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I campi-nomadi 1rappresentano un elemento ricorrente, per quanto eccezionale, di molte periferie delle principali città italiane [1]. Qui le presenze rom sono concentrate e separate dal resto della società. In questi luoghi, finiti di sovente al centro di rituali allarmi per la sicurezza urbana, sono stati attivati una serie consistente e costosa di progetti sociali orientati a garantire il rispetto di diritti fondamentali (salute, istruzione, abitazione) e a favorire l'inserimento sociale (attraverso l'orientamento al lavoro, la responsabilizzazione, etc.). Se il dibattito pubblico si è concentrato sull’ammontare di risorse economiche investite e sulla loro efficacia in termini di miglioramento delle condizioni sociali e di vita, gli intellettuali rom e gli accademici hanno sottolineato come il lavoro sociale abbia nel tempo favorito una certa dipendenza nonché inibito processi di emancipazione da tali contesti. Questa ricerca svolta a Roma e Milano si basa sull'analisi dei documenti istituzionali che regolano il lavoro sociale all'interno dei campi-nomadi collegandola alla ricostruzione delle esperienze professionali di un campione di operatori ed operatrici sociali impiegati in questi contesti. La tesi che intendiamo dimostrare è che il campo-nomadi, in quanto dispositivo che assegna significati e funzioni a soggetti e spazi, è in grado di influenzare direttamente la natura degli interventi sociali annichilendone il potenziale trasformativo., Nomad-camps are a constant, even if outstanding, feature of the biggest Italian cities suburbs in which the Roma people are concentrated and separated from the mainstream society. In the public debate these places are often considered as a concern for public security, but, at the same time, local authorities realize social programs for people who live in nomads-camp using big amount of public funds. The aims of these programs are the respect of fundamental rights (such as health, education, housing and work), or the improving of social integration. While the political debate focuses on the conspicuous amount of public resources and on the lack of outputs, scholars and Roma intellectuals underlined that these programs created a sort of addiction, if not dependence, from social services interventions, straitening the empowerment of the Roma. In our research, realized in Milan and Rome, we analyze, on one side, the official acts which define the social programs carried out by associations and cooperatives, and, on the other side, the experiences of the social workers employed in the nomad-camps. Our thesis is that nomad-camps work as Foucaultian dispositif which bestows functions and meanings to spaces and subjects. In these terms, the nomad-camps is able to redefine the nature of social interventions restricting their capacity to foster transformations.

"THE CHANCE TO BECOME WORLD. Relationships of authority between Roma groups and institutions: pedagogical proposals in a comparative analysis" A democratic society, where different human groups live, deals every day with the challenge of coexistence. This possibility becomes actual on the one hand through the ability to maximize as much as possible the potential symbolic meeting space, on the other hand dealing consciously with the questions raised by a pluralistic society. What can pedagogy say on this subject? How can it help make this spaces a stream of chances for development and change? This theses is the result of the research which objective was to examine how the way minority groups and majority institutions interact affects the development of the persons. This has been done through the frame of authority. It has been chosen to consider three different groups that belong to the widest European minority: Roma people. Different processes of recognition of the internal authority are developed by the members of the minority groups as well as by the local institutions – especially schools, the police and local administration. How do these processes influence the way institutions act and the coexistence between Roma and gadjé? The research project was carry on in Italy with a qualitative ethnographic approach, inside a campo nomadi inhabited by Sinti families; in Romania, in a mahalla of a rural village, and in Brazil, in a neighborhood of a town in the State of Goais. Roma, Sinti and Calo have a full citizen status in their countries of residence, despite the different socioeconomic and juridical conditions concerning minority groups. The theoretical reference follows an interdisciplinary approach. In political and philosophical terms, some questions will be raisen concerning the necessity and limits that are incidental to the recognition of alterity in a democratic context. The historical reconstruction of the paths of the Roma groups and of the ways of coexist

Background: Perineal pain is present, after birth, in almost all (95-100%) women who have experienced perineal trauma. It has been shown that women with spontaneous vaginal delivery and minimal or absent perineal trauma will have better recoveries: less pain, more tonic perineal muscles, improved sexual function and lower rates of depression. Objectives: The purpose was to prospectively assess the prevalence of perineal pain in a population of women with vaginal birth at term and physiological single newborn. Methods: Pain assessment was performed using two subjective scales: the Verbal Numeric Scale (VNS) of 11 points and the Verbal Rating Score (VRS) of 4 points. Data collection period ran from the first postnatal day until 6 months after delivery, with two intermediate measurements at 1 and 7 weeks after birth. Results: 451 women were enrolled: 239 primiparous and 212 multiparous, with a response rate of 92% at 6 months. The prevalence of pain was found 88.2% in the first day postpartum, 62.3% one week after birth, 8.0% at seven weeks and 0.7% at six months. With regard to the resumption of sexual activity at 6 months postpartum, a dyspareunia rate of 27% was observed in the Episiotomy group (OR 5.72, p<0.001). Comment: The study found that an increase in the extent of trauma is associated with the highest scores in the self-assessment of perceived pain, with long term persistent symptoms. Furthermore, the presence of an episiotomy is a conditioning factor for the sexual function after childbirth (OR 0.43, p <0.001)

The condition of Italian obstetrics is manifesting alarming standards. The support given at childbirth is strongly medicalized. Italy has the highest rate of Caesarean sections in Europe. The increase in Caesarean sections is associated with poorer maternal and perinatal outcomes. Indeed after a Caesarean section maternal and neonatal morbidity increases. In 2010 the Italian Health Department sponsored a public awareness campaign encouraging the population to consider Caesarean section not just another birth option open to women but one that should be selected based on medical necessity. In the same year the Caesarean section guidelines and the physiological pregnancy guidelines were published with the aim to reduce inappropriate behaviour. These documents stress the importance of midwives in the physiological pathway and recommend the use of effective tools to ensure safe and appreciated care at birth. Other important steps have been the sharing of guidelines, the use of a partograph and the continuous training of professionals. The multidisciplinary discussion of the assisted cases and clinical audits have also been fundamental. The publication of an audit is a particularly important tool to allow women to make informed choices

Implementation of Mother and Child Health Project at Prenatal Clinics in Lombardy and integration of newly hired obstetric staff The Mother and Child Health Project (Progetto Materno Infantile [POMI]), part of the National Health Plan 1998-2000, brought about a widereaching reform of hospital-based mother and child health care services. Now, 10 years after the project’s implementation, which led not only to innovation in the delivery of health care services but also organizational restructuring,the authors of this review thought it interesting to examine the impact the project has had on prenatal clinic services in Lombardy, a region noted for its prompt enactment of norms that contribute to improving the efficacy and efficiency of action plans in public health care.

The look I have at those origins of the obstetric assistance that are historically accepted, both as documental and narrative sources or monumental and instrumental ones, it is for some way very similar to the curious glance, fascinated and respectful of an archaeologist who begins to look and study some vestiges emerged from deep in the past. He looks to the rests as if he looked at so many evidences of men's lives that have passed through the history and at facts that have characterized the evolution of our society during the last centuries as well. The aim of this work was an historical source of the contemporary assistance. The purpose is the critical analysis and the interpretation of this source itself. The instruments involved in this work are: the description of the source, its intrinsic and extrinsic examination and the interpretation compared to the midwifery considered in the historic context. The followed method is the "historical method" suggested by Federico Chabod. As the choose document is in some way a "no name", before I enter in this historiographical examination, I believe it is convenient to describe the place where such document was born and has attended to its aims.

Among the measurement and control systems of gas turbine engines, a recent new issue is the possibility of performing unsteady pressure measurements to detect flow anomalies in an engine or to evaluate loads on aerodynamic surfaces. A possible answer to this demand could be extending the use of well known and widely used transmission line systems, which have been applied so far to steady monitoring, to unsteady measurements thanks to proper dynamic modeling and compensation. Despite the huge number of models existing in the literature, a novel method has been developed, which is at the same time easy-to-handle, flexible and capable of reproducing the actual physics of the problem. Furthermore, the new model is able to deal with arbitrary complex networks of lines and cavities, and thus its applicability is not limited to series-connected systems. The main objectives of this paper are to show the derivation of the model, its validation against experimental tests and example of its applicability.

L’analgesia farmacologica in travaglio di parto è un tema di sempre maggior attualità e diventa pertanto indispensabile, oltre che inevitabile, il confrontarsi con questa procedura che, all’interno di numerose U.O. di Ostetricia è entrata a far parte, a tutti gli effetti, degli strumenti assistenziali proposti ed offerti alle gravide come sostegno durante il percorso del travaglio e, spesso, da loro stesse richiesta. Anche nell’ambito dell’équipe ostetrica ed anestesiologica dell’Ospedale San Gerardo di Monza ci si è interrogati sulla modalità più adeguata per utilizzare l’analgesia epidurale senza tuttavia perdere di vista o, per meglio dire, stravolgere l’obiettivo, lo scopo, per cui si è lavorato negli ultimi 25 anni: la salvaguardia ed il rispetto della fisiologia dell’evento nascita, all’interno di una realtà assistenziale caratterizzata da: - Continuità assistenziale che garantisce la presenza di un’ostetrica accanto ad ogni donna in travaglio - Presenza attenta, attiva e continuativa dell’ostetrica accanto alla gestante durante tutto il travaglio. - Assistenza ostetrica differenziata fra fisiologia e situazioni di rischio-patologia garantita dall’osservanza di Linee Guida E.B. - Offrire e proporre di routine misure di confort e metodi / strumenti analgesici non farmacologici per alleviare il dolore. - Contenere il ricorso alle procedure mediche che possono aumentare il dolore (AMX; OX; PGE2 )