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In the absence of comparative information on hypoglycaemic drug prices, it is difficult for physicians to prescribe most economical treatment. Hence, this study is designed to analyse the percentage variation of cost among different brands of oral hypoglycaemic drugs available in Indian market. Study data was collected from the current index of medical specialities of October 2020 to January 2021. The difference between the maximum and minimum costs was calculated. Then cost ratio and percentage of cost variation were calculated for each drug. In single drug therapy Glimepiride 1 mg tablet showed highest and Vildagliptin 50 mg showed lowest cost variation. In two drugs combination therapy Glimepiride+Metformin (2 mg+500 mg) showed highest and Gliclazide+Metformin (40 mg+500 mg) showed lowest cost variation. In three drugs combination Glimepiride+Metformin+Pioglitazone (2 mg+500 mg+15 mg) showed highest and Glimepiride+Metformin+Pioglitazone (2 mg+500 mg+7.5 mg) showed lowest cost variation. This study showed a wide variation in the prices, cost ratio and in cost variation of oral hypoglycemic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the influence of cooling spout positioning on pressure container blueprints, particularly emphasizing strain features. Sprayers are crucial for ingress and egress objectives in force containers, and although maximum positioning upholds container uniformity, operation necessities occasionally necessitate circumferential positioning, resulting in uniformity disturbance. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed to examine the distribution of strain, while pressure container prototypes fluctuate in the number of spouts and inclinations. By means of an all-inclusive examination, it was discovered that the strain measurements for every circumstance were under the security limit of 50 megapascals. Remarkably, the arrangement with four spouts at 90-degree intervals displayed negligible distortion and sustained strain levels within satisfactory boundaries, imparting valuable perceptions for enhancing the pressure container blueprint with cooling spouts on the circumference, guaranteeing structural soundness and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, using simple and inexpensive novel reflux method, Cadmium Oxide (CdO) thin films were successfully deposited on glass substrate. Here to deposit CdO on glass substrate, Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) was used as a source of Cd+ ions, while ammonia was taken as complexing agent. Structural analysis and surface morphology of prepared CdO thin film was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy respectively, Also wettability test was done by using goniometer which showed hydrophilic nature of deposited CdO thin film. Optical properties of CdO thin film was completed by using UV-Visible spectroscopy which revealed that deposited CdO thin film has direct band gap about 2.01 eV. NO2 gas sensing properties like sensitivity, response recovery & response time of prepared CdO sensor was determined by using Keithley gas sensing unit. In present work effect of concentration of NO2 gas on response of CdO sensor was studied and it was cleared that as NO2 gas concentration increases (25 ppm – 100 ppm), the response of CdO sensor was also increases & it becomes maximum i.e. (57 %) for 100 ppm of NO2 with optimized temperature of 200°C. Variation of response and recovery time with NO2 gas concentration was studied and it was concluded that as concentration of NO2 gas increases, response time increases while recovery time decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trazodone is a triazolopyridine analogue from the antidepressant class of serotonin receptor antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs). In the API and finished product of Trazodone impurity A, B and C are observed regularly. The present work discloses the first synthesis of these impurities with good to excellent yield and purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which evaluated the effect of conservation tillage and agricultural land management practices on soil physical properties in different sequence cropping systems under rainfed conditions. The plot field experiment examined soil physical properties including aggregate stability, bulk density, total porosity, maximum water holding capacity and penetration resistance at plough depth. It compared the effectiveness of conventional tillage with and without crop residues.

Greengram is one of the major protein rich grain legumes predominately cultivated in North Interior Karnataka (NIK). Due to erratic nature of monsoon which has increased with climate change greengram crop is suffering from moisture stress and hence the large variability in yield levels is noticed. The study aimed at determining the water requirement of greengram variety DGGV-2 using CROPWAT model that helps the farmers of NIK consisting of 12 districts in tapping the potential yields of this crop through proper irrigation management. The results revealed that average crop evapotranspiration (ETc), effective rainfall (ER) and irrigation requirement (IR) under past climates (1991-2020) for NIK were 246, 269.3 and 37.4 mm, respectively. An increase of 26.8 mm in ETc, 21.6 mm in ER and decrease of 0.3 mm in IR were simulated under projected climates. Among the four dates of sowing (7, 14, 21 and 28th June) for greengram delayed sowing i.e., on 28th June under projected climate (2021-2050) simulated the lowest water requirement and irrigation requirement for all the 12 districts of NIK. This study proved that the CROPWAT model is useful to foresee crop water demand under projected climates and calculate the crop irrigation needs in supplement to projected rainfall for proper management of water resources and maintain crop yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]