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To systematically test a program, one needs good inputs—inputs that are valid such that they are not rejected by the program, and inputs that cover as much of the input space as possible in order to reach a maximum of functionality. We present recent techniques to systematically cover input structure. Our k-path algorithm for grammar production [HZ19] systematically covers syntactic elements of the input as well as their combinations. We show how to learn such input structures from graphical user interfaces, notably their interaction language [DBZ19]. Finally, we demonstrate that knowledge bases such as DBPedia can be a reliable source of semantically coherent inputs [Wa20]. All these techniques result in a significantly higher code coverage than state of the art.

Birds of prey and from Psittacidae family are host to fungal microbiota and play an important role in the epidemiology of zoonoses. Few studies in the literature have characterized mycelial and yeast fungi in the droppings of these birds and correlated the isolates with the zoonotic potential of the microorganisms. Droppings from 149 birds were evaluated and divided into two groups: captive: Rhea americana araneipes, Primolius maracana, Ara ararauna, Ara chloropterus, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, Amazona aestiva, Ara macao macao, Ramphastos toco, Sarcoramphus papa, Busarellus nigricollis, Bubo virginianus nacurutu, Buteogallus coronatus, Buteogallus urubitinga urubitinga, Spizaetus melanoleucus, Spizaetus ornatus ornatus, Buteo albonotatus, Geranoaetus albicaudatus albicaudatus, Rupornis magnirostris magnirostris and Harpia harpyja, and quarantined birds: Amazona aestiva and Eupsitulla aurea. The fungal isolates were identified according to macroscopic (gross colony appearance), micromorphological and biochemical characteristics. Among birds displayed in enclosures, Aspergillus niger (41.1%) and Candida kefyr (63.8%) were the fungi most frequently isolated in Harpia harpyja and Ramphastos toco, respectively. For quarantined birds, the following percentages were observed in Eupsittula aurea , (76.6%) C. krusei, (84.4%) C. kefyr and (15.2%) C. famata, while in Amazona aestiva, (76.2%) C. krusei was observed. These findings indicate potentially pathogenic species in the bird droppings assessed, which constitute a risk of exposure for keepers and individuals who visit the zoo. Birds of the Cerrado and Pantanal of Mato Grosso (Central Western region of Brazil) could act in the epidemiological chain of important zoonoses.

Facilitation is defined as an interaction between two or more species, which benefits at least one of them and causes harm to neither. The establishment of non-native species in new areas is a global phenomenon that raises the question of how facilitation may help in successful biological invasions. We describe a possible facilitation process between the catfish Hoplosternum littorale (Tamboatá) and its predators: Pygocentrus nattereri (piranha) and Cichla cf kelberi (tucunaré), all non-native fish that live in the lakes of the Middle Doce River Basin, southeastern Brazil. We found evidence of indirect facilitation, where non-native predators probably release H. littorale from competition, as they prefer to prey on native fish. Our main evidence in favor of this interpretation was a difference in the abundance of H. littorale between lakes where these species co-occur and lakes where H. littorale is the only non-native fish species. This difference was not associated with environmental differences between lakes or spatial segregation of age classes of H. littorale. Differences in peak activity among H. littorale and non-native predators are probably the main driver of co-occurrence.

Polystyrene nanocomposites with organoclay were prepared by melt extrusion in a twin screw extruder. After that, the samples were submitted to several cycles in the extruder to degrade them. The materials obtained before and after degradation cycles were analyzed by melt flow index measurements, X-ray diffraction and principally by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results showed the formation of nanomaterials with good dispersion and distribution containing low nanoparticle concentration and the nanostructured materials formed presented mixed morphology, composed of intercalated and exfoliated structures. The use of NMR spectroscopy allowed obtaining information on sample degradation with the increase of cycle times through the loss of structural organization and changes in the molecular dynamics of the materials through the T 1 H relaxation data. All the results shed light on the behavior of the degradation process in the materials formed.

∗ Partially supported by CNPq/Brazil 620150/2008-4, and by INCT. ∗∗ Supported by DPP/UnB and by CNPq-FAPDF PRONEX grant 2009/00091-0 193.000.580/2009)., Let F be an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, and let G be the infinite dimensional Grassmann (or exterior) algebra over F. In 2003 A. Henke and A. Regev started the study of the A-identities. They described the A-codimensions of G and conjectured a finite generating set of the A-identities for G. In 2008 D. Gonçalves and P. Koshlukov answered in the affirmative their conjecture. In this paper we describe the central A-polynomials for G., 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 16R10, 16R40, 16R50.

Even harboring a high diversity and many endemic species of amphibians and reptiles, the Cerrado biome has shown drastic changes due to the conversion of natural areas into pastures and plantations. Here, we present a checklist of amphibians and reptiles from southeastern state of Goiás, Central Brazil. This checklist was the result of collecting efforts of an inventory along the basin of the Piracanjuba and Peixe rivers carried out between September 2010 and January 2011. We recorded 39 amphibians and 40 reptiles. These results were also compared to other studies in the Cerrado biome. Our results showed that this region has a rich herpetofauna, despite the progress of anthropogenic activities in the region.

We identified the etiological agents responsible for two fatal cases of rhinocerebral mucormycosis with the classical risk factor for uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus. Their initial symptoms did not point immediately to the suspicion of mucormycosis. Case 1, caused by Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus, was a 52-year-old man who presented with a painful pimple on his nose, which evolved with swelling, erythema, and a central pustule on his right hemiface suspected to be cellulitis. After 7 days of antibiotic treatment, the patient worsened with signs of sepsis and the lesion evolved to necrosis involving all his right face. Case 2, caused by Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, was a 57-year-old woman placed on continuous therapy with azathioprine and corticoids after a renal transplant due to chronic arterial hypertension and uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus. Because she was suspected to have sepsis, the patient was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and mechanical ventilation, yet she deteriorated. Because Candida spp. were isolated from urine and a BAL, she was treated with fluconazole for 10 days, then substituted by caspofungin. Two weeks later, she presented with exophthalmus of the left eye that was surrounded by a large inflammatory and necrotic area. Both patients were the diagnosed with mucormycosis via direct microscopy of necrotic material prior to their death.

A murcha-de-curtobacterium, causada pela bactéria Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), é um importante problema para o cultivo de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) na região Centro-Sul do Brasil. A principal forma de disseminação da bactéria é por sementes contaminadas. Embora a ocorrência desta doença seja relativamente recente no Brasil, Cff tem sido disseminado rapidamente nas regiões produtoras de feijão do país. Este trabalho teve como objetivo ajustar o meio de cultura CNS (Corynebacterium Nebraskense Selective Medium) para recuperação e detecção de Cff em solo e sementes de feijoeiro. Suspensões provenientes da lavagem de amostras de solo e sementes contaminadas pela bactéria foram plaqueadas no meio de cultura CNS - modificado. Os ajustes realizados no meio de cultura possibilitaram a recuperação eficiente de Cff presente em solo e sementes contaminadas. As modificações estabelecidas para o meio CNS foram a redução da concentração de sulfato de polimixina para 16 mg/l, exclusão do componente ciclohexamida e substituição do fungicida Daconil 2787-F (530 mg/ml de chlorothalonil) pelo Dacostar 500 (500 mg/ml de chlorothalonil).Bacterial wilt, caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, is an important disease for bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in Southern Brazil. The use of contamined seeds is the major way to spread the bacterium. Although the occurrence of this disease in Brazil is recent, the seedborne bacterium hase been disseminated to most of the bean producing areas. The objective of this study was to adjust the CNS (Corynebacterium Nebraskense Selective Medium) to recover and detect the bacterium in infected soil as well as in bean seeds. Suspensions obtained from washing infected soil and bean seeds contamined by the bacterium were plated onto modified CNS medium. The modified CNS was efficient to recover the bacterium from both contaminated soil and bean seeds. The CNS established medium differed from the original by reducing the concentration of polymyxin B sulfate to 16 mg/l, excluding cyclohexamide and replacing Daconil 2787-F fungicide (530 mg/ml chlorothalonil) with Dacostar 500 (500 mg/ml chlorothalonil).