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This is the second of two papers focusing on the Force Concept Inventory, a multiple-choice test designed to monitor students' understanding of force and related kinematics. In this paper we outline how the FCI was used to evaluate student learning following a newly developed approach to teaching mechanics in a Finnish upper secondary school. We believe that this case offers a compelling example of the benefits (in terms of enhanced student learning) that can follow from research- or evidence-based approaches to teaching.

Fracture and repair of the proximal (first) phalanx of the remaining digit following amputation of the paired digit has not been previously reported. Here, we describe a case of proximal phalangeal fracture in the medial digit following lateral digit amputation through the distal portion of the proximal phalanx (P1) in a young Aberdeen Angus crossbred calf. Successful repair was achieved through external coaptation using a fibreglass cast.

An outbreak of sudden onset blindness subsequent to dosing with oral closantel affecting 1 per cent of a six hundred ewe flock was investigated. Clinical examination and histopathology both revealed features fully consistent with closantel toxicity despite the maximum dose received by the affected sheep not exceeding 14.5 mg/kg (recommended dose rate 10 mg/kg). The interval between dosing and the onset of clinical signs had been recorded accurately (minimum interval eight days) and was found to be longer than in previous reports.

PANCYTOPENIA, due to hypoplastic or aplastic bone marrow, has historically been uncommon in cattle. Fatal haemorrhagic pancytopenia has been reported in cattle due to the ingestion of trichloroethylene-extracted soya oil meal (TCESOM) ([Rundles 1958][1]), bracken fern ( Pteridium species) ([Hirono

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease of synovial joints with the potential to cause pathology and welfare issues in both domestic and wild ruminants. Previous work has identified OA of the elbow joint in domestic sheep, but the prevalence of OA of the jaw and in particular the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has not been previously reported. Following up a previous report of a single case of TMJ OA in a free-living population of Soay sheep on St Kilda in the Outer Hebrides, an archive of 2736 jaw bones collected from this population between 1985 and 2010 was surveyed. Evidence of TMJ OA was found in 35 sheep. Of these, 15 cases were unilateral (11 right side, 4 left side) and the remaining 20 were bilateral. TMJ pathology was much more common in females than males: only 3/35 cases were in males, with overall prevalence at 2.3% for females and 0.2% in males. Radiographic examination of TMJ with OA revealed extensive bone re-modelling with osteophytosis, particularly of the condyle of the mandible. There was a highly significant age-dependence in TMJ OA incidence among age classes: 30/35 cases occurred in geriatric sheep (aged 7 years or more; 11.1% prevalence within this age class), four in adults (2-6 years old; 0.9% prevalence), one in yearlings (0.3% prevalence) and none in lambs. The low incidence in males was confounded by sex differences in longevity: while 18% of females sampled died in the geriatric age class, only 2% of males did so. Although the low prevalence of the pathology limited the ability to test its association with other traits, it was possible to examine relationships with reproductive performance measures amongst geriatric females with and without TMJ OA. Although there were trends towards lower fecundity and lower lamb birth weight in the breeding season prior to death, these were not statistically significant. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

(1998). Teacher Talk and Meaning Making in Science Classrooms: a Vygotskian Analysis and Review. Studies in Science Education: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 45-80.

This paper reports some of the findings from a study of the ecological understandings of children aged 5‐16 years in schools in the north of England. Children's ideas about selected ecological concepts were elicited through a series of written tasks and individual interviews set in a range of contexts, referred to here as probes. Responses of about 200 pupils, across the age range, were obtained on each probe. In this paper the ideas related to the interdependency of organisms in ecosystems are presented and discussed. The design and methodology of the study (Leach et al. 1995), and children's ideas related to the cycling of matter between organisms, and between organisms and the abiotic environment (Leach et al. 1996), have already been reported.

This paper reports some of the findings from a study of the ecological understandings of children aged 5‐16 years in schools in the north of England. Children's ideas about selected ecological concepts were elicited through a series of written tasks and individual interviews set in a range of contexts, referred to here as probes. Responses of about 200 pupils, across the age range, were obtained on each probe. In this paper pupils’ ideas related to the cycling of matter between organisms, and between organisms and the abiotic environment in which they live, are presented and discussed. The design and methodology of the study were reported earlier (Leach et al. in press a) while a subsequent paper will discuss the children's ideas relating to other aspects of the interdependency of organisms in ecosystems (Leach et al. in press b).

‘Salivary abomasum disease’ is a common syndrome in Greece affecting lambs and kids from three to 17 days of age. In this case series, we present clinical and laboratory findings from 37 affected lambs presented alive and subsequently euthanased for welfare reasons and necropsied, and also from 24 other lambs submitted dead that were also necropsied. The clinical signs in the 37 lambs presented alive included lethargy (100 per cent), absence of sucking (83.8 per cent), weakness (37.8 per cent), abdominal distension (40.5 per cent) and increased frequency of urination (24.3 per cent). Diarrhoea was not observed in any affected lambs. At necropsy of these 37 lambs, the abomasum was distended with gas (70.3 per cent), saliva (43.2 per cent) along with mixed milk clots and gastric secretions; while multiple small mucosal and serosal haemorrhages with blood clots (‘coffee grains’) were recorded (91.9 per cent). Eight of 37 lambs that were examined alive, had elevated blood urea nitrogen concentrations (21.6 per cent). The pH of the abomasal contents ranged from 1.0 to 2.8; Escherichia coli was cultured from six of 37 (16.2 per cent) abomasal fluid samples. A mild to moderate inflammatory cell infiltrate was present in the mucosal lamina propria of 13 of 15 abomasal samples (86.6 per cent). Kidneys were paler than normal in 13 of the total 61 lambs necropsied (21.3 per cent); while acute tubular necrosis was evident on histopathological examination of 11 of 12 examined pale kidneys (91.6 per cent). The low abomasal pH and reported successful treatment with oral sodium bicarbonate suggest that metabolic acidosis may develop during the disease; however, further studies, including blood gas analysis, and determination of D- and L-lactic acid concentrations, are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

This paper provides an introduction to a study of the ecological understandings of children aged 5‐16 years in schools in the north of England. Children's ideas about selected ecological concepts were elicited through a series of written tasks and individual interviews set in a range of contexts, referred to here as probes. Responses of about 200 pupils, across the age range, were obtained on each probe. In this paper, issues relating to theoretical background, design and methodology are outlined. Two further papers present the major findings of the study: the first reports children's ideas about the cycling of matter between organisms and between organisms and the abiotic environment (Leach et al. in press a); the second reports children's ideas about the interdependency of organisms in ecosystems (Leach et al. in press b).

Coenurosis is a disease of the central nervous system in sheep, caused by Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage of Taenia multiceps, a tapeworm, which infests the small intestine of carnivores. In 80-90% of cases, the cyst is located in one cerebral hemisphere, whilst in 5-10% of cases, it is localised in the cerebellum; rarely it involves two sites in the brain of the affected animal. Listeriosis, louping-ill, sarcocystosis and polioencephalomalacia and brain abscessation should be considered when formulating a diagnosis of acute coenurosis. In all cases, it is essential to carefully examine the animal and not simply rely on results of ancillary tests (mainly of cerebrospinal fluid examination), as disorders other than coenurosis can be responsible for changes in the results of these tests. Treatment is based on surgical removal of the coenurus cyst after general anaesthesia of the animal; the approach has a very good success rate, especially after accurate localisation of the lesion. Despite that, many farmers may choose to slaughter those sheep fit for marketing for economic reasons and euthanise those in poor condition.

The view that knowledge cannot be transmitted but must be constructed by the mental activity of learners underpins contemporary perspectives on science education. This article, which presents a theoretical perspective on teaching and learning science in the social setting of classrooms, is informed by a view of scientific knowledge as socially constructed and by a perspective on the learning of science as knowledge construction involving both individual and social processes. First, we present an overview of the nature of scientific knowledge. We then describe two major traditions in explaining the process of learning science: personal and social constructivism. Finally, we illustrate how both personal and social perspectives on learning, as well as perspectives on the nature of the scientific knowledge to be learned, are necessary in interpreting science learning in formal settings.

(1994). Young People's understanding of science concepts: implications of cross-age studies for curriculum planning. Studies in Science Education: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 75-100.

HL7 Version 3 offers a semantically robust method for healthcare interoperability but has been criticized as overly complex to implement. This paper reviews initiatives to simplify HL7 Version 3 messaging and presents a novel approach based on semantic mapping. Based on user-defined definitions, precise transforms between simple and full messages are automatically generated. Systems can be interfaced with the simple messages and achieve interoperability with full Version 3 messages through the transforms. This reduces the costs of HL7 interfacing and will encourage better uptake of HL7 Version 3 and CDA.

The disciplinary status of health informatics remains unclear. Is it an art or a science? Does it have a body of theory? A survey was devised for UK academics that teach or research health informatics. Forty-six responses were received, twenty-five from the target group (representing between a quarter and a third of the population of interest). Health informatics is not perceived to have a well-known and clearly definable body of theory, but there is a clear demand for a more theoretical basis for the discipline. Journals and conferences were rated as the best sources of theory and seven key textbooks were identified.

Neil Sargison and Philip Scott respond to the view expressed by Ian Fairweather in a recent Viewpoint that unconfirmed reports of resistance to triclabendazole may be hampering the control of fasciolosis, suggesting instead that they might help raise awareness of more sustainable management strategies IAN Fairweather (2011a) reasons that unconfirmed reports of Fasciola hepatica resistance to triclabendazole may be hampering the control of fasciolosis by encouraging farmers to use less efficient products, and recommends more accurate laboratory diagnosis before claims of resistance are made (Fairweather 2011a). In the spirit of entering into constructive discussion, we would like to challenge this viewpoint. We acknowledge that lack of anthelmintic efficacy is not necessarily synonymous with anthelmintic resistance and that lack of efficacy of triclabendazole against F hepatica sometimes arises following underdosing, putatively brought about by: underestimation of animals' bodyweight; failure to administer the correct dose; poor product storage; or the use of inferior-quality products. Reports of resistance that do not take these factors into account should be questioned, although the relevance of other factors such as the effects of liver disease on the pharmacology and fasciolacidal activity of triclabendazole may be overemphasised (Halferty and others 2009). The diagnosis of triclabendazole resistance is not straightforward, but we respectfully challenge the contention that only the Sligo isolate of F hepatica (Fairweather 2011b) has been proven to be genuinely resistant. Professor Fairweather …

Over the past decade, definite changes have been recorded in the regional prevalence, seasonality and severity of fasciolosis in the UK, related to increased rainfall, or localised flooding, prompting debate about the deleterious effects of climate change. As a consequence, effective management of fasciolosis has become problematic in areas where fluke traditionally exists, leading to serious loss of production in sheep and cattle. Meanwhile, in eastern districts, there have been unexpected outbreaks of disease, resulting in production losses and concerns about welfare. This case report describes the economic consequences of fasciolosis in a commercial sheep flock in south-east Scotland. The diagnosis and consequences of triclabendazole resistance are discussed, in the context of developing economically sustainable control strategies.

Lean is a business process transformation approach that eliminates ‘wastes’ – activities that generate no value for the customer. Lean originated from the production line but is widely implemented in the service sector. This study investigates human and social factors in a Lean transformation in a ‘knowledge worker’ environment. We identify a paradox: a successful Lean programme in the service sector develops staff who are educated and empowered and thus potential opponents to future business change. We offer five recommendations for organizations undertaking Lean transformations: (1) Build an in-house organization-wide ‘Lean Team’ to drive the programme rather than hiring external consultants; (2) Ensure participation is recognized and rewarded; (3) Replace departmental parochialism with a genuinely corporate vision; (4) Align the Lean programme with corporate information strategies; (5) Incorporate Lean thinking into the organizational culture.

In a field study of listerial meningo-encephalitis involving 21 sheep from six silage-fed flocks, the neurological signs included profound depression, circling, involvement of the trigeminal and facial cranial nerves and lateral recumbency with propulsive limb movements. Within the six flocks the incidence of listerial meningo-encephalitis did not exceed 1% of the adult sheep at risk. Eleven of 18 (61%) adult animals were 2 years old. Evidence of an intrathecal inflammatory response in suspected listerial meningo-encephalitis cases was indicated by an increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentration greater than 0.4 g/l in 18 of 21 cases (86%), increased white cell count above 0.012 x 10(9)/l in 17 cases (81%) and lymphocyte percentage below 50% in all animals. None of the CSF parameters proved to be a reliable prognostic indicator because of the range of CSF values obtained and the small number of sheep which recovered.

Objectives To assess the health needs of prisoners in a male category B prison in Bristol, England, to identify areas for improving health in the prison. Study design Cross-sectional and qualitative. Methods Analysis of prisoners’ self-reported health needs at reception and at a secondary health screen; prisoners’ access to primary care, inpatients, mental health, sexual health and substance misuse services; and prescribed medications. Random selection of prisoners for interviews. Focus groups and interviews with staff and stakeholders. Results 18 prisoners were interviewed (29% of those randomly selected), five focus groups were held with staff and stakeholders involved in health care provision in the prison and four interviews were held with staff and stakeholders. The areas of greatest health needs were identified as dental care, mental health and substance misuse. Prisoners and staff generally reported good access to most health care staff, provision of prescribed medication, bloodborne virus vaccination and treatment of substance misuse. Twenty nine recommendations were identified with five high-priority areas for improvement including an urgent review of dental services; stronger joint commissioning arrangements for health and social care; installing an integrated IT system; prevention of disease and health promotion; better use of the voluntary sector. A detailed action plan was developed to address all the recommendations and this has formed the basis of a programme of ongoing quality improvement work which is monitored by the Prison Partnership Board. Progress has been made against all key areas. Conclusions The mixed methodology which involved analysis of health data and talking to a wide group of stakeholders, including prisoners, helped triangulate the data. The process of undertaking the health needs assessment shifted the focus from ’health care’ to ’health’. This has facilitated a significant reframing of the concepts of ’health’ and ’health need’ with ongoing work now focused on the prison as a whole system, not merely on the provision of health care within the prison. Many improvements have already been made in response to the assessment.

Serum samples were collected prior to the correction of dystocia in 45 sheep and from nine sheep following a normal parturition. Serum samples collected from a group of 16 non-pregnant ewes acted as non-pregnant controls. The mean serum haptoglobin concentration was significantly elevated (P less than 0.01) in those dystocia cases where dead lambs were present in utero compared to those ewes which had live lambs delivered. While the number of cases presented in this study is small, there is an indication that sheep with a serum haptoglobin concentration above 1.0 g/l represent a poor surgical risk. The three ewes which died following a caesarean operation had markedly elevated serum haptoglobin concentrations prior to surgery indicating an inflammatory reaction. Five ewes with a haptoglobin concentration of 0.4 g/l made an uneventful recovery following a caesarean operation.

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from normal sheep and from cases of some common neurological diseases revealed a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the group mean CSF protein concentration for meningitis, listeriosis and spinal abscess but not for scrapie, spinal injury, ovine pregnancy toxaemia or polioencephalomalacia. The CSF white blood cell count (WBC) was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in the meningitis group and in those cases of listeriosis which failed to respond to antibiotic therapy. All cases of bacterial infection of the central nervous system (CNS) could be identified by the combined interpretation of the protein concentration and the differential WBC count. It is concluded that CSF analysis is useful clinically in differentiating traumatic from infective spinal lesions and toxic or metabolic lesions from bacterial meningitis in sheep.

There are major problems with the content, structure and management of paper health records. Electronic document management (EDM) has the potential to reduce the costs and risks associated with paper records management. Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust has a programme to introduce an EDM solution for health records. The solution has so far been introduced into the ophthalmology and disablement services departments, both of which held separate sets of patient records independent of those in the main records library. This paper discusses the background to the programme and presents the early results, issues and lessons learned so far. The implementation of EDM highlights and magnifies the many problems of historically overstretched records management. Fundamentally, the unsolved question is whether a historical record can be tidied, sorted and indexed sufficiently to make it as usable as the paper record for clinicians in high-volume services. Finding the balance of affordable levels of file preparation to achieve acceptable clinical utility remains a challenge to be resolved.

This paper presents a methodology for executing multi-zone well tests in an un-cemented open-hole completion. Hydraulic isolation between zones is achieved using casing annulus packers rather than cement. Sliding sleeve port collars provide a means of selective interval testing, when used with polished bore receptacles and seal stacks to allow well control and test string spacing. The techniques described here eliminate cementing and perforating across reservoir intervals; therefore it is an improved method of testing multiple zones in fractured and low permeability carbonate reservoirs. Multiple zones can be individually tested and retested, in any order, on a single trip in the hole with drill stem test tools, representing a significant step change in well testing methodology. Performing well tests on single zone wells can be done in open-hole or cased hole. Open-hole well tests are usually preferred because they exhibit lower skin damage and improved productivity, especially in low permeability, fractured carbonate reservoirs. For multiple zone testing, cementing and selectively perforating are more common. A well test performed in an exploratory well in Qatar used the basis of this approach. Subsequent to this, well tests in China and Oklahoma, (USA), used this approach successfully. One common well test objective was to establish sufficient flow allowing the chosen reservoir to be evaluated, without the need to stimulate. Although stimulation was not entirely eliminated in this test case, a reduction in test time was achieved. The reduced number of trips in the hole also reduced HSE exposure. This last improvement was particularly important in one well as the well flow stream contained H2S. Although some operational difficulties were encountered and overcome, the system was proven technically viable, and has the potential for significantly reducing completion and testing time for a multi-zone well, as well as mitigating HSE hazards.

The Children's Learning in Science Research Group is working collaboratively with practising science teachers to explore the effectiveness of teaching/learning strategies for promoting conceptual development in science. Studies have been carried out in a number of concept areas where students’ prior ideas have been identified, and teaching/learning strategies to address such ideas have been developed and trialled. One area which has been explored in some detail is that of conservation of mass on dissolving. Previous research has shown that many students do not believe that mass is conserved when a substance is dissolved. Instead they suggest that, on dissolving, a substance will either increase or decrease in mass or that it will have no mass at all. While such notions should be open to direct refutation by simple demonstration, many students appear to hold on to their prior ideas even after teaching. This paper describes an intervention study with 12‐13 year‐old students (year 8) which attempts ...

The epidemiology of nematode infections in a UK commercial crossbred sheep flock was studied from January 2004 to January 2005. The ewes were treated orally with moxidectin when they were turned out of the lambing shed on to nematode-contaminated pasture, and the lambs were treated orally with ivermectin throughout the summer in accordance with the farm's usual practice, with the aim of near-suppressive nematode control. The lactating ewes experienced a significant increase in faecal egg count during the early summer, after the period of persistence of the moxidectin treatment had ended. The ewes' and lambs' egg outputs were dominated by Teladorsagia species, despite the persistence of the effect of moxidectin against this genus. The gimmers (primiparous two-year-old ewes) had a significantly greater faecal egg count at lambing than the three- to four-year-old ewes, but the older ewes had significantly greater post-treatment increases. The population of Trichostrongylus species appeared to follow accepted epidemiological patterns, with no evidence of summer trichostrongylosis. In late summer and autumn the faecal egg output of the ewes was primarily due to large intestinal nematodes.

The NHS in England has in the order of 150 million medical records but the problem of historical paper notes is outside the scope of the current national programme for IT. An implementation of electronic document management for health records in community children’s services is described, with emphasis on the lessons learned and how they are being applied in an acute hospital deployment.

Intraoperative injuries to the lower urinary tract are uncommon, but potentially troublesome problems. Early recognition and repair of a damaged bladder or urethra can significantly improve outcome and limit postoperative morbidity. The increase in the number of “minimally invasive” procedures in recent years such as laparoscopic and vaginal surgery has created the potential for more bladder and urethral injuries at time of surgery since they have been shown to have a higher incidence of lower urinary tract injuries when compared to transabdominal pelvic surgery. Nevertheless, a large percentage of these procedures are still carried out through an abdominal incision. A recent study of urinary tract injuries following hysterectomy in Finland from 1990 to 1995 showed that 75% of all hysterectomies were still being carried out transabdominally (95% in 1990) [1]. Also, a number of operations for urinary stress incontinence are still performed through an abdominal incision.

Litter size determined ultrasonographically at 45-90 days after mating in eight groups of commercial sheep (n=2609) treated with slow release melatonin implants immediately prior to the natural breeding season showed a 19% treatment effect averaged over the eight groups, from 148% to 167% (P0.01) compared with controls (n=2499). Control groups had a litter size ranging from 124% to 194% thereby representing most commercial production systems in the UK sheep industry. This is the first large scale study of slow release melatonin implants in commercial UK flocks to demonstrate a significant positive effect on litter size when used before the natural breeding season. The data indicate that increased productivity and profitability could be achieved while maintaining desirable purebred characteristics.

Gammadelta T cells play important but poorly defined roles in pathogen-induced immune responses and in preventing chronic inflammation and pathology. A major obstacle to defining their function is establishing the degree of functional redundancy and heterogeneity among gammadelta T cells. Using mice deficient in Vgamma1+ T cells which are a major component of the gammadelta T cell response to microbial infection, a specific immunoregulatory role for Vgamma1+ T cells in macrophage and gammadelta T cell homeostasis during infection has been established. By contrast, Vgamma1+ T cells play no significant role in pathogen containment or eradication and cannot protect mice from immune-mediated pathology. Pathogen-elicited Vgamma1+ T cells also display different functional characteristics at different stages of the host response to infection that involves unique and different populations of Vgamma1+ T cells. These findings, therefore, identify distinct and nonoverlapping roles for gammadelta T cell subsets in infection and establish the complexity and adaptability of a single population of gammadelta T cells in the host response to infection that is not predetermined, but is, instead, shaped by environmental factors.

Current open-hole, gravel-packed, slotted-liner completions for wells drilled in unconsolidated and weakly consolidated sandstone are relatively expensive and result in greatly reduced operational flexibility of the well. On the other hand, a novel well completion method for both horizontal and vertical wells is to cement and consolidate sand grains in situ. During this completion process, a well is cased and cemented, limited-entry perforations are shot, and high-temperature, high-pressure steam (1600 psi, 600°F) is injected to create grain-cementing precipitates. Empirical field experience (Wilmington, CA) has shown that certain high-temperature minerals precipitate preferentially near the wellbore, cementing sand grains, but without appreciably reducing formation permeability and producibility. This study delineates the mechanisms of the sand consolidation process by duplicating in the laboratory the governing geochemical processes resulting from injection of hot, alkaline water into sand. High-pressure, high-temperature pressure vessels are packed with quartz sand according to the grain-size range observed at Wilmington. Sand packs also contain typical per-volume concentrations of concrete resulting from perforating a cased and cemented well. Analysis is made of the evolution of sand-pack pore structure that occurs as a result of dissolution and subsequent precipitation. Pore structure and precipitate characterization is determined by means of scanning electron microscope imaging and compositional analyses. Results show that hot alkaline water injected at constant rate indeed results in precipitates that cement loose grains. Casing cement plays a crucial role in that it is the source of calcium silicates appearing in various pore-lining precipitates. The laboratory investigation teaches that the conditions for effective sand consolidation are not necessarily formation specific and the process can be altered to improve cost effectiveness, flexibility, and longevity of the completion technique.

The analytical technique integrated the 3D geologic model, reservoir and production and injection information into a single Project database for a study area that comprised 109 acres in Fault Blocks III and IV in the Wilmington Oil Field, California. The result was the creation of a new reservoir evaluation tool that enables the user to quickly evaluate reservoir performance and potential development well locations. It provided a "snapshot" picture of well production or injection on a subzone basis for any selected time interval without using a simulator. The Project database is flexible because it utilizes whatever well, reservoir characterization, production and geologic information that are available to provide a more robust analysis than typical cumulative production and injection bubble maps. An empirical mathematical algorithm was created to allocate the commingled total well fluid production to subzones. The algorithm allocated subzone production based on: 1) fraction of completed interval open in each subzone; 2) net sand weighted-value; and 3) flow capability (KH) weighted-value. The subzone flow capability (subzone KH) was calculated by multiplying the subzone average core air-permeability by the net sand thickness for each subzone. The allocation algorithm was developed for single fluid flow and not for fractional fluid flow. Fluid flow trends were identified by analysis of the produced oil and water volumes, WORs and water injection volumes tracked over selected time intervals and well completions. Volumetric analysis was used to estimate remaining oil in-place for each subzone and drainage areas. Pseudo oil saturation maps were generated to visually site and evaluate infill waterflood development well prospects. The validity of the allocation algorithm was confirmed by the reasonable agreement found between the measured and predicted percent injection splits. This reservoir evaluation-screening project demonstrated the potential for a field-wide application to identify and prioritize drilling prospects.

This paper is a case study on the use of a simulation based reservoir evaluation method that led to the drilling of a new well in a seemingly semi depleted steam flooded part of a Fault Block in the Wilmington Field, California. Observations made on this well led to the initiation of a very progressive re-development plan for the area. Information generated from the study should be of significant help for re-development of countless similar field operations that have undergone prior thermal flooding. The City of Long Beach (City) and Tidelands Oil Production Company (Tidelands) drilled and completed a post-steamflood horizontal producing well, UP-957, into the D1 sands of the Fault Block II-A Tar Zone (Tar II-A) in the Wilmington Field, California in March 2004. The well was directionally drilled along the top and most updip structural position of the D1 Sands. The well penetrated the oil-depleted steam chest interval in the main steamflood area and was completed in a relatively immature steamflood area into the highest remaining oil saturated sands in the Tar II-A. The completion interval was selected based on a 3-D deterministic reservoir simulation model with thermal capabilities developed as part of a United States Department of Energy Class III Reservoir project. Prior to this operation, the developed model was successfully used to convert the Tar II-A steamflood operation to a post-steamflood operation. The model employed a flank cold-water injection strategy between two faults to increase and maintain reservoir pressures to prevent steam chest collapse and surface subsidence1. Well UP-957 produced at a peak initial oil rate of 249 BOPD and 723 barrels of gross fluid at a wellhead temperature of 197°F and a pumping fluid level of 2122 ft over the mid-perforation depth of 2403 ft VSS (vertical subsea depth), confirming the potential shown by the model. Since the initial response, the oil rate has declined to 130 BOPD and 1991 BGFPD after nine months of production.

This paper reports a study designed to provide evidence about the feasibility of designing short teaching sequences, based on insights from research and scholarship on teaching and learning science, which are measurably better at promoting conceptual understanding amongst students than the teaching approaches usually used by their schools. The research team worked in collaboration with a group of 9 teachers (3 biology, 3 chemistry, 3 physics) to design, implement, and evaluate 3 teaching sequences for use with students aged 11–15. The physics and biology teaching sequences were also implemented by other teachers (11 and 5 respectively) not involved in their design. Teachers implemented the physics and biology teaching sequences in ways broadly consistent with the planned approach. In all cases where a valid comparison can be made, students’ responses to diagnostic questions requiring the use of conceptual models to construct explanations were significantly better following the designed teaching sequences, than the responses of comparable students following the school’s usual teaching approach. The significance of these findings for research in science education, and for policy and practice relating to science teaching, are discussed.

Part 1: What is Science? 1. What is Science? Teaching Science in Secondary Schools 2. School Science, Citizenship and the Public Understanding of Science 3. School Science and its Problems with Scientific Literacy Part 2: Learning Science 4. The Child 5. Constructing Scientific Knowledge in the Classroom 6. Transforming Schools into Communities of Thinking and Learning About Serious Matters 7. Narratives of Science 8. Deinstitutionalising School Science 9. Where's the Science? Understanding the Form and Function of Workplace Science 10. Laboratories Part 3: Opportunities for Developing Inclusive Science Teaching 11. Transcending Cultural Borders: Implications for Science Teaching 12. Cultural Perspectives on the Teaching and Learning of Science 13. Defining 'Science' in a Multicultural World: Implications for Science Education 14. Marginalization of Socioscientific Material in Science-Technology- Society Science Curricula: Some Implications for Gender Inclusivity and Curriculum Reform Part 4: Researching Science Education 15. Science Education: Research, Practice and Policy 16. Science Education and Environment Education

A pelvic limb paresis of 6 weeks duration in a yearling sheep resulted from protozoan encephalomyelitis involving the spinal cord at the thoracolumbar junction. An elevated lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration but normal cisternal cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration indicated the presence of a thoracolumbar inflammatory lesion resulting in cord compression which obstructed the rostral flow of the cerebrospinal fluid. Under general anaesthesia, myelography at the lumbo-sacral site demonstrated blockage to the rostral flow of contrast medium at T13/L1. At necropsy, there were no gross pathological changes at T13/L1, but histopathology revealed non-tract specific lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, axonal swelling and oedema in the spinal cord, characteristic of a protozoal encephalomyelitis. No parasites were detected in the multiple spinal cord sections examined but immunocytochemistry identified antigens cross-reactive with Sarcocystis spp. antigens in glial cells in these lesions.