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Zinc oxide is one of the most promising materials used to create devices in the ultraviolet (UV) range. In this article, we study the sensor properties of ordered ZnO nanorod arrays grown by chemical vapor deposition. The possibility of their use as an indicator of UV radiation to control the dose of UV radiation, both from natural and artificial light sources, is assessed. The X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy (RS), and cathodoluminescence (CL) data demonstrate the high quality of nanorods. Based on the ZnO nanorod array, a sensor prototype was fabricated based on the change in ZnO conductivity under the UV irradiation. A comparison of the response of such a sensor with the readings of a UV radiometer showed a high correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently, natural pigments from plant sources are in limelight. This study is focused to provide a feasible technology route for effective utilization of garden pea waste as a source of natural green pigment (chlorophyll). The extraction parameters were optimized with a three-variable, three-level RSM Box–Behnken design (BBD) experiment. The BBD analysis predicted 92.85% ethanol, 27.7 min sonication time, and 46.05 h soaking time as optimum parameters for enhancing the pigment yield by 37.4%. Validation at optimal conditions gave a recovery of pigment close to that of predicted (TCC 0.642 mg/g) confirming the suitability of the model. Spectral analysis of data obtained through Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups characteristic of chlorophyll in the extract. Furthermore, the extracted pigment was found stable up to 60 °C and pH range of 4.0–9.0. Degradation kinetics of extracted chlorophyll revealed lower activation energy at around 40 °C in both photo (Ea 8.31 kJ/mol) and thermostability (Ea 11.11 kJ/mol) studies indicating sensitivity of pigment to light followed by temperature. This study is the first report where pea pod waste was effectively exploited to produce valuable green pigment for its application in food and non-food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reticular erythematous mucinosis is a rare and persistent form of primary idiopathic mucinosis, often referred to as plaque-like cutaneous mucinosis or midline mucinosis. It presents with reticulate patches or erythematous plaques with predilection for the anterior and posterior trunk. Affected patients are frequently asymptomatic. Pruritus or burning sensations were reported after exposure to the sun. The aetiology remains obscure; its pathogenesis is poorly understood, particularly in immunocompromised patients such as HIV-infected patients. The disease associations are not uniformly documented. Antimalarial agents significantly improve and shorten the course of the disease. We report a case of a 31-year-old African woman with underlying HIV infection who displayed the classical clinical and histological features of reticular erythematous mucinosis. This condition is rare among the HIV-infected patients, particularly in those of African descent, in whom lichen myxoedematosus/scleromyxoedema variants and acral persistent papular mucinoses were most frequently reported. The higher incidence of photosensitivity in HIV-infected individuals including the patients with skin of colour may play a potential role in reticular erythematous mucinosis. Its relationship with lupus erythematosus and photosensitivity in the context of HIV infection is discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of reticular erythematous mucinosis in an African HIV-infected patient. This case highlights the need for diagnostic awareness in cases presenting with erythematous plaques and patches in a net-like pattern developing on the midline and sun-exposed areas of the trunk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GaSxSe1−x solid solutions are layered semiconductors with a band gap between 2.0 and 2.6 eV. Their single crystals are formed by planar packings of S/Se-Ga-Ga-S/Se type, with weak polarization bonds between them, which allows obtaining, by splitting, plan-parallel lamellae with atomically smooth surfaces. By heat treatment in a normal or water vapor-enriched atmosphere, their plates are covered with a layer consisting of β–Ga2O3 nanowires/nanoribbons. In this work, the elemental and chemical composition, surface morphology, as well as optical, photoluminescent, and photoelectric properties of β–Ga2O3 layer formed on GaSxSe1−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) solid solutions (as substrate) are studied. The correlation is made between the composition (x) of the primary material, technological preparation conditions of the oxide-semiconducting layer, and the optical, photoelectric, and photoluminescent properties of β–Ga2O3 (nanosized layers)/GaSxSe1−x structures. From the analysis of the fundamental absorption edge, photoluminescence, and photoconductivity, the character of the optical transitions and the optical band gap in the range of 4.5–4.8 eV were determined, as well as the mechanisms behind blue-green photoluminescence and photoconductivity in the fundamental absorption band region. The photoluminescence bands in the blue-green region are characteristic of β–Ga2O3 nanowires/nanolamellae structures. The photoconductivity of β–Ga2O3 structures on GaSxSe1−x solid solution substrate is determined by their strong fundamental absorption. As synthesized structures hold promise for potential applications in UV receivers, UV-C sources, gas sensors, as well as photocatalytic decomposition of water and organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phototoxicity is an undesirable consequence of photodynamic and most sonodynamic therapies. In the current work, we showed that Er2O3 nanoplates can avoid being cytotoxic when exposed to light and could be an effective sonosensitizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new architecture of photosensitive elements for the near- (0.7–1.4 μm) and short-wavelength (1.4–3.0 μm) infrared spectral ranges is proposed, which is based on hybrid nanostructures consisting of PbS colloidal quantum dots and ZnO and silver nanowire functional layers. Small-sized (12 × 12 μm) photosensitive elements with an energy barrier at the contact between layers of colloidal quantum dots with n- and p‑type conductivity have been studied. The I‒V characteristics, spectral dependences of optical absorption, and relative spectral photosensitivity Si(λ)/Si(λmax) of the barrier structures at room temperature have been examined. It is shown that the proposed architecture of the barrier structures ensures the photosensitivity in a wide spectral range from 0.4 to 2.0 µm. An excess of the average value of the relative spectral sensitivity Si(λ)/Si(λmax) by a factor of about 1.5 as compared with the values observed previously for the PbS colloidal quantum dot barrier nanostructures in the wavelength range of 0.9–1.85 μm has been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ultraviolet radiation can aggravate facial erythema in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Objective: To investigate the photobiological testing results of Chinese AD patients with refractory facial erythema. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 82 AD patients with refractory facial erythema who visited our department during 2004–2021. All of them completed phototesting and photopatch testing. Results: 82 patients were enrolled in the study, and 53 (64.6%) were between 18 and 30 years old. 51.2% (42/82) had positive phototesting results and were considered photosensitive AD (PhAD) patients. One‐third of them were both allergic to ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B. 65.9% (54/82) suffered from photoallergic contact dermatitis. Chlorpromazine (50.7%), potassium dichromate (13.2%), and thimerosal (11.8%) were the top three common photoallergens. Overall, 86.3% of AD patients with refractory facial erythema had direct photoallergy or photocontact allergy. PhAD patients had fewer allergic comorbidities than the other group (p =.007). More non‐PhAD patients (55.0%) suffered from AD at 2–14 years old (p =.015). Conclusions: Photosensitivity contributes a lot to the facial lesions of AD patients, especially in their 20s. 86.3% of these patients had direct photoallergy or photocontact allergy. Therefore, AD patients with facial erythema should undergo phototesting and photopatch testing routinely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porphyrias are a rare group of inborn errors of metabolism due to defects in the heme biosynthetic pathway. The biochemical hallmark is the overproduction of porphyrin precursors and porphyrin species. Afflicted patients present with a myriad of symptoms causing a diagnostic odyssey. Symptoms often overlap with those of common diseases and may be overlooked unless there is heightened clinical suspicion. We are reporting clinical features and diagnostic challenges in four pediatric patients having variegate porphyria, congenital erythropoietic porphyria, acute intermittent porphyria, and erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), who presented with diverse multisystem manifestations. This case series illustrates a logical analysis of symptoms and judicious selection of investigations and the role of genotyping in successfully diagnosing porphyrias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe skin pain when exposed to long wave ultraviolet radiation or visible light is the main symptom of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). Treatment options for EPP are inadequate and new treatments are needed but hampered by the lack of valid efficacy outcomes. Phototesting with well‐defined illumination of the skin can be performed reliably. We aimed to provide an overview of phototest procedures used to evaluate EPP treatments. Systematic searches of Embase, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were performed. Searches identified 11 studies using photosensitivity as efficacy outcome. The studies used eight different phototest protocols. Illuminations were performed with a filtered high‐pressure mercury arc, or a xenon arc lamp equipped with monochromator or filters. Some used broadband, others narrowband illumination. In all protocols phototests were performed on the hands or the back. Endpoints were minimal dose required to induce either first symptom of discomfort, erythema, urticaria or intolerable pain. Other endpoints were change in erythema intensity or diameter of any type of flare after exposure compared to before. In conclusion, protocols displayed extensive variability in illumination set‐up and evaluation of phototest reactions. Implementation of a standardized phototest method will allow more consistent and reliable outcome evaluation in future therapeutic research of protoporphyric photosensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the prevalence and severity of photosensitivity in patients with albinism, and to compare with ocular features and how this correlated with use and choice of optical filters. Cross-sectional study on 81 participants with ocular or oculocutaneous albinism. An ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and evaluation of iris translucency and fundus hypopigmentation was performed. Participants were offered optical rehabilitation with testing of a wide panel of filters. The associations between ocular characteristics, subjective photosensitivity complaints, and filter choice were evaluated. Photosensitivity was rated as "some" to "worst imaginable" in 77.8% of participants. Severity of photosensitivity correlated significantly with fundus hypopigmentation (p = 0.04) but not with iris translucency (p = 0.14) and it was worse in those with poor visual acuity but there was no association between photosensitivity and contrast vision. Seventy-four new pairs of spectacles were prescribed in the study. All outdoor spectacles contained a filter, whereas 26.5% of new indoor spectacles did not. Relatively neutral filter colors (gray, brown or a combination of gray and brown with other colors) and low transmission were preferred. Photosensitivity is common in albinism, but research targeting treatment is limited. Color and neutral filters with a low light transmission were preferred, with participants having a large number of spectacles, presumably to meet their needs in different situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels are materials consisting of a network of hydrophilic polymers. Due to their good biocompatibility and hydrophilicity, they are widely used in biomedicine, food safety, environmental protection, agriculture, and other fields. This paper summarizes the typical complex materials of photocatalysts, photosensitizers, and hydrogels, as week as their antibacterial activities and the basic mechanisms of photothermal and photodynamic effects. In addition, the application of hydrogel-based photoresponsive materials in microbial inactivation is discussed, including the challenges faced in their application. The advantages of photosensitive antibacterial complex hydrogels are highlighted, and their application and research progress in various fields are introduced in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creation of nanoscale materials, in particular, the organization of the processes of ordering of the nanoobjects using templates, is one of the main directions of physical materials science and modern-nanotechnologies’ development. The template is a tool for organizing of the physical and chemical processes of structuring of nanoobjects in space and time on its surface due to the near-field interaction. The formation mechanisms of hidden electrostatic image of amorphous molecular semiconductors (AMS) are studied in the work. Template tools of molecular and integrated electronics operate the processes of matter self-organization, control of its structuring after applying on the template surface. This allows obtaining of the objects with a certain molecular organization and topology. The mechanisms of charge accumulation in AMS are studied. The Poole–Frenkel model, which predicts the delocalization of the electric charge released from the capture centre, is analysed with the use of a zone model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag2S decorated S-doped WO3 nanorods were synthesized through two-stage vapor vulcanization processes with vaporous S used as a vulcanization precursor. The initially sputtered Ag particles on the S-doped WO3 nanorods fully transformed into Ag2S particles after vapor vulcanization at 350 °C. The microstructures of Ag2S/S-doped WO3 composite nanorods and the content of initially sputtered decorated Ag particles on the nanorods affect the spectral absorption and photogenerated charge separation ability of Ag2S/S-doped WO3 composite nanorods. The composite nanorods obtained by modification of the surface with an Ag content of 0.79 at% show the highest photocurrent density, the lowest interface resistance, and the highest photodegradation ability toward methyl orange dyes. The scavenger experiment and the possible Z-type carrier movement mechanism show that superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals are the main active substances for the photodegradation of methyl orange dyes by Ag2S/S-doped WO3 composite nanorods. The results show that the photosensitivity can be effectively adjusted on the surface of the S-doped WO3 nanorod template with appropriate decoration content of Ag2S particles, which is expected to be promising in photocatalyst applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the limits of the physical properties of conventional semiconductors against harsh environments, seeking a suitable material for next‐generation photoconversion devices with high‐temperature stability and strong radiation hardness has become a hot issue. Here, visible‐light photodetectors are fabricated on an N‐doped diamond. Their visible‐light detection via charge‐neutralized impurity levels including multi‐complex mid‐gap states induced crystal defects shows photosensitivity of at least four orders (104), the visible responsivity of 0.08 A W−1, and the detectivity of 3.9 × 1012 Jones. No significant deterioration of such figures of merit of photodetectors is observed even at an environmental temperature of 250 °C and after absorption to 10 MGy in the dose of white X‐ray. N‐doped diamond shows excellent potential to be applicable to visible‐light photodetectors for harsh‐environmental implementations, which conventional visible‐light photodetectors are not capable of so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is commonly reported as a risk factor for Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). However, minimal evaluation of photo-induced SJS/TEN has been conducted. Thus, this review identifies all cases of SJS/TEN that are linked to an acute exposure of UVR and outlines the unifying characteristics of these cases. Furthermore, the theoretical pathogenesis, differential diagnoses, and proposed diagnostic criteria are defined. Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, and other databases and websites were searched from inception to September 2021 to identify studies that met inclusion criteria. The following keywords were utilized: "Stevens-Johnson syndrome" and "toxic epidermal necrolysis" with "ultraviolet," "photodistributed," "photo-induced," "photosensitivity," and "photo." One reviewer assessed study characteristics, with confirmation by a second. The risk of bias was assessed independently by another. Results: Thirteen patient cases were identified, all reporting ultraviolet radiation prior to rash onset and an underlying causal drug. Case classifications included 7/13 SJS and 6/13 TEN. All cases described the rash as photodistributed with UVR exposure prior to rash onset (delay of 1–3 days) and a causal drug. 10 cases provided evidence that the photodistributed rash lacked linear demarcation (as in a sunburn) with satellite target-like lesions. No cases described a flu-like prodrome. Discussion: Mucositis, palmar and plantar rash, a positive Nikolsky sign, and a prolonged disease course can help distinguish from photosensitive reactions, while a negative direct immunofluorescence test is important to distinguish from other photo-induced disorders. Conclusion: Physicians should be aware that UVR may precipitate SJS/TEN in patients taking susceptible drugs. After a 24-h delay from UVR exposure, a non-distinct, photodistributed rash appears with no flu-like prodrome and progresses for at least 48 h to include vesiculobullous eruptions and mucous membrane involvement. Photodistributed SJS/TEN appears to be photo-drug-induced with a unique onset and rash presentation that should be recognized as a distinct diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most antihypertensives can induce dermal photosensitivity, which may increase melanoma risk. However, corroborating evidence is limited. We examined the associations between use of antihypertensives and melanoma risk.Methods: A nationwide nested case-control study was conducted using data from the Cancer Registry of Norway, the National Registry and the Norwegian Prescription Database in 2004-15. Ten controls were randomly selected for each melanoma case, matched on sex and birth year. The study included 12 048 cases and 117 895 controls. We estimated rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All analyses were adjusted for ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR). We additionally performed active comparator analyses, and sensitivity analyses by only including new users, distinguishing between exclusive and mixed users, allowing for different latency periods, and subgroup analyses by melanoma subtype and clinical stage.Results: Compared with non-use, we observed a slightly increased melanoma risk in users of diuretics (RR 1.08, CI 1.01-1.15), calcium-channel blockers (RR 1.10, CI 1.04-1.18) and drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system (RR 1.10, CI 1.04-1.16), but not for beta blockers (RR 0.97, CI 0.92-1.03). We found no heterogeneity of associations by melanoma subtype or clinical stage and no dose-response relationship between the cumulative defined daily doses (DDDs) and melanoma. No interaction was found between cumulative DDDs and ambient UVR.Conclusions: Weak associations, with lack of a dose-response relationship and lack of interactions with ambient UVR, in the DDD analysis in this nationwide study do not support a causal relationship between antihypertensives and melanoma risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photoelectric characteristics of a silicon structure with oppositely directed potential barriers are studied under longitudinal illumination. The choice of the impurity density in the n+–p–n+ regions ensure the joining of the depleted regions in the base. When a bias voltage is applied, the width of the regions varies at the expense of one another. During the temperature annealing (950 °C, for 20 min) of the guard band, the structure acquires short-wave (λ = 570 nm) and long-wave (λ = 850 nm) spectral photosensitivity, the numerical values of which turn out to be unusually high-up to 4 A/W and 1.2 A/W, respectively. The apparent internal amplification of the photocurrent is explained by the injection of the photogenerated carriers through the forward-biased potential barrier, which leads to a decrease in the height of both potential barriers. The internal amplification of the photocurrent up to four orders of magnitude is indicated by the ratio of the actual measured spectral photocurrent to the photocurrent calculated at the quantum yield equal to 1. The samples are characterized by low power levels equivalent to noise levels lower than 10–12 W Hz−1/2 cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Inherent structural and functional properties of biotechnology-derived therapeutic biologics make them susceptible to light- and temperature-induced degradation and consequently can influence their quality. Photosensitivity of therapeutic proteins continues to be examined, but the commonalities and trends of storage conditions and information about light and temperature sensitivity among currently licensed therapeutic proteins has not been previously surveyed. Methods: Using a comprehensive and relational database approach, we conducted a scientific survey of all licensed biotechnology-derived drug products with the goal of providing evidence-based information about recommended storage conditions of formulations sorted by light- and temperature-related attributes as described for each product at licensure. Results: We report the prevalence of indications for light and temperature sensitivity in formulations categorized by their presentation type, number of doses, container type, dosage form and active molecule type. We also report the storage temperature range across formulations and diluents for reconstitution and dilution. Formulations with excipients that potentially facilitate light-induced and thermal degradation were also noted. Conclusions: The result of our analysis indicates that light and temperature sensitivity are prevalent across therapeutic protein formulations. However, when a formulation is reconstituted or diluted, both light and temperature sensitivity are less clear. In addition, light and temperature sensitivity are more well defined in liquid formulations than lyophilized powder formulations, and more well defined in products manufactured in autoinjectors, prefilled-syringes, and pens than products in vials. Overall, our report provides a data-driven summary of storage conditions among therapeutic protein formulations to support the development of future biologic drug products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a striking female preponderance has been consistently reported in epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (EEM), no study has specifically explored the variability of clinical presentation according to sex in this syndrome. Here, we aimed to investigate sex‐specific electroclinical differences and prognostic determinants in EEM. Data from 267 EEM patients were retrospectively analyzed by the EEM Study Group, and a dedicated multivariable logistic regression analysis was developed separately for each sex. We found that females with EEM showed a significantly higher rate of persistence of photosensitivity and eye closure sensitivity at the last visit, along with a higher prevalence of migraine with/without aura, whereas males with EEM presented a higher rate of borderline intellectual functioning/intellectual disability. In female patients, multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed age at epilepsy onset, eyelid myoclonia status epilepticus, psychiatric comorbidities, and catamenial seizures as significant predictors of drug resistance. In male patients, a history of febrile seizures was the only predictor of drug resistance. Hence, our study reveals sex‐specific differences in terms of both electroclinical features and prognostic factors. Our findings support the importance of a sex‐based personalized approach in epilepsy care and research, especially in genetic generalized epilepsies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UV curing rate of the ink film was improved by adjusting the exposure wavelength and energy parameters. At the same time, the edge morphology of white ink window was improved from positive trapezoid to inverted trapezoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic phototransistors can enable many important applications such as nonvolatile memory, artificial synapses, and photodetectors in next‐generation optical communication and wearable electronics. However, it is still a challenge to achieve a big memory window (threshold voltage response ∆Vth) for phototransistors. Here, a nanographene‐based heterojunction phototransistor memory with large ∆Vth responses is reported. Exposure to low intensity light (25.7 µW cm−2) for 1 s yields a memory window of 35 V, and the threshold voltage shift is found to be larger than 140 V under continuous light illumination. The device exhibits both good photosensitivity (3.6 × 105) and memory properties including long retention time (>1.5 × 105 s), large hysteresis (45.35 V), and high endurance for voltage‐erasing and light‐programming. These findings demonstrate the high application potential of nanographenes in the field of optoelectronics. In addition, the working principle of these hybrid nanographene‐organic structured heterojunction phototransistor memory devices is described which provides new insight into the design of high‐performance organic phototransistor devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK); brigatinib; ceritinib; crizotinib; photosensitivity EN anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) brigatinib ceritinib crizotinib photosensitivity 285 290 6 05/11/23 20230501 NES 230501 To the Editor, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved five anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors (i.e., crizotinib, ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib, lorlatinib) since 2011 to treat ALK-positive, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. 6 e Patient concomitant medications were not considered to be contributing confounders as photosensitivity improved/resolved upon interruption of ALK inhibitor and worsened/recurred upon resumption of ALK inhibitor (positive rechallenge), while other drug(s) labeled for photosensitivity were continued throughout clinical course. [Extracted from the article]

With the continuous development of electronic skin (e-skin), multifunctional e-skin is approaching, and in some cases even surpassing, the capabilities of real human skin, which has garnered increasing attention. Especially, if e-skin processes eye's function, it will endow e-skins more powerful advantages, such as the vision reparation, enhanced security, improved adaptability and enhanced interactivity. Here, we first study the photodetector based on CsPbBr3 quantum dots film and the pressure sensor based on PEDOT: PSS-coated cellulose paper, respectively. On the base of these two kinds of sensors, a light/pressure bifunctional sensor was successfully fabricated. Finally, flexible bifunctional sensors were obtained by using a flexible interdigital electrode. They can simultaneously detect light and pressure stimulation. As e-skin, a high photosensitivity with a switching ratio of 168 under 405 nm light at a power of 40 mW/cm2 was obtained and they can also monitor human motions in the meantime. Our work showed that the strategy to introduce perovskite photodetectors into e-skins is feasible and may open a new way for the development of flexible multi-functional e-skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, ZnO nanorods were synthesized on ZnO seed layer by a hydrothermal method and then etched in zinc nitrate solution, including ZnO nanopowder. To optimize the effective factors of etching solution such as zinc nitrate concentration, ZnO nanopowder concentration, and solution temperature, Taguchi experimental design with orthogonal matrix, L16, was used. Morphological and structural features of etched ZnO nanorods were analyzed by means of FESEM, AFM, and XRD. The morphological results showed that the etching process was accompanied by a decrease of about 23 nm and 480 nm in length and diameter of ZnO nanorods, respectively. XRD patterns showed that the (002) peak intensity is significantly reduced by nanorod etching. The UV sensor devices were fabricated in metal–semiconductor–metal configuration based on etched ZnO nanorods and the effect of the etching factors on UV sensitivity was systematically studied. Etching in high solution concentration and high temperature led to an increase in the sensitivity in the range of 103–105. Under optimal conditions (zinc nitrate solution of 0.01 M, ZnO nanopowder concentration of 0.0225 g/L, and temperature of 70 °C), a very high sensitivity to UV illumination was obtained (~ 1.1 × 105). In addition, a direct relationship was observed between the decrease in diameter (resulting from the etching process) and the increase in sensitivity of the UV sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymorphous light eruption has a variable clinical presentation with a polymorphic tendency, often accompanied by itching or burning. The main diagnosis is clinical. Confirmatory diagnosis is with phototest or provocative UV test. The treatment relies on the use of sunscreen, as well as topical and oral steroids according to the extension and severity. Patients with severe disease or frequent episodes may require treatment with phototherapy or prophylactic photochemotherapy. Fifty-nine articles from PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were analyzed, published from 2011 to 2021, which were obtained through a systematic search. Were included all texts about polymorphous light eruption and photodermatoses. Studies in children were excluded. The information was classified and analyzed to obtain a review that addresses the main components of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantageous role of 2D electron gas presence at the AlGaN/GaN interface attracts huge interest in the field of GaN‐based ultraviolet photodetector technology. However, the presence of high dark current deteriorates the photodetector performance by diminishing several figures of merit. In this work, enhanced figures of merit are demonstrated by employing interdigitated p‐GaN finger structure on the top of the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. The commonly present high dark current in p‐GaN/AlGaN/GaN planar photodetector is largely reduced (from ≈µA to few pA) by etching the p‐GaN, excluding the electrode region. Furthermore, by using a graphene transparent electrode along with the p‐GaN interdigitated fingers on AlGaN/GaN heterostructure, ultraviolet photodetectors with superior sensitivity (3.55 × 106) and ultrahigh detectivity (1.91 × 1014 cm Hz1/2 W−1) are realized at 360 nm. A comparison of graphene/p‐GaN and Ni/Au/p‐GaN interdigitated fingers and planar p‐GaN (with interdigitated graphene contacts) all on AlGaN/GaN heterostructure allows to understand the dominant roles of electrode transparency and the heterojunction structure. The simple and high electron mobility transistor‐compatible fabrication process of UV detectors provides a unique application in the field of UV sensing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic development of photovoltaic and photo-sensitive electronic devices is constantly stimulated by material and technological advances. One of the key concepts that is highly recommended for the enhancement of these device parameters is the modification of the insulation spectrum. Practical implementation of this idea, although difficult, may be highly beneficial for photoconversion efficiency, photosensitivity range extension, and their cost reduction. The article presents a wide range of practical experiments leading to the manufacturing of functional photoconverting layers, dedicated to low-cost and wide-scale deposition methods. Various active agents, based on different luminescence effects as well as the possible organic carrier matrixes, substrate preparation and treatment procedures, are presented. New innovative materials, based on their quantum effects, are examined. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the application in new generation photovoltaics and other optoelectronic elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) patients experience severe burning pain after light exposure, which results in a markedly reduced quality of life. However, there is limited information on the psychosocial aspects of EPP. To investigate the clinical features and social aspects of living with EPP, before and during afamelanotide treatment in the Netherlands. A single‐center prospective longitudinal study of adult patients with EPP attending the Erasmus MC Rotterdam. Patients completed questionnaires, comprising demographic, clinical and social details, including two generic (DS‐14 and SF‐36) and a disease specific (EPP‐QoL) QoL questionnaires. 121 adult EPP patients were included. The educational level of EPP patients seemed higher compared to the Dutch population (36% vs. 30% high‐education, 42% vs. 37% middle‐education). At baseline 5% of the EPP patients were unemployed, none were unemployed during afamelanotide treatment. Full‐ and part‐time employment rate increased from 59.5% to 69.9% on afamelanotide treatment (p > 0.05). EPP‐QoL improved from 44% to 75% on afamelanotide treatment (p < 0.001). Type‐D personality was present in 27.4% of patients; their social inhibition scores improved significantly on afamelanotide treatment (p = 0.019). EPP patients scored low on the social functioning domain (SF‐36) compared to the Dutch population (74.4 ± 27.3 vs. 84.0 ± 22.4; respectively), and improved during afamelanotide treatment (84.3 ± 20.9, p = 0.001). EPP has a significant negative impact on social aspects, with less employment despite a higher education level. Afamelanotide treatment improves quality of life, social functioning and possibly employment rate. It is important to recognize the impact of EPP on social life, although, more research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The duration and radius of charge-carriers’ thermalization during the photogeneration of them in amorphous molecular semiconductors (AMS) are studied in present work. The samples in the form of thin layers of carbazole-containing materials obtained by pouring toluene solutions are used in the experiments of spectral-sensitivity measurements. A phenomenological model for the thermalization process based on the assumption of the Newtonian nature of the energy-loss rate dependence for nonequilibrium electron is proposed. Within the model, the dependences of the thermalization duration on the frequency of the exciting light, the AMS temperature and the parameters determining the speed and range of energies are established. As shown, the excess energy losses are realized in the system by an unbalanced electric-charge carrier. Comparison of them with experimental data is demonstrated. The aim of the work is both the experimental study of the thermalization process of carbazolecontaining AMS located in an external electric field during photoexcitation of them and the development of a relevant model for charge-carriers’ thermalization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Migraine is a common and distressing neurological condition characterised by recurrent throbbing headaches, nausea and heightened sensitivity to light and sound. Accumulating evidence suggests that cerebral arteries dilate during migraine, causing distal microvessels to constrict, which could activate nociceptors and cause onset of headache pain. If so, preventing or attenuating chronic microvascular constriction, and promoting a dilatory phenotype, may reduce frequency and/or severity of migraines. The primary aim of the L-Arginine and Aged Garlic Extract (LARGE) trial is to investigate whether oral treatment with dietary nutraceuticals, L-arginine and aged garlic extract (AGE), both systemic vasodilatory agents, will alleviate migraine frequency, duration and severity in adults with chronic frequent episodic migraines. Methods: The study is a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase-II single-site clinical trial conducted in Perth, Australia. The target sample is to recruit 240 participants diagnosed with chronic frequent episodic migraines between 18 and 80 years of age. Participants will be randomised to one of four treatment groups for 14 weeks (placebo induction for 2 weeks, followed by 12 weeks on one of the respective treatment arms): placebo, L-arginine, AGE, or a combination of L-arginine and AGE. The doses of L-arginine and AGE are 1.5 g and 1 g daily, respectively. The primary outcome is to assess migraine response using change in migraine frequency and intensity between baseline and 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes include the impact of L-arginine and/or AGE on photosensitivity, retinal vessel changes, and blood biomarker concentrations of vascular tone, following a 12-week intervention. Discussion: The protocol describes the oral administration of 2 nutraceutical-based interventions as possible prophylactic treatments for chronic frequent episodic migraines, with potential for direct clinical translation of outcomes. Potential limitations of the study include the fixed-dose design of each treatment arm and that in vivo neuroimaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), will not be conducted to determine putative cerebro-vasodilatory changes to coincide with the outcome measures. Dose-response studies may be indicated. Trial registration: The trial was retrospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12621001476820 (Universal Trial Number: U1111-1268-1117) on 04/08/2021. This is protocol version 1, submitted on 25/11/2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report ZnO nanowires (NWs) and silicon-based type-II PN heterojunction for UV–Visible–Infrared self-powered photodetection. The as-grown ZnO NWs were highly crystalline and aligned along the c-axis in the [002] direction revealed in the HRTEM and XRD measurements. The Hall measurements revealed the n-type behavior for ZnO and p-type for p-Si with carrier concentrations of 4.09 × 1016 cm−3 and 1.38 × 1017 cm−3, respectively. The depletion widths were estimated to be ∼35 nm and ∼120 nm, respectively for p-Si and n-ZnO NWs. The Ag/n-ZnO NWs/p-Si/Ag PN heterojunction showed large photoresponse, even at zero bias, under the illumination of commercially available UV–Visible–NIR LEDs, thus acting as a self-powered photodetector. It was interesting to observe that the photoresponse was dependent on the growth time and hence the thickness of ZnO NWs thin film. A maximum zero bias responsivity of ∼0.1 A/W at green (515 nm) was observed and was large for the junction with thicker ZnO NWs film (5 h growth), compared with thinner (3 h growth) device under IR (950 nm) LED illumination, however, it was observed otherwise for UV (395 nm) LED. This suggests that tuning the thickness of the ZnO NWs thin film results in the wavelength selective photoresponse, consequently, paving the way towards UV blind IR-visible photodetector based on ZnO NWs. The transient short circuit current (I sc vs t) and open circuit voltage (V oc vs t) properties showed fast and large responses under periodic illumination of all LEDs (UV–Vis–NIR). The response was observed to depend on the intensity of light and the maximum V oc comes out to be ∼102 mV and I sc ∼5.58 μA, under the illumination of a red laser diode. We present Ag/ZnO nanowires/p-Si/Ag heterojunction as a fast speed and self-powered photodetector in the UV-Vis-NIR region. The heterojunction with thicker ZnO NWs film is more responsive to NIR-Visible photons compared with UV photons and vice versa for the thinner films, paving the way toward thickness-dependent and wavelength selective photodetectors. [Display omitted] • ZnO NWs and Si-based heterojunction for self-powered and fast-speed UV-Vis-NIR photodetection. • The n-ZnO and p-Si have carrier concentrations of −4.09 × 1016 cm−3 and 1.38 × 1017 cm−3 respectively. • The heterojunction with thicker ZnO NWs film is more responsive to NIR-Visible photons compared with UV photons and vice versa for the thinner films. • The transient I sc and V oc properties showed fast and large responses under periodic illumination of LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the surface-barrier photoelectric properties of Au-palladium-n-GaP structures. Research into the visible spectrum region, under the action of both linearly polarized and natural radiation, provides us with new information about the height of the barrier, the interface m-s section, and the GaP band structure. SBs based on GaP (p- and n-type) are helpful for researchers in developing advantageous structures for creating various photovoltaic devices—photodetectors for fiber-optic control of energy systems or possible structures for solar energy. Despite many years of research, issues concerning the band structure of semiconductors based on the phenomenon of photoelectroactive absorption in such surface-barrier structures' m-s remain urgent in the creation of new high-performance devices. Such structures may also be interesting for creating solar energy systems. They create a thin insulating dielectric layer (usually an oxide layer) in solar cells on SBs between the m and the semiconductor substrate. The advantage of solar cells based on m dielectric semiconductor structures is the strong electric field near the surface of the semiconductor that usually has a direction favoring the collection of carriers created by short-wavelength light. Diffusion of impurities usually results in crystal defects in the active region. There are no such defects in the studied elements. This is also the difference between solar cells on m dielectric structures and elements with diffusion in p-n junctions. We studied the PS of Au-Pd-n-GaP nanostructures to determine the height of the potential barrier qφBo and obtained accurate data on the zone structure of the n-GaP. The PS of nanostructured Au-Pd-n-GaP structures was studied in the visible region of the spectrum. Essential information about the semiconductor's potential barrier parameters and band structure was obtained. The intermediate Pd nanolayer between Au and GaP has specific effects on the Au-Pd-n-GaP nanostructure, which are of considerable practical and scientific significance for future needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases (AICTDs) are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune disorders having overlapping clinical features. Skin is often involved and it may be the earliest sign of the systemic disease. Aims: This study highlights the various cutaneous manifestations of common AICTDs. Material and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of two years on 120 patients of AICTDs in dermatology OPD/ward at tertiary care hospital. Detailed history taking, examination and relevant laboratory tests were performed. Results: Majority of the patients had lupus erythematosus (LE) (41.67%) followed by, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) (28.33%), systemic sclerosis (SSc) (12.5%) and morphea (10.83%). Overall, the most common presentation was photosensitivity (39.16%) followed by raynaud's phenomenon (33.33%), oral lesions (29.16%), hide bound skin (29.16%), discoid rash (29.16%) and malar rash (25.83%). Among LE patients, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (18.33%) was the commonest variant and malar rash (77.27%) and photosensitivity (77.27%) were the commonest presentations. Hide bound skin, microstomia and sclerodactyly were seen in most patients of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Antinuclear antibodies were positive in 100% excluding morphea, DLE and DDLE patients. Anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies were positive in 68.18% and 40.9% of SLE patients, anti-Scl 70 antibody was positive in 53.33% of SSc patients. Conclusion: A deep thorough understanding of cutaneous manifestations of AICTDs is necessary for early diagnosis and efficient management, hence better prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the prevalence of photodermatoses is lacking, despite their substantial impact on life quality. Our objective was to systematically review the literature to establish what is known regarding prevalence and incidence of photodermatoses. We searched Medline, CINAHL and Embase from inception to 2021 to identify original population‐based studies in English literature reporting the prevalence and/or incidence of photodermatoses. Information was extracted according to geographical location and risk of bias was assessed using a 10‐point risk of bias tool for prevalence studies. Primary outcome was the population prevalence of photodermatoses. Prevalence data for polymorphic light eruption (PLE) were used to calculate the global pooled prevalence of PLE. Twenty‐six studies were included; 15 reported prevalence of photodermatoses based on samples of the general population and 11 on prevalence and/or incidence from national and international registry data. The general population studies involved PLE (nine studies), unspecified photosensitivity (2), actinic prurigo (2), juvenile spring eruption (1), chronic actinic dermatitis (1) and variegate porphyria (1), while registry studies reported on cutaneous porphyrias and genophotodermatoses (nine and two studies, respectively). Worldwide the prevalence of PLE between countries ranged from 0.65% (China) to 21.4% (Ireland). The pooled estimated prevalence of PLE was 10% (95% CI 6%–15%) among the general population (n = 19,287), and PLE prevalence increased with distance from the equator (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). While several photodermatoses are rare, photosensitivity can be prevalent at wide‐ranging world locations, including Egypt where photosensitivity was found in 4% of children and 10% of adults. This study showed that PLE is highly prevalent in many populations and that its prevalence shows a highly significant correlation with increasing northerly or southerly latitude. Available population‐based studies for photodermatoses suggest they can be prevalent at a range of world locations; more attention is required to this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In humans, UV-A1 decreased disease activity according to patient systemic lupus activity scores that assessed levels of fatigue, depression, cognitive dysfunction, joint pain, and mouth ulcers. Responses to the questionnaire in addition to a detailed patient history will help categorize photosensitive patient reactions to UVR as well as increase the documentation and histopathology of CLE lesions. Dear Editors, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune recurrent inflammatory condition that most often manifests as a mixture of mucocutaneous, musculoskeletal, and hematologic involvements. A method of evaluating and characterizing patient sensitivity to UVR and the resulting lesion, rash, or systemic symptoms will help normalize the diagnostic process and will allow patients to better understand how symptomology affects their disease process. [Extracted from the article]

Organic phototransistors exhibit great promise for use in a wide range of technological applications due to their flexibility, low cost, and low-temperature processability. However, their low transparency due to visible light absorption has hindered their adoption in next-generation transparent electronics. For this reason, the present study sought to develop a highly sensitive organic phototransistor with greater transparency and significantly higher light sensitivity in the visible and UVA regions without deterioration in its electrical properties. An organic blended thin-film transistor (TFT) fabricated from the blend of an organic semiconductor and an insulating polymer demonstrated improved electrical properties in the dark and a higher current under light irradiation even though its transmittance was higher. The device exhibited a transmittance of 87.28% and a photosensitivity of 7049.96 in the visible light region that were 4.37% and 980 times higher than those of the single-semiconductor-based device. The carrier mobility of the device blended with the insulating polymer was improved and greatly amplified under light irradiation. It is believed that the insulating polymer facilitated the crystallization of the organic semiconductor, thus promoting the flow of photogenerated excitons and improving the photocurrent. Overall, the proposed TFT offers excellent low-temperature processability and has the potential to be employed in a range of transparent electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visual analyzer is the dominant sense organ in many mammals, including humans. Aggressive types of visual stimulation, such as rhythmic light stimulation (flashing light) can provoke large-scale malfunctions in the central nervous system. Photosensitivity is an abnormal form of sensitivity to such visual stimulation and is detected on the electroencephalogram in the form of photoparoxysmal responses. This article reviews these phenomena and the proposed mechanisms underlying them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI), also referred to as skin and soft tissue infections, or skin and skin structure infections, with or without osteomyelitis (OM) in diabetic foot are complications of diabetes. Quinolones are a widely used class of antibiotics in ABSSSI and OM, and photosensitivity is among their adverse reactions. Its appearance may falsely indicate treatment failure. We describe 2 such cases. The first patient is a 49-year-old male with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), who presented with left lower limb ulcer with fever (39 °C) over a week. He began treatment with ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and linezolid. Although his clinical condition and laboratory tests improved, the redness of the left lower limb increased. Clinical examination revealed redness on the face and the parts of the body that had been exposed to sunlight. The patient continued the same antimicrobial therapy and was given instructions to avoid exposure to sunlight. Redness and infection improved, and the patient was discharged. The second case is a 72-year-old male with a history of type 2 DM, admitted to hospital because of an infected ulcer of the first toe of the right limb. The patient received intravenous treatment with levofloxacin and clindamycin. On the fourth hospital day, the patient presented redness (with eczematous plaques) on his left lower limb. Clinical examination revealed that the patient's bed was placed near a window and his left limb was exposed to direct sunlight. Patient's bed was changed to avoid sun exposure. Symptoms began to improve over the next few days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract is missing (Correspondence)

The structure of µ-oxobis(phthalocyaninato)gallium(III) (PcGaOGaPc) and the structure of a second modification of chloro(phthalocyaninato)gallium(III) (ClGaPc) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Sublimation of the respective compounds led to single crystals suitable for an X-ray study. Both compounds crystallize in the triclinic space group P1¯, with a unit cell for ClGaPc a = 13.770 Å, b = 13.770 Å, c = 14.039 Å, α = 98.32°, β = 108.64°, γ = 90.01°, containing four disordered molecules (Z = 4). The unit cell of the dimeric PcGaOGaPc contains one molecule, with half a molecule as an asymmetric moiety (Z = 2) and a = 7.848 Å, b = 12.529 Å, c = 12.720 Å, α = 91.03°, β = 94.94°, γ = 89.98°. The Ga atoms for the two ClGaPc molecules are placed 0.44 Å above the plane formed by the respective isoindole nitrogen N1 to N4. The two rings of the asymmetric unit (molecule 1 and 2) are arranged in parallel, with ca. 3.4 Å distance within the unit cell. The Ga-Cl bond distances are ca. 2.20 Å for the two molecules. The gallium of PcGaOGaPc is placed 0.49 Å above the respective isoindole nitrogen plane and the Ga-O bond amounts to 1.734 Å.

Abstract Background Common buckwheat is considered a quantitative short-day plant and is classified into the autumn (highly photoperiod sensitive), summer (weakly photoperiod sensitive), and intermediate ecotype. Understanding ecotype differentiation is essential for adaptive expansion and maximizing yield. The genetic analysis for ecotype has focused on photoperiod-dependent flowering time, whereas post-flowering traits such as seed set and maturity time might also regulate ecotype differentiation. Results A field experiment revealed that ecotype differentiation is mainly defined by the timing of seed set and maturation, whereas flowering time is less relevant. Thus, we focused on maturity time as a trait that defines the ecotype. To detect QTLs for maturity time, we developed two F2 populations derived from early × late-maturing accessions and intermediate × late-maturing accessions. Using genotyping by random amplicon sequencing–direct analysis, we generated a high-density linkage map. QTL analysis detected two major QTLs for maturity time, one in each F2 population. We also detected QTLs for flowering time at loci different from maturity time QTLs, which suggests that different genetic mechanisms regulate flowering and maturity. Association analysis showed that both QTLs for maturity time were significantly associated with variations in the trait across years. Conclusions Maturity time appeared to be more suitable for explaining ecotype differentiation than flowering time, and different genetic mechanisms would regulate the timing of flowering and maturation. The QTLs and QTL-linked markers for maturity time detected here may be useful to extend the cultivation area and to fine-tune the growth period to maximize yield in buckwheat.