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International audience; In computational imaging by digital holography, lateral resolution of retinal images is limited to about 20 microns by the aberrations of the eye. To overcome this limitation, the aberrations have to be canceled. Digital aberration compensation can be performed by post-processing of full-field digital holograms. Aberration compensation was demonstrated from wavefront measurement by reconstruction of digital holograms in subapertures [1], and by measurement of a guide star hologram [2]. Yet, these wavefront measurement methods have limited accuracy in practice. For holographic tomography of the human retina, image reconstruction was demonstrated by iterative digital aberration compensation, by minimization of the local entropy of speckle-averaged tomographic volumes [3]. However image-based aberration compensation is time-consuming, preventing real-time image rendering. We are investigating a new digital aberration compensation scheme with a deep neural network to circumvent the limitations of these aberrations correction methods. To train the network, 28.000 anonymized images of eye fundus from patients of the 15-20 hospital in Paris have been collected, and synthetic interferograms have been reconstructed digitally by simulating the propagation of eye fundus images recorded with standard cameras. With a U-Net architecture [4], we demonstrate defocus correction of these complex-valued synthetic interferograms. Other aberration orders will be corrected with the same method, to improve lateral resolution up to the diffraction limit in digital holo-graphic imaging of the retina.The measurement of medical images can be hindered by blur and distortions caused by the physiological motion. Specially for retinal imaging, images are greatly affected by sharp movements of the eye. Stabilization methods have been developed and applied to state-of-the-art retinal imaging modalities; here we intend to adapt them for coherent light detection schemes. In this paper , we demonstrate experimentally cross-correlation-based lateral and axial motion compensation in laser Doppler imaging and optical coherence tomography by digital holography. Our methods improve lateral and axial image resolution in those innovative instruments and allow a better visualization during motion.

The choroid is a highly vascularized tissues supplying the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. Its implication in retinal diseases is gaining increasing interest. However, investigating the anatomy and flow of the choroid remains challenging. Here we show that laser Doppler holography provides high contrast imaging of choroidal vessels in humans, with a spatial resolution comparable to state of the art indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography. Additionally, laser Doppler holography contributes to sort out choroidal arteries and veins by using a power Doppler spectral analysis. We thus demonstrate the potential of laser Doppler holography to improve our understanding of the anatomy and flow of the choroidal vascular network.

Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) is an imaging technique for achieving both super-resolution (SR) and optical sectioning (OS) in wide-field microscopy using dedicated reconstruction algorithms. In this communication we focus on the very promising application of SIM to in vivo retinal imaging, which could benefit the study of the retinal 3D structure and function in the living eye. The SIM approaches commonly used in microscopy require a static object and are thus not suitable for in vivo retinal imaging due to uncontrolled eye movements. The few approaches developped with retinal imaging in mind only achieve SR.We propose a reconstruction method approach, tailored for retinal imaging, which achieves SR and OS jointly. It is based on a multi-layer model of the image formation process which takes into account the object shifts. The mean idea of our method is to reconstruct a 2-layer object composed of the super-resolved optical section of the object and a layer into which the object’s defocused contribution are rejected. Our proposed approach is validated by simulations and on experimental microscopy data., La microscopie par illumination structurée (SIM en anglais) est une technique d’imagerie utilisée en microscopie plein champ qui permet d’obtenir super-résolution (SR) et sectionnement optique (SO) grâce à des algorithmes de reconstruction dédiés. Dans cette communication, nous nous intéressons à l’application de la SIM à l’imagerie rétinienne in-vivo qui offre de nouvelles possibilités pour l’étude des structures et fonctions rétiniennes. Les méthodes de reconstruction SIM couramment utilisées en microscopie supposent un objet statique et donc ne conviennent pas au cas de l’imagerie rétinienne in-vivo à cause des mouvements oculaires. Les quelques approches proposées pour l’imagerie rétinienne ne permettent de réaliser que de la SR.Nous proposons une méthode de reconstruction adaptée à l’imagerie rétinienne qui réalise SR et SO conjointement. Elle repose sur un modèle physique multi-couches de la formation d’images, qui prend en compte les mouvements de l’objet. L’idée originale de notre approche est de reconstruire un objet bi-couche comprenant la section optique super-résolue de l’objet et une tranche où sont rejetées toutes les contributions défocalisées de l’objet. Nous validons la méthode proposée par simulations et sur des données expérimentales de microscopie.

International audience; The design and performance of an adaptive optics flood illumination ophthalmoscope (AO-FIO) platform, based on eye motion and dynamic aberrations experimental analysis, are described. The system incorporates a custom-built real-time controller, enabling up to 70 Hz loop rate without jitter, and an AO-corrected illumination capable of projecting high-resolution features in the retina. Wide-field (2.7°×5.4°) and distortionless images from vessel walls, capillaries, and the lamina cribrosa are obtained with an enhanced contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, thanks to careful control of AO parameters. The high spatial and temporal resolution (image acquisition up to 200 Hz) performance achieved by this platform enables the visualization of vessel deformation and blood flow. This system opens up the prospect of a return to favor of flood illumination adaptive optics systems provided that its high pixel rate and structured illumination capabilities are exploited.; La conception et la performance de l’ophtalmoscope plein champ assisté par Optique Adaptative (OA), basés sur des analyses expérimentales des mouvements et aberrations oculaires, sont décrites. Le système est composé d’un calculateur en temps-réel qui permet d’atteindre une vitesse de boucle d’asservissement de 70Hz. Le système permet aussi la projection de motifs dans la rétine. Grâce au contrôle et la maîtrise d’un système d’Optique Adaptative, des images à grand champ (2.7x5.4°) sans distorsion des différentes régions de la rétine présentent une amélioration de contraste et de rapport signal sur bruit. La haute résolution spatio-temporelle permet également la visualisation des déformations vasculaire et du flux sanguin. Ce système ouvre des nouvelles perspectives en ophtalmoscopie plein-champ, qui pourrait s'imposer dans les années à venir à condition que sa haute résolution temporelle et sa capacité de projeter des motifs d’illumination soient exploitées.