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Many consumers are transitioning away from single-use plastic products and turning to reusable alternatives. Oftentimes this change is being made with the assumption that these alternatives have fewer environmental impacts; however, reusable products are frequently made from more environmentally-intensive materials and have use phase impacts. This study used LCA to examine the GWP, water consumption and primary nonrenewable energy use associated with reusable alternatives for single-use plastic kitchenware products, and determined environmental payback periods. Payback periods are calculated for each reusable alternative and defined as the number of times a consumer must re-use an alternative in order for the environmental impact per use to be equivalent to the environmental impact for the single-use product. The research explored the sensitivity of the results to different consumer washing and reuse behaviors, as well as local conditions such as overall transportation distances and the carbon intensity of different electricity grids. Product types studied included straws (4 reusable, 2 single-use), sandwich storage (2 reusable, 3 single-use), coffee cups (3 reusable, 2 single-use) and forks (1 single-use, 3 reusable). Environmental impacts associated with the reusable alternatives were highly dependent on the use phase due to dishwashing, making payback period sensitive to washing frequency and method, and for GWP, carbon intensity of the energy grid (used for water heating). For single-use products, the material/manufacturing phase was the largest contributor to overall impacts. It was found that nine of the twelve reusable alternatives were able to breakeven in all three environmental indicators. The coffee cup product type was the only product type to have one reusable alternative, the ceramic mug, have the shortest payback period for all three impact categories. Both the bamboo straw and beeswax wrap were unable to breakeven in any scenario due to high use phase impacts from manual washing. The research found that reusable alternatives can payback the environmental impacts of GWP, water consumption, and energy use associated with their more resource intensive materials, but it is dependent on number of uses, consumer behavior and for GWP, carbon intensity of the energy grid. A key takeaway is that consumer behavior and use patterns influence the ultimate environmental impact of reusable kitchenware products.

Полевые опыты проведены в 2017–2020 годах на опытном поле кафедры растениеводства и плодоовощеводства Красноярского государственного аграрного университета в УНПК «Борский» (Сухобузимский район Красноярского края), расположенном в лесостепной зоне. Посев многолетних бобовых трав был проведён в 2017 году. Люцерну гибридную высевали с нормами 5, 10, 15 и 20 кг/га, клевер луговой — с нормами высева 5, 10 и 15 кг/га. Контрольными были нормы высева, рекомендованные в лесостепной зоне Сибири для люцерны гибридной и клевера лугового, — 15 кг/га. Учёты урожайности зелёной массы проведены фазу цветения в 2018–2020 годах. Целью работы являлось определение эффективности производства кормов из люцерны гибридной и клевера лугового при различных нормах высева. Доля влияния нормы высева на урожайность зелёной массы люцерны гибридной составляла 25,8%, клевера лугового — 10,6%. Самый высокий вклад в рост урожайности зелёной массы вносило взаимодействие факторов «норма высева × год». Регулирование нормы высева при любых погодных условиях приводило к высокой реализации адаптивного потенциала многолетних бобовых трав и повышению урожайности зелёной массы. Максимальная урожайность зелёной массы люцерны гибридной получена при высеве с нормой 5 кг/га, клевера лугового — при 15 кг/га. Производство кормов из люцерны гибридной и клевера лугового при всех исследуемых нормах высева являлось рентабельным и экономически эффективным. Использование многолетних бобовых трав для производства зелёной массы при нормах высева, показавших максимальную урожайность, позволило снизить затраты на производство кормов за счёт роста урожайности и снижения себестоимости в сравнении с прочими исследуемыми нормами высева. Лучшей нормой высева люцерны гибридной с экономической точки зрения была норма 5 кг/га с рентабельностью 212,2%, клевера лугового — контрольная норма высева (15 кг/га) с рентабельностью 93,2%, The field trial took place at the Department of Crop, Fruit and Vegetable Production of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University in 2017–2020. Perennial legume grasses were planted in 2017. Seeding rates of hybrid alfalfa were 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1, red clover — 5, 10 and 15 kg ha-1. Seeding rates recommended for Siberian forest-steppe were considered as standard — 15 kg ha-1. Green mass yield was calculated at flowering stage in 2018–2020. The research aimed at testing the effectiveness of forage production from alfalfa and clover under various seeding rates. Only 25.8% of alfalfa productivity and 10.6% of clover yield resulted from the effect of seeding rate. Seeding rate–year interaction had the highest impact on green mass production. Optimization of seeding rate led to higher crop adaptability and green mass yield regardless of weather conditions. The highest green mass productivity of alfalfa happened under the seeding rate of 5 kg ha-1, red clover — 15 kg ha-1. Fodder production from both hybrid alfalfa and clover was economically effective regardless of seeding rate. Perennial legume grasses decreased costs for feed production due to their yield increase and lower prime costs under the most effective seeding rates. The alfalfa seeding rate of 5 kg ha-1 was the most profitable, the payback amounted to 212.2%. Seeding 15 kg ha-1 of red clover resulted in payback of 93.2%, Кормопроизводство, Выпуск 4.2021 2021, Pages 20-24

Помимо разработки и проектирования Ð¾Ñ‚Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð² проектной документации на высотный бизнес-центр, целью настоящей работы является определение экономической целесообразности применения Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ светопрозрачного двойного фасада в проектируемом бизнес-центре в ÐºÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ÑÑ Ð³. Санкт-Петербург. В Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ выполнения данного дипломного проекта решались следующие задачи: - разработка разделов проектной документации в соответствии заданием на проектирование; - исследование концепции и Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¹ системы Ð´Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑÐ²ÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð·Ñ€Ð°Ñ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ„Ð°ÑÐ°Ð´Ð¾Ð²; - сравнительный анализ Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ двойного фасада и типового решения светопрозрачной фасадной конструкции; - расчет периода самоокупаемости двойного фасада. Как результат, по итогу выполнения работы был разработан проект высотного здания бизнес-центра с подземной автостоянкой, а также сформулированы выводы и рекомендации касаемо возможности применения Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ двойного светопрозрачного фасада в запроектированном уникальном здании., The purpose of this work in addition to the development of sections of design documentation for a high-rise business center is to determine the economic feasibility of using the technology of a transparent double skin facade in a business center in the climatic conditions of St. Petersburg. During the implementation of this graduation project the following tasks were solved: - development of sections of design documentation in accordance with the design task; - researching of the concept and main features of the system of transparent double skin facades; - comparative analysis of the technology of a double skin facade and a typical solution of a transparent facade system; - calculation of the payback period of the double facade. As a result, a project of the high-rise building with an underground parking was developed as well as conclusions and recommendations were formulated regarding the possibility of using the technology of a transparent double skin facade in the designed unique building.

������������������������ ���� ������������ ���������������� ������������������������ ���������� �� ������������-���������� ������������ �������������������������������� ���������� ������ ������������������������ ���������������������� ���������� ������������������ �� ���������������� ������������������������ �������������������������� ����������, ���������������������� �� �������������������������� ������������-���������������������������������� ������������������ ������������������ ������������������ (����������) ��� ������������ ������������������������ �������������������������������� �������������������� ���������������� �������������������� (����������) ������������������������ ���������������� �������������� ������������ (��������) ������������-�������������� ���������� ��.��. ���������������������� �� 1978 ��������. �������� ������������������������ ������������������������������ ���������������� ���������������� ������������������������ ���������� �� ���������� �� �������������� ���������������������������� �������������� �� ���������������������� ���� ������ ���������������������������� ���������������� ���������������������� ������������������ ���� �������������������������������� �� ���������������� ���������������������������������� ����������. ������������ ���� �������������������� ���������������������� ���������������� �������������� �������������������� ������������������������ ���������� �� ���������� ���������������� �� ������������ �������������� ���������������� �� �������������������� ���� ������������������ ���� 5,43 (����������������) ���� 27,19 ����/���� (�������� �� �������� 135 ����/����). �������� ������������������ ������ ���������� �������������������� 23 ��� 50 %, ������������������������ �� ������������ �������� ������������������. �� �������� 2140 ���� �������������������� ���������� �� ���������� (5,87 ��� 44,56 ����/����) �� �������������� ���� ���������� �������� �� 2,1 �������� ��������, ������ �� �������� 0 ��� 20 ����. �� ���������������������� ���������� �������������������� ������ ���������� ���������������� �������������������� ������������������������ ���������� �� ���������� ���������� ���������� ������������������������ ���������������� ���� ������������������ �� ���������������������� �������� �������������������� ���������� ���� 2 ��� 30%. ���������������������� ���������������������������� �������������������������� �������������������������� ���� �������������������� �� ���������� ������������������������ ���������� ���������������� ���� ��������. ���������������������� �������������� ���������� ���������������������� ���������� ���� ���������������� ������������������ 15,16 ��/����, ������������������������ ������ ���������������� ������������������ ���� 24 ��� 49 %. ������������ ���� �������������������� �������������������� (90:60:90) �� �������������� (135:90:135) ������ ������������������ ������ ����������������������. ���������� ������������������������ ���������������� �� ���������������������� �� ���������� ������������������������ ���������� ������������������ ������������ ���������������������������� ����������������������. ���������� ���������� ������������������������ ���������������������� ���������� �� ���������������������� ���������� �� ���������� �������� 0-20 ���� �� �������� �������������� ���������������� �������� ������������ (r=0,86)., Studies to assess the dynamics of mineral nitrogen in light-gray forest light-loamy soil during the cultivation of vico-oat mixture were carried out under the conditions of a multi-year stationary experiment established in the Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Agriculture (NNRIA) ��� a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution ��Federal Agrarian Scientific Center�� (FSBSI FASC) North-East named after N.V. Rudnitsky in 1978. The aim of the experiment was to study the dynamics of mineral nitrogen in the soil during the growing season, depending on the doses of systematically applied mineral fertilizers on unknown and once-cultivated soil. Based on the results obtained, the highest content of mineral nitrogen in the soil was found during the germination period of plants with variations ranging from 5.43 (control) to 27.19 mg/kg (nitrogen at a dose of 135 kg/ ha). The share of its nitrate form was 23 ��� 50 %, increasing with the increase in the dose of fertilizers. In the 21 ��� 40 cm layer, the nitrogen content in the soil (5.87 ��� 44.56 mg/kg) was on average 2.1 times higher than in the 0-20 cm layer. In the subsequent periods of observation, with a general decrease in the content of mineral nitrogen in the soil of both layers, the differences in the variants are leveled and the share of nitrate nitrogen is reduced to 2 ��� 30 %. There was no stable positive aftereffect of liming on the accumulation of mineral nitrogen in the soil. The yield of the green mass of vico-oat mixture at the control was 15.16 t / ha, increasing by 24 ��� 49 % when applying fertilizers. The effect of the use of increased (90:60:90) and high (135:90:135) doses of fertilizers was equivalent. A direct correlation was observed between the crop yield and the content of mineral nitrogen in the soil. The relationship between the yield of vico-oat mixture and the nitrogen content in the soil of the 0 ��� 20 cm layer in the germination phase of plants was close (r=0.86).

Na década de 70, a crise do petróleo no Brasil despertou o interesse em pesquisar fontes de energia inesgotáveis. Dentro dessas fontes de energia, as conhecidas como limpas e abundantes tornou-se alternativa viável, diminuindo a capacidade poluidora de resíduos, pois o gás emitido por eles na decomposição que antes iria para o meio ambiente, agora se destina a produção de energia e a porção sólida utilizada como adubo orgânico(GASPAR, 2013) . Esse trabalho visa implementar um estudo de caso para estimar a viabilidade econômica do projeto, fontes híbridas, em zona rural. O projeto em questão, será analisando através de software Homer e métodos matemáticos, garantindo resultados próximos aos calculados analiticamente, em comparação às fontes de energia estudadas bem como suas viabilidades e rentabilidades através da geração distribuida isolada, podendo trazer retornos rápidos e seguros, como um retorno de 84,37% biogás e 77,76% para fotovoltaico em comparação ao investimento inicial ao longo de 25 anos. Atualmente, o Brasil sofre com escassez de chuvas e consequentemente, com problemas na matriz energética, visto que, a maior parte da eletricidade brasileira é oriunda de usina hidroelétrica. Por isso, a finalidade desse estudo é apresentar uma solução e consequentemente autossuficiência nas zonas rurais, aproveitando os biodigestores e sol em abundância para produzir energia elétrica. In the 1970s, the Brazilian oil crisis sparked interest in researching inexhaustible sources of energy. Within these sources of energy, those known as clean and abundant have become a viable alternative, reducing the pollutant capacity of waste, because the gas emitted by them in the decomposition that would previously go to the environment, is now destined for energy production and solid portion used as organic fertilizer(GASPAR, 2013). This work aims to implement a case study to estimate the economic viability of the project, hybrid sources, in rural areas. The project in question will be analyzed through software and mathematical methods, guaranteeing results close to those calculated analytically, compared to the energy sources studied as well as their feasibility and profitability through isolated distributed generation, which can bring fast and safe returns, such as a return of 84.37% biogas and 77.76% for photovoltaic compared to the initial investment over 25 years. Currently, Brazil suffers from a shortage of rainfall and consequently, with problems in the energy matrix, since the majority of Brazilian electricity comes from a hydroelectric power plant. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present a solution and consequently self-sufficiency in rural areas, taking advantage of biodigestors and abundant sun to produce electricity. Dissertação (Mestrado)

The industries have the need to accompany the evolution of trade to ensure their place in the market. For this, it is necessary to analyze the processes with time and movements studies always aiming at what could improve the productivity of the processes. This work aims to present the devel-opment and implementation of an improvement (Kaizen) in the Thermo printer Hot Stamping machine for the reduction of steps and expansion of the production capacity of the injected line and evaluate the payback, thus through a Monograph (case study) with hypothetical-deductive method, in a process of production of optical line cases, a study was carried out to improve the process, aiming its econom-ic viability for the company. The Delphi methods were used to define which machine and process should be improved and the 5W2H ´ s and Payback for comparison before and after the improvement and analysis of the financial and economic viability of process improvement, demonstrating that the improvement produces Impact on loss reduction of 83 monthly HS, with a monetary gain of R $13,284.00 per year in a single machine, in addition to influencing employees for the culture of Con-tinuous improvement. As indústrias possuem a necessidade de acompanhar a evolução do comércio para garantir seu lugar no mercado. Para isso é necessário analisar os processos com estudos de tempo e movimentos visando sempre o que poderia melhorar a produtividade dos processos. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento e implementação de uma melhoria (Kaizen) na máquina termo impressora Hot Stamping para a diminuição de etapas e ampliação da capacidade de produção da linha de injetados e avaliar o payback, assim através de uma monografia (estudo de caso) com método hipotético-dedutivo, em um processo de produção de estojos da linha ótica realizou-se um estudo para melhoria de processo, visando sua viabilidade econômica para a empresa. Foram utilizados os métodos Delphi para definir qual máquina e processo deve ser melhorado e o 5W2H´s e Payback para comparação do antes e depois da melhoria e análise da viabilidade financeira e econômica da melhoria de processo, demonstrando que a melhoria produz impacto na redução de perdas de 83 hs mensais, com ganho monetário de R$ 13.284,00 ao ano em única máquina, além de influenciar os funcionários para a cultura de melhoria contÍnua.

Mechanical water meter accuracy degrades over time due to wear and tear. Based on this premise, many water utilities around the world undertake meter replacement projects. In many instances, these projects neither assess the potential or actual impacts of meter replacement on consumption and utility revenue, nor undertake meter replacement based on a best practice, customised metering policy. From 2013 to 2015, Johannesburg Water (SOC) Limited embarked on a project to replace more than 50 000 mechanical water meters that had not been read over a period of 180 days due to technical faults. This study obtained and analysed two databases of these meters and arrived at a sorted and validated database comprising 3 679 meter replacements. For each meter replacement, twelve months of water consumption data was obtained for the period prior to and after replacement. This study then investigated the impact of replacement on water consumption, utility revenue and payback periods. Some high-level highlights from the study include the following: (i) a metering policy that addresses such issues as efficient meter database management, and the optimum meter replacement age and/or volumetric reading, is critical for any water utility if it is to obtain the best results from meter replacement; (ii) in order to guarantee the highest returns on investment, bulk meters (40 mm and larger) should be prioritised for meter replacement over single-stand residential meters; (iii) the replacement of 20 mm and 25 mm meters with 15 mm meters resulted in more accurate metering of consumption by virtue of increased consumption; and (iv) payback of the 15 mm replacement mechanical meters was achieved within 12 months, with the replacement of 20 mm and 25 mm meters resulting in average monthly revenue increases per property of R266.70 and R203.08 respectively.

The exploitation of yerba mate is one of the oldest agricultural activities in the region of Planalto Norte Catarinense, besides the cultural bond represents a source of income and employability for farmers. The present work is aimed at the study of the economic evaluation of a yerba mate densification. The study herd is a random densification in a native plantation, done with the intention of increasing the productivity. Herb productivity was estimated in three harvesting systems: in an annualsystem, in a biennial system (Biennial 1) and in an intercalated system, where each half of the herd is harvested every two years intercalated (Biennial 2). For each collection system, the payback, the revenue/cost ratio, the average cost of production, the net present value (NPV), equivalent annual value (EAV), infinite net present value (NPV∞) and the internal rate of return (IRR) were calculated. After processing all the data, the annual system was clearly the one with the shortest payback of 1.66 years showing that in this system the return on the initial investment will be faster, since it avoids the natural loss of leaves. Theannual harvest system also presented better NPV and higher 76% IRR, demonstrating better economic viability. A exploração de erva-mate é uma das atividades agrícolas mais antigas na região do Planalto Norte Catarinense. Além do vínculo cultural, representa fonte de renda e empregabilidade para os agricultores. O presente trabalho destina-se ao estudo da avaliação econômica de um adensamento aleatório de erva-mate em um plantio nativo. A produtividade do erval foi estimada em três sistemas de colheita: em sistema anual, em sistema bienal (Bienal 1) e em sistema intercalado, onde cada metade do erval é colhida a cada dois anos intercalados (Bienal 2). Para cada sistema de colheita foram calculados o payback, a razão receitas/custos, o custo médio de produção, o valor presente líquido (VPL), o valor anual equivalente (VAE), o valor presente líquido infinito (VPL∞) e a taxa interna de retorno (TIR). Após processados todos os dados, o sistema anual foi claramente o que apresentou o payback mais curto, de 1,66 ano, mostrando que nesse sistema o retorno do investimento inicial será mais rápido, pois evita a perda natural de folhas. O sistema de colheita anual também apresentou melhor VPL e maior TIR, de 76%, demonstrando melhor viabilidade econômica.

[ES] El tiempo de retorno de la energía (*EPBT, por sus siglas en inglés de *Energy *PayBack Time) es la evaluación del requerimiento de energía para la fabricación de un sistema fotovoltaico. Indica los años necesarios porque un sistema fotovoltaico genero una cierta cantidad de energía para compensar el consumo de energía durante su ciclo de vida, incluidos los requisitos energéticos para la fabricación, ensamblaje, transporte, instalación, operación y mantenimiento, y desmantelamiento o reciclaje de los sistemas. En este *TFG se compara el *EPBT de diferentes tipos de sistemas fotovoltaicos: *mono-Si, multe-Si o de capa fina., [EN] The energy return time (* EPBT, for its acronym in English * Energy * PayBack Time) is the assessment of the energy requirement for the manufacture of a photovoltaic system. Indicates the years necessary because a photovoltaic system generated a certain amount of energy to compensate for energy consumption during its life cycle, including the energy requirements for the manufacture, assembly, transport, installation, operation and maintenance, and dismantling or recycling of the systems. In this * TFG the * EPBT of different types of photovoltaic systems is compared: * mono-Si, fine-Si or thin layer., [CAT/VA]El temps de retorn de l'energia (EPBT, per les seues sigles en anglés de Energy PayBack Time) és l'avaluació del requeriment d'energia per a la fabricació d'un sistema fotovoltaic. Indica els anys necessaris perquè un sistema fotovoltaic genere una certa quantitat d'energia per a compensar el consum d'energia durant el seu cicle de vida, inclosos els requisits energètics per a la fabricació, assemblatge, transport, instal·lació, operació i manteniment, i desmantellament o reciclatge dels sistemes. En aquest TFG es compara el EPBT de diferents tipus de sistemes fotovoltaics: mono-Si, multi-Si o de capa fina.

De acordo com a Constituição Brasileira, as Reservas Legais, são essenciais para o fornecimento de serviços ecossistêmicos para toda a população, por conta de sua elevada distribuição espacial e extensão total. Neste estudo de caso, o objetivo geral foi identificar na área de estudo, uma propriedade rural específica do estado de São Paulo, regiões de baixa aptidão agrícola das terras, propondo restaurar essas áreas no conceito de Reserva Legal (RL), que permitirá não só regularizar legalmente a propriedade quanto à RL, como verificar as possíveis formas de geração de renda para a propriedade com o aproveitamento econômico da RL, o que é permitido na lei ambiental brasileira (Lei 12651 de 2012). A lei permite o plantio de árvores exóticas e frutíferas para composição da área de reserva legal, desde que cultivadas em sistema intercalar ou em consórcio com espécies nativas. Para o mapeamento de áreas de aptidão agrícola foram utilizados informações como pedologia, bioma, declividade, dados climáticos, além de copnhecimento próprio dos proprietários da área em estudo. A propriedade rural previamente escolhida é uma fazenda de negócio familiar que possui uma área total de 1.449 hectares localizada na região Sudoeste do estado de São Paulo. Os negócios presentes atualmente na propriedade são de agricultura (soja e milho) e pecuária. O resultado apresentou a área de estudo como um ótimo local de uso agrícola pois não foram classificadas nenhuma região restrita a aptidão agrícola, somente 5,7% do total, sendo 82 hectares apresentaram locais de baixa aptidão agrícola, sendo locais com declividade maiores que 20%. Para alta aptidão foram classificadas 15,5% e Média 76,8%. Após identificar as áreas de baixa aptidão agrícola como locais propícios para implantação da Reserva Legal, foi realizado o cálculo de implantação diante das premissas estabelecidas e descritas no trabalho, onde obteve-se uma Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 8%, um Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) positivo, porém com um Payback de quase 17 anos, ou seja, por mais que se mostre ser um negócio rentável, difere-se muito do que o agricultor está acostumado a ter de payback em seus outros negócios. Portanto, este é um ponto crítico do Código Florestal, pois não traz uma solução em relação ao aproveitamento econômico ser apenas de longo prazo. According to the Brazilian Constitution, Legal Reserves are essential for the provision of ecosystem services for the entire population, due to their high spatial distribution and total extension. In this case study, the general objective was to identify in the study area, a specific rural property in the state of São Paulo, regions of low agricultural suitability of the land, proposing to restore these areas in the concept of Legal Reserve (RL), which will allow not only legally regularize the property as for the RL, but also to check the possible forms of income generation for the property, with the economic use of the RL, which is permitted in the Brazilian environmental law (Law 12651 of 2012). The law allowed the planting of exotic and fruit trees for the composition of the legal reserve area, as long as they are cultivated in an interim system or in consortium with native species. For the mapping of agricultural suitability areas, information such as pedology, biome, slope, climatic data were used, in addition to the own knowledge of the owners of the area under study. The previously chosen rural property is a family business farm with a total area of 1,449 hectares located in the Southwest region of the state of São Paulo. The businesses currently present on the property are agriculture (soy and corn) and livestock. The result showed the study area as a great place for agricultural use because no region restricted to agricultural suitability was classified, only 5.7% of the total, 82 hectares of which had low agricultural suitability, with slopes greater than 20 %. For high fitness, 15.5% and Average 76.8% were classified. After identifying the areas of low agricultural aptitude as favorable locations for the implementation of the Legal Reserve, the implantation calculation was carried out considering the premises established and described in the work, which obtained an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 8%, a Value Positive Net Present (NPV), but with a Payback of almost 17 years, that is, as much as it proves to be a profitable business, it differs a lot from what the farmer is used to having payback in his other businesses. Therefore, this is a critical point of the New Forest Code, as it does not provide a solution in relation to the economic use being only long term.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. open access journal Background: Schools typically have high diurnal fluctuation in electricity demand, with peak loads during daylight hours, which could be adequately met through harnessing solar renewable resources. This study demonstrates the strength of techno-economic assessment in selection and optimization of a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system (HRES), utilizing local renewable resources to fulfil the daytime electricity demand for a school in northwest Indonesia. Methods: Three different scenarios are developed for optimizing the HRES configurations, comprising of PV panels, Wind turbine, Battery and Inverter. The following optimization parameters are used—one, technological performance of the HRES, in terms of their energy output to fulfil the energy deficit; two, economic performance of the HRES, in terms of their net present cost (NPC) and payback periods. Results: A clear trade-off is noted between the level of complexity of the three HRES, their renewable electricity generation potentials, NPC and payback periods. Scenario II, comprising of Solar PV and Inverter only, is found to be the most feasible and cost-effective HRES, with the optimized configuration of 245 kW PV capacity and 184 kW inverter having the lowest initial capital cost of US$ 51,686 and a payback time of 4 years to meet the school’s annual electricity load of 114,654 kWh. Its NPC is US$ −138,017 at the 20th year of installation. The negative value in year 20 is achieved through the sale of 40% of the renewable energy back to the grid. Conclusions: Techno-economic assessment can provide useful decision support in designing HRES relying on solar energy to serve predominantly daytime school electricity requirements in tropical countries.

Heavy duty vehicle platooning under highway operating conditions has been projected to provide significant fuel economy gains based on aerodynamic drag improvements of the platooning vehicles. Realizing these benefits and the economic viability under real-world operating conditions presents several challenges. The objective of this paper (the third as part of a series) is to analytically quantify the payback and profitability of heavy-duty vehicles platooning across the U.S. Interstate highway system. In this paper, a rigorous assessment of several factors that influence the platooning system payback for an end-user as well as the revenue potential for suppliers who may be utilizing an equipment lease model dependent on end-user savings, is presented. In this assessment key interactions explored include market adoption rates, platooning velocities, platoon-able daily mileage, platooning likelihood, variations in baseline powertrain fuel economy (diesel or electric), price of fuel (diesel or electricity), platooning fuel economy benefits, price of the added technology, and the impact of natural platooning due to traffic interactions. Further, the paper explores the economic impact of higher levels of vehicle automation for the trailing vehicles in the platoon, where extending the driver Hours of Service (HoS) may provide additional financial benefits. While the approach makes use of a limited fidelity vehicle analytical model for longitudinal dynamics and operations economics, the narrative provides application decision personnel with a mechanism and well-defined set of impact factors to consider as part of their architectural selection process.

O estado de São Paulo é o terceiro maior produtor de uvas do Brasil e o maior produtor nacional de uvas de mesa, sendo a variedade Niágara Rosada (Vitis labrusca) a mais plantada no estado. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade econômica do cultivo de Niágara Rosada. O projeto foi dimensionado para uma área de três hectares implantada no município de Piracicaba, SP. As plantas foram conduzidas no sistema em espaldeira em uma densidade de 5000 plantas ha-1. O fluxo de caixa foi dimensionado para um período de 13 anos. Estimaram-se os custos para implantação e manutenção do vinhedo, financiamento bancário, pagamento do Fundo de Apoio ao Trabalhador Rural [Funrural] e o custo de oportunidade da terra. A taxa mínima de atratividade [TMA] foi fixada em 11,45% e os indicadores econômicos calculados foram Valor Presente Líquido [VPL], Taxa Interna de Retorno [TIR], payback simples, payback descontado e relação benefício-custo. Obtiveram-se valores positivos de VPL (R$ 398.951,36) e relação custo-benefício (1,81). A TIR foi estimada em 27,34%, superior à TMA. Os valores de payback simples e descontado foram de cinco anos e de seis anos, respectivamente, indicando que o tempo de retorno do capital inicial investido foi inferior ao período do projeto. Os indicadores econômicos estimados constataram a viabilidade financeira do empreendimento em análise. = São Paulo State is the third largest grapevine producer in Brazil and the largest national producer of table grapes. Niagara Rosada (Vitis labrusca) is the most planted cultivar in the State. This study aimed to verify the economic feasibility of Niagara Rosada production. The project was designed for an area of tree hectares to be implemented in Piracicaba, SP. Plants were conducted in vertical trellis system with 5000 plants ha-1. The cash flow was dimensioned for a period of 13 years. Costs with implantation and maintenance of the vineyard, bank financing, payment of the Rural Worker Support Fund, and the opportunity cost of land were estimated. The minimum acceptable rate of return [MARR] used was 11.45%. The economic indicators calculated were Net Present Value [NPV], Internal Rate of Return [IRR], simple payback, discounted payback, and benefit-cost ratio. Positive values of NPV (R$ 398,951.36) and benefit-cost ratio (1.81) were obtained. The IRR estimated was 27.34%, higher than the MARR. The simple payback and the discounted payback were five years and six years, respectively, indicating that the period of returning the invested capital was lower than the project period. The estimated economic indicators demonstrated the financial feasibility of the project.

В полевом опыте на черноземе обыкновенном зоны неустойчивого увлажнения Ставропольского края изучено влияние внесения аммиачной селитры, мочевины (карбамида), аммофоса и нитроаммофоски под культивацию до посева на урожайность зерна шести гибридов кукурузы селекции ВНИИ кукурузы. Выявлено, что под все изученные гибриды кукурузы перед посевом наиболее эффективно вносить аммиачную селитру. В 2016-2018 гг. без удобрений в среднем по гибридам початок имел массу 133 г. При удобрении кукурузы аммиачной селитрой средняя масса початка увеличилась до 147, мочевиной и аммофосом - 142, селитрой с аммофосом - 141, нитроаммофоской - 145 г. Число зерен в початке в среднем по гибридам было равно без удобрений 419 шт., при внесении аммиачной селитры 462, мочевины - 442, аммофоса - 444, селитры с аммофосом - 447, нитроаммофоски - 460 шт. Урожайность зерна без применения удобрений в среднем по гибридам составила 7,10 т/га. При внесении аммиачной селитры урожайность повысилась до 8,43 т/га, прибавки урожая разных гибридов варьировали от 0,94 т/га (12,3) до 1,76 т/га (29,9). При внесении мочевины (карбамида) усредненная по гибридам урожайность зерна была ниже (7,96 т/га). При применении одного аммофоса получена урожайность зерна 7,98 т/га, с аммиачной селитрой - 7,99 т/га. Более эффективной на кукурузе была нитроаммофоска. Средняя урожайность зерна в опыте за 2016-2018 гг. составила 8,26 т/га, а прибавка - 1,16 т/га или 16,3. Самую высокую окупаемость 1 кг д.в. кукурузным зерном (44,3 кг) и окупаемость 1 руб. затрат доходом (4,78 руб./га) получили при применении аммиачной селитры. Наиболее отзывчивыми на минеральные удобрения были раннеспелые гибриды Машук 171 и Машук 185 МВ, из среднеранней группы - Машук 250 СВ, среднеспелой - Машук 390 МВ., The effect of ammonium nitrate, urea (carbamide), ammophos and ammonium nitrate phosphate applying under presowing cultivation on the grain yield of six corn hybrids selected in ARRSI of corn were studied in the field experiment in the Stavropol region at ordinary chernozem in the unstable moistening zone. Presowing application of ammonium nitrate revealed to be the most effective for all studied corn hybrids. The average weight of the cob in 2016-2018 133 g. In the variants with ammonium nitrate application the average cob weight increased to 147, urea and ammophos - 142, ammonium nitrate with ammophos - 141, ammonium nitrate phosphate - 145 g. The number of grains per cob for investigated hybrids on average without fertilizers was 419 pcs, after ammonium nitrate application - 462, calurea - 442, ammophos - 444, ammonium nitrate with ammophos - 447, ammonium nitrate phosphate - 460 pcs. The grain yield without use of fertilizers on average for the hybrids was 7.10 t/ha. When ammonium nitrate was applied, the yield increased to 8.43 t/ha, the yield increase varied from 0.94 t/ha (12.3) to 1.76 t/ha (29.9) for tested hybrids. When urea (carbamide) was applied, the average grain yield in the experiment was lower (7.96 t/ha). When using only ammophos grain yield was 7.98 t/ha, in combination with ammonium nitrate - 7.99 t/ha. Ammonium nitrate phosphate was more effective for corn. The average yield of the hybrids grain in 2016-2018 amounted to 8.26 t/ha, and the increase - 1.16 t/ha or 16.3. The highest payback of 1 kg of active ingredients by corn grain (44.3 kg) and recoupment of 1 rub costs by the income (4.78 rub/ha) were obtained when using ammonium nitrate. Early-maturing hybrids Mashuk 171 and Mashuk 185 MV, mid-early hybrid Mashuk 250 SV and the mid-season hybrid Mashuk 390 MV were the most responsive ones to mineral fertilizers., №3 (2020)

Цель исследований изучение потенциальной возможности получения максимальной урожайности новых гибридов капусты белокочанной при оптимизации ее питания на пойменных почвах Подмосковья. На окультуренной аллювиальной луговой среднесуглинистой почве поймы реки Москвы (Раменский район) в 20182019 годах проведены исследования по увеличению продуктивности нового гибрида поздней белокочанной капусты F1 Континент. Почвы характеризовались близкой к нейтральной реакцией среды, благоприятными агрофизическими свойствами, довольно высоким содержанием гумуса. Погодные условия 20182019 годов были в целом неблагоприятны для возделывания капусты: длительные засушливые периоды оказали сильное влияние на продуктивность растений капусты. Дефицит влаги восполняли дополнительными поливами. В схему опыта включены варианты с расчетными дозами минеральных удобрений (на урожайность 80, 100 и 120 т/га), использование анализа почвы и растений для определения необходимости подкормок, а также природный регулятор роста растений экстрасол (2 л/га) для оптимизации азотного питания капусты. Возделывание гибрида в условиях низкого (N90P50K135), среднего (N180P100K270) и высокого (N370P101K362) уровня минерального питания, с применением регулятора роста экстрасола (2 л/га) и подкормок азотно-калийными удобрениями в фазе розетки листьев позволило увеличить урожайность с 53 до 7585 т/га (на 4161) с выходом стандартной продукции более 90. Прибавка урожайности к варианту без удобрений (контроль) за счет улучшения питания растений составила 761, окупаемость 1 кг д.в. удобрений дополнительной продукцией в размере от 19 до 62 кг. При улучшении минерального питания отмечено увеличение содержания сахаров и витамина С в продукции, однако увеличение доз азотных удобрений более 250 кг/га д.в. в составе полного минерального удобрения приводит к превышению ПДК (500 мг/кг сырой массы) по нитратам и снижению содержания сухого вещества в кочанах. Окупаемость затрат на удобрения капусты по лучшим вариантам достигла 4762 кг продукции на 1 кг д.в. удобрений., The purpose of the research is to study the potential possibility of obtaining the maximum yield of new hybrids of cabbage when optimizing its nutrition on floodplain soils of the Moscow region. The studies were conducted to increase the productivity of a new hybrid of late cabbage F1 Kontinent on cultivated alluvial meadow medium loamy soil of the Moscow river floodplain (Ramenskii district) in 20182019. The soils were characterized by a close to neutral reaction of the medium, favorable agrophysical properties, and a rather high humus content. The weather conditions of 20182019 were generally unfavorable for the cultivation of cabbage: long dry periods had a strong impact on the productivity of cabbage plants. The deficit of moisture was compensated by additional irrigation. The experimental design included options with estimated doses of mineral fertilizers (for yields of 80, 100 and 120 t/ha), the use of soil and plant analysis to determine the need for fertilizing, and the natural plant growth regulator Extrasol (2 l/ha) to optimize nitrogen nutrition cabbage. The cultivation of the hybrid conditions is low (N90P50K135), medium (N180P100K270) and high (N370P101K362) mineral nutrition level, using the growth regulator Extrasol (2 l/ha) and fertilizing nitrogen-potassium fertilizers in the leaf outlet phase allowed to increase the yield of heads from 53 to 7585 tons per hectare (by 4161) with the output of standard products more than 90. The yield increase amounted to the option without fertilizers (control) due to improved plant nutrition 761, payback 1 kg a.s. fertilizers with additional products in the amount of 19 to 62 kg. An increase in the content of sugars and vitamin C in products was noted with an improvement in mineral nutrition, however, an increase in doses of nitrogen fertilizers of more than 250 kg/ha a.s. as a part of a complete mineral fertilizer leads to an excess of MPC (500 mg/kg of crude mass) in nitrates and a decrease in the dry matter content in heads of cabbage. Payback of the cost of cabbage fertilizers for the best variants reached 4762 kg of products per kg of a.s. fertilizer., №1 (2020)

The solidification of a thermoplastic during the injection process directly influences the productivity and quality of the final product. This paper presents a study of the solidification performance of parts produced by a thermoplastic injection process, verifying their dimensional, visual, and production behavior according to the variation of geometry, temperature, and design of the injection mold cooling system. SolidWorks Plastics® software was used to perform the simulations. Experiments were performed with a plastic injection mold to confront and validate the simulations. Given the comparison of different cooling geometries, the simulations made it possible to obtain parts with a shorter mold cooling cycle time. Payback analysis has the primary objective of determining which cooling system is the most viable and has the highest return on invested capital. The results demonstrated a solution for engineers and designers to justify maintenance or modifications to existing injection molds through numerical simulation.

В настоящей работе спроектировано и разработано вегетарианское кафе, обоснована актуальность открытия предприятия питания. В Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ работы были проведены следующие исследования : 1. Проанализированы конкуренты и сформирована концепция предприятия, разработана производственная программа; 2. Разработано меню и Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ документация; 3. Произведен расчет Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ‰ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹, подобрано оборудование; 4. Разработана система организации обслуживания потребителей; график Ð²Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð° на работу персонала; 5. Разработаны и подготовлены мероприятия, обеспечивающие безопасные условия труда; 6. Рассчитаны основные экономические показатели Ñ Ð¾Ð·ÑÐ¹ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ деятельности предприятия; сделаны выводы о рентабельности проектируемого кафе. В результате анализа конкурентов был обоснован потенциальный контингент потребителей и сформирована концепция предприятия. На основании Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ была разработана Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ документация, подобрано оборудование. Сделаны выводы о рентабельности проектируемого кафе на основе расчетов ÑÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ¹ Ñ Ð¾Ð·ÑÐ¹ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ деятельности., The subject of the graduate qualification work is "Organization of production and trade activities of the vegetarian cafe for 50 seats at the address of Kaliningrad, Ozerny Proezd 2. In this work the vegetarian cafe was designed and developed, the relevance of opening a catering facility was justified. The following tasks have been defined in the course of the work: 1. Analysis of competitors and formation of enterprise concept, development of production program; 2. Development of the menu and technological documentation; 3. Calculation of production and auxiliary premises, equipment selection; 4. Development of the system of customer service organization; determination of the staff schedule and the schedule of the person-channel to work; 5. Preparation of measures ensuring safe labor conditions; 6. Calculation of the basic economic indicators of economic activity of the enterprise; conclusions about profitability of the designed cafe. As a result of competitors' analysis, the potential contingent of consumers was justified and the concept of the enterprise was formed. On the basis of the conducted researches the necessary documentation has been developed, calculation of separate groups of premises, equipment selection has been made, and also the staff schedule of the enterprise has been established. Conclusions about profitability of projected cafe are made on the basis of calculations of economic indicators of economic activity.

El present document realitza un estudi entorn de l’aplicació del model distribuït de generació elèctrica, mitjançant la col·laboració de microxarxes. L’objectiu principal és elaborar un model de Matlab i Simulink que permeti estudiar i simular la col·laboració entre diferents microxarxes, al mateix temps d’avaluar la incidència i la promoció social i administrativa d’aquest model de generació distribuïda. Amb la modelització energètica d’una microxarxa i, posteriorment, la modelització d’algoritmes de col•laboració entre aquestes, s’elaborarà SIMCOL-P2P: un simulador de col·laboració Peer-to-Peer fàcil d’utilitzar i capaç de generar automàticament un extens informe dels resultats. Així mateix, aquest simulador incorporarà les modalitats considerades definides en els vigents decrets legals. Presentant un escenari determinat i utilitzant SIMCOL-P2P s’obtindran amplis estalvis anuals en el cost de facturació de l’electricitat amb paybacks assumibles referents a la inversió necessària, reafirmant així els beneficis per als sectors més amplis de la societat de l’aplicació d’aquest model en el sistema energètic global. El presente documento realiza un estudio entorno a la aplicación del modelo distribuido de generación eléctrica, mediante la colaboración de microredes. El objetivo principal es elaborar un modelo de Matlab i Simulink que permita estudiar y simular la colaboración entre diferentes microredes, al mismo tiempo que avaluar la incidencia y la promoción social y administrativa de este modelo de generación distribuida. Com la modelización energética de una microred y, posteriormente, la modelización de algoritmos de colaboración entre estas, se desarrollará SIMCOL-P2P: un simulador de colaboración Peer-to-Peer fácil de utilizar y capaz de generar automáticamente un extenso informe de los resultados. Así mismo, este simulador incorporará las modalidades consideradas definidas en los vigentes decretos legales. Presentando un escenario determinado y utilizando SIMCOL-P2P se obtendrán amplios ahorros anuales en el coste de facturación de la electricidad con paybacks asumibles referentes a la inversión necesaria, reafirmando así los beneficios para los sectores más amplios de la sociedad de la aplicación de este modelo en el sistema energético global. This document conducts a study on the application of the distributed model of electrical generation, through the collaboration of microgrids. The main objective is to develop a Matlab and Simulink model, that allows the study and simulation of collaboration between different microgrids, simultaneously evaluating the incidence and social promotion of this distributed generation model. With the energy modeling of a microgrid, and afterwards, the modeling of collaboration algorithms between them, SIMCOL-P2P will be developed: a Peer-to-Peer collaboration simulator easy to use and capable of generating automatically an extensive report of the results. Moreover, this simulator will incorporate the modalities considered defined in the current legislative decrees. Presenting a specific scenario and using SIMCOL-P2P we will obtain great annual savings to the cost of electrical invoicing with affordable paybacks regarding to the necessary investment, reasserting the benefits for the wider sectors of society by applying this distributed model in the global energy system.

В данной работе разработана проектная документация для здания бизнес-центра высотой 105 метров с двухуровневой подземной автостоянкой. В здании запроектированы офисные помещения, конференц-залы и ресторан на 78 посадочных мест. Также запроектированы 2 этажа подземного паркинга на 48 машиномест. Произведен выбор участка строительства, составлена схема планировочной организации участка. Отработаны архитектурные решения, включающие функциональное зонирование, разработаны планы подземных и надземных этажей. Выбран тип конструктивной схемы и системы здания. Произведены расчеты и составлены схемы армирования основных железобетонных конструкций. В разделе сведений об инженерном оборудовании разработана система вентиляции типового этажа и принципиальные решения системы отопления. В части пожарной безопасности составлены схемы эвакуации и произведен расчет распространения опасных факторов пожара. В рамках раздела «Смета на строительство» произведен расчет сводный сметный расчет стоимости строительства, рассчитана стоимость 1 кв.м. площади проектируемого здания. На данный раздел базируется исследовательская часть данной работы В исследовательской части приведены методы оценки экономической эффективности инвестиционного проекта, рассчитаны оттоки и притоки денежных средств, а также определен срок окупаемости строительства бизнес-центра. Построены соответствующие графики с отображением сроков строительства и эксплуатации. Рассчитаны различные параметры оценки инвестиционного проекта и сделаны выводы о его эффективности., This work has developed design documentation for the building of a business center 105 meters high with a two-level underground parking lot. The building has designed office space, conference rooms and a restaurant with 78 seats. Two floors of underground parking for 48 cars have also been designed. The construction site has been selected and a scheme for the planning organization of the site has been drawn up. Architectural solutions, including functional zoning, have been worked out, plans for underground and above-ground floors have been developed. The type of constructive scheme and system of the building has been chosen. Calculations have been made and schemes for reinforcement of the main reinforced concrete structures have been drawn up. In the section of information about engineering equipment, a ventilation system of a typical floor and fundamental solutions of the heating system are developed. In terms of fire safety, evacuation schemes were drawn up and the distribution of the dangerous factors of the fire was calculated. Within the framework of the section “Construction estimate”, a summary estimate calculation of the construction cost has been made, the cost of 1 sq.m. area of the designed building. The research part of this work is based on this section. The research part provides methods for evaluating the economic efficiency of an investment project, calculates outflows and inflows of funds, and determines the payback period for the construction of a business center. The corresponding graphs showing the terms of construction and operation are constructed. Various parameters for evaluating the investment project are calculated and conclusions are drawn about its effectiveness.

В полевом севообороте на дерново-среднеподзолистой легкосуглинистой почве установлена высокая эффективность внесения органических и минеральных удобрений в полной и двойной дозах на фоне известкования. Применение навоза в дозе 50 т/га с совместным использованием минеральных удобрений при известковании увеличивало среднегодовую продуктивность севооборота на 2,9 т/га з.е. по сравнению с контролем (без удобрений). При этом отмечено повышение показателей качества возделываемых культур (содержание сырого протеина, клейковины в зерне озимой пшеницы) на 5-20%. В то же время наибольшая окупаемость 1 кг д.в. прибавкой урожайности (14,4-16,5 кг з.е.) наблюдалась при внесении навоза и NPK в половинных дозах. Здесь же был и наибольший уровень рентабельности – 149% на неизвесткованном фоне и 69% при внесении СаСО3. Снижение экономической эффективности при известковании связано с большими затратами на транспортировку и внесение известкового материала. В период последействия удобрений сохраняется тенденция к повышению продуктивности культур севооборота при органоминеральной системе удобрения (двойная доза) на фоне известкования., In the field crop rotation on sod-medium-podzolic light-loamy soil, the high efficiency of the organic-mineral fertilizer system with the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers in full and double doses against the background of liming was established. The use of manure at a dose of 50 t / ha with the joint use of mineral fertilizers during liming increases the average annual productivity of crop rotation by 2.9 t / ha of grain units (g.u.) compared to the control (without fertilizers). At the same time, there is an increase in the quality of cultivated crops (the content of raw protein, gluten in winter wheat grain) by 5-20%. At the same time, the highest payback of 1 kg of a.s. with an increase in yield (14.4-16.5 kg g.u.) was noted when applying manure and NPK in half doses. Here, the highest level of profitability is also noted – 149% on a non-limed background and 69% when making CaCO3. Reducing the economic efficiency of liming is associated with high costs for transportation and application of lime material. During the period of aftereffect of fertilizers, there is a tendency to increase the productivity of crop rotation in the organic-mineral fertilizer system (double dose) against the background of liming., Плодородие, Выпуск 4 (115) 2020

Основным потребителем тепловой энергии является система отопления, а существенные теплопотери происходят через открытые наружные двери. В целях энергосбережения в данной статье сравниваются электрические тепловые завесы четырех разных производителей: Тропик , Тепломаш , BALLU и FRICO , которые устанавливаются над дверным проемом с площадью A1.47м2. При выборе необходимого оборудования рассматриваются такие критерии, как стоимость устройства, потребление электроэнергии и окупаемость. По результатам анализа было подобрано оборудование компании FRICO ., The main consumer of thermal energy is the heating system, and significant heat losses occur through open exterior doors. In order to save energy, this article compares the electric heat curtains of four different manufacturers: tropic, Teplomash, BALLU and FRICO, which are installed above the doorway with an area of A1.47m2. When choosing the necessary equipment, such criteria as the cost of the device, energy consumption and payback are considered. According to the results of the analysis, the equipment of the company FRICOwas selected., №04(16) (2019)

Treball Final de Grau en Turisme. Codi: TU0944. Curs acadèmic: 2018/2019 Han pasado exactamente cinco años desde que la autora tomó un avión con destino España para poder cumplir uno de sus más grandes sueños: estudiar una carrera universitaria en el país del jamón (Salas, 2010). Desde aquel entonces, hasta ahora, se dió cuenta de la falta de conocimiento acerca de la cultura peruana, entre historia, gastronomía, lugar y todo acerca del país Andino. Sumemosle a esta fatídica ecuación la escasa oferta de establecimientos peruanos en la ciudad de Castellón de la Plana, lugar donde actualmente reside. Así nació la idea de la apertura de una tasca con temática peruana en la ciudad de Castellón de la Plana. El presente trabajo de fin de grado pretende servir como guía para la apertura e implementación de una tasca peruana en Castellón de la Plana. Mediante el desarrollo de este proyecto hemos podido conocer desde la historia de las tascas en España, el entorno general de nuestra idea de negocio, hasta la demostración de la viabilidad de nuestra tasca peruana mediante la información obtenida en encuestas, paginas web, trabajos académicos y sobre todo de entrevistas personales a personajes fundamentales en la historia de las tascas de Castellón: Pedro Navarro y Ernesto Bou, hijo. Además de haber utilizado fuentes de información primarias como secundarias, se utilizó herramientas como el modelo Canvas, el Valor Actual Neto y el “PayBack”. Herramientas que nos han permitido desarrollar y definir la idea de negocio de una tasca peruana llamada “La Concha Negra” en la ciudad de Castellón de la Plana. Exactly five years have passed since the author took a plane to Spain to fulfill one of her biggest dreams: study a university career in the country of ham (Salas, 2010). From that time, until now, he realized the lack of knowledge of the Castellonnese about Peruvian culture, between history, gastronomy, place and everything about the Andean country. Let's add to this fateful equation the limited offer of Peruvian establishments in the city of Castellón de la Plana, where he currently resides. Thus was born the idea of opening a Peruvian-themed tasca in the city of Castellón de la Plana. This final degree project aims to serve as a guide for the opening and implementation of a Peruvian tasca in Castellón de la Plana. Through the development of this project we have been able to know from the history of the tascas in Spain, the general environment of our business idea, to the demonstration of the viability of our Peruvian tasca through the information obtained in surveys, web pages, academic works and especially personal interviews with key figures in the history of the tascas of Castellón: Pedro Navarro and Ernesto Bou, son. In addition to having used primary and secondary sources of information, tools such as the Canvas model were used. Tool that allowed us to develop and define the business idea of a Peruvian tasca called “La Concha Negra” in the city of Castellón de la Plana.

Приведены данные полевых опытов ВНИИА (Барыбино, Московская обл.) по урожайности озимой пшеницы сорта Московская 39 и ярового ячменя сорта Нур, окупаемости фосфорных удобрений в зависимости от агрохимических свойств дерново-подзолистой суглинистой почвы. Показано влияние на окупаемость доз фосфорных удобрений, фосфатного уровня почвы и известкования. Установлено, что при внесении фосфорных удобрений в дозах 60-120 кг/га Р2О5, урожайность повышается на неизвесткованной почве при низком содержании подвижных фосфатов почти в 2 раза, на известкованной, более обеспеченной подвижными фосфатами, почве – на 16-34%, при уровне продуктивности культур (в вариантах NK): озимой пшеницы 22,3-30,2 ц/га, ячменя 20,3-27,7 – на слабоокультуренной; 44,5-52 и 34-45 ц/га на окультуренной почве соответственно., The data of field experiments of Pryanishnikov Institute of Agrochemistry on the yield of winter wheat variety Moscow 39 and spring barley variety Nur are given. Data on the payback of phosphate fertilizers depending on the agrochemical properties of sod-podzolic loamy soil. The effect on the payback of doses of phosphate fertilizers, phosphate level of soil and liming is shown. It has been established that when phosphorus fertilizers are applied in doses of 60-120 kg/ha of P2O5, the yield increases on non-leveled soil with a low content of mobile phosphates by almost 2 times, on a calcareous soil, better provided with mobile phosphates, in the soil – by 16-34%, with the level of crop productivity (NK variants): winter wheat 22.3-30.2 c/ha, barley 20.3-27.7 – on poorly cultivated; 44.5-52 and 34-45 c/ha in cultivated soil, respectively., №1(106) (2019)

O desenvolvimento deste estudo permite ao gestor público compreender os fatores que devem ser observados na implantação de uma usina fotovoltaica, bem como verificar os seus resultados, permitindo uma análise crítica para contratos futuros. Um sistema fotovoltaico conectado à rede elétrica, quando comparado às demais fontes alternativas de energia, possui baixa complexidade de instalação e operação. Ademais, por ser instalado próximo ao local de consumo de energia elétrica, permite adiar os investimentos em sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica. Além disso, podem reduzir as perdas técnicas no transporte de energia elétrica. O projeto piloto de implantação de um sistema de geração de energia elétrica fotovoltaica na Reitoria do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM) permitiu verificar a economia de energia elétrica ao longo dos meses e analisar o retorno do investimento, comparando o custo do capital investido. Para ser atrativa, a proposta de investimento deverá, pelo menos, retornar o valor referente às aplicações correntes e de pouco risco. The development of this study allows the public manager to understand the factors that must be observed in the implantation of a photovoltaic power, as well as to verify its results, allowing a critical analysis for future contracts. A grid-connected photovoltaic power system, when compared to other alternative sources of energy, have low complexity of installation and operation. In addition, because it is installed near the place of electric power consumption, they allow to postpone investments in electric power transmission systems. In addition, they might reduce technical losses in the grid. The pilot project for the implementation of a photovoltaic electric power generation system at the Rectory of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM) will allow the verification of electric energy savings over the months and will allow the analysis of the return on investment, comparing the cost of capital invested. To be attractive, the investment proposal should at least return the value referring to current and low risk applications.