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The great potential of bio-products generated from agro-industrial residues from the biomass processing, as is the case with the green coconut fibers (Cocos nucifera L. var. dwarf), makes Brazil stand out in the field of transformation of these residues, mainly due to its high biodiversity and favorable climatic conditions. In this work, residual green coconut fibers were used in the production of bio-oil by pyrolysis. The bio-oil was fractionated using preparative liquid chromatography (PLC) in silica using solvents of different polarities: hexane, hexane/toluene, toluene/dichloromethane, dichloromethane/acetone, and methanol. Bio-oil and its fractions were analyzed by gas chromatograph /quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC/qMS). The concentration of each compound was carried out by multiplying the percentage area of the corresponding peak by the mass yield of the respective fraction. PLCof bio-oil increased the number of compounds identified by about 170% compared to the original bio-oil (non-fractionated), besides allowing the isolation of nonpolar compounds (mostly hydrocarbons) from polar compounds (mainly phenols, aldehydes, and ketones). Anotheradvantage of PLC was the increase in the number of hydrocarbons identified in the fractions, as opposed to the crude bio-oil analysis. Among the major compounds, phenols can be highlighted, besides furfural derivatives and hydrocarbons, which indicates the potential use of bio-oil mainly for industrial purposes.

Proses penalaan tuning PID seringkali dilakukan dengan cara uji coba akibatnya hasil tuning tidak akurat dan proses penalaannya memakan waktu yang cukup lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan metode Zieghler-Nichols I atau metode kurva reaksi yang mampu menghasilkan nilai tuning dengan praktis serta nilai hasil parameter tuning yang baik. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan PLC Siemens S7-300 sebagai pusat kontrol dan HMI Siemens TP-700 Comfort sebagai interface sistem serta menggunakan MS150 Modular Servo sebagai media kendali PID. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dua cara. Pertama, pengujian pembacaan tegangan pada sensor tachogenerator. Kedua, pengujian respon sistem dari kendali PID. Pada pengujian pertama didapatkan hasil dengan nilai error tertinggi pada nilai 0.029%. Pengujian kedua didapatkan performa dari respon sistem Kp=1.125, Ti=2.667, dan Td=0 dengan hasil terbaik pada setpoint 3000 rpm, waktu rise time 3 detik, delay time 1 detik, settling time 7 detik serta tanpa adanya overshoot pada sistem. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai tuning dengan menggunakan metode Zieghler-Nichols I lebih praktis dan menghasilkan respon sistem cukup stabil dengan performa yang baik.

Pengukuran dan pengendalian ketinggian cairan masih dilakukan secara direct, menggunakan saklar atau sensor yang bersifat logic saja. Dengan konsep kontrol ini membutuhkan lebih banyak waktu, dan tidak secara real-time. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan merancang sistem kendali level cairan pada tangki menggunakan PLC Siemens S7-1200 sebagai pusat kontrol dan HMI KTP 700 BASIC sebagai pusat kendali dan monitoring level cairan pada tangki. Metode perancangan system yang digunakan dalam penelitian terdiri dari perancangan hardware dan software. Perancangan hardware terdiri dari PLC Siemens S7-1200 sebagai pusat kontrol, water pump sebagai penyuply cairan dan potensiometer difungsikan sebagai sensor yang akan membaca ketinggian cairan serta HMI Siemens KTP 700 Basic digunakan untuk interface pembacaan hasil ketinggian secara digital. Driver motor dengan konsep PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) digunakan untuk mengatur kecepatan pompa dengan memvariasikan duty cycle motor yang dimanfaatkan untuk mengisi air kedalam tangki. Serial komunikasi antara PC, PLC dan HMI menggunakan ethernet switch. Pengujian dilakukan dengan lima cara, pertama pengujian potensiometer, kedua pengujian akurasi tegangan potensiometer terhadap ketinggian level air, ketiga pengujian PWM, keempat pengujian sistem tanpa gangguan, dan kelima pengujian sistem dengan gangguan. Dari pengujian pertama didapatkan hasil bahwa nilai rata-rata dari error sensor sebesar 0.005714 %. Dengan demikian penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil alat sistem kendali dan monitoring level cairan berbasis PLC dan HMI dengan error rata-rata sebesar 9.5 detik serta memiliki kemampuan terbaik untuk pompa pada set point 70 %.

Abstract Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology has been increasingly applied to power line carrier communication (PLC). Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT)‐based channel estimation algorithm is suitable for OFDM‐based PLC due to its low complexity. In view of the problem that the traditional DFT channel estimation does not consider the influence of noise inside cyclic prefix (CP), an improved DFT channel estimation based on signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) estimation is proposed. First, least‐square (LS) algorithm is performed and the frequency domain channel estimation is converted to the time domain through inverse DFT, and the average SNR of the system is estimated according to the pilot sequence. Second, the substitute SNR for each sample point inside CP is defined and used to filter impulse noise inside CP. Third, the average SNR is converted into the threshold of the useful signal energy inside CP, and the widespread background noise inside CP is filtered. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain more accurate channel estimation than other DFT channel estimation algorithms because it can effectively filter out noise inside CP. In addition, compared with other similar algorithms, the proposed algorithm dose not result in a significant increase in complexity.

Copyright of Water Conservancy & Electric Power Technology & Application is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mechanical & Electronic Control Engineering is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To address the current issues of low intelligence and accuracy in seed-sorting devices, an intelligent seed sorter was developed in this study using machine-vision technology and the lightweight YOLOv5n. The machine consisted of a transmission system, feeding system, image acquisition system, and seed screening system. A lightweight YOLOv5n model, FS-YOLOv5n, was trained using 4756 images, incorporating FasterNet, Local Convolution (PConv), and a squeeze-and-excitation (SE) attention mechanism to improve feature extraction efficiency, detection accuracy, and reduce redundancy. Taking ‘Zhengdan 958’ corn seeds as the research object, a quality identification and seed sorting test was conducted on six test groups (each consisting of 1000 seeds) using the FS-YOLOv5n model. Following lightweight improvements, the machine showed an 81% reduction in parameters and floating-point operations compared to baseline models. The intelligent seed sorter achieved an average sorting rate of 90.76%, effectively satisfying the seed-sorting requirements.

This paper discusses the design and implementation of a portable IoT station. Communication and data synchronization issues in several installations are addressed here, making possible a detailed analysis of the entire system during its operation. The system operator requires a synchronized data stream, combining multiple communication protocols into one single time stamp. The hardware selected for the portable IoT station complies with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) industrial standards. A short discussion regarding interface customization shows how easily the hardware can be modified so that it is integrated with almost any system. A programmable logic controller enables the Node-RED to be utilized. This open-source middleware defines operations for each global variable nominated in the Modbus register. Two applications are presented and discussed in this paper; each application has a distinct methodology utilized to publish and visualize the acquired data. The portable IoT station is highly customizable, consisting of a modular structure and providing the best platform for future research and development of dedicated algorithms. This paper also demonstrates how the portable IoT station can be implemented in systems where time-based data synchronization is essential while introducing a seamless implementation and operation.

Pembangkit listrik tenaga angin adalah salah satu jenis energi terbarukan yang mulai berkembang di Indonesia. Pembangkit listrik tenaga angin ini menggunakan turbin angin untuk mengkonversikan daya angin menjadi daya mekanik yang akan menggerakan generator listrik. Generator yang digunakan pada pembangkit listrik tenaga angin ini memiliki batas maksimum. Turbin angin yang beroperasi harus dibawah batas maksimum generator agar tidak terjadi kerusakan pada generator tersebut. Agar tidak terjadi operasi melampaui batas maksimum generator, maka perlu dilakukan monitoring dan proteksi terhadap komponen-komponen yang ada pada pembangkit listrik tenaga angin tersebut. Dengan hal itu paper ini mengusulkan monitoring pembangkit listrik tenaga angin menggunakan Human Machine Interface (HMI) yang dilengkapi dengan Programable Logic Controller (PLC). Alat yang dibuat dalam penelitian ini diujicobakan pada pembangkit listrik tenaga angin yang menggunakan turbin angin sumbu horizontal dan generator sinkron jenis magnet permanent. Monitoring pembangkit listrik tenaga angin ini dirancang dengan menggunakan Programable Logic Controller (PLC) S7 1200 1215C DC/DC/Relay dan Human Machine Interface (HMI) Simatic KTP 700 Basic PN untuk display dari parameter yang dimonitor yaitu arus, tegangan, kecepatan angin, kecepatan putaran dan daya. Monitoring ini dilengkapi dengan sensor tegangan, sensor arus, sensor kecepatan angin, sensor kecepatan putaran dan kontaktor sebagai pemutus arus ketika telah melebihi batas arus yang telat diatur sebelumnya. HMI sudah berhasil menampilkan data tegangan, arus kecepatan angin, kecepatan putaran dan daya. Hasil eksperimen menunjukan bahwa monitoring pembangkit listrik tenaga angin yang diusulkan telah bekerja dengan baik sesuai dengan tujuan.

With the development of modern science and technology, the development of electrical automation engineering has also become widespread. In the traditional sense, the wiring of the electrical automation control system is complex, the cost is high, the maintenance is difficult and failures may easily occur, and these factors seriously affect the system efficiency. The application of PLC technology in the field of electrical automation greatly simplifies the installation and operation process, and improves the work efficiency. Therefore, PLC technology has come to play an increasingly important role in the efficient and stable operation of electrical automation engineering. This paper analyses and explores the principle and practical application of PLC in the field of electrical automation engineering, and optimises the automatic control system based on PLC.

This study aims to facilitate the process of sorting objects made of metal and non-metal so that they can be sorted based on these criteria to the place provided based on a Programmable Logic Controller using the Human Machine Interface as the control center of the tool. Where the Human Machine Interface can be used as a controller and monitor the sorting of objects which is done with two automatic and manual selection methods. Inappropriate program design and use of conventional actuators. The pneumatic system acts as an actuator for sorting goods, namely a double acting cylinder which is installed to push metal and non metal goods towards the conveyor based on what is detected by the capacitive proximity sensor, the cylinder which is installed on the inductive proximity sensor is used to sort metal objects towards storage. If the object is metal, the sensor will detect it and the conveyor will stop and the cylinder will sort the metal object to the metal storage. Non-metal objects will be passed by the sensor to non-metal storage.

In optimal control, a common problem is developing a control law that can drive a dynamical system from one state to another as quickly as possible. The objective of paper is to design optimal control approach based SIMATIC S7-1200 for under-actuated Pendubot system. The main contribution of this paper is to introduce and validate control method for laboratory model of Pendubot system by using industrial device, namely, Programmable logic controller (PLC). Besides, Lyapunov Analysis is used to analyze the stability of optimal control. The simulation is performed in MATLAB/Simulink environment and experiment is carried out in TIA PORTAL environment. The simulation results and experimental results illustrate that the proposed control method is effective and robust by using PLC.

This paper describes a novel PLC system that integrates cutting-edge hardware and software components, offering an immersive and interactive educational experience. The design, features, and benefits of the newly developed PLC are detailed, highlighting its potential to empower learners in various educational settings. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness of architectural decisions is also highlighted, with the end goal being to create e PLC that is both relevant to industry standards and affordable for universities and higher education schools.

ABSTRAK Penggunaan PV (Photovoltaics) sebagai Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) banyak digunakan di Indonesia. Mode pengoperasian PLTS dikenal dengan on grid dan off grid dimana PLTS on grid adalah kondisi dimana sistem selalu terhubung dengan jaringan PLN, sedangkan PLTS off grid kondisi dimana sistem mampu beroperasi sendiri ketika jaringan PLN terputus. Penelitian ini melakukan pembuatan prototype dengan cara menambahkan smart relay Zelio sebagai perangkat utamanya, dan dengan menambahkan relay sebagai pengganti Motorized Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) hasil simulasi membuktikan grid tetap dalam kondisi bertegangan setelah 20 detik dari terputusnya suplai PLN. Kata kunci: motorized mccb, plc, pembangkit listrik tenaga surya  ABSTRACT The use of PV (Photovoltaics) as a Solar Power Plant (PLTS) is widely used in Indonesia. PLTS operating modes are known as on grid and off grid, where PLTS on grid is a condition where the system is always connected to the PLN network, while PLTS off grid is a condition where the system is able to operate itself when the PLN network is disconnected. This research made a prototype by adding a smart relay Zelio as the main device, and by adding a relay as a replacement for the Motorized Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB), the simulation results proved that the grid fulfilled voltage after 20 seconds of the PLN supply disconnected. Keywords: motorized mccb, plc, solar power plant

Food security is one of the issues that is one of the concerns to the country government, and one of the independent efforts made by community on their awareness to meet and achieve food needs on a domestic scale in their respective households is through hydroponic for cultivation of vegetables. Hydroponics works by using water as growing medium instead of soil, however, the use of water as a planting medium requires special treatment thus the plants is able to grow optimally. To ensure that the air content in the water used as a hydroponic growing medium is properly available, a water regulation process is needed. The process of water regulation in the hydroponic system uses regulation of the activation of the water pump motor so that water can be regulated and electrical energy efficiency can still be achieved. This study aims to design and test a PLC-based automation system for the purposes of setting the activation of a water pump in a hydroponic system based on the sunlight conditions in the hydroponic installation being built. By using a light sensor (LDR) to measure the intensity of sunlight in the hydroponic system being built, the activation of the pump motor can be controlled through the use of a PLC device that processes the information obtained from the sensor used. The results of the tests carried out provide information that the designed system has proven effective for use in hydroponic systems with pump water regulation time from 08:00 AM to 04:00 PM.

GPR55 is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In cancer, GPR55 has been described to show accelerating and decelerating effects in tumor progression resulting from distinct intracellular signaling pathways. GPR55 becomes activated by LPI and various plant-derived, endogenous, and synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabinoids such as THC exerted antitumor effects by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation or inducing apoptosis. Besides its effects through CB1 and CB2 receptors, THC modulates cellular responses among others via GPR55. Previously, we reported a reduction in Ki67-immunoreactive nuclei of human glioblastoma cells after GPR55 activation in general by THC and in particular by LPI. In the present study, we investigated intracellular mechanisms leading to an altered number of Ki67+ nuclei after stimulation of GPR55 by LPI and THC. Pharmacological analyses revealed a strongly involved PLC-IP3 signaling and cell-type-specific differences in Gα-, Gβγ-, RhoA-ROCK, and calcineurin signaling. Furthermore, immunochemical visualization of the calcineurin-dependent transcription factor NFAT revealed an unchanged subcellular localization after THC or LPI treatment. The data underline the cell-type-specific diversity of GPR55-associated signaling pathways in coupling to intracellular G proteins. Furthermore, this diversity might determine the outcome and the individual responsiveness of tumor cells to GPR55 stimulation by cannabin oids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a tree-whitening machine was designed based on the collaborative operation of multiple spray nozzles. This research utilized infrared ranging, ultrasonic detection, and spraying devices in order to realize the accurate spraying of trees and improve the efficiency and quality of spraying. The test results show that the working efficiency of the machine is 300 trees/h, the spraying coverage is up to 96.5%, and the applicable trunk circumference range is 500–1250 mm, which is more advantageous than the American UltraMaxII695 high-pressure electric spraying machine, the domestic HT20 machine, etc. Furthermore, it improves the working efficiency by 7.1%, the spraying coverage by 6.7%, and the expansion of the adaptable trunk circumference range by 20%, as well as having further advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Intelligent Agriculture Mechanization is the property of Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)