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Background: The aim of this systematic review was to summarise the clinical information available about oral mucosal peeling (OMP) and to explore its aetiopathogenic association with dentifrices and mouthwashes., Material and Methods: PICOS outline. Population, subjects diagnosed clinically and/or pathologically. Intervention, exposition to oral hygiene products. Comparisons, patients using products at different concentrations. Outcomes, clinicopathological outcomes (primary) and oral epithelial desquamation (secondary) after use. Study design, any. Exclusion criteria, reports on secondary or unpublished data, in vitro studies. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers., Results: Fifteen reports were selected from 410 identified. Descriptive studies mainly showed low bias risk, experimental studies mostly an "unclear risk". Dentifrices or mouthwashes were linked to OMP, with an unknown origin in 5 subjects. Sodium lauryl-sulphate (SLS) was behind this disorder in 21 subjects, tartar-control dentifrices in 2, and flavouring agents in 1 case. Desquamation extension was linked to SLS concentration. Most cases were painless, leaving normal mucosa after desquamation. Tartar-control dentifrices caused ulcerations more frequently., Conclusions: OMP management should consider differential diagnosis with oral desquamative lesions, particularly desquamative gingivitis, with a guided clinical interview together with pathological confirmation while discouraging the use of the product responsible for OMP.

The precise number of Okenia taxa inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea, as well as their general taxonomy, varies according to different specialists. So far, eight valid species have been reported from the area: Okenia aspersa (Alder & Hancock, 1845), Okenia cupella (Vogel & Schultz, 1970), Okenia elegans (Leuckart, 1828), Okenia hispanica Valdés & Ortea, 1995, Okenia impexa Er. Marcus, 1957, Okenia leachii (Alder & Hancock, 1854), Okenia mediterranea (Ihering, 1886), and Okenia zoobotryon (Smallwood, 1910). Of these, only three (O. elegans, O. hispanica, and O. mediterranea) have their type localities in the Mediterranean Sea, whereas the others were described from different biogeographic areas and later included in the Mediterranean biota. We carried out a review on Mediterranean Okenia species through an integrative approach, based on a wide literature search and a morphological and molecular analysis of available type material and samples collected recently. The present study confirmed the presence of O. aspersa, O. elegans, O. hispanica, and O. mediterranea in the Mediterranean Sea, although leaving remaining questions about some of those taxa. The distribution of O. cupella, O. impexa, and O. zoobotryon is limited to the western Atlantic, and of O. leachii to the eastern Atlantic. All specimens previously identified as O. cupella, O. impexa, and O. zoobotryon by different authors in the Mediterranean Sea were repeatedly misidentified. Thus, we describe Okenia problematica sp. nov. and Okenia longiductis sp. nov., from the "Mediterranean" Okenia cupella/impexa and O. zoobotryon. We also consider here Okenia pusilla Sordi, 1974 a nomen dubium and include a redescription of the holotype of O. cupella. A molecular phylogeny, including all the sequenced Okenia species, was performed in order to evaluate the evolutionary relationships of the newly described species with the other congeneric taxa., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exist.

Background: The aim of this present article was to evaluate the scientific evidence on the efficacy of daily hygiene and professional prophylaxis for treatment of desquamative gingivitis., Material and Methods: The present systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA protocol. Searches were carried out in Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library up to July 2018, randomized clinical trials and cohort studies on desquamative gingivitis (DG), and oral diseases joined to DG., Results: After screening, we found that nine publications met the eligibility criteria eight cohort studies and one randomized control trial. The diagnosis of the diseases corresponded to oral lichen planus (n=185), mucous membrane pemphigoid (n=13); plasma cell gingivitits (n=15) and pemphigus vulgar (n=11). The follow-up was between a week and a year after instructing patients. Dental daily hygiene and professional prophylaxis, at least with supragingival scaling and polishing have significantly improved the extension of the lesion and reduced the activity of DG, and gingival bleeding in all patients. Furthermore, these techniques have also reduced pain and gingival plaque., Conclusions: In conclusion the studies presented support the efficacy of maintaining personal and professional oral hygiene in patients with GD, reducing the clinical signs of the disease, regardless of its pathogenesis.

Introduction: Geographic tongue (GT) is a lesion of unknown origin associated with systemic diseases and therefore involves multidisciplinary care., Methods: We performed a literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane databases. The selection criteria were consistent with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews protocol. We considered as inclusion criteria journal articles designed on cases of cohorts, cross-sectional studies, cases and controls and randomised clinical trials in the pathogenic, clinical and therapeutic context., Results: A total of 33 articles met these criteria. We analysed 4998 patients with GT, with an age range of 0 to 85 years, and the burning sensation symptom was present in 9.2-47% of these patients. The GT diagnosis was clinical in 98.81% of the cases, and GT displayed an association with psoriasis, allergies and anxiety. Candida infection was present in 7.6% (24/315) of the cases, and the presence of caries was statistically significant. The only analysed clinical trial proposed treatment through the topical application of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide combined or not with 0.05% retinoic acid., Conclusions: The diagnosis of GT is mainly clinical. GT is an asymptomatic disorder that usually requires no treatment. Understanding GT is necessary due to the comorbid intraoral and extraoral diseases that accompany the condition., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI). All rights reserved.)

Bioactive compounds from endophytes have been used to treat various diseases. In the present study, L-Asparaginase producing endophytes were isolated from Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulasi) from NIT Warangal, Telangana, India to treat Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in which L-Asparagine (L-Asn) deamination plays a vital role in ALL treatment. 20 (bacteria and fungi) out of 35 endophytes have been screened for L-Asparaginase production using rapid plate assay technique, in which four strains produced high amounts of L-Asparaginase. 16 s Ribosomal RNA sequencing studies were performed, Bacillus stratosphericus organism was identified, and purified L-Asparaginase sequence has been tailored using MALDI/TOF (Applied Biosystems). The homology model was developed by using MODELLER 9.15v as the endophyte lacks crystal structure of L-Asparaginase enzyme and validated by dint of quality index tools. Docking studies were performed using iGemdock 2.1v. In comparison, free energy binding efficiency of receptor towards L-Asparagine (L-Asn) is good with lesser energy -71.6 kcal/mol in comparison to L-Glutamine (L-Gln) having -67.7 kcal/mol. In order to find the stability of the docked complexes in dynamics environment, molecular dynamics and simulation studies were performed using GROMACS V4.6.5. The trajectory analysis for 10 ns shows the better RMSD, RMSF, Rg and average number of hydrogen bonds for complex 1 (L-Asparaginase + L-Asn docked complex). Hence, complex 1 was found to be more stable than Complex 2 (L-Asparaginase + L-Gln docked complex)., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This paper provides the first comprehensive annotated and illustrated inventory of Nudipleura from Mozambique. A total of 267 species are recorded, including 61 putative new species, documented over a period of seven years from several localities along the coast. At least 20 species need further investigation through molecular and taxomic analysis. Of the 186 confirmed described species, 118 are new records for the Mozambican fauna. Sampling was carried in tidal reefs and depths up to 60m on the subtropical and tropical coast of Mozambique. The most representative families were Chromodorididae (69 species), Discodorididae (30 species), Facelinidae (23 species) and Phyllididae (16 species). Nevertheless, a vast area of Mozambique remains unexplored, thus it is likely that the species documented here represent only a fraction of the true Nudipleura diversity of the country.

The Natural Background Level (NBL), suggested by UE BRIDGE project, is suited for spatially distributed datasets providing a regional value that could be higher than the Threshold Value (TV) set by every country. In hydro-geochemically dis-homogeneous areas, the use of a unique regional NBL, higher than TV, could arise problems to distinguish between natural occurrences and anthropogenic contaminant sources. Hence, the goal of this study is to improve the NBL definition employing a geostatistical approach, which reconstructs the contaminant spatial structure accounting geochemical and hydrogeological relationships. This integrated mapping is fundamental to evaluate the contaminant's distribution impact on the NBL, giving indications to improve it. We decided to test this method on the Drainage Basin of Venice Lagoon (DBVL, NE Italy), where the existing NBL is seven times higher than the TV. This area is notoriously affected by naturally occurring arsenic contamination. An available geochemical dataset collected by 50 piezometers was used to reconstruct the spatial distribution of arsenic in the densely populated area of the DBVL. A cokriging approach was applied exploiting the geochemical relationships among As, Fe and NH4+. The obtained spatial predictions of arsenic concentrations were divided into three different zones: i) areas with an As concentration lower than the TV, ii) areas with an As concentration between the TV and the median of the values higher than the TV, and iii) areas with an As concentration higher than the median. Following the BRIDGE suggestions, where enough samples were available, the 90th percentile for each zone was calculated to obtain a local NBL (LNBL). Differently from the original NBL, this local value gives more detailed water quality information accounting the hydrogeological and geochemical setting, and contaminant spatial variation. Hence, the LNBL could give more indications about the distinction between natural occurrence and anthropogenic contamination., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We report the results of an extended time-resolved study of DNA nucleobases in aqueous solutions conducted in the deep UV using broad-band femtosecond transient absorption and electronic two-dimensional spectroscopies. We found that the photodeactivation in all DNA nucleobases occurs in two steps: fast relaxation (500-700 fs) from the excited state ππ* to a "dark" state and its depopulation to the ground state within 1-2 ps. Our experimental observations and performed theoretical modeling allow us to conclude that this dark state can be associated with the nπ* electronic state, which is connected to the excited and ground states via conical intersections.

Paving the way for the application of the algebraic-diagrammatic construction scheme of second-order (ADC(2)) to systems based on the guanine chromophore, we demonstrate the this excited-state electronic structure method provides a realistic description of the photochemistry of 9H-guanine, in close agreement with the benchmark provided by the CASPT2 method. We then proceed to apply the ADC(2) method to the photochemistry of 8-vinylguanine (8vG), a minimally modified analogue of guanine which, unlike the naturally occurring nucleobase, displays intense fluorescence, indicative of a much longer-lived excited electronic state. The emissive electronic state of 8vG is identified as an ππ*-type intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state, in which a charge of roughly -0.2 e is transferred from the guanine moiety onto the vinyl substituent. The main radiationless deactivation pathway competing with fluorescence is predicted to involve the molecule leaving the minimum on the ICT ππ* state, and reaching a region of the S1 adiabatic state where it resembles the La ππ* state of unmodified 9H-guanine. The topology of the La ππ* region of the S1 state favors subsequent internal conversion at a crossing seam with the ground electronic state. The sensitivity of this process to environment polarity may explain the experimentally observed fluorescence quenching of 8vG upon incorporation in single- and double-stranded DNA.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is an outrageous disease worldwide. L-Asparagine (L-Asn) and L-Glutamine (L-Gln) deamination play a crucial role in ALL treatment. Role of Elspar ® (L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli) in regulation of L-Asn and L-Gln has been confirmed by the other researchers through experimental studies. Therapeutic research against ALL remained elusive with the lack of information on molecular interactions of Elspar ® with amino acid substrates. In the present study, using different docking tools binding cavities, key residues in binding and ligand binding mechanisms were identified. For the apo state enzyme and ligand bound state complexes, MD simulations were performed. Trajectory analysis for 30 ns run confirmed the kinship of L-Asn with L-asparaginase enzyme in the dynamic system with less stability in comparison to L-Gln docked complex. Overall findings strongly supported the bi-functional nature of the enzyme drug. A good number of conformational changes were observed with 1NNS structure due to ligand binding. Results of present study give much more information on structural and functional aspects of E. coli L-asparaginase upon the interaction with its ligands which may be useful in designing effective therapeutics for ALL.

Background: Was to describe 14 cases of a proliferative verrucous leukoplakia as a clinical evolution of oral lichen planus., Material and Methods: The clinical and histopathological characteristics of 14 cases of OLP that progress towards a plaque-like and verrucous form were indicated, with monitoring over a period of six to 24.3 years., Results: The female/male ratio was 11/3, (78.6 and 21.4%). The mean age when the first biopsy was undertaken was 56.4 years old. None of the patients smoked during the study. As bilateral reticular was clinically diagnostic criterion, the second most frequent clinical form was the plaque form (n=10; 71.4%), followed by the atrophic (n=6; 42.8%), and erosive forms (n=4; 28.5%). Clinically it spread towards attached gingival mucosa and the hard palate. In the histopathologic study, there were a predominance of hyperkeratosis and verrucous epithelial hyperplasia. Three of the cases progressed to a squamous cell carcinoma, and one patient developed two verrucous carcinoma., Conclusions: Further research is needed to demonstrate if proliferative multifocal oral lichen planus and proliferative multifocal oral leukoplakia are the same disorder but have different behaviour of malignancy for reasons of origin.

Primary Health Care sets up an area influenced by the relationship between professionals and users, in which different disciplines, such as nursing, develop their learning procedures both in graduate and postgraduate training. In this context, students are tutored by professionals who have developed teaching skills. Along these lines, this manuscript aims to identifying the different types of nursing students and tutors who develop their teaching skills in Primary Health Centers. To this purpose, we invite the reader to know the historical and current milestones that characterize teaching systems and influence learning profiles of students and teachers.

Nembrothinae is a colourful subfamily of nudibranch polycerids, which despite its large size and striking appearance, needs to be more thoroughly studied. The available scientific information about this subfamily is very recent, and pictures of living undescribed species become available every day. Nevertheless, the lack of associated material for morphological, anatomical, and molecular analysis results in scarce additional studies. In this paper, five novel species are described: Roboastra ernsti sp. nov., Roboastra nikolasi sp. nov., Tambja brasiliensis sp. nov., Tambja crioula sp. nov., and Tambja kava sp. nov. In addition, Tambja divae (Marcus, 1958), a species previously known only from the original description, is redescribed and additional data and comments on Tambja cf. amakusana Baba, 1987 and Tambja marbellensis Schick and Cervera, 1998 are provided. Molecular data (H3, COI and 16S genes) for all these novel species and some additional ones were obtained and included in a previous molecular database. Maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony and Bayesian analyses were carried out. The phylogeny presented here has revealed Nembrothinae to be an intricate and challenging group of nudibranchs to study. Intermediate missing species seem to be critical to understanding the evolutionary relationships within this group., (© The Willi Hennig Society 2014.)

This paper discusses the systematics of the aeolid genus Baeolidia Bergh, 1888. To date, this monophyletic genus is the most diverse within Aeolidiidae with sixteen valid species. Excluding Baeolidia cryoporos Bouchet, 1977, the genus is restricted to the Indo-Pacific and Eastern Pacific. Species of Baeolidia show a huge intrageneric variability in several morphological characters. Only oral glands, if present, may distinguish Baeolidia from other aeolidiids genera. Aeolidiella occidentalis Bergh, 1875, Aeolidiella faustina Bergh, 1900 and Spurilla orientalis Bergh, 1905 are transferred to Baeolidia but they are considered nomina dubia. Five new species, Baeolidia rieae sp. nov., Baeolidia variabilis sp. nov., Baeolidia lunaris sp. nov., Baeolidia gracilis sp. nov. and Baeolidia scottjohnsoni sp. nov. are described.

Aeolidida is one of the largest clades of nudibranchs with at least 560 known species. However, its systematics has not been studied in a comprehensive manner. Phylogenetic analyses of larger clades such as Nudibranchia or Cladobranchia have usually included a poor sample of aeolids. Furthermore, phylogenetic studies at the family or generic level in Aeolidida are a few and far between. The first molecular phylogeny of the aeolid family Aeolidiidae is presented here. This study, the most comprehensive for Aeolidida to date, uses new sequences of two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) genes and one nuclear gene (H3). 251 specimens from members of seven families of Aeolidida, including 39 species of Aeolidiidae were studied. Excluding Pleurolidia juliae, Aeolidiidae is monophyletic. Our results resolve the systematic relationships within the Aeolidiidae at a generic level, requiring changes in the systematics of this family. Spurilla, Anteaeolidiella, Limenandra and Aeolidia are well-supported and monophyletic clades. Aeolidiella stephanieae is transferred to Berghia and Aeolidiopsis ransoni and Spurilla salaamica to Baeolidia, to maintain the monophyletic lineages reflected in this study. The systematics of Cerberilla remains unclear. Some species earlier attributed to Aeolidiella are now grouped in a previously unnamed clade that we designate as Bulbaeolidia gen. nov.

The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) has been recognized as an effective evaluation tool in the health area and has been implemented by an important sector of educational institutions, the Faculty of Medicine and School of Nursing. The present article describes the OSCE organized by the Institute of Health Studies in collaboration with the University Schools of Catalan Nursing. Between the years of 2002 and 2009, OSCE annual exams took place with the participation of 1.803 students. The global results remained stable with a median grade of slightly less than 60%, and the competence component that evaluated communicative capacity was the one in which students obtained the best results. The reliability obtained surpassed the minimum recommended by international standards. It's important underline the positive value to the students of all aspects of the test. From this experience it seems evident that it would be useful to take advantage of the OSCE tests in order to show the students their strong points and ways to improve. We should highlight, not only as a goal but also as an opportunity the assessment by competencies that the European space of higher Education provides at the end of studies for a Nursing degree.

In paper influence of a cytoprotective drug "Mildrocard" on morfo-functional condition of cardiorespiratory system at patients with chronic heart failure with concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is estimated. It is established, that joining "Mildrocard" to complex therapy associated to pathology promotes reduction clinical display of heart failure, shows cardioprotective and pulmoprotective effects.

This article explores aspects of the clinical development of a male 17 year-old patient who had four weekly sessions of psychoanalysis during an acute psychotic crisis. In the context of arrested adolescent development, a psychotic crisis can present an opportunity to set the process of maturation in motion again. Adolescent psychosis is examined in the light of Bion's theories of catastrophic change - in which the container/contained relationship becomes explosive and overwhelming - as well as of Ferrari's and Matte Blanco's hypotheses on the mind-body relationship. The authors emphasize the role of denial of the body and its changes in the genesis of adolescent psychotic conflict, and show how the analytic relationship can offer crucial reverie conditions for promoting recognition of the body, bodily sensations and affects, as a prerequisite for the activation of an autonomous mental system. This clinical approach entails recognizing the urgent need to make room for the elaboration of intrasubjective relationships and for mind-body dialogue, transference interpretations being postponed. Clinical material and fragments of analytic dialogue illustrate the authors' hypotheses and demonstrate the patient's development towards recognition of his body and an incipient capacity to think associated with the perception of the limits set by time and reality., (Copyright © 2010 Institute of Psychoanalysis.)

The first molecular phylogeny is presented for the highly diverse, opisthobranch molluscan Cladobranchia. This study, the most comprehensive for Cladobranchia to date, used new sequences of two mitochondrial and one nuclear genes for 95 specimens from 22 families and 38 genera with a species of Pleurobranchoidea as outgroup. Although our results do not resolve all the relationships within the Cladobranchia, there are significant findings that have implications for the systematics of the Cladobranchia. Cladobranchia represents a monophyletic group within the Nudibranchia with the exception of a clade containing species of Melibe. These species share a deletion of four codons in the COI gene that may account for their strong divergence from the remainder of the Cladobranchia. Bornellidae is the sister group to the rest of Cladobranchia, but this relationship is weakly supported. A series of well-supported clades within Cladobranchia show little structure as to their relationships to each other in the current analysis. The relationships of Tethys and Hancockidae to other Cladobranchia remain unresolved. Pseudobornella orientalis is here transferred to Dendronotus as D. orientalis. With this systematic change Bornellidae and Dendronotidae are now monophyletic. Lomanotus appears as the sister group to a monophyletic Aeolidida, but this relationship is not strongly supported. Scyllaeidae is monophyletic in this study with Scyllaea being sister taxon to Notobryon. The Proctonotidae are monophyletic and are clearly nested in the Cladobranchia. Dotoidae is monophyletic when Pinufius is included in this clade. Doriodomorpha is sister taxon to the Arminidae. Within Arminidae, Dermatobranchus and Armina, as they are presently constructed, are not monophyletic. There is an interesting potential sister group relationship between Dirona albolineata and Lemina millecra that requires additional exploration with expanded taxon sampling. In this study, Marianina rosea is nested within Tritoniidae, thus we consider Aranucidae, and its synonym Marianinidae, as a junior synonym of Tritoniidae to preserve the monophyly of Tritoniidae., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Porphyrins and their metal complexes are particularly well suitable for applications in photoelectronics, sensing, energy production, because of their chemical, electronic and optical properties. The understanding of the electronic properties of the pristine molecule is of great relevance for the study and application of the wide class of these compounds. This is notably important for the recently achieved in-vacuo synthesis of organo-metallic thin films directly from the pure free base organic-inorganic precursors in the vapor phase, and its interpretation by means of surface electron spectroscopies. We report on a combined experimental and theoretical study of the physical/chemical properties of tetraphenylporphyrin, H(2)TPP, deposited on the SiO(2)/Si(100) native oxide surface by supersonic molecular beam deposition (SuMBD). Valence states and 1s core level emissions of carbon and nitrogen have been investigated with surface photoelectron spectroscopies by using synchrotron radiation light. The interpretation of the spectra has been guided by density functional numerical experiments on the gas-phase molecule. Non-relativistic calculations were carried out for the valence states, whereas a two component relativistic approach in the zeroth-order regular approximation was used to investigate the core levels. The good agreement between theoretical and experimental analysis results in a comprehensive overview of the chemical properties of the H(2)TPP molecule, highly improving reliability in the interpretation of experimental photoemission spectra.

Within the Polyceridae, Nembrothinae includes some of the most striking and conspicuous sea slugs known, although several features of their biology and phylogenetic relationships remain unknown. This paper reports a phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA) and morphology for most species included in Nembrothinae. Our phylogenetic reconstructions using both molecular and combined morphological and molecular data support the taxonomic splitting of Nembrothinae into several taxa. Excluding one species (Tambja tentaculata), the monophyly of Roboastra was supported by all the phylogenetic analyses of the combined molecular data. Nembrotha was monophyletic both in the morphological and molecular analyses, always with high support. However, Tambja was recovered as para- or polyphyletic, depending on the analysis performed. Our study also rejects the monophyly of "phanerobranch" dorids based on molecular data.

The quality of health services depends on the competence of the health service professionals. It is essential to define and evaluate professional competences in order to improve professional development, ensure the quality of, and manage, professionals in terms of their competences. To do so, it is necessary to utilize a combination of different methods. The evaluation of the diverse stages related to nursing--at the end of undergraduate studies, postgraduate studies or specialization, and during independent work--has different proposals, content and methods; and the institutions implicated in these stages should make themselves responsible to acquire the professional which society needs. Since 1994, more than 150 projects have been carried out in Catalonia which confirm the validity, trustworthiness, acceptability and utility of these evaluative methods in undergraduate and postgraduate studies and in the selection and accreditation of professionals.

Purpose: To determine, by means of immunohistochemistry, tumoral expression of collagenase-3, a matrix metalloproteinase linked to cancer and to basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the eyelid., Material and Method: Retrospective review of 23 basal cell carcinomas and 25 squamous cell carcinomas of the eyelid treated at different hospitals during the last five years. We evaluated collagenase-3 expression and the possible relationship to patient and tumour characteristics which included age, sex, histological type, tumour location and surgical margins status., Results: 65% of the basal cell carcinomas and 88% of the squamous cell carcinomas of the eyelids stained positively for collagenase-3. In both cases, the immunostaining was localized in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells and, occasionally in the surrounding stromal cells., Conclusions: Statistical analysis showed no significant association between collagenase-3 immunostaining and patients or tumour characteristics but the expression of this protein was more intense in the epithelial tumoral cells located at the invading front which could explain the aggressive behaviour of this kind of tumours.

Objective: The present study investigates the prevalence of oral diseases in children in the city of Oviedo (Spain)., Methods: A representative sample was selected from among the 6-year-old children in Oviedo (n= 786), involving a protocol developed for pediatric oral diseases., Results: A total of 344 lesions were detected in 243 children. The most common disorder was saburral tongue (16,02%), followed by traumatisms (12.17%) and geographic tongue (4.48%). The prevalence of aphthous stomatitis was 2.24% and herpes labialis was 1,6%. Ankyloglossia was observed in 2.08% of cases, and a hypertrophic lip frenulum in 1.28%., Conclusions: In this study shows the prevalence of the lesions of the oral mucosa in the Spanish population of 6 year-old. Of the results of the present study comes off that the objectives sanitary oral publics and deprived in this field they should go focused toward: 1) the eradication of illnesses of local cause (language saburral, traumatic ulcerations, etc.) for their high prevalencia; and, 2) the precocious diagnosis of anomalies of the development (anquiloglosias and labial frenum) for their relationship with dysfunctions of the phonation and future malocclusions.

Objectives: The aim of this study has been to define the prevalence of DM (considered according to the ADA-97 criteria) in OLP patients and also to investigate the existence of clinical and pathological differences between OLP patients with or without DM., Study Design: Sixty-two patients suffering from OLP according to clinical and pathological criteria were selected to enter the study and classified after the DM diagnosis guidelines suggested by The American Diabetes Association (ADA-1997). The variables considered for each patient were: age, sex, clinical presentation, extension of the lesions, location of the lesions, number of locations, Candida albicans colonization, and density of subepithelial inflammatory infiltrate., Results: Up to 27.4% of OLP cases were associated to type 2 DM (DM2) and 17.7% were related to an impaired fasting glucose (IFG). The mean age of the DM2-associated OLP group was significantly higher than the non-diabetic group's. No significant differences could be observed in terms of clinical and pathological features between diabetic and non-diabetic OLP patients., Conclusion: The high prevalence of hydrocarbonate metabolism disorders observed in OLP patients justify the use of FPG for screening of DM2 in these patients.

Ankyloglossia is a developmental anomaly of the tongue characterized by a short, thick, lingual frenum resulting in limitation of tongue movement. The frenum is attached to the tip of the tongue in varying degrees. This study evaluates short lingual frenum and other associated pathologies (dentofacial anomalies and lingual dysglossia) and investigates whether ankyloglossia is related to speech problems. A thorough intraoral examination was carried out using the WHO regulations for dentofacial anomalies and occlusion problems and a new scale of lingual mobility. This article also discusses the difficulty in diagnosing this condition and finally following to the results of our study, describes the indications for nonsurgical and surgical treatment of this anomaly.

In this article, the authors analyze the concept of professional competence and they describe some of the methods destined to be used in the evaluation of said competence in nursing professionals. The authors describe different levels of professional performance to which an evaluation may be carried out according to the conceptual model developed by Miller. Special emphasis is placed on the third level of evaluation which is based on simulations of professional practice whose protagonists are the so called simulated or role-playing/standardized sick. One type of very novel evaluation test is the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) which makes use of, besides the simulated or role-playing/standardized sick, other mediums such as manikins, standardized tests, open-ended short answer questions, etc. This is one of the most complete clinical competence evaluation methods currently available, although one should not forget that this evaluation is carried out in a simulated, laboratory, setting.

The case is reported of a 23 year old patient, who at the age of nine underwent neurosurgery for an angiomatous meningioma of the right temporal lobe, and immediately afterwards realized he was able to speak backwards nearly as well as normally. Presently, the patient still retains this ability which is associated with analogous mirror reading and writing. Neurological examination and EEG, CT data as well as the scores of some neuropsychological tests are added.