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Latin America continues to be severely underrepresented in genomics research, and fine-scale genetic histories as well as complex trait architectures remain hidden due to the lack of Big Data. To fill this gap, the Mexican Biobank project genotyped 1.8 million markers in 6,057 individuals from 32 states and 898 sampling localities across Mexico with linked complex trait and disease information creating a valuable nationwide genotype-phenotype database. Through a suite of state-of-the-art methods for ancestry deconvolution and inference of identity-by-descent (IBD) segments, we inferred detailed ancestral histories for the last 200 generations in different Mesoamerican regions, unraveling native and colonial/post-colonial demographic dynamics. We observed large variations in runs of homozygosity (ROH) among genomic regions with different ancestral origins reflecting their demographic histories, which also affect the distribution of rare deleterious variants across Mexico. We analyzed a range of biomedical complex traits and identified significant genetic and environmental factors explaining their variation, such as ROH found to be significant predictors for trait variation in BMI and triglycerides.

Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) Antibody Associated Disease (MOGAD) is an emerging disorder recognized as a clinical entity distinct from Multiple Sclerosis and Aquaporin-4-positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD-AQP4+), and its phenotypic spectrum continues to expand. Most information about its clinical course has emerged from retrospective studies, and treatment response both in acute and chronic-relapsing disease is still limited. We aimed to describe the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of monophasic and relapsing, paediatric and adult patients with MOGAD under regular clinical care in Chile, highlighting some challenging cases that are far from being considered benign.Observational, retrospective, and prospective longitudinal multicentre study including patients with positive serum MOG-IgG assessed by cell-based assay.We include 35 patients, 71% women, median age at onset 30 years (range 1-68), 23% had paediatric onset, with a median disease-duration 24 months (range 12-348). In the whole cohort, the most frequent symptoms at onset were isolated optic neuritis (ON) (34%) and myelitis (22%). Encephalitis with seizures or encephalomyelitis was the most common presentation in paediatric-onset patients 75% (n = 6), compared to 11% (n = 3) of the adult-onset patients (p 0.001). A relapsing course was observed in 34%, these patients were younger (25 vs. 34 years, p = 0.004) and with a longer disease duration (64 vs. 6 months, p = 0.004) compared to monophasic patients. Two patients developed encephalitis with seizures/status epilepticus, with concomitant positive CSF anti-NMDAR-IgG. Chronic immunotherapy was ever prescribed in 77%, the most frequent was rituximab (35%). Relapses under chronic immunotherapy occurred in 5/27 patients (18.5%), two of them under rituximab, one paediatric patient who started combined therapy with monthly IVIG and one adult patient that switched to satralizumab plus mycophenolate. The median EDSS at the last follow-up was 1.5 (range 0-6.0).In Chile, patients with MOGAD exhibit a wide spectrum of clinical presentations at disease onset and during relapses. Close monitoring is needed, particularly in younger patients with short follow-up periods.

En huertos de manzana de alta densidad, los portainjertos enanizantes juegan un papel clave, puesto que ellos promueven o estimulan la producción temprana, incrementan el rendimiento y calidad del fruto por unidad de superficie. Sin embargo, su desempeño hortícola depende de la capacidad del suelo para suministrar agua y nutrientes para el sistema radical. Bajo condiciones limitantes de suelos someros algunos portainjertos enanizantes no son capaces de satisfacer los requerimientos de agua y nutrientes para la variedad. En Aquixtla, Puebla, el crecimiento y desarrollo en árboles de manzano ‘Brookfield Gala’/Bud.9 son débiles, con sintomatología de deficiencias minerales, en contraste a los árboles injertados en Emla7, los cuales están produciendo frutos normalmente. En este trabajo se reporta el estatus nutrimental de árboles ‘Brookfield Gala’/Bud.9, apoyados por el portainjerto Emla7. El análisis foliar en 2018 demostró una concentración más alta de Mn y B en arboles ‘Brookfield Gala’/Bud.9 con injerto de aproximación realizado en 2016 y 2017 respectivamente. En 2019 la concentración de Cu y B fue más alta en los ‘arboles con injerto de aproximación realizado en 2017. En todos los árboles la concentración de Zn y K fue baja y la concentración de Ca y B fue alta. El efecto del injerto de aproximación con el portainjerto Emla7 fue incipiente en el desarrollo y crecimiento del manzano ‘Brookfield Gala’/Bud.9.

Objective To describe a group of patients with suspected acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) diagnosis, and identify factors associated with a greater risk of presenting this disease. Design Non-concurrent cohort study. Setting A single-centre non-concurrent follow-up of patients with suspected AIFRS between August 2015 and July 2018. Participants 50 inpatients referred due to suspected AIFRS at Hospital Clinico Universidad Catolica based on the association of a predisposing factor (neutropenia/immunodeficiency/poorly controlled diabetes) with fever of unknown origin. Main outcome measure The primary outcome was AIFRS diagnosis, defined as a concordant tissue biopsy. Results Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis was confirmed in 18% (9/50) of the evaluated patients. AIFRS was significantly associated with a positive galactomannan (P = .04), and a paranasal sinus MRI with lack of contrast enhancement (LoCE) (P = .04) orbit compromise (P = .03) or global extrasinusal extension (P = .04). LoCE and extrasinusal extension in the paranasal sinus/brain MRI were risk factors for AIFRS (OR 16; CI 1.2-210.6 and OR 12.75; CI 1.3-128.8, respectively). Conversely, a nasal endoscopy showing healthy mucosa was identified as a protective factor for AIFRS (OR 0.06; CI 0.007-0.57). Conclusions In patients with suspected AIFRS, we identified laboratory and radiologic variables associated with the disease, which may help for a more accurate diagnostic algorithm and approach in this population.

BACKGROUND: Therapies to interrupt the progression of early coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) remain elusive. Among them, convalescent plasma administered to hospitalized patients has been unsuccessful, perhaps because antibodies should be administered earlier in the course of illness. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma with high IgG titers against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in older adult patients within 72 hours after the onset of mild Covid-19 symptoms. The primary end point was severe respiratory disease, defined as a respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute or more, an oxygen saturation of less than 93% while the patient was breathing ambient air, or both. The trial was stopped early at 76% of its projected sample size because cases of Covid-19 in the trial region decreased considerably and steady enrollment of trial patients became virtually impossible. RESULTS A total of 160 patients underwent randomization. In the intention-to-treat population, severe respiratory disease developed in 13 of 80 patients (16%) who received convalescent plasma and 25 of 80 patients (31%) who received placebo (relative risk, 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29 to 0.94; P = 0.03), with a relative risk reduction of 48%. A modified intention-to-treat analysis that excluded 6 patients who had a primary end-point event before infusion of convalescent plasma or placebo showed a larger effect size (relative risk, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.81). No solicited adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS Early administration of high-titer convalescent plasma against SARS-CoV-2 to mildly ill infected older adults reduced the progression of Covid-19. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Fundación INFANT Pandemic Fund; Dirección de Sangre y Medicina Transfusional del Ministerio de Salud number, PAEPCC19, Plataforma de Registro Informatizado de Investigaciones en Salud number, 1421, and ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04479163.). Fil: Libster, Romina Paula. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Pérez Marc, Gonzalo. Hospital Militar Central, Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Wappner, Diego. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Coviello, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Bianchi, Alejandra. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Braem, Virginia. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Esteban, Ignacio. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Caballero, Mauricio Tomás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Wood, Cristian. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Berrueta, Mabel. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Rondan, Aníbal. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Lescano, Gabriela Mariel. Hospital Dr. Carlos Bocalandro; Argentina Fil: Cruz, Pablo. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Ritou, Yvonne. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Fernández Viña, Valeria Silvina. Hospital Simplemente Evita; Argentina Fil: Álvarez Paggi, Damián Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Esperante, Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Ferreti, Adrián. Hospital Dr. Carlos Bocalandro; Argentina Fil: Ofman, Gaston. University of Oklahoma; Estados Unidos Fil: Ciganda, Álvaro. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Interzonal Especializado de Agudos y Cronicos San Juan de Dios.; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez, Rocío. Hospital Simplemente Evita; Argentina Fil: Lantos, Jorge. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Valentini, Ricardo. No especifíca; Fil: Itcovici, Nicolás. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Hintze, Alejandra. No especifíca; Fil: Oyarvide, M. Laura. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Etchegaray, Candela. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Neira, Alejandra. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina Fil: Name, Ivonne. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina Fil: Alfonso, Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Swiss Medical Group; Argentina Fil: López Castelo, Rocío. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno"; Argentina Fil: Caruso, Gisela. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Rapelius, Sofía. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Alvez, Fernando. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Etchenique, Federico. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Dimase, Federico. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Alvarez, Darío. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Aranda, Sofía S.. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Sánchez Yanotti, Clara Inés. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: De Luca, Julián. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Jares Baglivo, Sofía. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Laudanno, Sofía. Fundación Hematológica Sarmiento; Argentina Fil: Nowogrodzki, Florencia. Swiss Medical Group; Argentina Fil: Larrea, Ramiro. Hospital Municipal San Isidro; Argentina Fil: Silveyra, María. Hospital Militar Central; Argentina Fil: Leberzstein, Gabriel. No especifíca; Fil: Debonis, Alejandra. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Molinos, Juan. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: González, Miguel. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Perez, Eduardo. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Kreplak, Nicolás. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Pastor Argüello, Susana. Fundación para la Investigación en Infectología Infantil; Argentina Fil: Gibbons, Luz. Hospital Municipal de San Isidro; Argentina Fil: Althabe, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina Fil: Bergel, Eduardo. Sanatorio Sagrado Corazón; Argentina Fil: Polack, Fernando Pedro. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud; Argentina

Pituitary abscesses (PAs) are a rare clinical entity which may arise from normal pituitary tissue or underlying lesions within the gland. Rathke’s cleft cysts (RCCs) are not commonly associated with the development of PA. Retrospective chart review of three patients with PAs within RCCs at a single university center and review of the literature. Three cases are reported. The first case presented with fever and headache and a history of prior surgery due to RCC and a recent respiratory tract infection. The second case had a history of recent skin infections and presented with sudden onset headache and hypopituitarism. In the third case, chronic visual field impairment prompted an ophthalmologic evaluation resulting in a diagnosis of an adenoma and an infected RCC. In all three cases, an endoscopic endonasal approach was performed to drain infected tissue and allowed microbiological identification of gram-positive cocci, followed by treatment with antibiotics for at least three weeks. Cases in the literature are scarce and the diagnosis is usually made intraoperatively due to non-specific manifestations and imaging. PAs arising from underlying pituitary lesions are less common than primary PAs. Differential diagnosis should include pituitary apoplexy, hypophysitis and other cystic lesions. PAs occurring in RCCs are infrequent. Clinical manifestations are commonly subacute, without septic symptoms. Imaging is usually non-specific. Preoperative diagnosis is infrequent and a broad differential diagnosis should be considered. Empirical antimicrobial therapy should be initiated and adjusted after obtaining cultures to reduce the rate of recurrence and improve clinical outcomes.

This contribution is focused on the reconstruction of the geo-environmental evolution during the Anthropocene. The research initiative, within the framework of the GECANT project, aims at understanding how recent natural and anthropic changes have affected the geomorphological dynamics of Cantabrian watersheds (Northern Spain), which have experienced an intense human activity during the last centuries. For this purpose, a multi-file and multi-site approach has been used by integrating data from distinctive lakes and estuaries of a large range of environmental conditions comprising the whole Cantabrian region. A multidisciplinary strategy, including geomorphological analyses, instrumental climate records, limnological studies, and multi-proxy analysis of sediment cores (geochemistry, geochronology and palaeoecology), as well as socioeconomic data, has been used in order to disentangle the natural and human drivers and causes of environmental changes. The data obtained so far indicate an increase in sedimentation rates in lakes and estuaries since the middle of the 20th century. Conceivably, this research will lead to the improvement of our understanding of the synergistic effects of natural and human drivers at the basin scale whilst promoting an enhanced design of global change mitigation and adaptation policies.

One of the goals of UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGps) is to contribute to the economic development of the territory by valuing geological heritage and linking it to other natural and cultural resources. Geotourism activities in UGGps are essential to achieve this objective.Since 2018, within the framework of the European project ATLANTIC GEOPARKS (Interreg Atlantic area programme), the Valleys of Cantabria project is being promoted in order to declare a UGGP in the Cantabria region (Spain). The predominant economic activity in the aspiring territory is the tertiary sector (hotel, catering services and tourism), which is major in coastal areas besides fishing. However, livestock farming still plays a major role in rural and depopulated areas. The declaration of a Geopark would contribute to: (i) setting population and attract visitors to areas at risk to depopulation, and (ii) de-seasonalizing tourism, by offering new geotourism products that may include those linked to the geological, natural and cultural heritage of the region. The aiming goal is to commit to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of UNESCO's Agenda 2030, establishing synergies with other Geoparks, working with the population living in the area to promote geotourism, and using environmental education as a fundamental element that contributes to knowledge and social awareness.The proposed geopark has a marked geomorphological character. Due to the existence of a great variety of landscapes and geomorphological landforms, the Valleys of Cantabria territory offers the visitor an assortment of resources related to geotourism, suitable for all audiences. The visitor can enjoy different viewpoints for observing glacial, river, karst or coastal landscapes and several routes of geological interest, which are referred to interpretive panels. It is worth mentioning the rich underground heritage within the area, one of the most important karstic landscapes of Europe and a paradise for speleology activities. To promote and value this resource, new itineraries focusing on the most representative karstic elements have been proposed within the candidacy, including visits to subterranean caves or climbing activities adapted to people with disabilities. A database including all geotouristic activities, with qualified staff, carried out on the aspiring geopark has been created and local companies that offer geotourism activities in the area for enjoying the geological, natural and cultural heritage (interpretative routes to walk or by boat, farm visits, speleology, climbing, canoeing, bird watching or cycling, among others.), have been identified.

La obesidad es considerada la gran epidemia del siglo XXI, afectando a una proporción masiva de la población a nivel global y en todas las edades. Además, la obesidad se ve íntimamente relacionada con el desarrollo de comorbilidades como síndrome metabólico (SM), resistencia a la insulina (IR), diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos y enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). A la vez, estas últimas constituyen una segunda epidemia en paralelo, representando la primera causa de muerte a nivel mundial. En este contexto, se ha evidenciado como el incremento del tejido adiposo visceral (TAV) o ectópico producto de la obesidad y su consecuente disfunción, se ve relacionado con diferentes ECV. Así pues, un TAV disfuncional se caracteriza por la infiltración de células inmunes y un secretoma alterado que conlleva a un estado de inflamación crónica capaz de alterar el funcionamiento de otros sistemas, entre ellos, el cardiovascular. Es por ello que, en los últimos años, se ha aumentado la investigación al respecto con el fin de esclarecer con mayor facilidad la relación entre ambas entidades clínicas. El objetivo de este artículo es describir los posibles mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la obesidad y su implicación en el desarrollo de ECV, así como presentar evidencia clínica que soporte dicha asociación.

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son, sin lugar a duda, una importante causa de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial, siendo posicionadas en el primer lugar sobre enfermedades como la obesidad o la diabetes. Por ende, es evidente la necesidad de su prevención primaria, especialmente durante la actual pandemia de COVID-19. Por estos motivos, es importante revisar y actualizar las estrategias de prevención abarcando cambios en el estilo de vida como la nutrición y la actividad física, las cuales tienen un sinfín de posibilidades y alternativas que van apareciendo día a día y que deben ser estudiadas para esclarecer su eficiencia y seguridad. De igual modo, se deben analizar los diferentes factores y comorbilidades que pueden aumentar el riesgo cardiovascular para poder aplicar una prevención oportuna con tratamientos farmacológicos, siendo algunos aceptados y utilizados hoy en día, y otros siendo controversiales. En consecuencia, se necesita mayor investigación a futuro que permita determinar cuáles son las mejores estrategias para prevenir las ECV y seguir innovando. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este artículo será revisar cada uno de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables con sus respectivas alternativas, actualizaciones, y métodos terapéuticos innovadores.

Background Mechanical Thrombectomy (MT) is the standard of care for treatment of large vessel occlusion stroke. Until the beginning of 2020 MT was not funded nor widely implemented at the public healthcare level in Chile. Objective To describe the results of a pilot program created to provide access to public MT in Santiago - Chile. Methods Analysis from a prospectively collected database of MT cases performed between September 2017 and September 2019 in one center. A stroke network was developed with a single MT capable stroke center and five primary stroke centers. The primary efficacy endpoint was the rate of functional independence (mRS 0-2) at 90 days. Successful reperfusion was defined as 2 b-3 according to the thrombolysis in cerebral infarction scale. Safety outcomes include the rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and 90-day mortality. Results A total of 100 patients were treated over the study period. Their mean age was 62.8 ± 11.8 years and median baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) measurement was 17. Seventy-seven percent of the patients received intra venous thrombolysis. Successful reperfusion was achieved in 95% of the cases. NIHSS at 24 hours showed a median drop of 7 points from baseline (p Conclusions We demonstrated the feasibility of a publicly funded MT program in Chile, with similar results as other international randomized control trials.

Introduction This study aimed to investigate the effects of a home-based occupational therapy telerehabilitation (TR) via smartphone in enhancing functional and motor performance and fall efficacy for outpatients receiving day hospital rehabilitation after hip fracture surgery in Hong Kong. Methods This was a feasibility randomised controlled trial with two groups – an experimental group and a comparison group – and a sample of 31 older adults attending a geriatric day hospital who had undergone hip fracture surgery within 12 weeks of diagnosis. Patients were assessed at baseline, immediately after a three-week intervention and at three-week post-intervention follow-up for motor performance, activities of daily living (ADL) functioning and fall efficacy. The experimental group received a home programme using the Caspar Health e-system and a mobile app for smartphones, while the comparison group received paper-and-pencil instructions for the home programme on a weekly basis for three weeks. Results Compared to the comparison group, significant improvements in fall efficacy and instrumental ADL performance at post intervention and follow-up were found in the experimental group. However, in the comparison group, inadequate social support was a factor contributing to better muscle strength testing in both the affected and non-affected legs. There were no significant differences between the two groups in regard to the other variables. Discussion This study supports the potential use of TR via smartphone as an alternative home programme for use in occupational therapy practice with older adults after hip fracture surgery.

Polyketide synthase (PKS) engineering is an attractive method to generate new molecules such as commodity, fine and specialty chemicals. A significant challenge in PKS design is engineering a partially reductive module to produce a saturated β-carbon through a reductive loop exchange. In this work, we sought to establish that chemoinformatics, a field traditionally used in drug discovery, could provide a viable strategy to reductive loop exchanges. We first introduced a set of donor reductive loops of diverse genetic origin and chemical substrate structures into the first extension module of the lipomycin PKS (LipPKS1). Product titers of these engineered unimodular PKSs correlated with atom pair chemical similarity between the substrate of the donor reductive loops and recipient LipPKS1, reaching a titer of 165 mg/L of short chain fatty acids produced by Streptomyces albus J1074 harboring these engineered PKSs. Expanding this method to larger intermediates requiring bimodular communication, we introduced reductive loops of divergent chemosimilarity into LipPKS2 and determined triketide lactone production. Collectively, we observed a statistically significant correlation between atom pair chemosimilarity and production, establishing a new chemoinformatic method that may aid in the engineering of PKSs to produce desired, unnatural products.

Hydrophilic polymer coatings on intravascular devices lower friction between the device and vasculature, thereby reducing trauma during interventional procedures. Polymer coating embolism-the detachment and downstream embolism of polymer particles-has been reported as an iatrogenic complication of coated interventional devices affecting the vasculature and various organs. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acknowledges this complication and continues to work with stakeholders to close gaps in performance testing and standards related to polymer coating integrity. Recent innovations within interventional technologies have led to development of new hydrophilic-coated devices with expanded indications for use. The 2018 FDA draft guidance for intravascular guidewires expands the application of particulate generation testing to most devices and recommends labeling changes to increase industry awareness. This article highlights current procedural trends where the phenomenon of polymer coating embolism may be more prevalent. It describes the mechanisms of polymer separation, reported clinical sequelae, and risk factors for relevant indications. These procedural trends and associated risk factors articulate the need for particulate testing and support the FDA's draft guidance recommendations for performance testing of applied coatings. If standardized, particulate assessments may allow characterization and comparisons of coating integrity among devices from various manufacturers, and are an important foundation for setting particulate limits. As hydrophilic coatings enable endovascular treatment for a range of patient populations, setting particulate limits or finding alternative solutions without compromise to device function may be essential. Particulate testing is relevant to physicians, regulators, and manufacturers for the purposes of product development and quality improvement of interventional devices.

Los compuestos bioactivos recientemente están teniendo gran importancia debido a los efectos beneficiosos que brindan al ser humano, estos son de origen diverso. En esta investigación se busca dar una valoración de la extracción de compuestos bioactivos a partir de matrices de origen salvadoreño. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa-comparativa que considera sustratos presentes en El Salvador y metodologías de extracción internacionales, dada la ausencia de información local. Se utilizó el método AHP (Proceso Analítico Jerárquico, por sus siglas en inglés) en tres fases (general, técnica y económica) para obtener una jerarquía final y validada por un índice de consistencia inferior al 10%. La jerarquía resultante presenta como la metodología de más alta viabilidad a la extracción de fenoles y flavonoides partiendo del residuo de coco, estopa, por medio de extracción asistida por ultrasonido, tratándose de una de las técnicas más modernas y considerada como verde. Se identificó que los criterios de selección más cruciales para la jerarquización son volumen de producción nacional anual del sustrato, parte del sustrato empleado, disponibilidad nacional anual del sustrato y eficiencia global de la metodología de extracción.

Increased intracranial pressure is the most common cause of papilledema. Multiple etiologies such as cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, space occupying lesions, infection, and idiopathic intracranial hypertension among others should be considered. Imaging plays a critical role in the detection of pathologies that can cause papilledema. MRI with contrast and CE-MRV, in particular, are key for the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. This review will focus in common and infrequent causes of papilledema, the role of imaging in patients with papilledema as well as its potential mimickers.

Current Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) rely on genotype imputation to increase statistical power, improve fine-mapping of association signals, and facilitate meta-analyses. Due to the complex demographic history of Latin America and the lack of balanced representation of Native American genomes in current imputation panels, the discovery of locally relevant disease variants is likely to be missed, limiting the scope and impact of biomedical research in these populations. Therefore, the necessity of better diversity representation in genomic databases is a scientific imperative. Here, we expand the 1,000 Genomes reference panel (1KGP) with 134 Native American genomes (1KGP + NAT) to assess imputation performance in Latin American individuals of mixed ancestry. Our panel increased the number of SNPs above the GWAS quality threshold, thus improving statistical power for association studies in the region. It also increased imputation accuracy, particularly in low-frequency variants segregating in Native American ancestry tracts. The improvement is subtle but consistent across countries and proportional to the number of genomes added from local source populations. To project the potential improvement with a higher number of reference genomes, we performed simulations and found that at least 3,000 Native American genomes are needed to equal the imputation performance of variants in European ancestry tracts. This reflects the concerning imbalance of diversity in current references and highlights the contribution of our work to reducing it while complementing efforts to improve global equity in genomic research. Published version This work was supported by “The Mexican Biobank Project: Building Capacity for Big Data Science in Medical Genomics in Admixed Populations”, a binational initiative between Mexico and the UK co-funded by CONACYT (Grant number FONCICYT/50/ 2016), and The Newton Fund through The Medical Research Council (Grant number MR/N028937/1) awarded to AME and AVSH. It was also supported by the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB, Italy) grant number CRP/MEX20-01. MS was partially supported by the Chicago Fellows program of the University of Chicago. DODV is supported by the UC MEXUS CONACYT collaborative program (Grant number CN-19-29), and the UNAM PAPIIT funding program (Grant number IA200620).

La identidad nacional es una categoría jurídica del Derecho de la Unión Europea que está siendo objeto de una controvertida interpretación en clave soberanista por parte de algunos líderes políticos, así como por ciertos Tribunales Constitucionales nacionales en los últimos años. Asistimos a una reciente corriente jurisprudencial en consonancia con el auge de movimientos políticos de impronta autocrática y populista que defienden un modelo de democracia iliberal en nuestro continente, particularmente en Hungría y Polonia. Así pues, se sostiene una concepción extensiva de la identidad nacional que pretende articularse como un mecanismo de resistencia nacional de carácter absoluto e imponderable frente a la acción del Derecho de Unión. En estas circunstancias, este artículo aspira a analizar críticamente esta jurisprudencia nacional, que presenta serias dudas de compatibilidad con una interpretación histórica, literal y sistemática de los Tratados y, especialmente, con los valores de la Unión Europea. A estos efectos, se abordará un estudio de los orígenes y de la evolución histórica de esta disposición, una categorización de la noción de identidad nacional, un análisis jurisprudencial nacional y supranacional, y el concepto de identidad europea con el propósito de poner en tela de juicio la desviada construcción jurisprudencial auspiciada por algunos Tribunales Constitucionales nacionales de Europa del este. Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del Proyecto I+D del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Excelencia) “Desafíos del proceso de construcción del espacio europeo de derechos fundamentales” (DER2017-83779-P).

Cyclopropane-functionalized hydrocarbons are excellent fuels due their high energy density. However, the organic synthesis of these molecules is challenging. In this work, we produced polycyclopropanated fatty acids in bacteria. These molecules can be converted into renewable fuels for energy-demanding applications such as shipping, long-haul transport, aviation, and rocketry. We explored the chemical diversity encoded in thousands of bacterial genomes to identify and repurpose naturally occurring cyclopropanated molecules. We identified a set of candidate iterative polyketide synthases (iPKSs) predicted to produce polycyclopropanated fatty acids (POP-FAs), expressed them in Streptomyces coelicolor, and produced POP-FAs. We determined the structure of the molecules and increased their production 22-fold. Finally, we produced polycyclopropanated fatty acid methyl esters (POP-FAMEs). Our POP fuel candidates can have net heating values of more than 50 MJ/L. Our research shows that the POP-FAMEs and other POPs have the energetic properties for energy-demanding applications for which sustainable alternatives are scarce.

Los esteroides desempeñan un papel importante en la coordinación de las actividades del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-gónada, y su actividad en el control de múltiples procesos, incluidos el apareamiento y la reproducción, es fundamental. El presente estudio consistió en describir los niveles séricos de testosterona (T), estradiol (E2) y cortisol en ejemplares mayores de dos años de Pseudoplatystoma metaense x Leiarius marmoratus en condiciones de cautiverio. Se realizaron ocho muestreos durante los meses de enero a octubre. Fueron empleados nueve individuos híbridos entre machos y hembras (4:5, respectivamente), siendo seleccionados aleatoriamente 7 ± 2 individuos por cada muestreo. Las muestras de sangre obtenidas fueron procesadas y analizadas cada 40 - 45 días durante el periodo experimental. Los niveles de T en machos (0,65 ng/ml) y E2 en hembras (0,88 ng/ml) presentaron los picos más altos durante los meses de mayor pluviosidad en la región (junio – julio) que desencadenaron el inicio de la temporada reproductiva. Por un lado, los niveles de E2 en hembras posiblemente se encuentran asociados con la maduración ovárica y actividad de la aromatasa, en tanto que los machos mostraron descensos de 0,1 ng/ml durante junio - julio; y un incremento máximo de 0,7 ng/ml para el mes de octubre. Por otro lado, los niveles de cortisol se incrementaron hacia la temporada de reproducción siendo mayores en hembras (18,8 – 25,4 ng/ml). Lo anterior puede indicar que, a pesar de altas concentraciones de cortisol, no se inhibió la producción de esteroides.

Resumen Este artículo busca evidenciar que, más allá del saqueo indiscriminado de las poblaciones indígenas, la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada estuvo guiada por el anhelo de poder y un estatus señorial expresado por figuras como Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Partiendo del análisis de la "probanza de méritos" del fundador de Santafé de Bogotá, nuestro estudio plantea una revisión crítica del proceso de conquista, fundamentada sobre el cuestionamiento del "mito de El Dorado" y la "ambición del conquistador", interpelados aquí bajo la visión de una cultura colonial que deambula entre lo medieval y lo moderno. En este orden de ideas, el artículo busca demostrar que el conquistador -en nuestro caso Jiménez de Quesada- estuvo guiado más por una ambición feudal, que por un simple afán de riqueza. Abstract This article seeks to demonstrate that beyond the indiscriminate pillage of indigenous populations, the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada was guided by the desire for power and a lordly status expressed by conquerors such as Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Starting from the analysis of the "Probanza de Méritos" of the founder of Santafé de Bogotá, our study proposes a critical review of the conquest process, based on the questioning of the "myth of the Dorado" and the "ambition of the conqueror", questioned here under the vision of a colonial culture that wanders between the medieval and the modern thougt. The article seeks to demonstrate that the conqueror -in our case Jiménez de Quesada- was guided more by a "Feudal" ambition, than by a simple desire for wealth. Resumo Este artigo procura mostrar que, além do saque indiscriminado das populações indígenas, a conquista do Novo Reino do Granada foi guiada pelo desejo de poder e um status imponente expresso por conquistadores como Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Partindo da análise da “Probanza de Méritos” do fundador de Santafé de Bogotá, nosso estudo propõe uma revisão crítica do proceso de conquista, baseada no questionamento do “mito do Dorado” e da “ambição do conquistador”, aqui questionados visão de uma cultura colonial que vagueia entre o medieval e o moderno. Nesta ordem de idéias, o artigo procura demonstrar que o conquistador -no nosso caso Jiménez de Quesada-foi mais guiado por uma ambição “feudal” do que por um simples desejo de riqueza.

ual preliminarity is a clear example of the difficulties involving the search for a harmonious articulation of the compound judicial system of the European Union. This legal figure clearly reveals the complexity of reconciling national and supranational interests in the particular sphere of the judicial review of national and European law. Recent judicial decisions delivered by the Italian and Spanish Constitutional Courts update a structural concern due to judgments which provide different outcomes for the same legal problem. In essence, the present article addresses the issue of the compatibility of constitutional principles of the European Union legal order with the centralised model of judicial review. La doble prejudicialidad es un fenómeno jurídico-procesal que se erige como un nítido exponente de las dificultades que comporta articular de manera armoniosa el peculiar sistema judicial compuesto de la Unión Europea. En particular, esta figura pone de manifiesto la complejidad de conciliar los intereses nacionales y supranacionales en la concreta esfera del control judicial del Derecho nacional y europeo a través del específico diseño de la relación entre la cuestión prejudicial y la cuestión de constitucionalidad. Recientes pronunciamientos judiciales emanados de los Tribunales Constitucionales de Italia y España dotan de interés renovado una cuestión estructural mediante resoluciones que ofrecen soluciones operativas diferentes ante un mismo problema jurídico en cada uno de tales Estados miembros.

The Open Innovation paradigm has spread widely since 2003, and led to the emergence of Open Innovation Platforms as software systems aiming at supporting and facilitating open innovation initiatives and projects. This software domain has matured up to a point where many functional concepts became notably common and used in these platforms. When implementing open innovation platforms, related people often struggle when defining expected functional characteristics due to the general application of the paradigm, making necessary the existence of a model that provide a set of potential functional features expected in the creation and development of this type of platform. Reference models provides a domain-specific set of clearly defined entities aiming at encouraging better communication in the domain. We propose in this paper a reference model for capturing and defining the functional features that could be implemented in outside-in oriented open innovation platforms. For building this reference model, we reviewed some of the already published reports of open innovation platforms implementations in order determine and define the potential functional features expected in this kind of platforms. We believe this knowledge base could ease software development and deployment decisions, especially at early stages where open innovation platforms adopters face development in a domain that as of this writing is still new to many people.

Este libro es una condensada pero abarcadora historia de la Villa Imperial de Potosi, una ciudad ubicada a los pies de una montana legendaria que aun conserva los depositos de minerales de plata ma...

In this paper, a scalar wave is solved in the fully explicit finite difference time domain scheme for different stencils based on the cubic crystal system. In particular, we study four systems: the simple cubic, the body-centered cubic, the face-centered cubic and the compact packing cubic. In many papers that are focused on the artificial anisotropy induced by these grids in the propagated wave, one candidate is often better than all the others. In this manuscript, we study the stability, the physical phase velocity error and the anisotropy under two views. Firstly, we consider the same burdens or density of nodes per cubic wavelength and secondly we look at the asymptotic case. We also investigate the computational complexity based on several considerations: burdens, asymptotic time and implementation difficulties. Therefore, we pointed out how each problem or application, due to its different characteristics, has an appropriate grid in order to be treated properly.

Cytosolic calcium (cCa2+) entry into mitochondria is facilitated by the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), an electrochemical gradient generated by the electron transport chain (ETC). Is has been assumed that as long as mutations that affect the ETC do not affect the ΔΨm, the mitochondrial Ca2+ (mCa2+) homeostasis remains normal. We show that knockdown of NDUFAF3 and SDHB reduce ETC activity altering mCa2+ efflux and influx rates while ΔΨm remains intact. Shifting the equilibrium toward lower [Ca2+]m accumulation renders cells resistant to death. Our findings reveal an unexpected relationship between complex I and II with the mCa2+ homeostasis independent of ΔΨm.

The horizontal curves of roads are design to avoid sliding of light vehicles. The heavy vehicle rollover is assumed to be controlled with the radius provided by this design method. Under this assumption, the rollover is not considered for designing horizontal curves. In this paper we developed an analytical model that allows to estimate the rollover probability of heavy vehicles in horizontal curves for 4 types of heavy vehicles. The model was obtained using the first order reliability method and the Gompertz’ logistic growth model. It was used to estimate the minimum radius required to avoid rollover for a certain probability. The minimum radii needed for obtaining zero rollover probability was compared with the minimum radii provides by Chilean geometrical design standards. It was concluded that the minimum radii to avoid rollover varies between 35 and 65 m for operating speed up to 60 km/h, and between 98 and 185 m for operating speed up to 120 km/h. The minimum radii recommended by geometrical design standards to avoid sliding do not ensure to avoid rollover. Only the range of minimum radii between 120 and 180 m for operating speeds between 70 km/h and 100 km/h ensure zero rollover probability.

International audience

El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar la valorización de una empresa televisiva en el Perú y hallar el valor fundamental de la acción al cierre del 2017 (año base). La empresa televisiva en estudio es una de las casas televisoras de señal abierta más importantes a nivel nacional. Se dedica exclusivamente a la venta de espacios publicitarios por medio de programas televisivos propios o de terceros, que son transmitidos por la programación de la empresa televisiva. Durante el periodo 2012- 2017, la empresa ha presentado un crecimiento sostenido en ventas con una tasa anual compuesta del 12,6%, pese a que el mercado nacional de telecomunicaciones, en especial el sector televisivo, mantiene un nivel de inversión bastante bajo en comparación con otros países de la región. Bajo este contexto, se han realizado entrevistas a los ejecutivos principales y al accionista mayoritario de la empresa, a partir de las que se obtuvo variables, tales como los precios promedios por espacios publicitarios, eventos especiales que mantiene la compañía de acuerdo a contratos y una serie de factores que influyen en las proyecciones financieras. Asimismo, se reveló el costo de capital de la corporación, indicador importante para la valorización dela empresa. Finalmente, luego del análisis y de dicha valorización, se concluye que los accionistas esperarían una apreciación del valor de la acción debido al potencial crecimiento del negocio, al crecimiento del sector y al posicionamiento de la compañía.

Tomando como problema de estudio el contexto de fundación del Museo de Arte Colonial de Bogotá (hoy museo colonial), el presente artículo busca evaluar las condiciones que dieron forma al imaginario que vincula a los museos con la élite en nuestro país. Política, condiciones de clase y el uso de la historia como legitimadora del accionar gubernamental, se suman aquí para dar cuenta del significado de la palabra “Museo” en la primera mitad del siglo XX, semántica que ha dado forma a un inconsciente colectivo, aún hoy presente, que observa a la institución museal como un lugar inaccesible, descifrable únicamente por aquellas élites poseedoras de la “sensibilidad” asociada a la clase social.

Inorganic polymers in aqueous solutions are being proposed as essential components in new theories concerning nonclassical nucleation and growth of nanominerals relevant to environmental nanogeosciences. The study of those complex natural processes requires multi-technique analytical approaches able to characterize the solutions and their constituents (solutes, oligomers, polymers, clusters and nanominerals) from atomic to micrometric scales. A novel analytical approach involving an electrospray ionization source (ESI) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS) was developed to identify inorganic polymers in aqueous solution. To this end, the presence of initial Al oligomers and their polymerization processes was studied during a nanomineral aqueous synthesis (hydrobasaluminte, Al4 SO4 (OH)10 ·12-36H2 O). Ensuring the feasibility and robustness of the methodology as well as the stability of the polymers under study (avoiding undesirable fragmentation), a meticulous study of the ESI-TOF MS working conditions was performed. Precision of the methodology was evaluated obtaining relative standard deviations below 3.3%. For the first time in the study of inorganic polymers in the earth sciences, the mass accuracy error (ppm) has been reported and the use of significant decimal figures of the m/z signal has been taken into account. Complementary to this, a four-step polymer assignment methodology and a database with the Al- and Al-SO42- polymers assigned were created. Several polymers have been assigned for the first time, including Al (SO4 )+ ·H2 O, Al2 O(SO4 )2+ ·H2 O, Al5 O4 (OH)52+ ·2H2 O, and Al3 O5 (OH)2- ·4H2 O, among others. The results obtained in the present study help create a foundation to include mass spectrometry as a routine analytical technique to study mineral formation in aqueous solution.

Clostridium is a large genus of obligate anaerobes belonging to the Firmicutes phylum of bacteria, most of which have a Gram-positive cell wall structure. The genus includes significant human and animal pathogens, causative of potentially deadly diseases such as tetanus and botulism. Despite their relevance and many studies suggesting that they are not a monophyletic group, the taxonomy of the group has largely been neglected. Currently, species belonging to the genus are placed in the unnatural order defined as Clostridiales, which includes the class Clostridia. Here we used genomic data from 779 strains to study the taxonomy and evolution of the group. This analysis allowed us to; (i) confirm that the group is composed of more than one genus (ii), detect major differences between pathogens classified as a single species within the group of authentic Clostridium spp. (sensu stricto), identify inconsistencies between taxonomy and toxin evolution that reflect on the pervasive misclassification of strains and, (iv) identify differential traits within central metabolism of members of what has been defined earlier and confirmed by us as cluster I. Our analysis shows that the current taxonomic classification of Clostridium species hinders the prediction of functions and traits, suggests a new classification for this fascinating class of bacteria and highlights the importance of phylogenomics for taxonomic studies.

Resumen Este artículo estudia el discurso matrimonial inscrito en la pintura colonial neogranadina del siglo XVII y los usos que se le dieron en el contexto pos-tridentino. El estudio se efectúa a través del análisis iconográfico de tres pinturas coloniales centradas en el tema de los Desposorios de María y San José, examinadas en relación con fuentes documentales y textos morales impresos en los siglos XVII y XVIII. La investigación se enmarca en el espacio geográfico del Nuevo Reino de Granada, lugar de difusión del discurso visual protagonista de este texto. Como resultado, el análisis permitió establecer que la imagen colonial de los desposorios de la Virgen y San José funcionó en la Nueva Granada como un mecanismo de difusión del modelo matrimonial desarrollado en el Concilio de Trento. Dicho ejemplo buscaba, como fin último, controlar tanto las actitudes como la sexualidad de los contrayentes. Abstract This paper studies the matrimonial discourse inscribed in neo-granadian colonial painting of the seventeenth century and the uses that were given to it in the posttridentine context. The study is carried out by means of the iconographic analysis of three colonial paintings centered on the subject of the Marriage of the Virgin, examined regarding documentary sources and moral texts printed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The research is framed within the geographical space of the New Kingdom of Granada, a place of dissemination of the visual discourse, which is the focus of this text. As a result, the analysis enabled to establish that the colonial depicting of the Marriage of the Virgin functioned in New Granada as a disseminating mechanism of the marriage model developed in the Council of Trento. Such an example sought, as the ultimate goal, to control both the attitudes and the sexuality of the contracting parties. Resumo Este artigo estuda o discurso matrimonial inscrito na pintura colonial neogranadiana do século XVII e os usos que foram-lhe dados no contexto póstridentino. O estudo realizado através da análise iconográfica de três pinturas coloniais centradas no tema da O Casamento da Virgem Maria com São José, examinado em relação a fontes documentais e textos morais impressos nos séculos XVII e XVIII. A pesquisa é enquadrada dentro do espaço geográfico do Novo Reino do Granada, local de divulgação do discurso visual protagonista deste texto. Como resultado, a análise permitiu estabelecer que a imagem colonial do Casamento da Virgem Maria com São José funcionou em Nova Granada como um mecanismo de difusão do modelo matrimonial desenvolvido no Concílio de Trento. Este exemplo procurou, como objetivo final, controlar tanto as atitudes como a sexualidade das partes contraentes.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shaken the whole world throughout 2020. In Mexico, the management of this crisis has fallen upon a federal administration that took power in December 2018 and promised to prioritize the poor and the marginalized. On the other hand, the health care system has been neglected for many years and is undergoing a transformation process (OECD, 2019; Presidency of the Republic, 2019). The present paper examines how federal government organizations managed the initial phase of the crisis, involving general confinement at the national level, and the first six weeks of the gradual reopening of activities, the so-called "new normality," which has been implemented by subnational governments. We employ crisis management theory as a theoretical framework to analyze coordination instruments in a profoundly fragmented health system, leadership styles, and the implementation of voluntary quarantine avoiding coercive measures. Concerning our methodology, we describe a mixed case study based on federal regulatory instruments, abundant publicly-available official information, and a press review for the study period. Finally in the concluding section, we point out the reasons why we consider that the management of the crisis in Mexico has been acceptable during the first months of the crisis.Keywords: crisis management, coordination, Mexico, COVID-19, reopening ResumoA pandemia COVID-19 abalou o mundo inteiro ao longo de 2020. No México, a gestão desta crise recaiu sobre um governo federal que assumiu o poder em dezembro de 2018 e prometeu priorizar os pobres e os marginalizados. Por outro lado, o sistema de saúde foi negligenciado por muitos anos e passa por um processo de transformação (OCDE, 2019; Presidência da República, 2019). O presente trabalho examina como os órgãos do governo federal administraram a fase inicial da crise, envolvendo o confinamento geral em nível nacional, e as primeiras seis semanas de reabertura gradativa das atividades, a chamada "nova normalidade", que vem sendo implementada por governos subnacionais. Empregamos a teoria da gestão de crises como referencial teórico para analisar instrumentos de coordenação em um sistema de saúde profundamente fragmentado, estilos de liderança e a implementação de quarentena voluntária evitando medidas coercitivas. Com relação à nossa metodologia, descrevemos um estudo de caso mistocom base em instrumentos regulatórios federais, abundantes informações oficiais disponíveis ao público e uma revisão da imprensa para o período de estudo. Finalmente, na seção final, destacamos as razões pelas quais consideramos que a gestão da crise no México foi aceitável durante os primeiros meses da crise.Palavras-chave: gestão de crise, coordenação, México, COVID-19, reabertura

Tras pasar una breve estadía, en 1908 Eric Boman publica primeras y detalladas informaciones sobre la minería y la metalurgia prehispánica y colonial de Cobres. Transcurridos más de 110 años desde la visita del investigador sueco, estudios recientes permiten hoy una mejor comprensión de las distintas dinámicas productivas y tecnológicas que se desarrollaron en el tiempo largo en esta localidad de la puna salteña a partir de la explotación de los minerales metalíferos que allí se encuentran. Partiendo de los nuevos datos arqueológicos, en este trabajo trataremos sobre la producción de metales en Cobres en tiempos prehispánicos, analizando también las discontinuidades y transformaciones que se dieron durante el posterior Periodo Colonial. Más allá de sus aspectos específicos, el caso de Cobres nos alumbra sobre la relevancia que tuvieron aquellos pequeños enclaves mineros andinos, que con frecuencia quedaron al margen, opacados por el brillo de los grandes centros productivos y políticos, de la historia y de la historiografía regional. In 1908, after a short visit to the region, Eric Boman published the first detailed information about pre-Hispanic and Colonial Era mining and metallurgy in Cobres. Today, 110 years after the Swedish researcher's visit, recent studies allow for a better understanding of the different productive and technological dynamics that developed over the long run in this locality in the Salta highlands, based on the exploitation of the metalliferous minerals. Here, drawing on new archaeological data, we examine pre-Hispanic metal production in Cobres and analyze the discontinuities and transformations that occurred during the subsequent Colonial Period. Beyond certain particularities, the case of Cobres highlights the relevance of small Andean mining sites that were often left aside or overshadowed historically and in regional historiography, by the major productive and political centers.

Volume 86, no. 21, 2020, e01665-20, . Readers should note that when the authors created the deletion mutant of PP\_2675, they deleted the entire region between the gene’s start and stop codons. However, this also deleted the DNA that codes for the first 14

International audience; Developing more sustainable forage systems requires efficient decision support tools for fertilization management. Soil phosphorus (P) tests have long been used as decision support tools for fertilization management but, more recently, plant nutrition indices using the P concentration of shoot biomass were developed to assess the P nutrition status of grasslands. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the relationship between the phosphorus nutrition index (PNI) and the yield response to P fertilization (ii) analyze relationships between PNI and soil plant-available P (SPAP) indicators, and (iii) evaluate PNI assets for P diagnosis in forage system. Five long-term (≥ 9 years) grassland P fertilization experiments under different soil and climate environments in Canada, Switzerland, France and Romania were used. Three SPAP indicators were tested: CP, the soil solution orthophosphate ions (oPion) concentration (mg P L−1), Olsen P (mg P kg−1), and, a process-based assessment (Qw + Pr) from the sum of oPion in the soil solution (Qw, mg P kg−1) and diffusive oPion with time and CP (Pr, mg P kg−1). PNI was calculated as sward P concentration divided by the critical P concentration. The cumulative effect of P fertilization resulted in a wide range of SPAP values. Overall, CP varied from 0.03 to 3.6 mg P L−1, (Qw + Pr60 min) from 6−52 mg kg−1, and Olsen P from 4−40 mg kg−1. The PNI varied from 48–94% in plots with no applied P, and from 83–121% in P-fertilized plots. A generally positive relationship between relative forage dry matter yield and PNI was established, with a critical PNI value of 92% that distinguishes P-limited and non-P-limited grassland nutrition. Positive relationships between PNI and the three SPAP indicators confirmed that the soil P status influenced the grassland P nutrition status. Critical values on a stock basis for a target PNI value of 92% were similar for Olsen P (12.9 kg P ha−1) and (Qw + Pr60 min) (13.5 kg P ha−1). This study opens perspectives for P diagnosis improvement in forage systems.

Rapid increases of energy consumption and human dependency on fossil fuels have led to the accumulation of greenhouse gases and consequently, climate change. As such, major efforts have been taken to develop, test, and adopt clean renewable fuel alternatives. Production of bioethanol and biodiesel from crops is well developed, while other feedstock resources and processes have also shown high potential to provide efficient and cost-effective alternatives, such as landfill and plastic waste conversion, algal photosynthesis, as well as electrochemical carbon fixation. In addition, the downstream microbial fermentation can be further engineered to not only increase the product yield but also expand the chemical space of biofuels through the rational design and fine-tuning of biosynthetic pathways toward the realization of "designer fuels" and diverse future applications.

L’histoire officielle de la découverte du gisement de Potosí (Bolivie) permet de justifier la prise de possession de la montagne d’argent. De nombreux travaux de ces dernières années ont commencé à développer un nouveau regard sur le passé de Potosi et sur le début de la colonisation. Ils permettent de retracer les relations politiques régionales liant les populations locales avec les deux envahisseurs, Incas et Espagnols. Depuis 1990, des prospections ont été conduites aboutissant à une cartographie des sites métallurgiques à Potosí. Quelques anciennes entrées de mine ont pu être localisées sur le Cerro Rico. Le système de production de l’argent est maintenant bien appréhendé grâce à des opérations archéologiques menées sur plusieurs unités de production dans le département de Potosí. La reconstruction de ce savoir-faire technique indien met en lumière les luttes de pouvoir pour le contrôle de la production d’argent. The official history of Potosi and its ‘discovery’ is a tale that justifies Spanish dominion and control of the Red Mountain. In recent years, numerous works have begun to examine Potosi’s past and the colonization of the region from new perspectives. These studies re-envision the connections between regional political relationships and the two historical invaders of the area, the Inka and the Spanish. Archaeological studies of sites of production have expanded our understanding of the process. This reconstruction of indigenous know-how and production techniques highlights the power struggles over control of silver production.

Polymer coating emboli have been affiliated with persisting brain lesions after endovascular procedures.1–6 Patient symptoms include headaches, fevers, chills (ie, constitutional symptoms), neurological presentations of focal weakness, sensory and visual deficits, and seizures. Follow-up imaging highlights distinct areas of contrast enhancement in slightly different locations, with some lesions increasing in number and size (see figure 1). Polymer particles from various coating compositions have different rates of degradation, absorption, and metabolism or excretion (DAM/E). These varied rates of DAM/E may have impacts on persisting brain lesions, recurrent patient symptoms, and adverse event outcomes. Figure 1 Characteristic MRI of patients with persisting brain lesions. T1 postcontrast images highlighting an increase in the number and size of lesions (white arrows) over a 12 month period. Also note formation of new enhancing lesions. Images used with permission by Williams and Wilkins Co. (license ID: 1100407-1). Degradation is the chemical breakdown of a polymer by hydrolysis, oxidation, or enzymatic processes. A faster degradation rate may result in less obstruction within blood vessels or reduced presence …