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A política de territorialidade rural brasileira é uma estratégia de cooperação verticalizada para o desenvolvimento de espaços fragilizados economicamente, e por sua vez agrega condições sine qua non para usufruir de retornos tributários. Para aferir essa premissa, o presente artigo objetivou analisar de forma comparativa a repartição da cota parte da parcela de 25% do imposto sobre operações relativas à circulação de mercadorias e sobre prestações de serviços de transporte interestadual, intermunicipal e de comunicação (ICMS) frente à condição do Município pertencer ou não ao território rural. O ICMS é o principal imposto arrecadado na esfera estadual cuja parcela de 75% fica com o Estado e 25% retornam para os Municípios baseado no Índice de Participação do Município (IPM). O fator gerador do ICMS é o preço final composto pelo valor adicionado. Contudo, cada Estado tem autonomia para criar seus próprios critérios para parametrização do IPM. O Paraná é o Estado que mais incorporou parâmetros rurais na composição do IPM. Para este estudo, a análise empírica foi baseada em dados do tipo cross section para os 399 Municípios do Estado do Paraná, localizado na região Sul do Brasil. A análise baseou-se na previsão de receita do ICMS para 2017 sobre a qual foi aplicado o Ordinary Least Squares Robust (OLS) cuja variável controle definido por meio da Dummy “município pertence ao território rural = 1” e “município não pertencente = 0”. Os resultados mostraram que há um ganho para os Municípios paranaenses inseridos no território rural quanto ao recebimento da receita da cota parte da parcela de 25% do ICMS em função da inserção dos parâmetros rurais na composição do Índice de Participação do Município (IPM) devido a composição do IPM do Paraná com parâmetros rurais como produção agropecuária, população rural e propriedades rurais. La politique territoriale rurale brésilienne est une stratégie de coopération verticale pour le développement des zones économiquement vulnérables, et ajoute une condition sine qua non pour bénéficier de restitutions d'impôts. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, ce document vise à analyser comparativement l'attribution des quotas de la part de 25% de taxe sur les transactions relatives à la circulation des marchandises et sur la prestation des services de transport inter-États, interurbaine et de la communication (ICMS) selon que la municipalité appartient ou non à des zones rurales. C'est la principale taxe perçue au niveau de l'État dont la part est 75% est et de 25% aux municipalités en fonction de l'indice de participation de la municipalité (IPM). Le facteur de génération SIGI est le prix final est constitué de la valeur ajoutée. Toutefois, chaque État a l'autonomie pour créer ses propres critères pour définir l'IPM. Le Paraná est l'État qui le plus a incorporé le milieu rural dans la composition IPM. Pour cette étude, l'analyse empirique est fondée sur les données de type cross section pour 399 municipalités du Paraná. L'analyse a été basée sur les prévisions de recettes ICMS pour 2017 sur laquelle nous avons appliqué les moindres carrés ordinaires robustes (OLS) dont le contrôle variable définie par la variable « commune appartient aux zones rurales = 1 » et « municipalité qui n'en fait pas partie = 0 ». Les résultats ont montré qu'il y a un gain pour les municipalités du Paraná des zones rurales pour leur part de 25% de l'ICMS en raison de l'inclusion des paramètres ruraux dans la composition de l'indice participation de la municipalité (IPM) en raison de paramètres comme la production agricole, la population rurale et les fermes. The Brazilian territoriality policy is a strategy of vertical cooperation for the development of economically fragile spaces, and in turn adds sine qua non conditions to enjoy tax returns. In order to assess this premise, this article aimed to analyze in a comparative way the distribution of part of the 25% portion of the tax on operations related to the movement of goods and on services of interstate, intermunicipalitie and communication services (ICMS) Whether or not the municipality belongs to the rural territory. The ICMS is the main tax collected at the state level, whose share of 75% is with the State and 25% return to the Municipalities based on the Municipal Participation Index (MPI). The factor generating the ICMS is the final price composed by the value added. However, each state has the autonomy to create its own criteria for parameterizing the MPI. Paraná is the state that most incorporated rural parameters in the composition of the IPM. For this study, the empirical analysis was based on cross section data for the 399 Municipalities of the State of Paraná, located in the southern region of Brazil. The analysis was based on the ICMS revenue forecast for 2017 on which the Ordinary Least Squares Robust (OLS) was applied whose control variable defined by Dummy "municipality belongs to rural territory = 1" and "municipality not belonging = 0 ". The results showed that there is a gain for the Municipalities of Paraná, inserted in the rural territory, regarding the receipt of revenue from part of the 25% portion of the ICMS due to the insertion of rural parameters in the composition of the Municipality Participation Index (MPI) such as agricultural production, rural population and rural properties..

The dynamics in livelihood needs of people at the fringes of tropical forests have increased the stakes and management challenges of biodiversity worldwide. Since the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the importance of biodiversity has been emphasized in several international agreements. However, the incentives to implement such agreements in poor countries are lacking. The present study characterised the determinants of deforestation, and forest management practices within Mabira Forest Reserve (MFR) in central Uganda. This was done within the context of the evolution of the policy and legal frameworks of Uganda. Literature on MFR as well as the policy and legal framework on forests and related resources was reviewed. The results show that evolution of the forest policy was characterised by limited input from key stakeholders. Moreover, there has been political interference and limited sharing of benefits amid failure to harmonize the forestry policy with relevant policies of related sectors. Consequently, deforestation has continued. To address this anomaly, we encourage the involvement of all key stakeholders including local people in designing management guidelines and sharing benefits from forests as an incentive for participation to promote sustainable forest growth. This is crucial for the success of forest restoration programmes in the tropics.

This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the nature and evolution of rural livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan Africa, and the situation regarding smallholders. It reveals mixed findings about the causes and consequences of livelihood diversification on rural smallholders adopting this strategy. A lot of evidence from the literature suggests that it is relatively better-off smallholders with sufficient assets who achieve successful livelihood diversification, mainly by exploiting opportunities and synergies between farm and nonfarm activities. Because of asset constraints, increase in incomes and wealth based on livelihood diversification has not yet benefitted the large majority of smallholders.

The international debate on structural change remains focused on sector–based approaches. The discussion on rural transformation is most often limited by the same long-standing bias. In order to answer the major challenges of their demographic and economic transition, many developing countries need to address their new rural-urban dynamics and to adopt territorial-based development strategies.

With its ‘ecological reserve’, South African National Water Act of 1998 is perceived as one of the most ambitious Water Acts in the world from an environmental perspective. At first sight, this ‘ecological reserve’ provision could be mistaken for a typical case of North–South policy transfer when actually it was initially engineered by the Department of Water Affairs and its civil engineers in the 1970s–1980s. The paper shows the renewed influence of the scientific community over the definition of the concept during the debate leading to the adoption of the Water Reform Act in the mid-1990s. While investing in the international arena, South African hydro-ecologists managed to reinforce their position in the domestic arena at the same time. Therefore, we demonstrate complex interdependence between domestic and international levels benefiting this travelling concept. Finally, we emphasize that for hydro-ecologists, the international arena was never a resource already there but an opportunity created.

This paper uses exhaustive individual-level data from the Malian 1976, 1987 and 1998 censuses to analyze the urbanization process and economic specialization of cities in Mali. We first construct an exhaustive panel data set of the 10,000 Malian localities. In order to analyze urban areas that make sense from an economic point of view, we develop a consistent method to construct functional urban agglomerations, based on a density threshold for contiguous localities. Our definition of "cities" therefore abstracts from any administrative criteria. These data enable us to study the dynamics of the complete distribution of urban and rural localities from 1976 to 1998. We show that the urbanization process in Mali is mainly due to the spatial extension and population growth of Bamako, the capital city and to the demographic growth of small rural market towns. Consequently, the density of the Malian urban system is very low and urban primacy very high. We then turn to an econometric analysis of the determinants of non-agricultural employment growth between 1987 and 1998 by locality. We focus on two main factors: population density, which may induce agglomeration externalities that attract workers and firms; and the degree of specialization of economic activities that could capture industry level externalities. Controlling for a range of other characteristics like distance to the road network, administrative status, physical geography, and rainfall shocks, we show that total employment has been spreading out mainly due to the spreading out of primary employment. Primary sector dynamic is impacted by market access. Services and industry jobs cluster in cities and small towns, due mainly to public infrastructure amenities rather than urbanization externalities or sectoral externalities, the latter being not significant and the former significant but weak. _________________________________ A partir de données exhaustives des recensements maliens de la population de 1976, 1987 et 1998, cette étude analyse le processus d’urbanisation et de spécialisation économique des 10 000 localités maliennes. Grâce à un travail d’appariement minutieux, rarement entrepris même dans les pays développés, nous constituons un panel de l’ensemble des localités et nous définissons les agglomérations urbaines en fonction de leurs tailles, densités et contiguïtés. Nous montrons que le Mali est un pays où la concentration des populations s’est opérée prioritairement à Bamako et dans des petits bourgs ruraux et que son tissu urbain est très peu dense. La primatialité du système urbain est alors très élevée. L’analyse de la dynamique de l’emploi révèle que le processus d’urbanisation du Mali s’accompagne plutôt d’un processus de dispersion spatiale des emplois. Cependant, on observe que la croissance des emplois des branches secondaire et tertiaire au sein des villes et des bourgs ruraux de plus de 1 000 habitants dépend positivement de la taille des marchés. Les villes maliennes et leurs concentrations d’habitants permettent donc un dynamisme plus important de l’emploi dans les branches non agricoles. On observe que les zones d’expansion de la culture du coton sont les zones où la croissance démographique des localités est plus forte, sans pour autant que cela occasionne un dynamisme plus important de l’emploi non agricole.

Background WHO developed a global strategy to eliminate hepatitis B by 2030 and set target to treat 80% of people with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection eligible for antiviral treatment. As a first step to achieve this goal, it is essential to conduct a situation analysis that is fundamental to designing national hepatitis plans. We therefore estimated the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, and described the existing infrastructure for HBV diagnosis in Madagascar. Methods We conducted a stratified multi-stage serosurvey of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in adults aged ≥18 years using 28 sentinel surveillance sites located throughout the country. We obtained the list of facilities performing HBV testing from the Ministry of Health, and contacted the person responsible at each facility. Results A total of 1778 adults were recruited from the 28 study areas. The overall weighted seroprevalence of HBsAg was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.6–8.6). Populations with a low socio-economic status and those living in rural areas had a significantly higher seroprevalence of HBsAg. The ratio of facilities equipped to perform HBsAg tests per 100,000 inhabitants was 1.02 in the capital city of Antananarivo and 0.21 outside the capital. There were no facilities with the capacity to perform HBV DNA testing or transient elastography to measure liver fibrosis. There are only five hepatologists in Madagascar. Conclusion Madagascar has a high-intermediate level of endemicity for HBV infection with a severely limited capacity for its diagnosis and treatment. Higher HBsAg prevalence in rural or underprivileged populations underlines the importance of a public health approach to decentralize the management of chronic HBV carriers in Madagascar by using simple and low-cost diagnostic tools. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4630-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Many scholars, in many disciplines, writing since the 1960s have been so certain that the region is a distinctive and coherent entity that they have not bothered to define it. Southeast Asia is characterized by both high species richness and high level of endemism linked to its geological history. Deep evolutionary origins of flora and fauna have to be searched for in the tectonic-plate dynamics that occurred through geologic times, whereas more recent diversification origins are linked to the consequences of changing paleo-climates with sea level fluctuations. Hill is one of the scholars who has tried to define Southeast Asia both politically and geographically, emphasizing both its diversity and unity. There are eleven states in Southeast Asia inhabited by 600 million people. McGregor emphasized one main characteristic of Southeast Asia, which is its diversity: a high diversity in economical development among and within countries and a high diversity in political systems.

International audience

Les dernières décennies ont été marquées par d’importantes évolutions au sein du secteur laitier au Sénégal. En effet, l’industrie et le commerce du lait se sont beaucoup développés, en raison de l’urbanisation et des changements des habitudes alimentaires des populations urbaines. Cette thèse s’interroge sur les effets de ces évolutions sur le développement de la chaîne laitière locale et sur l’état de vulnérabilité des populations d’éleveurs. En s’appuyant sur la théorie de la gouvernance des chaînes globales de valeur et sur l’économie des coûts de transaction, la thèse cherche à appréhender quels modes de gouvernance permettent la viabilité des chaînes laitières industrielles sénégalaises. Grâce à la collecte de données qualitatives auprès des acteurs de ces chaînes de valeur et à l’analyse approfondie de dix entre elles dans les régions de Dakar et Kolda, cette thèse met en évidence deux facteurs principaux à la base de la viabilité des chaînes laitières industrielles. Premièrement, des stratégies de qualité portant sur l’origine locale de la matière première sont gagnantes sur le marché, puisque les consommateurs leur attribuent une valeur particulière. En outre, les services offerts par les laiteries aux producteurs locaux dans le cadre de telles stratégies de qualité contribuent à réduire la vulnérabilité de ces derniers et consolident donc la viabilité des chaînes de valeur, notamment sur le plan social. Deuxièmement, l’adoption de formes plurielles de gouvernance, dans le cadre d’un approvisionnement mixte lait en poudre/lait local, permet aux laiteries d’être économiquement viables. Elles sont en effet en mesure d’exploiter pleinement leurs capacités de production, de maîtriser les coûts d’achat de la matière première et de répondre aux exigences des consommateurs., The Senegalese dairy sector has been marked by important changes in the last decades. Indeed, dairy industry and trade have been growing, because of urbanization and new dietary habits of urban populations. This thesis inquires into the effects of those changes on the development of the local dairy value chain and on the vulnerability of the local herder communities. Based on the theory of the governance of global value chains and on transaction cost economics, the thesis aims to understand which modes of governance enable the viability of the Senegalese industrial dairy chains. Through the collection of qualitative data from the actors of these value chains and through an in-depth analysis of ten of these chains in the regions of Dakar and Kolda, this thesis highlights two main factors underlying the viability of the industrial dairy chains. First, quality strategies focusing on the local origin of the raw material are successful on the market, since consumers attach to them a particular value. Moreover, the services that the dairy processors implementing those quality strategies offer to local producers contribute to reducing their vulnerability; hence, the social viability of the value chains is improved. Second, the adoption of plural forms of governance, within a mixed supply (milk powder/local milk), enables dairy processors to be economically viable. In fact, they are in a position to fully exploit their productive capacities, to control the cost of raw material purchases, and to meet consumer demands., Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

« Ils refaisaient les aires nouvelles qu’ils remplissaient avec de la terre, et les gens venaient danser la gavotte le dimanche après-midi pour tasser cette terre. On était toujours pour de l’utilité : on dansait, mais c’était pour quelque chose de très utile. Les binious étaient sur des tonneaux, on ne prenait pas le temps d’installer des estrades. » Cette danse « utile » (mais peut-être aussi ce travail « agréable… ») qu’évoque une institutrice bretonne à la retraite n’est pas particulière ...

Au terme de ce parcours, écoutons deux enfants : Émilie a 7 ans, son frère Olivier 9 ans. Ils habitent un petit village de Provence. Émilie adore lire, Olivier déteste lire. Sur le faible attrait qu’il éprouve pour les livres, Olivier est peu loquace, mais soucieux de son auditoire : « C’est chiant. Ça… c’est… j’aime pas. Q. : Et à l’école, tes copains, ils sont comme toi, ou il y en a qui aiment lire ? O. : Beuarkk ! Il y en a aucun qui aime lire ! Mes copains ils aiment pas ça. Dans les liv...

Si la plupart de nos interlocuteurs ont franchi les interdits qui jalonnent le chemin vers la lecture, tous n’habitent pas le livre comme un espace familier. Leur rapport à l’imprimé est en effet plus ou moins « souple », délié, déculpabilisé – tant dans les formes d’acquisition, les pratiques d’appropriation, les usages, que dans les façons de lire, consciencieuses ou buissonnières – selon qu’ils sont les « premiers » à affronter l’imprimé, ou que la route a déjà été dégagée, la relation au ...

Dans son village provençal, une petite fille évoque son amie : « Elle préfère être le chef : alors elle travaille, elle écrit 24 heures sur 24, et elle aime beaucoup lire. Parce qu’il faut qu’elle nous prépare du travail. Et puis on doit l’apprendre par cœur : “Réponds aux questions : Avant la fin de l’hiver, le pinson attirera quoi ? Avant la fin de l’hiver, le pinson attirera sûrement votre attention. Sa poitrine, ses joues et son cou sont légèrement teintés de quoi ? De rose saumoné…” Tu c...

Un des enseignements de cette recherche, le plus manifeste de prime abord, confirmé par les analyses statistiques comme par les entretiens, c’est la force des singularités locales. Chacun des sites étudiés a des pratiques de lecture qui lui sont spécifiques, à la fois dans leur intensité et dans leurs formes. Et seule l’analyse de l’agencement complexe des nombreuses variables qui caractérisent chaque espace peut rendre compte des différences relevées d’un site à l’autre. Certes, facteurs soc...

Les inégalités géographiques du développement de la lecture sont, on l’a vu dans le précédent chapitre, fonction d’un ensemble complexe de facteurs qui singularise chaque espace : il n’y a pas une variable unique, ou une variable privilégiée, qui puisse à elle seule rendre compte de ces inégalités. Il en va de même de l’offre de lecture : tout comme l’histoire de l’école ne suffit pas à épuiser celle de l’alphabétisation, l’histoire de l’implantation des bibliothèques et des librairies ne suf...

L’espace rural et la différenciation des pratiques culturelles « On sait combien de ruraux lisent ou écoutent de la musique, on ne sait pas ce que signifie lire ou apprécier de la musique pour un rural. Faute de travaux ethnologiques ou sociologiques sur ces domaines, le différentiel culturel ville/campagne reste une énigme. » Les recherches sur les pratiques culturelles dans la France rurale sont encore très rares – particulièrement celles qui portent sur la lecture. Les ethnologues ont plut...

« J'avais une camarade qui lisait à la lueur de la lune... » « Acheter des livres, c'est comme acheter des fleurs... » « Moi j'adore les atlas ! » L'image d'une campagne sans livres, lieu de culture orale, a longtemps prévalu, et peut-être prévaut-elle encore, chez les citadins. Et pourtant... De la côte bretonne aux campagnes méridionales, des vallées normandes aux collines bourguignonnes, une mosaïque de « pays », autant de situations socioéconomiques spécifiques, autant de modèles culturels hérités, qui peuvent parfois prendre le pas sur les déterminations sociales. Des pratiques de lectures singulières, un jeu complexe entre offre et demande. Mais aussi, d'un bout à l'autre de la France rurale, des façons de lire souvent partagées : la lecture « accumulation », la lecture « échappée solitaire », celle qui permet d'accéder à une citoyenneté longtemps entravée, de repenser son identité en ces temps de crise, de s'ouvrir sur d'autres espaces. Entre ces manières de lire et les usages urbains, la frontière reste fragile... L'espace culturel, est-ce pour autant un espace qui s'uniformise ?

« Être là où ils ne sont pas... » La fréquence de la lecture du soir n’est pas spécifique aux campagnes Mais il est toutefois remarquable que dans leur très grande majorité, et quels que soient leur âge, leur situation familiale ou professionnelle, les contraintes ou les libertés de leur emploi du temps, les personnes rencontrées ont déclaré lire « la nuit », « au lit ». C’est souvent le moment, les tâches de la journée achevées, où s’estompent les interdits, où l’on a enfin le droit de lire....

International audience; Much attention has been paid to the issue of groundwater depletion linked to intensive groundwater-based agriculture in (semi-)arid areas. Often referred to as the 'overexploitation' of aquifers, groundwater depletion is generally attributed to the entire agricultural sector without distinguishing between different uses and users. Although it expresses a general concern for future users, the ambiguous term of 'overexploitation' does not acknowledge the contested nature of groundwater use and emerging inequalities. Also, the impact of inequality on groundwater depletion is rarely questioned. The aim of this article is to investigate how and by whom groundwater is depleted, and in turn, how unequal access to groundwater fuels the socioeconomic differentiation of farms and groundwater depletion. Based on a detailed analysis of groundwater use from a user perspective in two irrigated areas in North Africa (Morocco and Algeria), this study shows how the context of groundwater depletion exacerbates'and is exacerbated by'existing inequalities. The paper concludes that knowing how much is withdrawn, where, and by whom provides helpful information for more informed groundwater management by a better understanding of the response of users to declining groundwater conditions and the interests and incentives of different social categories of famers to contribute to groundwater management.

In the Congo Forest Basin, hunting provides a major source of protein for rural household consumption. In the context of increasing urbanisation, an understanding of bushmeat consumption in urban settings is needed to both address food security issues and design biodiversity conservation strategies. This paper provides insights into bushmeat con - sumption patterns in Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic, through an analysis of household expenditures and market prices. A survey of approximately 4,000 households combined with 3 years (2005-2008) of mar - ket price monitoring was used to estimate the consumption of bushmeat and alternative proteins. The results showed the presence of a diverse range of animal proteins on the Ban - gui market, including meat from domestic and wild animals. The taxonomic composition of the bushmeat mainly included common, sed - entary wildlife species that are highly resilient to hunting pressure, while protected species were rarely observed. The household consump - tion survey showed that 54% of daily meals contained beef, 35% contained fish and 19% contained bushmeat. Fish and bushmeat con - sumption decreased in the rainy season, and caterpillar consumption increased. Smoked proteins (bushmeat, fish), were cheaper than all fresh meat except for caterpillars. The con - sumption of proteins and bushmeat increased with wealth; fresh proteins were consumed more by wealthy consumers, while smoked bushmeat was consumed by the poorest. Total consumption of protein and bushmeat was highest in rich households, but the rela - tive proportion of bushmeat in the total pro - tein intake was highest for poor households. Overall, the results confirm the importance of bushmeat in the diet of urban consumers, especially in poor households. However, the patterns of consumption suggest that bush - meat is less popular than alternatives, which may potentially limit an increase in bushmeat consumption, particularly if cheaper, alternative meat can be made available. (Resume d'auteur)

Most studies to date assume that there are multiple relationships between ecosystem services and human well-being, but there are few studies that quantify these relationships. Our objectives were: (1) to investigate the trends and understudied areas within ecosystem services and well-being research; and (2) within these general trends, to analyze to what extent the linkages between ecosystem services and well-being presented in empirical research in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were part of a tested hypothesis, and to assess which conceptual frameworks were used in understanding this interface. The results of this study highlighted that most publications assumed that ecosystem services and well-being were interlinked but did not analyze their relationship as part of the hypothesis to test. While different frameworks on well-being were adopted by empirical research, only one out of the 29 post-Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) conceptual frameworks that illustrate the linkages between ecosystem services and well-being was documented, and most case studies adopted the MEA. Finally, trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services and disaggregated well-being were understudied. Considering these knowledge gaps in future studies will help empirical ecosystem services research to simultaneously contribute to improved well-being and environmental sustainability when applied at multiple policy or institutional levels.

International audience

While high resolution spatial variables contribute to a good fit of spatially-explicit deforestation models, socio-economic processes are often beyond the scope of these models. Such a low level of interest in the socio-economic dimension of deforestation limits the relevancy of these models for decision making and may be the cause of their failure to accurately predict observed deforestation trends in the medium term. This study aims to propose a flexible methodology for taking into account multiple drivers of deforestation in tropical forested areas, where the intensity of deforestation is explicitly predicted based on socio-economic variables. By coupling a model of deforestation location based on spatial environmental variables with several sub-models of deforestation intensity based on socio-economic variables, we were able to create a map of predicted deforestation over the period 2001–2014 in French Guiana. This map was compared to a reference map for accuracy assessment, not only at the pixel scale but also over cells ranging from 1 to approx. 600 sq. km. Highly significant relationships were explicitly established between deforestation intensity and several socio-economic variables: population growth, the amount of agricultural subsidies, gold and wood production. Such a precise characterisation of socio-economic processes allows to avoid overestimation biases in high deforestation areas, suggesting a better integration of socio-economic processes in the models. While considering deforestation as a purely geographical process contributes to the creation of conservative models unable to effectively assess changes in the socio-economic and political contexts influencing deforestation trends, this explicit characterisation of the socio-economic dimension of deforestation is critical for the creation of deforestation scenarios in REDD+ projects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.