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Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous balloon dilatation and temporary internal stenting in the treatment of transplant ureteral strictures.Methods: Nine patients presenting with obstructed renal transplants were treated by antegrade nephrostomy insertion, ureteroplasty, and temporary internal stenting. Following stent removal, patients were divided into two groups for analysis according to whether the obstruction occurred less than (group A) or more than (group B) 3 months following transplantation.Results: All procedures were technically successful. In group A (n = 6), all patients were successfully treated by one or two dilatations with stenting. In group B (n = 3), two patients were successfully treated by one dilatation with stenting. Overall, eight patients (89%) have had their primary or secondary stent removed successfully at a mean interval of 97.5 days after insertion, and remain well at a mean follow-up interval of 22 months.Conclusion: Balloon dilatation and temporary internal stenting is a useful method for treating transplant ureteral strictures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positive half A of an ordered abelian group A is the set { x ∈ A∣x ⩾ 0} and M $$ \subseteq$$ A is a module if for all x, y ∈ M also x + y, |x − y| ∈M. If θ ∈ A \M then M(θ) is the module generated by M and θ. S $$ \subseteq$$ M is unbounded in M if (∀x ∈ M)(∃ y ∈ S)(x ⩽ y) and is dense in M if (∀x, x ∈M)(∃y ∈ S) (x < x ℂ x ⩾ y ⩾ x). If M is a module, or a subgroup of any abelian group, a real-valued g: M → R is subadditive if g(x + y) ⩽ g(x) + g(y) for all x, y ∈ M. The following hold: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers introduction to the online tutorial entitled "Cholangiocarcinoma and its management" offered by the magazine. It states that cholangiocarcinoma develops in the biliary epithelium and contributes to the growth of mortality rates in Great Britain. In addition, it shows that cholangiocarcinoma leads to the development of sclerosing cholangitis. It reveals that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be utilized for the disease's diagnosis.

Some 90% of the Guyanese population are at risk from contemporary flood hazard and the potential impacts of climate change and sea-level rise. Such risks are not the product of physical systems alone, and by using a political ecology frame the geography of flood hazard in urban environments can be seen to coevolve with political, social and economic systems. These systems are explored by a historical review which traces the roots of present vulnerability to the colonial experience, and an analysis of contemporary vulnerabilities which draws froma peri-urban and an urban case study. The case studies show that thecurrent fashion in international donor agencies to fund `community sponsored development' has missed an opportunity to enhance security through grassroots empowerment, and rather that those community organisations associated with this system have been co-opted by political elites reproducing embedded distributions of power and vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an excerpt from the book `Cholera, Fever and English Medicine 1825-1865,' dealing with the reaction of the public to the germ theory of disease in the late 19th century.