undertaken by the donor transplant coordinator (DTC) and the donation process up to the time of transplantation. The author will also describe the differences between heart beating and non-heart beating donors and discuss how transplantation can benefit renal recipient patients.