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Bor and Čukaru Peki are world-class porphyry deposits spatially and genetically associated with the Cretaceous Timok magmatic complex. This research was conducted to determine the age and geochemical affinity of the magmatic rocks that formed these ore deposits. Our new geochemical analyses of magmatic rocks from Bor and Čukaru Peki deposits imply they comprise adakite-like compositions that have undergone the amphibole fractionation and sulphide saturation processes. The zircon ages indicate that the Bor system was formed in the age span between 84.5–82 Ma, while the Čukaru Peki system was created in the age span between 86.5–85 Ma.

The second part of this article can be found here: 10.3389/feart.2023.819109 (DOI). At the late Triassic New Afton alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposit (British Columbia, Canada), pyrite is a widely distributed minor sulfide phase within hypogene ore where it predates Cu mineralization and hosts significant concentrations of Pd and Pt. Here we characterize pyrite major, minor and trace element composition by EPMA and LA-ICP-MS, and S isotopes (bulk pyrite and in situ SIMS in individual growth zones) to elucidate compositional variations at different stages of pyrite growth with respect to PGE deposition. At least two cycles of zoned Co-Ni-Pd-Pt-Se-As co-enrichment are recorded over two stages of pyrite growth at the New Afton deposit. Concentrations of Co (up to ∼5.5 wt%; highest observed in any reported ore-forming system) and Ni (up to 1 wt%) overlap with pyrite from mafic-ultramafic platinum-group element (PGE) deposits, iron oxide±apatite and iron oxide-copper-gold deposits (IOA-IOCG), and mantle peridotite-associated base metal exhalative deposits. In early hypogene (type I) pyrite, high Pt (up to ∼24 ppm) occurs in crystal cores that have high Co/Ni ratio (>∼7), high Co (>∼ 1 wt%) and are poor in Ni, Se, and As. With progressive growth, early hypogene pyrite rims and late hypogene (type II) cores record an initial Ni-Pd-As-Se (±Co) co-enrichment stage, followed by oscillations in composition (from “barren” to variably Co-Ni-Pd-Pt-As-Se-enriched). Pd in pyrite (up to ∼70 ppm) is inversely correlated to Co/Ni ratio, being enriched when Co/Ni < ∼7 and Ni > ∼1000 ppm. The highest levels of Pd enrichment occur in the most Ni- and Se-enriched growth zones. The transition from early, high Co/Ni (Pt-enriched) to later, low Co/Ni (Pd-enriched) growth zones is accompanied by a decrease in pyrite δ34SVCDT of up to ∼7‰ (4‰ range in single grains) with a total range in composition measured between −5.5‰ and +1.4‰. Subsequent to the shift to lower values, overgrowths of high Co/Ni pyrite formed with values of δ34SVCDT similar to the earliest Co-Pt-rich growth zones. Some combination of fluctuations in temperature and oxygen fugacity related to episodic cooling and hydrothermal recharge involving new pulses of metal-rich magmatic fluids is required to explain the observed metal enrichment patterns and variations in S isotope values. Co-Ni-rich pyrite may be a valuable exploration vector to PGE enrichment in porphyry deposits.

The first part of this article can be found here: 10.3389/feart.2023.819129 (DOI). Occurrences of significant concentrations of platinum-group elements (PGE) in porphyry deposits have seen limited attention and the geochemical controls on their deposition are poorly understood. New Afton is a late Triassic alkalic Cu-Au porphyry deposit situated 10 km west of Kamloops, British Columbia with Pt and Pd enrichments locally exceeding 30 ppm. Primary PGE deposition accompanied hypogene Cu-Au mineralization linked to potassic alteration, with Pt and Pd deportment dominated by their inclusion in early Ni- and Co-rich pyrite with secondary amounts of platinum-group minerals (PGM) mertieite-II, isomertieite > temagamite, and kotulskite. Secondary hydrothermal alteration of hypogene PGE-rich pyrite promoted remobilization of PGE, creating vein-controlled PGE enrichment where essentially all Pt and Pd are hosted by PGM dominated by temagamite > mertieite-II, and sperrylite, leaving behind complementary PGE-depleted domains. Thermodynamic modelling shows that primary co-precipitation of Pt with Co and Pd with Ni can be explained solely through the cooling of a hydrothermal system, regardless of whether the mineralizing fluid was a brine or a low-density vapour. Pd and Pt were transported from an underlying magma reservoir into the porphyry system by a magmatic-hydrothermal fluid as Cl− complexes. Pt-rich cobaltian pyrite formed at the highest temperatures, whereas Pd-rich nickeliferous pyrite formed at somewhat lower temperatures. Zonation of metals in pyrite suggests that PGE were incorporated in pyrite under conditions of fluctuating fluid temperatures during transport and cooling of orthomagmatic fluids during the main Cu-Au mineralization stage. There exists a hitherto overlooked potential for significant Pt and Pd mineralization in early hypogene pyrite that may be spatially separated from visible Cu mineralization, especially in potassic or ultrapotassic systems.

Chlorite has long been considered a mineral group likely to have different trace element chemistry with proximity to mineralization, and therefore can be used to vector towards ore bodies. However, due to their geochemical complexity, it has proven challenging to develop a simple vectoring method based on the variation in abundance of one or a few chemical elements or isotopes. Machine learning, specifically cluster analysis, provides a potential mathematical tool for characterizing multidimensional geochemical correlations with proximity to mineralization. In this contribution we conducted a cluster analysis on 23 elements from 1,679 distinct chlorite sample analyses. The combination of this clustering technique with classification by proximity to the ore body, 1) explores and characterizes the nature of chlorite composition and proximity to ore bodies and 2) tests the efficacy of clustering-classification methods to predict whether a chlorite sample is near to an ore body. We found that chlorite chemistry is more strongly controlled by deposit type than proximity to mineralization and that cluster analysis of chlorite trace element content is likely not a viable way to develop vectors towards porphyry mineralization.

The Wangjiadashan area in Suizhou-Zaoyang region of Hubei Province in the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt hosts important copper-gold deposits and contains a large number of quartz syenite porphyry dykes, occurring mostly along the NEE-trend faults. In this study, we used LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating method and obtained an age of 143.6 ± 1.4 Ma, which represents the emplacement of these quartz syenite porphyry dykes was at the Yanshanian, but it was slightly earlier than the previously reported ages (139–135 Ma) for granites widespreading in Suizao area. The geochemical data of the Wangjiadashan quartz syenite porphyry show high K2O, CaO, Na2O and Al2O3 contents but extremely low MgO contents (0.01 wt.%–0.46 wt.%). The geochemical characteristics indicate that these quartz syenite porphyry dykes belong to the typical C-type adakite and were possibly formed in the post-collisional environment. Multi-isotopic (Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf) analyses indicate that these quartz syenite porphyry dykes were originated from crust without distinct mantle materials involved. It is suggested that the Wangjiadashan quartz syenite porphyry was generated from partial melting of the thickened lower continental crust, and garnet but no plagioclase was left as residual phase. Compared with the widespread granites of the Tongbai area, the Wangjiadashan quartz syenite porphyry formed earlier and derived from more juvenile and K-rich lower crust, while they all belong to intensive magmatism concentrated during the Early Cretaceous epoch in the Tongbai area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of intermediate to felsic potassic magmas is debated, and not much is known about the volatile content of potassic magmas associated with porphyry Cu (Au, Mo) deposits. To better understand the liquid line of decent of mafic potassic magmas and the behavior of volatiles during magma differentiation, we performed 19 experiments at 1.0 GPa and 1150 °C to 850 °C using piston cylinder presses. We developed a new experimental technique that involves a capsule liner made of single-crystal zircon to prevent the loss of Fe and S in the starting material to the noble metal capsule. The starting material is a high-Mg, basaltic trachyandesite (52 wt% SiO2, 12 wt% MgO, 1.9 wt% Na2O and 5.3 wt% K2O) from the Sanjiang region in southwestern China, doped with geologically realistic amounts of volatiles (i.e. 4.0 wt% H2O, 0.34 wt% CO2, 0.27 wt% Cl and 0.25 wt% S). The addition of 0.25 wt% S in the form of anhydrite internally buffered the experiments at an oxygen fugacity of 2.0 ± 0.5 log units above the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer, which is similar to the redox state of the Sanjiang variously evolved potassic magmas. The experimentally produced silicate melts match well with the Sanjiang intermediate to felsic magmas in terms of major, minor and trace element compositions, and also with regard to the S and Cl contents. The sequence of crystallizing minerals (olivine + clinopyroxene –> biotite ± orthopyroxene –> apatite –> K-feldspar) also fits with the one observed in the Sanjiang mafic to intermediate magmas. These results suggest that the Sanjiang intermediate to felsic magmas, including the porphyry Cu (Au, Mo)-forming magmas, can form solely by differentiation of potassic mafic magmas without any involvement of old crustal material. During experimental differentiation at 1.0 GPa, the S content of the evolving silicate melt first increased until ~57 wt% melt SiO2, and then decreased in response to precipitation of sulfides, sulfate melt and/or anhydrite, whereas the H2O and Cl contents of the evolving silicate melt increased exponentially until saturation in a CO2-rich fluid was reached at 60 to 65 wt% melt SiO2 and ~ 8 wt% melt H2O. During further magma differentiation the H2O and Cl contents of the evolving silicate melt remained constant until ~70 wt% melt SiO2, after which point the Cl content of the silicate melt decreased due to increased partitioning of Cl into the fluid phase ± increased fluid/melt ratio. Based on these experimental results and petrographic and geochemical evidence from natural samples, the Sanjiang porphyry Cu (Au, Mo)-forming magmas (65–70 wt% SiO2) are interpreted to have formed through differentiation of primitive, mantle-derived, potassic magmas in the lower crust (≥1.0 GPa), and to have ascended ±directly from the lower crust to shallow crustal levels. They likely contained 8 to 13 wt% H2O, 0.37 to 0.90 wt% Cl and 0.07–0.29 wt% S. This case study on the magma evolution in the Sanjiang region may have implications for the origin and nature of intermediate to felsic potassic magmas in various tectonic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calculated ore-bearing coefficient in the Bunardzik ore body was 0.82%, meaning that within the ore body boundaries only 18% of the mass is not mineralized somehow, which is highly compatible with the remaining three ore bodies within the Buchim porphyry copper mine. The calculated value of the variation coefficient (V) has shown a value of 54% that is in the range of 43-100%, which displays that this ore body belongs to the third group of ore bodies with uneven mineralization. Average copper, gold and silver concentrations were determined as 0.30% Cu, 0.35 g/t Au and 1.0 g/t Ag, respectively. Minimal economic content (MEC) within the Bunardzik ore body, as a representation of this kind of mineralization, was determined as 0.2099% Cu. In a similar manner was calculated the lowest copper boundary (cutoff grade), which has shown a value of 0.1399% Cu thus allowing a certain decrease in the contents of the exploited ore. Also, the so called copper monometal values were calculated, which included the influence of the present gold and silver in the ore. The calculated copper monometal was set at relatively fair 0.399% Cu that represents solid mainstay for exploitation of copper in these low percentage ores. Thee calculated ore reserves in this particular ore body were 24 042 751 t of ore with 0.257% Cu, 0.35 g/t Au and 0.91 g/t Ag and increased mine life for additional 4.4 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A little over a century ago, it was discovered that Athanasius’ Life of Antony echoes Porphyry’s Life of Pythagoras in two different passages, and scholars have since debated the implications of this clear intertextual linkage. Building on these initial findings, the present article adduces a previously undiscovered third echo of the Porphyrian Life and argues that Athanasius deploys this intertext in order simultaneously to subvert Porphyry’s idealized portraiture of Pythagoras and to elevate his own hagiographic protagonist Antony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kriging has some problems such as ignoring sample values in giving weights to them, reducing dependence structure to a single covariance function, and facing negative confidence bounds. In view to these problems of kriging in this study to estimate Cu in the Iju porphyry Cu deposit in Iran, we used a convex linear combination of Archimedean copulas. To delineate the spatial dependence structure of Cu, the best Frank, Gumbel, and Clayton copula models were determined at different lags to fit with higher-order polynomials. The resulting Archimedean copulas were able to describe all kinds of spatial dependence structures, including asymmetric lower and upper tails. The copula and kriging methods were compared through a split-sample cross-validation test whereby the drill-hole data were divided into modeling and validation sets. The cross-validation showed better results for geostatistical estimation through copula than through kriging in terms of accuracy and precision. The mean of the validation set, which was 0.1218%, was estimated as 0.1278% and 0.1369% by the copula and kriging methods, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the estimated and measured values was higher for the copula method than for the kriging method. With 0.0143%2 and 0.0162%2 values, the mean square error was substantially smaller for copula than for kriging. A boxplot of the results demonstrated that the copula method was better in reproducing the Cu distribution and had fewer smoothing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal rutile (TiO2) is a widely distributed accessory mineral in hydrothermal veins or alteration assemblages of porphyry deposits and provides important information for further understanding hydrothermal fluid signatures. This study determines the geochemical composition and U-Pb dates of hydrothermal rutile from the Yulong porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in east Tibet, China. Three types of TiO2 polymorphs have been identified based on their Raman spectroscopic, textural, and chemical characteristics. (1) Brookite and anatase pseudomorphs after titanite in a fine-grained matrix, indicating low-temperature hydrothermal fluids destabilizing primary Ti-bearing minerals during argillic alteration (type-I). (2) Elongated and prismatic rutile present in hydrothermal veins or in clusters in accompanying alteration envelope characterized by weak zoning (type-II). And (3) rutile intergrown with sulfides in hydrothermal veins, characterized by well-developed patchy and sector zoning (type-III). In contrast to the type-I and type-II TiO2 polymorphs, tungsten is enriched in backscattered bright patches and sector zones in type-III rutile, which is due to the substitution of W6+ in the Ti4+ octahedral site. The mechanism of the enrichment of tungsten is efectively driven by the halogen-rich (F, Cl) aqueous fluids during hydrothermal mineralization. In situ U-Pb dating of the type-III rutile yields a lower intercept age of 41.8 ± 1.2 Ma, which brackets the timing of the Cu-Mo mineralization. The relationship between rutile textures and composition indicates that W-bearing rutile can serve as a recorder of hydrothermal processes in porphyry Cu deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bangbule skarn lead‐zinc (Pb‐Zn) deposit (>1 Mt Zn + Pb) is located in the western Nyainqentanglha polymetallic metallogenetic belt, central Tibet. Lenticular orebodies are all hosted in skarn and developed in the contact zone between the quartz porphyry and carbonate strata of the mid Paleozoic Middle to Upper Chaguoluoma Formation as well as in carbonate and sandstone beds of the Upper Paleozoic Laga Formation. As a newly discovered skarn deposit, the geological background and metallogenesis of this deposit remain poorly understood. Detailed petrological, geochemical and geochronological data of the ore‐related quartz porphyry, helps constrain the mineralization age and contributes to discussion on the ore genesis of the Bangbule deposit. Both endoskarn and exoskarn are identified in the Bangbule deposit. From quartz porphyry to carbonate formation, the exoskarn is zoned from proximal garnet skarn to distal pyroxene skarn. Zircon U‐Pb dating results show that the quartz porphyry formed at 73.9 ± 0.8 Ma. Geochemical analysis results show that the quartz porphyry has high contents of SiO2 (71.40–74.94 wt%) and K2O + Na2O (3.76–8.46 wt%) with A/CNK values of 0.69 to 1.06. Besides, the quartz porphyry is enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) and have low εNd(t) (from –8.25 to –8.19) and high initial (87Sr/86Sr)i values (0.713611–0.714478). Major, trace elements and whole‐rock F concentration analysis results from the endoskarn samples show higher TFe2O3, MgO, CaO, Pb + Zn, W, Sn, Mo and F etc., and lower alkalis (K2O, Na2O, Sr and Ba) than those of fresh quartz porphyry, indicating that the early ore‐forming fluids were an Ca‐Fe‐F‐enriched fluid. Massive ore in the proximal skarn might be related to the high F content in the magma, which lowered the solidus temperature of the quartz porphyry magma and caused a lower temperature of the ore‐forming fluids, as well as facilitating the precipitation of sphalerite and galena. Based on the geochemical characteristics presented in this study, we propose that the ore‐related quartz porphyry was formed by partial melting of crust materials with some juvenile crustal component input. The partial melting of the middle‐upper crust after the initial enrichment of lead and zinc elements are important for the formation of Pb‐Zn deposits. The case study of the Bangbule deposit has proven that there is still a crust‐derived magmatic source region in the western segment of the central Lhasa terrane. Therefore, there is still great potential for Pb‐Zn mineralization and Pb‐Zn exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive research has been conducted to consider the distribution of PTEs in the surface sediments of a recently developed Dar-e-Allo copper mine in dependence on the potential ecological and human health risks. Field sampling was carried out discreetly at preselected sampling spots including the natural background, the streams around the mine, waste rock drainages, evaporative deposits, sediments containing Fe oxy-hydroxides and secondary phases. Distribution of target elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, and Zn) showed high levels of crustal elements. As regards, Fe, Al, and S are identified to exist as the most copious elements in the earth's crust, so have the major portion of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the sediment concentrations. Evaluating environmental indices reflected that in general, Cu, S, and Mo have a higher quota of contamination in sedimentary systems. the pollution load index (PLI), modified contamination degree (mCd), Contamination factor (Cf), Sediment potential index (SPI), Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and Contamination degree (Cd) confirm that sedimentary systems of mining area are heavily contaminated by PTEs and were not found within the guideline acceptable values. The potential ecological risk index (PERI) displayed a high or severe risk level for Cu with a peak in green–blue sediments containing secondary minerals. The results of total carcinogenic risk (TCRs) show that As has high toxicity level and carries a risk of carcinogenicity among children and adults. The TCRs for Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb with carcinogenic potential are found only in children and they are classified as the prime concern elements that have serious dangers to children's public health. The results of contamination source presumed that the sources of PTEs contamination were principally geogenic along with the anthropogenic sources in the study area. Therefore, the present study has highlighted the implication of human health risks of PTEs in sedimentary systems of copper mining, also will grant advice for prime stakeholders, including mine managers, Environmental Protection Agency, the government and public organizations in connection to protecting the environment, aquatic biota and consumer's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The recently discovered 460 Gaodi porphyry Mo-Cu deposit is a sub-economic deposit characterized by low Mo-Cu grades, dispersed mineralization, and separated Mo- and Cu-ore bodies. This study aims to elucidate the factors underlying this type of sub-economic mineralization. Electron-microprobe analyses of biotite from ore-related granite porphyry yielded Ti-in-biotite crystallization temperatures of 677–734 °C (an average of 719 °C) and biotite phenocryst crystallization depths of 6.0 to 12.9 km. LA-ICP-MS analyses of zircons from the same sample revealed average zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios of 299.7 and elevated zircon lg(ƒO2) ratios, with an average ΔFMQ of +6.6 ± 1.9. These discoveries suggest that the magma responsible for ore formation boasts a high degree of oxidation, yet also possesses a magma chamber located at a significant depth within the upper crust. This implies an extensive exsolving depth for fluids. Furthermore, our microthermometry analysis of fluid inclusions reveals that a portion of the fluid experiences considerable conductive cooling as it ascends along the conduit, owing to the depth of fluid exsolution. This process results in the ore fluids remaining in the liquid-only region without undergoing boiling, which is conducive to the enrichment of metals. We emphasize the fact that fluid-exsolving depth plays a critical role in determining the metal grades and economic value of a porphyry deposit by regulating the P-T evolution path of the ore fluids [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Elatsite–Chelopech ore field in the northern part of the Panagyurishte district in Central Bulgaria comprises numerous spatially associated porphyry copper and epithermal gold deposits and prospects. In addition to the mineralization and alteration features, trace elements, lead and sulfur isotope signatures of sulfide minerals from porphyry copper, base metal and gold-base metal deposits/prospects have been studied. LA-ICP-MS analyses of pyrite, arsenopyrite and sulfosalt minerals validate them as major carriers for Au, Ag, Sb, Se and Co. Pyrite from the three types of mineralization has specific geochemical characteristics. Pyrite from the porphyry copper deposits/prospects has generally lower total trace element content compared to pyrite from the epithermal prospects, except for Se, Co and Ni. Pyrite from the base metal and gold-base metal veins is enriched in As, Au, Ag, Sb and Pb. In pyrite from the base metal deposits, Co and Ni have contents comparable to the pyrite from the porphyry copper deposits, while pyrite from the gold-base metal veins shows lower Co and Ni. Arsenopyrite from these deposits shows similar features. Similarly, sphalerite from the gold-base metal veins also has lower Co content compared to sphalerite from the base metal veins but higher In and Cu contents. In addition to the close spatial relationships between the Elatsite and Gorna Kamenitsa porphyry Cu deposits and Negarstitsa-West and Dolna Kamenitsa base metal prospects, as well as similarities in the mineralization and alteration styles, the lead isotopic (206Pb/204Pb = 18.61–18.68, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.64–15.65 for porphyry and 206Pb/204Pb = 18.55–18.67, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.64–15.68 for base metal) and sulfur isotopic (δ34S values of −3 to +1‰ for porphyry and δ34S values of −1.7 to +3.5‰ for base metal) signatures of sulfides support the idea of a genetic link between these two types of deposits. The porphyry and base-metal mineralization result from a common major ore-forming event during the Late Cretaceous, corresponding to deep/higher-temperature and shallower/distal/lower-temperature environments, respectively. In particular, more radiogenic lead (206Pb/204Pb = 18.41–18.47, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.67–15.76) and slightly different sulfur isotopic compositions (δ34S values of +3.5 to +10.6‰) of sulfides from the distal gold-base metal veins of Kordunsko Dere, Svishti Plaz and Shipkite might be a consequence of the interaction of the ore-forming fluids with an external older crustal and isotopically positive S source. Alternatively, a different fluid source/event for the formation of these gold-base metal veins may be suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourmaline tends to occur in porphyry Cu–Au deposits as an alteration or gangue mineral. However, abundant primary tourmalines in miarolitic cavities or interstitially distributed with other silicate minerals have been found in the Shiwu porphyry Cu–Au deposit in West Junggar, NW China. These tourmalines are normally accompanied by pyrite and have a high affinity for Cu and Au mineralization. A combined study of the petrology, geochronology, isotope, and mineral geochemistry data of the tourmaline-rich igneous rocks and the wallrock of tourmaline-poor pyroxene diorite has been completed. The laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) U–Pb dating of zircons from tourmaline-poor pyroxene diorite, tourmaline-rich diorite, and tourmaline-rich andesite shows the ages of the zircons to be 317.0 ± 1.0 Ma (MSWD = 0.37, n = 18), 315.8 ± 1.0 Ma (MSWD = 0.84, n = 22), and 306.4 ± 1.6 Ma (MSWD = 1.15, n = 15), respectively. The relatively low values of Hf isotopes (εHf(t) = +6.0 to +13.6) suggest that the tourmaline-poor pyroxene diorite is sourced from a mixed melt of juvenile mantle materials with old crustal components. The tourmaline-rich diorite and the tourmaline-rich andesite that contain higher εHf(t) values (ranging from +13.3 to +17.9) are mainly derived from juvenile mantle materials. In addition, the εHf(t) values in the tourmaline-poor pyroxene diorite and the tourmaline-rich diorite (+13.3 to +16.1) and andesite (+16.3 to +17.9) are gradually rising with their age evolution, which indicates that more and more mantle-derived components are joining in their formation process. This process has also been recorded in primary tourmaline growth, e.g., the EPMA profile reveals an increase in the contents of Fe and other metals and a decrease in Al contents from the inside (core) to the outside (growth zoning). Therefore, the injection of mantle-derived magma that could supply the large amount of copper and gold was critical for the formation of the Shiwu porphyry Cu–Au deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]