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We explored the potential role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ) in stevioside‐mediated renoprotection using rhabdomyolysis‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI) model in rats. Rhabdomyolysis refers to intense skeletal muscle damage, which further causes AKI. Glycerol (50% w/v, 8 ml/kg) was injected intramuscularly in rats to induce rhabdomyolysis. After 24 hr, AKI was demonstrated by quantifying serum creatinine, urea, creatinine clearance, microproteinuria, and electrolytes in rats. Further, oxidative stress was measured by assaying thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, generation of superoxide anion, and reduced glutathione levels. Additionally, serum creatine kinase (CK) level was assayed to determine glycerol‐induced muscle damage in rats. Pathological changes in rat kidneys were studied using hematoxylin–eosin and periodic acid Schiff staining. Moreover, the expression of apoptotic markers (Bcl‐2, Bax) in rat kidneys was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Stevioside (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) was administered to rats, prior to the induction of AKI. In a separate group, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE, 30 mg/kg), a PPAR‐γ receptor antagonist was given prior to stevioside administration, which was followed by rhabdomyolysis‐induced AKI in rats. The significant alteration in biochemical and histological parameters in rats indicated AKI, which was attenuated by stevioside treatment. Pretreatment with BADGE abrogated stevioside‐mediated renoprotection, which is suggestive of the involvement of PPAR‐γ in its renoprotective effect. In conclusion, stevioside protects against rhabdomyolysis‐induced AKI, which may be attributed to modulation of PPAR‐γ expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern era is witnessing the human pathological conditions caused by reactive oxygen species apparently prevalent due to stressful way of life. Plants and herbs have been a great source of remedies to various human aliments. C. Oxyacantha is such a plant with richness of polyphenolic compounds useful in the treatment of various ailments. It has been used for so long as a pharmacologically active plant. Many parts of the plant have been extensively utilized to treat cardiovascular disorders angina, CHF, dysrhythmias and raised blood pressure. C. Oxyacantha is rich with hypatahydroxy flavan glycoside as well as flavan polymers. It also has oligomeric procyanidins and flavonoid constituents as the principle components of Crataegus oxycantha are responsible for its medicinal values. Being possessing various polyphenolic constituents like Quercetin, Hyperoside, Caffeic acid, Rutin, Vitamin C, the project got designed to investigate the antioxidant potential through invitro methods adopting Reducing power potential, Hydroxyl radical quenching, superoxide anion quenching activity and nitric oxide radical combating activity. The 70% hydroalcoholic extract of C. oxyacantha leaves has been emerged to exhibit significant antioxidant potential. The reactive oxygen species quenching potential may be attributed to flavonoids and other polyphenolic constituents preserved in the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A (HNF4A) are the putative mammary stem cell markers. Tissue necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) is involved in inflammation-associated carcinogenesis and cell proliferation. In this study, the gene expression profile of ALDH1, HNF4A and TNFA of buffalo mammary tissue using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Analysis of RT-qPCR data revealed that the relative expression (log2 fold change) of ALDH1 and TNFA during mastitis (vs. lactation) was increased (P <.05) by 2.98 and 4.71, respectively. The relative expression (log2 fold change; −7.39) of stem cell marker, HNF4A was decreased (P <.05) during mastitis. Histological analysis of mammary tissue during mastitis showed thickening of stroma and occasionally hyperplasia, predominantly in prepubertal and non-lactating animals. Although, the level of expression of these genes may vary, depending upon the physiological stage of the animals, however expression of ALDH1 and TNFA was high during mastitis. A systematic study on large samples of buffalo mammary tissue with appropriate comparisons needs to be evaluated with these markers for prognosis of buffalo mammary health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine nanoparticles of CuO, generated in‐situ by the chemical reduction method, were immobilized on cucurbit[6]uril support to afford nanocomposite CuO@CB[6] as an air‐stable green powder. The nanocomposite was fully characterized by various physicochemical techniques, such as FTIR, PXRD, XPS, FESEM, EDX, Elemental mapping, HRTEM, TGA, and ICP‐AES. It has been found to be an efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the synthesis of a series of 2H‐indazoles from aldehyde, amine, and azide, under base‐ and ligand‐free conditions, at a low concentration of the metal (0.2 mole %). The augmented catalytic activity of the CuO NPs is attributed to the fine size of the nanoparticles. The nanocatalyst was retrieved from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and reused up to five times with insignificant deprivation in its catalytic activity. All synthesized 2H‐indazoles were isolated in good to excellent yield (55‐96%) and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR studies. Three new indazoles are additionally characterized by DEPT 135 spectroscopy and HRMS spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europium (Eu), one of the most significant rare earth (RE) elements, has wide applications as functional material in phosphor production, majorly used in fluorescent lamps, computer monitors, televisions etc. Eu is one of the three divalent lanthanides (along with Yb and Sm) having a reduction potential higher than −2 V. This possibility of Eu reduction is attributed to a relatively stable half-filled 4f7 electronic configuration, thus providing a high stabilization energy and selective recovery. But the Eu recuperation from natural minerals is either accompanied with other REs or Eu is recovered as a group of light REs. Selective recovery of Eu has sparked the progress for its reutilization through recycling of secondary resources. The perspectives of reclaiming Eu as a value added product from various sources using different pyro-hydro or hybrid techniques are discussed. The systematic research and salient findings on methods, viz., reduction, leaching, solvent extraction, as well as combined methods scaled-up to commercial scale to recover Eu, are also reported with recommendations. Thus, this comparative as well as summarized review hopes to help researchers to develop feasible processes for Eu recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, one-pot, three-component, green synthesis of a wide range of propargylamines is reported by A3-coupling (aldehyde, alkyne and amine) via C-H activation of alkynes using [Zn(L-proline)2] as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst. High catalytic activity was achieved in comparatively low temperature under solvent-free conditions. All reactions were carried out in an open atmosphere without the use of any co-catalyst/additive.Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of two new salen-type Schiff base complexes of the type [Cu(L)]·0.5H2O, 1, and [Ni(L)], 2, from the reaction of a 6,6′-[(1E,1′E)-(cyclohexane-1,2-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene)bis(3-(diethylamino)phenol)] salen-type Schiff base ligand (H2L) with Cu(OAc)2·H2O and Ni(OAc)2·4H2O in methanol at room temperature, respectively, is described. The complexes are isolated as coloured crystalline solids and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The paramagnetic nature of complex 1, having giso = 2.076, was confirmed by EPR studies, which indicated a distorted square planar geometry of the complex. In contrast to this, the nickel complex was found to be diamagnetic in nature and it was additionally characterized by 1H NMR. The crystal structures of complexes 1 and 2 confirm the distorted square planar geometry of both the complexes. Complex 1 was found to be a better catalyst for the synthesis of a series of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles from nitriles and sodium azide via [3+2]-cycloaddition and for the A3-coupling reaction of aldehydes, secondary amines and terminal alkynes with a low catalyst loading (0.7 and 0.9 mol%, respectively) as compared to complex 2. Complex 1 is novel in the sense that, being a homogeneous catalyst, it can be recovered almost quantitatively in both reactions and recycled up to four times to afford good yields of the corresponding products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to describe the surface morphology ofthe different segments of the oviduct in the Punjab white quail and Japanese quail using scanning electron microscope.The study revealed that the mucosa of the different segments of oviductof the Punjab white quail and Japanese quail was thrown into longitudinal folds. These longitudinal folds had secondary and tertiary branches. The folds were lined by varied shaped cells with globular luminal surface and cytoplasmic secretory blebs. At places opening of the glands and Clumps of secretory material were seen. As revealed by the scanning electron microscope the surface morphology of the different segments of the oviduct of the Punjab white quail and Japanese quail did not differ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryostat sections of 6-7 pm thicknesses from pituitary glands of Indian buffaloes were obtained and incubated with different substrates for the demonstration of phosphatases, oxidoreductases andnon-specific esterases. The cells in the pars distalis were strong to intense positive for phosphatase, oxidoreductases and esterases as compared to the cells in pars intermedia and pars nervosa. The enzymes showed weak to moderate reactivity during prepubertal period while the activity was strong to intense during the follicular, luteal phase and in pregnant buffaloes. The overall expression of enzymes in posterior pituitary was weak and suggested that the posterior pituitary was just storehouse of hormones of hypothalamus and it has no role in secretion. Buffalo can be considered as a backbone of the development of dairy industry in India and a major contributor in country's milk production (56% of total milk).Reproductive efficiency is the primary determinant affecting productivity in female buffalo, but is greatly hampered by late a tta in ment of puberty, seasonality of calving, long postpartum anestrus and subsequent calving interval (Barile, 2005). A coordinated relationship exists between hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary of animals and pituitary gland undergoes changes in its activity of cell types based on influences from hypothalamus and feedback from ovary at different stages of reproduction. The reactivity of various enzymes varies during different stages of reproduction and they play important role at each stage of reproductive physiology. Thus the present investigation was designed to elucidate phosphatases, oxidoreductases and non-specific esterases in pituitary gland during prepubertal, follicular phase, luteal phase and pregnant buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two new Chitosan‐supported Schiff base complexes (CS@L1‐Cu) and (CS@L2‐Cu) have been synthesized. They are characterized by various spectroscopic and instrumental techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Ultravoilet‐visible spectroscopy (UV‐Vis), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy dispersiveX‐ray microscopy (EDX), Thermo gravimetric analysis/Differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analysis.Thecomplex CS@L2‐Cu have been found to be efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles from a series of oximes and sodium azide and also for oxidative homo‐coupling of terminal alkynes. The catalyst could be easily recovered from reaction mixture by simple filtration and recycled up to five times with no significant loss in its catalytic activity. The mercury poisoning test indicated that the catalysts are heterogeneous in nature. All products were isolated as white to off‐white and light yellow solids and characterized by1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The histoenzymicactivities of phosphatases, oxidoreductases and esterases were observed in different nuclei of buffalo hypothalamus.The reaction of phosphataseswas intense during follicular phase while moderate to strong during other stages of the reproductive cycle. SDH and LDH enzymes in the ependymal layer and neurons showed weak reactivity while a strong reaction for GLD was observed in the ependymal layer and moderate reaction in the neuronal elements.Diaphorases showed strong reactionwhile MAO exhibited moderate activity. The activity of NSE was diffuse in the cytoplasm of neurons. Most of the enzymes showed weak to moderate activity during the prepubertal period while moderate to strong in the pubertal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A template-free one-pot hydrothermal route was adopted for the facile synthesis of SnS2@Cu2O/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoflowers for supercapacitor electrode materials. The structure and morphology was established using XRD, FTIR, XPS, TEM and FESEM. The electron transfer between the two metal centers in the ternary nanocomposite resulted in an ultra-high specific capacitance of 1800 F g−1 at 0.6 A g−1 in 1 M KOH in a three electrode testing environment. The specific capacitance in a two electrode set-up in 1 M TEABF4 (in acetonitrile) was measured to be 1290 F g−1 at the fixed current density (CD) of 1 A g−1 and about 90% of the specific capacitance was retained after 1000 consecutive charge–discharge cycles. This ultra-high specific capacitance was complemented by the high energy density of 160.0 W h kg−1 and the superior power delivery rate of 3999.54 W kg−1 at the CD of 10 A g−1 in a three electrode aq. KOH set-up. However, in the two-electrode configuration with organic system (TEABF4 in acetonitrile), the composite showed an energy density of 458.67 W h kg−1 at the high power delivery rate of 1600 W kg−1 and a current density of 1 A g−1. These remarkable electrochemical properties show the potential of this ternary nanocomposite for the fabrication of high performance supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface follicle count and oocyte quality was investigated in buffalo ovaries collected from an abattoir. Between seasons, the percentage of various size follicles was different (p<0.05). During winter, average follicle count per ovary, average oocyte recovery rate and percentage of grade-A oocytes was high (p<0.05). The tertiary follicles had intact granulosa cell layers in winter and loosened granulosa cell layers in summer. The apoptotic bodies in ovaries and vacuolizations observed between granulose cell layers and antral fluid in summer were absent in winter season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A graphene oxide–TiO2 composite (GO–TiO2) has been synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, FT-Raman, XRD, XPS, FESEM, EDX, TEM and N2 adsorption–desorption. GO–TiO2 has been found to be a highly efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of pyrazoles and pyridines in aqueous medium at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]