Search

The aim of the study was to compare the growth and some physiological parameters of Salix viminalis of Bjor clone growing on anthropologically changed soil beds. Sensitivity of Salix viminalis to soil bed degradation was evaluated based on measurement of its biometric (intensity of shoots growth and their diameter, yield structure), physiological (assimilation and transpiration intensity, water content in shoots and a+b chlorophyll concentration and proline content) features. As a result of the studies, a significant influence of the examined, degraded soil beds was reported on a decrease in growth, productivity and physiological status of the basket willow of Bjorn clone. Salinity was the factor most reducing the above mentioned features. Among the examined stress factors, the basket willow was the most sensitive to soil bed acidity. Salinity was the reason for the highest proline concentration in the leaves – an osmoprotectant engaged in protecting the plant from the stress results.

Native skin-flap necrosis following skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) is treated by raising a capsular flap, formed as a consecutive physiological reaction around breast implant. Using this highly vascularised thin tissue layer as an implant coverage withdraws pressure from the defect and allocates a good background for wound healing.

In this paper, we present imaging of the physiological cell reaction of stimulus-responsive cells using a new orifice channel chip named the TISSUE-MIMICKING IN VITRO ANALYSIS SYSTME. The chip enables designated cells treatment using orifice-channels similar to blood vessels, and cell-array like a tissue: cells are along on the blood vessels. These cell handling is an important part in the observation of regulation of cell-functions on stimulus-responsive cells (e.g. pancreas). To study this role, we address to detect cellular stimulation response to designated stimulation using the chip.

Summarising or generating trailers for films or movies involves finding the highlights within those films, those segments where we become most afraid, happy, sad, annoyed, excited, etc. In this paper we explore three questions related to automatic detection of film highlights by measuring the physiological responses of viewers of those films. Firstly, whether emotional highlights can be detected through viewer biometrics, secondly whether individuals watching a film in a group experience similar emotional reactions as others in the group and thirdly whether the presence of music in a film correlates with the occurrence of emotional highlights. We analyse the results of an experiment known as the CDVPlex, where we monitored and recorded physiological reactions from people as they viewed films in a controlled cinema-like environment. A selection of films were manually annotated for the locations of their emotive contents. We then studied the physiological peaks identified among participants while viewing the same film and how these correlated with emotion tags and with music. We conclude that these are highly correlated and that music-rich segments of a film do act as a catalyst in stimulating viewer response, though we don't know what exact emotions the viewers were experiencing. The results of this work could impact the way in which we index movie content on PVRs for example, paying special significance to movie segments which are most likely to be highlights.

Out of 1099 Müller total hip prostheses with straight and curved stems consecutively implanted between 1980 and 1984, those performed in as homogeneous a group as possible of patients under the age of 70 years were selected for the present retrospective study. There were 158 straight femoral stems with cementless RM acetabular cups, 105 straight stems with cemented Müller acetabular cups, and 158 curved stems with cemented Müller acetabular cups, and their results over a mean follow-up period of 5.8 +/- 1.24 years were compared. Six (3.7%) curved and 5 (1.9%) straight-stem prostheses were exchanged due to aseptic loosening; 26 (16.3%) curved and 54 (20.1%) straight-stem prostheses were "at risk" or loose at the time of follow-up. Survival curves show a worse result for straight stems after 6 years; within a follow-up period of 6-8 years there was significantly more radiological loosening in straight stems than in curved. Loosening in straight stems is assumed to develop mainly as a physiological reaction to the presence of bone cement particles.

The microanatomy of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons and the structure of the monosynaptic connection LPa7- LPa3 are described on the basis of planar reconstruction of sections of preparations of the CNS of the edible snail with neurons marked by heavy metal salts. Some physiological features of the presynaptic neuron and the monosynaptic connection were studied. The criteria for the identification of the LPa7 neuron according to its position in the ganglion, to the physiological reaction of LPa3, and to its microanatomy were determined. The position in the ganglion of three other neurons which form monosynaptic connections with LPa3 is described. The plasticity of the LPa7- LPa3 connection is demonstrated. The possibility of the realization of plasticity through the cutting off of individual synapses composing the connection is hypothesized. The results of 65 experiments on the identification of LPa7, the physiological characteristics of this cell, and its monosynaptic connection with LPa3, are summarized in this study. One preparation with a monosynaptic connection is reconstructed.

Fire is a dramatic disaster not only because of its devastating effects on property and individuals but also, and above all, because of the panic it engenders in all those who suddenly find themselves face to face with the spread of flames. In the presence of fire, a certain degree of panic is the most natural, almost physiological reaction, occurring in every living creature from insect to man. An initial moment of psychological paralysis is common in all persons, followed by total inability to think rationally, which in turn leads to acts of instinctive behaviour with a single aim: to escape to safety.

People are biased partisans: they tend to agree with policies from political parties they identify with, independent of policy content. Here, we investigate how physiological reactions to political parties shape bias. Using changes in galvanic skin conductance responses to the visual presentation of party logos, we obtained an implicit and physiological measure of the affective arousal associated with political parties. Subsequently, we exposed subjects to classical party cue experiments where the party sponsors of specific policies were experimentally varied. We found that partisan bias only obtains among those exhibiting a strong physiological reaction to the party source; being a self-reported party identifier is not sufficient on its own. This suggests that partisan bias is rooted in implicit, affective reactions.

We present a new system for creation and efficient retrieval of personal life log media(P-LLM) on networked environment in this paper. Personal life log media data include audiovisual data for user's experiences and additional data from intelligent gadgets which include multimodal sensors, such as GPS, 3D-accelerometers, physiological reaction sensors and environmental sensors. We made our system as a web-based system which provides spatiotemporal graphical user interface and tree-based activity search environment, so that users can access easily and also query intuitively. Our learning based activity classification technique makes it easier to classify the user's activity from multimodal sensor data. Finally we can provide user-centered service with individual activity registration and classification for each user with our proposed system.

Summary: CellML and SBML are XML-based languages for storage and exchange of molecular biological and physiological reaction models. They use very similar subsets of MathML to specify the mathematical aspects of the models. CellML2SBML is implemented as a suite of XSLT stylesheets that, when applied consecutively, convert models expressed in CellML into SBML without significant loss of information. The converter is based on the most recent stable versions of the languages (CellML version 1.1; SBML Level 2 Version 1), and the XSLT used in the stylesheets adheres to the XSLT version 1.0 specification. Of all 306 models in the CellML repository in April 2005, CellML2SBML converted 91% automatically into SBML. Minor manual changes to the unit definitions in the originals raised the percentage of successful conversions to 96%. Availability: Contact: m.j.1.schilstra@herts.ac.uk Supplementary information: Instructions for use and further documentation available on

Industrial toxicants as risk factors for development of dysadaptation syndrome among children population dwelling in unfavorable environmental conditions were under investigation. The response to environmental toxicants in children population was polymodal. The higher concentration of chemicals in environment, the more children with anomalous physiological reaction were found. Children living in polluted areas more often had hypertrophy of tonsils, increased lymphatic nodes and liver size and dismorphic features. Negative influence of toxicants took the form of secondary immune-deficiency state, which was expressed by repeated respiratory infections, etc. Children dwelling in environmentally unfavorable areas showed significant decrease in immunity. Due to the accumulation of heavy metals in humans, effective rehabilitation treatment, which includes pectin-vitamin tablets, natural adaptogenes and antioxidants, have been tested and proposed.

Sandra Belloni’s and Vittoria’s respective depictions of mid-century revolutionary events would have been quite topical to an England monitoring 1860s Italy, and in both novels music plays a decisive role in swaying the people.1 But while Sandra Belloni treats an individual’s development, Vittoria concentrates on the development of a national people during the 1848 uprising in Italy and explores how cultural production influences political activity. Music, this novel implies, persuades when it expresses mid-century advances in operatic composition, where musico-dramatic elements are refreshingly realistic. Musical realism instigates a physiological reaction, suggesting a music aesthetics that anticipates by a decade Edmund Gurney’s contention that the best music is that which impacts the listener emotionally, with pleasure resulting from associations inherited from primitive ancestors.2 In Vittoria, however, scientific ideas about pleasurable sensation and volition go a step further, since this corporeal response contributes to manipulating the audience politically.

A common measure of effectiveness of a virtual environment (VE) is the amount of presence it evokes in users. Presence is commonly defined as the sense of being there in a VE. There has been much debate about the best way to measure presence, and presence researchers need and have sought a measure that is reliable, valid, sensitive, and objective. We hypothesized that to the degree that a VE seems real, it would evoke physiological responses similar to those evoked by the corresponding real environment, and that greater presence would evoke a greater response. To examine this, we conducted four experiments, each of which built upon findings that physiological measures in general, and heart rate in particular, are reliable, valid, sensitive, and objective presence measures. The experiments compare participants' physiological reactions to a nonthreatening virtual room and their reactions to a stressful virtual height situation. We found that change in heart rate satisfied our requirements for a measure of presence, change in skin conductance did to a lesser extent, and that change in skin temperature did not. Moreover, the results showed that significant increases in heart rate measures of presence appeared with the inclusion of a passive haptic element in the VE, with increasing frame rate (30 FPS > 20 FPS > 15 FPS) and when end-to-end latency was reduced (50 ms > 90 ms).

A number of parameters linked to storage of potatoes were evaluated with regard to their potential to influence the acrylamide formation in French fries. Acrylamide, which is a potential human carcinogen, is reported to be formed during the frying of potatoes as a result of the reactions between asparagine and reducing sugars. This study was conducted using three potato varieties (Bintje, Ramos, and Saturna) typically used in Belgium, The Netherlands, and the northern part of France for French fry and crisp production. Saturna, mainly used in crisp production, appeared to be the least susceptible for acrylamide formation during frying. Especially storage at low temperatures (4 degrees C) compared to storage at 8 degrees C seemed to enhance acrylamide formation due to a strong increase in reducing sugars caused by low-temperature storage. Because of the reversible nature of this physiological reaction, it was possible to achieve a significant reduction of the reducing sugars after a reconditioning of the cold-stored potatoes for 3 weeks at 15 degrees C. All changes in acrylamide concentrations could mainly be explained by the reducing sugar content of the potato (R2 = 0.84, n = 160). This means that, by ensuring a low reducing sugar content of the potato tuber, the risk for acrylamide formation will largely be reduced. Finally the use of a sprout inhibitor did not influence the composition of the potato, and thus acrylamide formation was not susceptible to this treatment.

Досліджено поведінкові, морфологічні і фізіологічні реакції ставковика озерного до різних рівнів іонної інтоксикації важкими металами. Встановлено, що задовго до незворотніх патологічних зрушень і смертності, тварин змінюють свою поведінку у відповідь на токсичний вплив. Тільки там, де швидке пристосовання виявляється недостатнім, відбуваються фізіологічні та біохімічні зміни., Behavioral, morphological and physiological responses of Lymnaea stagnalis to different levels of the heavy metal ion intoxication. It is established that long before nonreversible pathological shifts changes and their death аnіmals alter their behavior in response to the toxic influence, only where quick adaptability proves to be inadequate physiological and biochemical adaptability takes place., Исследованы поведенческие, морфологические и физиологические реакции ставковика озерного к различным уровням ионной интоксикации тяжелыми металлами. Установлено, что задолго до необратимых патологических сдвигов и гибели, животные изменяют свое поведение в ответ на токсическое воздействие. Только там, где быстрая приспособляемость оказывается недостаточной, происходят физиологические и биохимические изменения.

The technique of gas discharge visualization (GDV) quantifies the phenomenon of corona discharge, and has been used effectively in both testing of raw materials and in testing physiological reaction through measuring potentials in human skin. This technique was used to evaluate human reactions, including hair's response to electrical and magnetic fields, the human subconscious reactions to odorants, and the response of the human body to various spa treatments. The results verify that freshly cut human hair has a greater corona discharge with application of both a magnetic and an electrical field as opposed to hair that has been detached from the scalp for a significant period of time. Additionally, GDV is able to quantify subconscious measurements and confirms that it takes a longer period of time for a person to become accustomed to an aroma if they consider it to be unpleasant. The results also show that one's GDV profile has a direct correspondence to spa therapies. Overall, GDV presents a highly sensitive and reproducible technique for testing specific properties of the human body.

In the design of multimedia database systems, one of the important issues is how to deal with ?Kansei? of human beings. The concept of ?Kansei? includes several meanings on sensitive recognition, such as ?human senses,? ?feelings,? ?sensitivity,? ?psychological reaction?and ?physiological reaction? [1].

A common metric of VE quality is presence --- the degree to which the user feels like they are in the virtual scene as opposed to the real world. Presence is important for many VE applications [Hodges et al. 1994]. Since presence is a subjective condition, it is most commonly measured by self-reporting, either during the VE experience or immediately afterwards by questionnaires. There is vigorous debate in the literature as to how to best measure presence [Meehan 2001].

Experiments on the spatial behavior of the flax (Linum usitatissimum, L.) seedlings in a nonuniform magnetic field were conducted on the orbital space stations "Salut" and "Mir". This field can displace sensory organelles (statoliths) inside receptor cells and such displacement should cause a physiological reaction of the plant-tropistic curvature. Experiments were conducted in the custom-built "Magnetogravistat" facility, where seeds were germinated and grown for 3-4 days in a magnetic field with the dynamic factor grad (H2/2) approximately equal to 10(7) Oe2/cm, then fixed on orbit and returned to Earth for analysis. It was found, that 93% of the seedlings were oriented in the field consistently with curvature in response to displacement of statoliths along the field gradient by ponderomotive magnetic forces, while control seedlings grew in the direction of the initial orientation of the seed. This suggests, that gravity receptors of plants recognized magnetic forces on statoliths as gravity, and that gravity stimulus can be substituted for plants by a force of a different physical nature.

The aim of the article is to present and analyze the selected phraseologisms with a somatic component naming feelings which were noted down from the novel of Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont entitled Chlopi (“The Peasants”). The analysis comprised 175 examples excerpted from the text, constituting just a part of collected research material. Compilation and organization of the exemplary material made it possible to assert that in the studied text the largest group constitute somatic phraseologisms being the designations of negative feelings and possessing in their lexical composition the noun serce (heart). Much less often there appear phraseologisms with other names of body parts, such as skora (skin), gardziel (throat), glowa (head) or wlosy (hair). In most cases the studied somatic phraseologisms occur in the canonical form, sometimes are creatively transformed by the author. In the studied material, the somatic phraseologisms designating positive feelings constitute a less numerous group. Also in this group, there dominate the compounds with a component serce (heart), while with other somatic components are less numerous. Also in this group, the idiomatic phrases occur in canonical forms or are creatively transformed by the author. Research conducted in the group of somatic phraseologisms designating emotional states enabled scholars to state that the novel of Reymont provides rich phraseological material in the form of canonical compounds, functionally justified innovation and metaphorical expressions, which, with respect to their structure and function, resemble phraseologisms. Among the phraseologisms where the writer’s intervention is noticeable, the author—at the level of language—refers to the world of values and cultural behaviours of peasant community of the village of Lipce. What is more, referring in the description of feelings to somatic phraseology, Reymont also emphasises a vital relationship between subjectively experienced feelings and an accompanying physiological reaction by an organism.

Investigation of the pathophysiology of nonpulsatile circulation began many years ago, but the majority of the research to date has dealt with the acute period of extracorporeal circulation. With the development of nonpulsatile pumps for long-term use, it is thought that the study of the physiological reaction to this long-term use will proceed, and it is believed that the time for a reevaluation of this pathophysiology has come. In the future, with the development of pumps capable of long-term safe operation, the pathophysiology of nonpulsatile circulation will become better understood, and it will become known whether a pulsatile artificial heart will be effective.

This study was conducted to evaluate physiological reaction and manual performance during exposure to warm (30 degrees C) and cool (10 degrees C) environments after exposure to very low temperatures (-25 degrees C). Furthermore, this experiment was conducted to study whether it is desirable to remove cold-protective jackets in warmer rooms after severe cold exposure. Eight male students remained in an extremely cold room for 20 min, after which they transferred into either the warm room or the cool room for 20 min. This pattern was repeated three times, and the total cold exposure time was 60 min. In the warm and cool rooms, the subjects either removed their cold-protective jackets (Condition A), or wore them continuously (Condition B). Rectal temperature, skin temperatures, manual performance, blood pressure, thermal, comfort and pain sensations were measured during the experiment. The effects of severe cold on almost all measurements in the cool (10 degrees C) environment were greater than those in the warm (30 degrees C) environment under both clothing conditions. The effects of severe cold on all measurements under Condition A except rectal temperature and toe skin temperature were significantly greater than those under Condition B in the cool environment but, not at all differences between Condition A and Condition B in the warm environments were significant. It was recognized that to remove cold-protective jackets in the cool room (10 degrees C) after severe cold exposure promoted the effects of severe cold. When rewarming in the warm resting room (30 degrees C), the physiological and psychological responses and manual performance were not influenced by the presence or absence of cold-protective clothing. These results suggest that it is necessary for workers to make sure to rewarm in the warm room outside of the cold storage and continue to wear cold-protective clothing in the cool room.

This study describes in modern medical terms a traumatic hip injury suffered by the Biblical patriarch Jacob approximately 3,500 years ago. The case history is based on the original Hebrew text found in the Bible book of Genesis (Chapter 32:25-33) as interpreted by traditional Jewish commentaries on the Bible. Jacob sustained a hip injury in hand-to-hand combat with an adversary or through an intense physiological reaction to a prophetic vision of such a battle. He appears to have sustained neurological injury to his sciatic nerve as well as musculoskeletal damage to his hip. These injuries caused a temporary limping gait. Jacob probably sustained a neurapraxia of the sciatic nerve. The differential diagnosis of his musculoskeletal hip injury includes hip dislocation, fracture, soft tissue trauma, and articular pathology.

Publisher Summary The research into the effects of alcohol on speech has been highly eclectic, drawing from many disciplines, methodologies that can often vary widely. Results are therefore not always comparable. This does not even take into account the fact that individuals vary widely in their physiological reaction to alcohol. No two studies have approached the question in exactly the same way and with the same experimental methodology. This chapter is devoted to a discussion of the different research methodologies employed in previous studies investigating the effects of alcohol on speech. Of concern here is how these various methodologies differ, how they have developed, and how their employment may affect results in specific studies. Examples of differing methodological procedures include the use of clinical versus experimental evidence; and the differential use of human subjects. Finally, the chapter concludes that intense study of the effects of alcohol on speech itself developed in parallel with developments in speech science, especially in the employment of new instrumentation. The development of breath–alcohol analysis devices provided an accurate, fast, noninvasive method of determining the amount of alcohol in the body. These have greatly facilitated research into the relationship between alcohol and speech.

Summary There is controversy about the definitions of catheter-related infection. The term “infection” implies a physiological reaction by the patient to a pathogenic microorganism. However, the organism has no pathognomonic infectious reaction to a colonised catheter, with the exception of a local exit-site infection. Therefore, suggestions have been made that the definition of catheter-related infection should be based solely on the degree of bacterial colonisation, i. e. the number of colony forming units recovered from the catheter. Although this method does not define catheter-related infections in the strict sense, the approach may be useful for comparing various studies carried out on this topic. However, various methods are used to analyse intraluminal and/or extraluminal colonisation, and comparison of data across studies is difficult. Ideally studies addressing this issue should use a combination of different methods to analyse catheter colonisation. On the basis of microbiological semi-quantitative or quantitative analysis of bacterial colonisation, an attempt should be made to correlate the clinical symptoms of infection to these culture results in order to define useful cutoff values.

Subjects were 10 workers (Group R) working in two cold storages (air temperature was between -20 degrees C and -23.2 degrees C), and eight workers (Group C) working in a general storehouse (air temperature was between 12 degrees C and 15.2 degrees C). They were all male workers operating forklift-trucks. Average (SE) age for Group R was 41.4(1.3) years and for Group C was 47.3(1.6) years. Hand tremor, handgrip strength, pinch strength, counting task, flicker value, peak flow rate and blood pressure were measured five times (before work, at 10 a.m., before lunch, at 3 p.m. and after work) per day. Blood samples were collected before lunch. Free fatty acid (FFA) of Group R was significantly higher than that of Group C. There were no significant differences in handgrip strength, pinch strength, counting task, flicker value and peak flow rate between Group R and Group C. However, changes in hand tremor and diastolic blood pressure for Group R were significantly greater than those for Group C. Only for Group R, there was a significant relationship between FFA and the hand tremor values measured the second time. Work loads of Group R would be increased by not only the extreme coldness but also large temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the cold storages. The actual forklift work in these cold storages did not cause a distinct reduction in manual performance, but caused an increase in stress which would be expressed as an increase in catecholamine excretion. Language: en

One of most important factors that we should take into consideration when we'estimate. The output of the system is that man has a learning ability in relation to the difference of Information Input method. In the wider field of Ergonomics a tremendous number of studies have been done to investigate the relationship between VDT input methods(i.e.,the efficiency of work output)and physiological response of people who are engaged in many varieties of work due to degree of operating difficulty. The result of the authors' study are related to the relationship between the change of operating skills of acompensatory visual-manual tracking task and the change in their psycho-physiological reactions under operating conditions. Experiments were carried out using five male students,to determine the learning patterns and responses of them. The response of these experiments show that the gradual acquiring of operating skills gained through an increasing number of practices are revealed in psycho-physiological reactions. The heart rate,respiration rate,galvanic skin reflex,and other all parameters show the significant difference due to the degree of difficulty in operation and some of them indicate their highest level in their highest level in their first practice and a gradual decrease to their final levels as practice proceed.

Investigations into the relationship between emotional stress and asthma have a long and complicated history. Stemming from patient reports and clinician observations that asthma exacerbations were sometimes preceded by emotional reactions or severe stress, a series of empirical investigations was initiated in the 1960s. Study results were inconsistent, with some apparently methodologically rigorous studies showing relationships between emotional arousal and lung function changes, while others were unable to demonstrate such effects 1. In the face of this confusing picture, a number of reviews have attempted to integrate data from the field, and in so doing have proposed pathways and mechanisms to explain how emotions or stress could affect asthma 1–4. From the beginning, this area of research has been plagued by the paradox wherein the typical physiological reaction to emotional arousal was the opposite of physiological events associated with bronchoconstriction. The paper by Laube et al. 5 in the current issue of the European Respiratory Journal , which describes careful testing of a hypothesis generated by a theoretical model, represents another step forward in this tortuous process of investigation. Although the authors' hypothesis was not supported, the specifics of the unexpected results of the study provide another piece of the puzzle, and so contribute to a revision and refinement of the working model for investigating the interaction of stress and asthma. The most important aspect of the results reported by laube et al. 5 was the failure of the data to support the hypothesis; in fact, the results were the opposite of what was expected. The authors hypothesised that the pulmonary response toallergen exposure in individuals with allergic asthma would be potentiated by emotional arousal elicited by a stress interview. Instead, lung function testing showed less airway …

The study was performed to detect activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in terms of prothrombin fragment 1 and 2 (F 1+2 ), thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), fibrin degradation products (FbDP), fibrinogen degradation products (FgDP), and soluble fibrin monomers (FM) in plasma from 39 patients with fractures of the lower extremities. We found substantially elevated levels of the molecular markers at admission and on the day after admission (Day 1) compared with control levels. Admission levels of F 1+2 , TAT, FbDP and FgDP were significantly higher compared with levels on day 1, whereas levels of FM were not significantly different between the two days. Generally there were good correlations between all markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis at admission whereas correlations were weaker or absent on day 1. In conclusion we found substantial haemostatic activation as a immediate response to trauma. Increased levels of F 1+2 , TAT, FM, FbDP and FgDP appear to be a normal physiological reaction after fractures of the lower extremities.

The term receptor is used in different ways in physiology and in biochemistry. In physiology, it is often used in reference to sensory cells which respond to a special stimulus. In pharmacology and biochemistry, it designates certain proteins — often located at the cell surface — that bind certain substances and elicit a physiological reaction. The present review deals only with the second meaning of the term “receptor.”

It is assumed that the anaerobic threshold (AT) estimated at blood lactate concentration 4 mmol.l-1 (5) is a good parameter in evaluation of human endurance capacity. However, because a noticeable improvement in physical performance capacity during endurance training is accompanied not only by a shift of the anaerobic threshold towards higher work-loads but also by a decrease in the corresponding lactate concentration in blood, the term “individual anaerobic threshold” (IAT) has been introduced (3).

Around 1980, experiments with hairless mice showed us that UV-induced actinic keratoses (AK) and ensuing skin carcinomas did not arise independently: the rate of occurrence in one skin area was increased considerably if AKs had already been induced separately in another distant skin area, i.e. a systemic effect. The ground laying work of Margaret Kripke in the 1970s provided a fitting explanation: UV-induced immunosuppression and tolerance toward the UV-induced tumors. From Kripke's work a new discipline arose: "Photoimmunology." Enormous strides were made in exploring and expanding the effects from UV carcinogenesis to infectious diseases, and in elucidating the mechanisms involved. Stemming from concerns about a depletion of the ozone layer and the general impact of ambient UV radiation, the groups I worked in and closely collaborated with explored the anticipated adverse effects of UV-induced immunosuppression on healthy individuals. An important turning point was brought about in 1992 when the group of Kevin Cooper reported that immunosuppression could be induced by UV exposure in virtually all human subjects tested, suggesting that this is a normal and sound physiological reaction to UV exposure. This reaction could actually protect us from illicit immune responses against our UV-exposed skin, such as observed in idiopathic polymorphic light eruption. This premise has fruitfully rekindled the research on this common "sun allergy," affecting to widely varying degrees about one in five Europeans with indoor professions.

One of the most important problems in therapy of critically ill patients is the assessment of preload responsiveness. Echocardiographic measuring of respiratory variations of aortic blood velocity in ventilated septic shock patients can accurately predict the effect of volume expansion. On the other hand, it remains unclear whether such respiratory variability is a common physiological reaction to hypovolemia and whether its measurement is applicable also in spontaneously breathing patients.

Two lines of laboratory rats were genetically selected that differ in their sensitivity to stressors. While one line suffers from gastric ulcers and exhibits low heart lesions (measured by an incorporation of Hg) after the water immobilization stress (4 h), the other line exhibits high heart lesions and few gastric ulcers. The lines differ in their sensitivity to isoprenaline. The goal of this study was to determine the behavioural characteristics of these lines. Significant differences were detected in the exploratory/locomotory behaviour in an open-field as well as in the social aggression. The distinguished behavioural differences might possibly facilitate the prediction of the type of physiological reaction after stress. Housing systems for breeding rabbits with respect to animal welfare B. Drescher Universitiit Hohenheim, Institut fur Tierund Umwelthygiene und Tiermedizin mit Tierklinik, Postfach 700562, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany Abstract The German law on animal welfare requires housing suitable to the animals' behaviour as well as the possibility of species suitable movement. For rabbits this means group hous-The German law on animal welfare requires housing suitable to the animals' behaviour as well as the possibility of species suitable movement. For rabbits this means group hous

Shyness is a widespread reaction to social situations, characterized by inaction, self-consciousness, and heightened physiological reaction. Two explanations of this pattern have been proposed, in terms of a primary emotion related to shame or as a form of social anxiety. These positions lead to different predictions, but have attracted little investigation. Explanations of individual differences in shyness have emphasized either social skill deficits or low self-esteem, but these are not supported by empirical evidence. It is argued that an explanation in terms of self-attentional processes accounts for current findings, leads to original predictions, and relates shyness more closely to social psychological principles.

SUMMARY It is not possible to delineate every factor that may influence the choice of treatment of the injured digital flexor tendons in an individual patient nor is it always possible to achieve the statistical ideal in ultimate function. The principal factors that may affect the choice of the surgeon appear to be the individual needs of the patient, the site and number of the injured tendons, the associated injuries of other tissues such as bone, nerve, joints, and skin, the time after injury, the age of the patient, and the awareness of the physiological reaction of the tendons and the surrounding tissue to injury and postoperative management. It is not fair to the patient if the surgeon lacks the necessary skills or facilities to achieve the highest possible degree of function. For the individual patient the attainment of useful function is more important than the comparison with a statistical ideal. However, one must not stop striving to achieve the fullest potential of recovery in this difficult surgical area.

Zur Prufung der basischen Wirksamkeit von Thomas-, Rhenania-, Superphosphat, Hyperphos und Novaphos wurden vergleichende Untersuchungen in Modell-, Gefas- und langjahrigen Feldversuchen durchgefuhrt. Als Kriterium diente die Veranderung des pH-Wertes und der Basensattigung der Boden. Die basische Wirkung ergibt sich zum einen aus der rein chemischen Reaktion (Oxide, Hydroxide, Carbonate, Silikate der Alkali- und Erdalkalibestandteile sowie Ca-Phosphate) und zum anderen aus der physiologischen Reaktion (unterschiedliche Aufnahme von P und Ca durch die Pflanzenwurzel im Austausch gegen HCO−3- und H+-Ionen). Hyperphos zeigt im Gegensatz zu Thomasphosphat und Rhenaniaphosphat eine geringe, rein chemisch bedingte Kalkwirkung; Superphosphat und Novaphos wirken chemisch sauer. Unter Pflanzenwuchs steigt die Kalkwirkung samtlicher P-Dunger, insbesondere aber die von Hyperphos an. Auf sauren bis schwach sauren Boden (Feld- und Gefasversuch) erreichte Hyperphos auf Basis Gesamt-Phosphat etwa die Halfte der basischen Wirkung von Thomasphosphat, wahrend Super- und Novaphos nur eine schwach positive Wirkung brachten. Die Kalkwirkung der P-Dunger steht in unmittelbarem Zusammenhang mit deren Loslichkeit bzw. P-Wirksamkeit unter den jeweiligen Standortbedingungen (pH-Wert). Auf kalkbedurftigen (pH 4.5-5.5), P-armen Lehmboden (Gefasversuch) ergaben Thomas-, Rhenaniaphosphat und Hyperphos mit O 50kg CaO/100kg Dunger einen annahernd gleichhohen Kalkwert deutlich vor Novaphos (10–20kg) und Superphosphat (0–10kg). Basic effect of phosphorus fertilizers To test the basic effects of Thomas slag (Basic slag), Rhenaniaphosphate, Superphosphate, Hyperphos (soft rockphosphate) and Novaphos (partly water soluble phosphate), model, pot and longterm field trials were carried out. Changes in soil pH and base saturation served as a measure of the basic effect. The basic effect results from chemical reaction (oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and silicates of alkali- and earth alkali components as well as Ca-phosphates) and physiological reaction (different uptake of P and Ca by plant roots in exchange with HCO and H+). In contrast to Thomas slag and Rhenaniaphosphate the basic effect of Hyperphos due to chemical reaction is small; Superphosphate and Novaphos both have a chemically acidic reaction. Plant growth increased the basic effect of all fertilizers, especially of Hyperphos. On acid and weakly acid soils (field and pot trials), Hyperphos achieved about the half effect of Thomas slag expressed on a total phosphate basis whereas the effects of Superphosphate and Novaphos were only poor. The basic effect of P-fertilizers is directly associated with their solubility and P-effectiveness depending on particular soil conditions (pH). In a pot trial using loamy soils with a requirement for lime and small requirement for phosphorus, Thomas slag, Rhenaniaphosphate and Hyperphos showed nearly the same basic effect (50kg CaO per 100kg fertilizer). This value contrasts with the much lower figures for Novaphos (10–20kg) and Superphosphate (0–10kg).

Immobilized multienzymic systems are responsible for the high efficiency of many physiological reaction sequences carried out in living cells. Chemical and physical means for artificially immobilizing enzymes presents the opportunity for duplicating this efficiency for use in processing operations. Such artificially immobilized enzymes also serve as useful model systems for studying the properties of physiological multi-enzymic sequences. Factors characteristic of the immobilized multi-enzymic state are described. Comparisons are made between immobilized multi- and single-enzyme systems and between immobilized and soluble multi-enzymic ones.

Intending to report the result of some measurements on psychological effects of green spaces was changed by physiological reaction. It is fundamental recognition of this study that psychological effects of green spaces is related to mitigate or release a psychological factor. The method of preparation. used in this experiment is Havarrd Step Tests to measure the pulse rate of recovery. We tried experiments that the factors affecting the pulse rate of recovery suggested are the different emvironment, kind of floor and noise.The results of investigation were:1. The pulse rate of recovery is affected remarkably by the different emvironment. It can be considered that there is no effect of a kind of floor and noise on the pulse rate of recovery.2. The space with many planted trees get the pulse rate of recovery is 1.5-2.0 times as great as that of a place with few green spaces.The space with many planted is quick to recover from fatigue, therefore to get sense of rest at once.4. The stronger corelation was observed between the pulse rate of recovery and visual green's quantity.(a coefficient of correlation 0.805)We conclude from the experiment described above that psychological effect of green spaces was able to measure changed by physiological logical reaction.