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Background and Study Aim. Foot health and physical fitness in children are closely interconnected, playing a vital role in ensuring their overall well-being and performance. This study aims to determine the relationship between flat feet, body balance, and physical performance of junior high school students. Material and Methods. A total of 109 junior high school students from five schools in Surabaya, Indonesia, with ages ranging from 12 to 14 years, participated in this research. Data collection was through the wet footprint test, stork standing balance test, Bass test, Y-agility Test, and Illinois Change of Direction Test. The correlation of flat feet with static and dynamic balance and physical performance in the school environment was analyzed using the non-parametric Spearman Rank statistical test. Results. The results showed significant relationships between foot grade and static balance, dynamic balance, agility, and change of direction. These relationships were indicated by correlation coefficients that showed statistical significance at p < 0.05. Additionally, static and dynamic balance exhibited a negative correlation, while agility and change of direction showed a positive correlation. This suggests that higher foot grades corresponded to longer durations in static and dynamic balance tests and shorter completion times in agility and change of direction tasks. Conclusions. The findings of this study highlight the importance of investigating the relationship between flat feet, body balance, and physical performance among junior high school students. Understanding these correlations is crucial for optimizing the overall well-being and performance of adolescents.

The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of sarcopenia, functional status, fear-avoidance behaviors, biopsychosocial status and quality of life in RA women with healthy controls.

Background The correlation between hearing loss (HL) and physical performance in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) remains poorly investigated. This study explored the association between HL and physical performance in patients on MHD. Methods This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2020 and April 2021 in seven hemodialysis centers in Shanghai and Suzhou, China. The hearing assessment was performed using pure-tone average (PTA). Physical performance was assessed using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), handgrip strength, and gait speed. Results Finally, 838 adult patients (male, 516 [61.6%]; 61.2 ± 2.6 years) were enrolled. Among them, 423 (50.5%) had mild to profound HL (male, 48.6% and female, 53.4%). Patients with HL had poorer physical performance than patients without HL (p < 0.001). TUGT was positively correlated with PTA (r = 0.265, p < 0.001), while handgrip strength and gait speed were negatively correlated with PTA (r = –0.356, p < 0.001 and r = –0.342, p < 0.001, respectively). Physical performance in patients aged

Introduction and Aim: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a noninflammatory joint disease. If OA of the knee causes pain, decreased muscle strength and joint stiffness, exercise therapy is one of the most effective treatments for the disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aquatherapy on pain intensity and performance in women with OA with the assumption that it causes weightlessness. Methods: This is a quasiexperimental study. The sample size included 60 people who were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The visual analogue scale was used to assess pain and timed up and go test (TUG), 30 Second Sit to Stand Test (30-S-CS), and 40-meter fast-paced walk test (40 MW) were used to assess performance. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS ver. 22. Results: The results of the present study showed a decrease in pain intensity from moderate to mild intensity. Also, physical performance dimensions in patients with OA were improved, so that the average TUG increased from 14.06 to 8.8 s. The average S-CS frequency increased from 4.86 to 8.4 s and 90 MW decreased from the average 93.43 to 72.66 s. Discussion and Conclusion: Lower limb muscle strength, and physical performance can be improved and pain intensity can be reduced in patients with OA by performing aquatherapy three times a week for 8 weeks.

The objective assessment of external physical loads has become promising in better understanding players’ match loads and responses. However, there is a lack of consensus on the metrics used along with limited information on this topic in elite handball. This study investigated differences in conventional and novel external load metrics according to playing positions. Methods: 27 matches of EHF Euro M20 2022 were used, with a total of 711 player match observations recorded. The data series were collected using a local positioning system (LPS) integrated with inertial measurement unit (IMU) devices. Kinematic variables: match-jerk, match-Dynamic Stress Load (match-DSL), distance covered, distance covered at high speed (HSR distance). Despite the lack of handball-specific validation, differences between studied positions were found in all variables. Greater sensibility seems possible based on the match-DSL compared to match-jerk. Accordingly, Backs exhibited the highest match-DSL values. Divergently, the Wings covered more distance at total and high-speed running while showing lower match-DSL relative to the Backs. The Line Players had similar HSR distances to Backs while covering lower total distances. Future studies are needed to explore the validity of the available metrics and arbitrary parameters, as well as comparing those variables with internal-load variables.

Abstract Optimal physical fitness is essential for military personnel to effectively meet their rigorous physical demands. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a suspension training program on physical fitness, biomechanical risk factors for lower extremity injury, mental health, and work-related factors in Navy personnel. A total of 50 young men participated in a randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 25): the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group performed an eight-week suspension training session three times per week, while the control group maintained their daily duties. The primary outcome was physical performance. The secondary outcomes were determined biomechanical risk factors for lower extremity injuries, mental health, and work-related factors. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed significant improvements in physical performance, biomechanical risk for lower extremity injuries, and work-related factors from baseline to follow-up (p ≤ 0.05). However, there was no improvement in mental health. Based on these findings, suspension training positively impacted physical fitness, reduced injury risk, and enhanced the work-related factors of Navy personnel. This study provides new insights for various related experts and military coaches because it is an easy-to-use and feasible method with minimal facilities.

Abstract Background Aging has been associated with a progressive loss of skeletal muscle quality, quantity and strength, which may result in a condition known as sarcopenia, leading to a decline in physical performance, loss of independence and reduced quality of life. While the cause of impaired physical functioning observed in elderly populations appears to be multifactorial, recent evidence suggests that age-associated alterations in gut microbiota could be a contributing factor. The primary objective will be to assess the effects of a dietary synbiotic formulation on sarcopenia-related functional outcomes such as handgrip strength, gait speed and physical performance within older individuals living independently. The secondary objective will be to examine associations between changes in gut microbiota composition, functional performance and lean muscle mass. Methods Seventy-four elderly (60–85 years) participants will be randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion to either an intervention or control group. The intervention group (n = 37) will receive oral synbiotic formulation daily for 16 weeks. The control group (n = 37) will receive placebo. Assessments of physical performance (including Short Physical Performance Battery, handgrip strength and timed up-and-go tests) and muscle ultrasonography will be performed at 4 time points (baseline and weeks 8, 16 and 20). Likewise, body composition via bioelectric impedance analysis and blood and stool samples will be collected at each time point. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be performed at baseline and week 16. The primary outcomes will be between-group changes in physical performance from baseline to 16 weeks. Secondary outcomes include changes in body composition, muscle mass and architecture, fecal microbiota composition and diversity, and fecal and plasma metabolomics. Discussion Gut-modulating supplements appear to be effective in modifying gut microbiota composition in healthy older adults. However, it is unclear whether these changes translate into functional and/or health improvements. In the present study, we will investigate the effects of a synbiotic formulation on measures of physical performance, strength and muscle health in healthy older populations. Trial registration This study was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12622000652774) in May 2022.

Marie Heiber,1,&ast; Andrea Schittenhelm,1,&ast; Jennifer Schlie,2,&ast; Marcus Beckert,2 Pascal Graf,2 Annette Schmidt1– 3 1dtec.bw, NextGenerationEU Project Smart Health Lab, University of the Bundeswehr, Chair of Sport Biology Munich, Munich, Germany; 2University of the Bundeswehr, Institute of Sport Sciences, Chair of Sport Biology, Munich, Germany; 3Research Center Smart Digital Health, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Munich, Germany&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Annette Schmidt, Chair of Sport Biology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, Neubiberg, Munich, Bavaria, 85577, Germany, Tel +49 89 6004 4412, Email annette.schmidt@unibw.dePurpose: Lactate threshold (LT) is a critical performance measure traditionally obtained using costly laboratory-based tests. Wearables offer a practical and noninvasive alternative for LT assessment in recreational and professional athletes. However, the comparability of these estimates with the regular field tests requires further evaluation.Patients and Methods: In our sample of 26 participants (nf=7 and nm=19), we compared the estimated running pace and heart rate (HR) at LT with two subsequent tests. First, participants performed the Fenix 7® threshold running test after a calibration phase. Subsequently, they were tested in a standardized, graded blood lactate field test. Age was 25.97 (± 6.26) years, and body mass index (BMI) was 24.58 (± 2.8) kg/m2.Results: Pace at LT calculated by Fenix 7® (M=11.87 km/h ± 1.26 km/h) was 11.96% lower compared to the field test (M=13.28 km/h ± 1.72 km/h), which was significant (p < 0.001, d=− 1.19). HR estimated by the Fenix 7® at LT was 1.71% lower (p > 0.05). LT data obtained in the field test showed greater overall variance.Conclusion: Our results suggest sufficient accuracy of Fenix 7® LT estimates for recreational athletes. It can be assumed that for professional athletes, it would fail to provide the nuanced data needed for high-quality training management.Keywords: smartwatch, physical performance, physiology, heart rate, pace

Peter Sagat GSD/Health and Physical Education Department, Sport Sciences and Diagnostics Research Group, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Peter Sagat, Email sagat@psu.edu.saPurpose: Although both gait speed and fat mass are crucial for healthy aging, evidence suggests that the associations between these components remain unclear. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to examine the associations between gait speed and fat mass.Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 643 older men and women aged > 60 years. Fat mass was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis, while gait speed was determined by calculating the time an individual has taken to walk across a 4.6-m distance. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and odds ratios (OR) were performed to determine cut-off points and mutual associations.Results: In older men, the optimal threshold of gait speed to detect high level of fat mass was 1.40 m/s with the area under the curve (AUC) being 0.82 (95% CI 0.76– 0.89, p < 0.001). In older women, the optimal cut-off point was 1.37 m/s (AUC = 0.85, 95% CI 0.81– 0.90, p < 0.001). Older men and women who walked below the newly developed threshold were approximately 12 times more likely to have high level of fat.Conclusion: In summary, newly developed cut-off points of gait speed have adequate discriminatory ability to detect older men and women with high level of fat mass. Although gait speed may be considered as a satisfactory screening tool for fat mass, its utility in clinical practice needs to be further investigated.Keywords: body composition, physical performance, aging, cut-points, associations

The most important factors that determine the risk of fractures are not only the presence of osteoporosis (OP), but also the risk of falls. In addition to sufficient physical activity, medications are needed that have a positive effect on the strength and functional performance of the skeletal muscles. Vitamin D supplements play a key role in this therapeutic approach.Objective: to investigate the tolerability, safety and efficacy of the generic drug Alfacalcidol Canon on the functional status of patients with reduced bone mineral density in clinical practice.Material and methods. The study involved 30 women with OP or osteopenia who were at high risk of falls (mean age 68.0±7.2 years) and who were administered Alfacalcidol Canon at a dose of 1 mcg/day for 3 months. The follow-up period included 4 visits to the clinic, during which laboratory tests were performed and falls and fractures, adverse reactions and patients' adherence to treatment were registered. At the first and last visits, quality of life was assessed using the EQ-5D and the functional status of the skeletal muscles was examined. At the 4th visit, the tolerability of the medication was assessed.Results and discussion. After 3 months of therapy, an increase in muscle strength of the dominant arm was observed by an average of 15.4% (p=0.00002). The time for the "Chair Stand Test" and the "Time up and go" test decreased by 17.4% (p=0.000012) and 13.6% (p=0.00004) respectively. The gait speed test increased on average by 13.9% (p=0.000013), it increased in 26 (86.7%) women. The SPPB test score increased on average by 12.5% (p=0.000001), and achievement of the best indicators was found in 23 (76.7%) women. There were no cases of hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypermagnesemia, but 1 case of hypercalciuria was detected. Falls occurred in 2 women (6.7%) who had fallen in the previous year, one of whom suffered a fracture of humeral neck. Adverse reactions were observed in 3 (10 %) women, one of whom stopped taking the drug. 90% of the patients tolerated the treatment excellently. The average compliance rate was 94.3%.Conclusion. Alfacalcidol Canon is a safe and effective drug that can be used to improve the physical performance of skeletal muscles in patients with a high risk of falls.

Objectives. This study is aimed at analyzing the impact of short-term Speed Endurance Soccer Training (SEST) training on the physical performance of young soccer players. Materials and methods. The true experiment method was used in this study. The study population comprised a total of 122 individuals. Furthermore, by using random sampling techniques, a sample of 30 persons was selected with an average age of 15.2 ± 0.81 years, height 168.1 ± 4.82 cm, weight 57.85 ± 11.93 kg, and BMI 20.34 ± 3.37. Physical performance instruments included the Running Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), Yo-Yo intermittent test level 1, 20-meter sprint, and standing broad jump test. The study used the paired t-test to evaluate the effect of each group and the independent samples t-test to compare the improvement in the experimental (SEST) and control groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results. The paired t-test showed significant differences between the pretest and post-test in the SEST group in anaerobic (p = .000, Δ% = 8.4), aerobic (p = .000, Δ% = 7.48), and speed (p = .000, Δ% = 3.39) capacities. Meanwhile, there were no considerable differences in the variables for the control group. According to the independent t-test results, a significant difference in effect between the SEST group and the CTRL group was revealed. The SEST group demonstrated marked differences in anaerobic, aerobic and speed variables with a p-value = 0.000. Conclusions. The study reveals that short-term Speed Endurance Soccer Training contributes to enhancing the physical performance of soccer players. However, caution should be exercised regarding the potential risk of hamstring injury in individuals with unprepared muscles.

Abstract Background During the last decade, twelve studies have been published investigating physical exercise interventions (PEIs) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) during radiotherapy (RT), chemoradiation (CRT) or bioradiation (BRT). These studies showed that these PEIs are safe and feasible. However, only two of these studies were randomised clinical trials (RCTs) with a satisfying sample size. Thereby, there is no cost-effectiveness study related to a PEI during RT, CRT or BRT ((C/B)RT) for patients with HNC. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate and compare physical performance, muscle strength, fatigue, quality of life (QoL), body mass index (BMI), nutritional status, physical activity, treatment tolerability, and health care related costs in patients with HNC with and without a 10 week PEI during (C/B)RT. Methods This study, based on a trial within cohorts (TwiCs) design, will contain a prospective cohort of at least 112 patients. Fifty-six patients will randomly be invited for an experimental 10 week PEI. This PEI consists of both resistance and endurance exercises to optimize physical performance, muscle strength, fatigue, QoL, BMI, nutritional status, physical activity, and treatment tolerability of (C/B)RT. Measurements are at baseline, after 12 weeks, 6 months, and at 12 months. Statistical analyses will be performed for intention-to-treat and instrumental variable analysis. Discussion This study seeks to investigate physical, QoL, and economic implications of a PEI. With a substantial sample size, this study attempts to strengthen and expand knowledge in HNC care upon PEI during (C/B)RT. In conclusion, this study is dedicated to provide additional evidence for PEI in patients with HNC during (C/B)RT. Trial registration protocol was registered at clinicaltrials.gov with number NCT05988060 on 3 August 2023.

BACKGROUND: Past research has not investigated both lower-extremity power and upper-extremity strength in the same fall injury study, particularly nonfracture fall injuries. METHODS: In the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (baseline: N = 5 994; age 73.7 ± 5.9 years; 10.2% non-White), fall injuries (yes/no) were assessed prospectively with questionnaires approximately every 3 years over 9 years. Maximum leg power (Watts) from Nottingham single leg press and maximum grip strength (kg) from handheld dynamometry were assessed at baseline and standardized to kg body weight. Physical performance included gait speed (6-m usual; narrow walk) and chair stands speed. RESULTS: Of men with ≥1/4 follow-ups (N = 5 178; age 73.4 ± 5.7 years), 40.4% (N = 2 090) had ≥1 fall injury. In fully adjusted repeated-measures logistic regressions, lower power/kg and grip strength/kg had higher fall injury risk (trend across quartiles: both p < .0001), with lower quartiles at significantly increased risk versus highest Q4 except for grip strength Q3 versus Q4. Fall injury risk was 19% higher per 1 standard deviation (SD) lower power/kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.26) and 16% higher per SD lower grip strength/kg (95% CI: 1.10-1.23). In models including both leg power/kg and grip strength/kg, odds ratios (ORs) were similar and independent of each other and physical performance (leg power/kg OR per SD = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06-1.20; grip strength/kg OR per SD = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Lower leg power/kg and grip strength/kg predicted future fall injury risk in older men independent of physical performance. Leg power potentially identifies fall injury risk better than grip strength at higher muscle function, though grip strength may be more suitable in clinical/practice settings.

Objectives: The present study examined the agreement and associations of the 5-time sit-to-stand (5STS) test, the countermovement jump test, and lower-limb muscle power equations with a set of physical performance tests in older adults. Methods: Five hundred and thirty-four community-dwelling older adults were recruited for the study. Lower-limb muscle power measures included 5STS, the countermovement jump test, and muscle power equations. Isometric handgrip strength, timed "up-and-go!", the 6 min walking test, one-leg stand, and walking speed at usual and fast paces were used to assess physical performance. Pearson's correlations and Bland–Altman analyses were conducted to examine associations among muscle power measures. Linear and multiple regressions were run to explore associations of 5STS, the countermovement jump test, and muscle power equations with physical performance tests. Results: Weak correlations were observed among lower-limb muscle power measures. Bland–Altman results indicated important differences among the countermovement jump test, 5STS, and muscle power equations. Results of multiple linear regressions indicated that 5STS, the countermovement jump test, and muscle power equations were significantly associated with measures of muscle strength and mobility. However, only 5STS was significantly associated with balance. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the performance on the countermovement jump test and 5STS is weakly correlated with lower-limb muscle power equations. The only exception was the correlation found between the countermovement jump test and relative muscle power, highlighting the importance of accounting for body mass in muscle power evaluations. Muscle power measures were similarly associated with performance on handgrip strength, timed "up-and-go!", and the 6 min walking test. The exclusive association of 5STS with balance suggests that a reassessment of 5STS muscle power equations may be warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods for assessing lower body strength and balance, particularly in older individuals, lack objective and comprehensive analysis. The Up-Down Hop Test is widely used, yet leveraging mobile device sensors, specifically accelerometers and gyroscopes, can enhance the effectiveness of the Up-Down Hop Test by providing an objective evaluation of lower body strength, balance, and neuromuscular control. This study involved attaching mobile devices to participants during the Up-Down Hop Test. Data from the sensors were analyzed to assess patterns of body imbalance and fatigue, focusing on older participants. Integrating mobile sensor data offered insights into the participants' physical performance, revealing specific patterns of imbalance and fatigue. Although traditional assessment methods can observe these patterns, they lack measurability and auditability when evaluating the physical performance of older adults. The experimental results, obtained from analyzing data from mobile device sensors during the Up-Down Hop Test, revealed patterns of imbalance. These findings can be utilized in health monitoring and targeted intervention scenarios, specifically those aimed at enhancing physical performance and preventing injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of time of day on short-term maximal performance and psychological variables in young females. Fifteen active women participated in the study (age: 22 ± 3 years) and completed Hooper and the POMS-F questionnaires subsequently. In a randomized order, they performed a maximum of 30 s cycling exercise at two different times of day: in the morning at 07:00 h and in the afternoon at 16:00 h with a recovery period of 48 h. The digit cancellation test, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ) test, and the lower quarter Y balance test were performed at the beginning and at the end of each session. Our results showed that only peak power and mean power (p < 0.01) during the maximum 30 s cycling, reaching distances during the Y-balance (p < 0.05), Jump height in CMJ and SJ (p < 0.01) as well as attention, vigor, and stress scores (all p < 0.01) were higher in the afternoon than in the morning. Our results indicated a daily diurnal variation in short-term maximal performance and mood states in young athletic women with better performance observed during the afternoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteopenia, caused by estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women (PMW), lowers Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and increases bone fragility. It affects about half of older women's social and physical health. PMW experience pain and disability, impacting their health-related Quality of Life (QoL) and function. This study aimed to determine the effects of Kinect-based Virtual Reality Training (VRT) on physical performance and QoL in PMW with osteopenia. Methodology: The study was a prospective, two-arm, parallel-design, randomized controlled trial. Fifty-two participants were recruited in the trial, with 26 randomly assigned to each group. The experimental group received Kinect-based VRT thrice a week for 24 weeks, each lasting 45 min. Both groups were directed to participate in a 30-min walk outside every day. Physical performance was measured by the Time Up and Go Test (TUG), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), Modified Sit and Reach Test (MSRT), Dynamic Hand Grip Strength (DHGS), Non-Dynamic Hand Grip Strength (NDHGS), BORG Score and Dyspnea Index. Escala de Calidad de vida Osteoporosis (ECOS-16) questionnaire measured QoL. Both physical performance and QoL measures were assessed at baseline, after 12 weeks, and after 24 weeks. Data were analyzed on SPSS 25. Results: The mean age of the PMW participants was 58.00 ± 5.52 years. In within-group comparison, all outcome variables (TUG, FRT, FTSST, MSRT, DHGS, NDHGS, BORG Score, Dyspnea, and ECOS-16) showed significant improvements (p < 0.001) from baseline at both the 12th and 24th weeks and between baseline and the 24th week in the experimental group. In the control group, all outcome variables except FRT (12th week to 24th week) showed statistically significant improvements (p < 0.001) from baseline at both the 12th and 24th weeks and between baseline and the 24th week. In between-group comparison, the experimental group demonstrated more significant improvements in most outcome variables at all points than the control group (p < 0.001), indicating the positive additional effects of Kinect-based VRT. Conclusion: The study concludes that physical performance and QoL measures were improved in both the experimental and control groups. However, in the group comparison, these variables showed better results in the experimental group. Thus, Kinect-based VRT is an alternative and feasible intervention to improve physical performance and QoL in PMW with osteopenia. This novel approach may be widely applicable in upcoming studies, considering the increasing interest in virtual reality-based therapy for rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sit-to-stand (STS) movement is fundamental in daily life. STS tasks have been used to assess lower limb muscle strength, balance control, and functional abilities in various populations, but limited information is available on their use in older individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Objective: We here examined the intra-rater, inter-rater, and test–retest reliability of the 30-s and 5-time STS tests, and calculated the standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC). Moreover, we explored the concurrent validity of these tests by analysing their correlation with knee muscle strength, pain, stiffness, and physical function in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Method: This cross-sectional study included 60 older participants diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis. Baseline demographic information and data on pain, stiffness, and physical function using the modified Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) were obtained. Participants performed the 30-s and 5-time STS tests as well as knee muscle strength assessment using a hand-held dynamometer. After 1 week, 30 participants were reassessed to evaluate test–retest reliability. Results: The 30-s and 5-time STS tests had excellent intra-, inter-, and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.990–1.000, 0.996–0.999, and 0.841–0.853, respectively) with a large SEM and MDC. Both STS tests significantly correlated with knee extensor and flexor strength and all modified WOMAC domains (Pearson's correlation coefficients: 0.28–0.61, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The 30-s and 5-time STS tests are reliable assessment tools and correlate with knee muscle strength, pain, stiffness, and physical function in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Key Points • The 30-s and 5-time STS test can serve as surrogate measures in various aspects of knee health, including muscle strength, pain levels, stiffness, and overall physical function, in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. • Both these STS tests are dependable tools, accessible for both experienced and inexperienced assessors to administer effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Financial incentives in capitated Medicare Advantage (MA) plans may lead to inadequate rehabilitation. We therefore investigated if MA enrollees had worse long‐term physical performance and functional outcomes after rehabilitation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries in the nationally representative National Health and Aging Trends Study. We compared MA and fee‐for‐service (FFS) beneficiaries reporting rehabilitation between 2014 and 2017 by change in (1) Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and (2) NHATS‐derived Functional Independence Measure (FIM) from the previous year, using t‐tests incorporating inverse‐probability weighting and complex survey design. Secondary outcomes were self‐reported: (1) improved function during rehabilitation, (2) worse function since rehabilitation ended, (3) meeting rehabilitation goals, and (4) meeting insurance limits. Results: Among 738 MA and 1488 FFS participants, weighted mean age was 76 years (SD 7.0), 59% were female, and 9% had probable dementia. MA beneficiaries were more likely to be Black (9% vs. 6%) or Hispanic/other race (15% vs. 10%), be on Medicaid (14% vs. 10%), have lower income (median $35,000 vs. $48,000), and receive <1 month of rehabilitation (30% vs. 23%). MA beneficiaries had a similar decline in SPPB (−0.46 [SD 1.8] vs. −0.21 [SD 2.7], p‐value 0.069) and adapted FIM (−1.05 [SD 3.7] vs. −1.13 [SD 5.45], p‐value 0.764) compared to FFS. MA beneficiaries were less likely to report improved function during rehabilitation (61% [95% CI 56–67] vs. 70% [95% CI 67–74], p‐value 0.006). Other outcomes and analyses restricted to inpatient rehabilitation participants were non‐significant. Conclusions and Relevance: MA enrollment was associated with lower likelihood of self‐reported functional improvement during rehabilitation but no clinically or statistically significant differences in annual changes of physical performance or function. As MA expands, future studies must monitor implications on rehabilitation coverage and older adults' independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim was to analyze the differences between wheelchair basketball players with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and without Spinal Cord injury (Non-SCI) in psycho-physiological response and neuromuscular fatigue in a series of small-sided games (SSG). Methods: Thirteen high-level wheelchair basketball male players (age 28.8 ± 9.2 years, body mass 75.9 ± 11.3 kg) participated in four versus four SSG once a week for five consecutive weeks. Absolute and relative heart rate (HR) during SSG and muscular and respiratory perceived exertion (RPEmus and RPEres), tympanic temperature, and acceleration capacity were recorded at the end of each SSG. Results: No significant differences were observed between SCI and non-SCI players in relative HR variables in SSG series. However, the SCI group had a lower absolute HR (mean HR and peak HR) (p <.05 or p <.01, ES = 0.73–1.39) and higher perceived muscular load (RPEmusTL) (p <.01, ES = 0.75–0.82) during SSG. Regarding the evolution of the physiological response, no differences were observed between the four bouts in the SCI group. However, the Non-SCI group showed an increase in the absolute and relative variables of HR and RPEres and RPEmus (p <.05 or p <.01, ES = 0.45–1.06). On the contrary, only the SCI group showed a loss of acceleration capacity between the four series (p <.05, ES = 0.28–0.35). Conclusion: The results of this study show that there are differences between SCI and non-SCI wheelchair basketball players in their physiological response and acceleration capacity during SSG tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This review provides an overview of the psychometric properties of the short physical performance battery (SPPB), timed up and go test (TUG), 4 m gait speed test (4 m GST) and the 400 m walk test (400 m WT) in community-dwelling older adults. Methods A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE, resulting in the inclusion of 50 studies with data from in total 19,266 participants (mean age 63.2–84.3). Data were extracted and properties were given a sufficient or insufficient overall rating following the COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Quality of evidence (QoE) was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results The SPPB was evaluated in 12 studies, TUG in 30, 4 m GST in 12 and 400 m WT in 2. Reliability of the SPPB, TUG and 4 m GST was rated sufficient (moderate to good QoE). The measurement error of the SPPB was rated insufficient (low QoE). Criterion validity for the SPPB was insufficient in indicating sarcopenia (moderate QoE), while the TUG was sufficient and insufficient for determining mobility limitations (low QoE) and activities of daily living disability (low QoE), respectively. Construct validity of the SPPB, TUG, 4 m GST and 400 m WT was rated insufficient in many constructs (moderate to high QoE). Responsiveness was rated as insufficient for SPPB (high QoE) and TUG (very low QoE), while 4 m GST was rated as sufficient (high QoE). Conclusion Overall, the psychometric quality of commonly used physical performance tests in community-dwelling older adults was generally rated insufficient, except for reliability. These tests are widely used in daily practice and recommended in guidelines; however, users should be cautious when drawing conclusions such as sarcopenia severity and change in physical performance due to limited psychometric quality of the recommended measurement instruments. There is a need for a disease-specific physical performance test for people with sarcopenia. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency and was registered a priori using the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42022359725). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longitudinal investigations into the development of inter-limb asymmetry in sports are scarce. This study examined the development of change of direction (COD) asymmetry magnitude in youth elite tennis players. Dominant (overall best performance) and non-dominant (best performance on the other side) scores and COD asymmetry magnitude were quantified annually (up to six years) in 323 male and 235 female players (ages 6 to13 years). Linear mixed effects regression models examined the development of COD performance and asymmetry magnitude according to players' chronological age and sex. Kappa coefficients examined the consistency for the direction of asymmetry across test occasions. Regardless of sex, COD performance significantly improved (p<0.001) while COD asymmetry magnitude significantly decreased (− 0.17±0.87% / year) with increasing chronological age. Regardless of age, males showed significantly lower COD times (− 0.111±0.091 s) and lower COD asymmetry magnitude (− 0.30±1.00%) compared to females. The slight and poor (k-value=0.02–0.00) kappa coefficients for males and females, respectively, highlight the direction specificity of functional asymmetry. These data show that whereas performance of the COD test improved, the magnitude of COD asymmetry declined across chronological age in youth tennis players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC n -3 PUFA) supplements, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and/or docosahexaenoic acid, are increasingly being recommended within athletic institutions. However, the wide range of doses, durations and study designs implemented across trials makes it difficult to provide clear recommendations. The importance of study design characteristics in LC n -3 PUFA trials has been detailed in cardiovascular disease research, and these considerations may guide LC n -3 PUFA study design in healthy cohorts. This systematic review examined the quality of studies and study design considerations used in evaluating the evidence for LC n -3 PUFA improving performance in physically trained adults. SCOPUS, PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases were searched to identify studies that supplemented LC n -3 PUFA in physically trained participants. Forty-six (n = 46) studies met inclusion. Most studies used a randomised control design. Risk of bias, assessed using the design-appropriate Cochrane Collaboration tool, revealed that studies had a predominant judgment of 'some concerns', 'high risk' or 'moderate risk' in randomised controlled, randomised crossover or non-randomised studies, respectively. A custom five-point quality assessment scale demonstrated that no study satisfied all recommendations for LC n -3 PUFA study design. This review has highlighted that the disparate range of study designs is likely contributing to the inconclusive state of outcomes pertaining to LC n -3 PUFA as a potential ergogenic aid. Further research must adequately account for the specific LC n -3 PUFA study design considerations, underpinned by a clear hypothesis, to achieve evidence-based dose, duration and composition recommendations for physically trained individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Men demonstrated superior TUG, gait speed, and 5TSTS test results across different age groups. • Age, sex, and height were significantly associated with poor physical performance. • We highly recommend the utilization of age-, sex-, and nationality-specific reference values for these tests. To determine normative values and identify contributing factors for physical performance tests in older, Thai, community-dwelling adults. Nationwide cross-sectional study. Thai older community-dwelling adults. Thai older community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years who had no major health problems (N=1430) between March 2021 and August 2022. Not applicable. Normative values for the timed Up and Go (TUG) test, gait speed test, and 5-times sit-to-stand (5TSTS) test were determined for sex and age groups. Multivariable quantile regression analysis was employed to evaluate the participants, considering factors that may influence physical performance, such as height, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). The study included 1430 eligible participants. Their mean age was 68.4±5.8 years, and 58.5% were women. Men demonstrated superior physical performance in the medians (p50) of the TUG (10.0 s vs 11.0 s), gait speed (0.98 m/s vs 0.91 m/s), and 5TSTS (14.0 s vs 16.1 s) tests compared with women. These differences were consistently observed across age groups. Moreover, age, sex, and height were significantly associated with poor physical performance. This study observed variations in the normative values of TUG, gait speed, and 5TSTS tests among different age groups of older, Thai, community-dwelling adults. Additionally, our findings identified age, sex, and height as significant contributing factors to physical performance in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alpha actinin-3 gene (ACTN3) is a significant candidate gene among genetic markers that determine athletic ability. The ACTN3 gene is responsible for the creation of the actin protein in fast-twitch muscle fibers, which is associated with muscle power and speed. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes in performance of the arrowhead agility drill test and the distribution of genotype variants in the ACTN3 rs1815739 gene polymorphism in physically active adult males after a 6- week training period. The research will focus on a cohort of 58 male students, aged 19-24, who are enrolled in the Faculty of Sports Sciences and participate in swimming activities. Genomic DNA was extracted from swab samples obtained from participants using the Buccalyse DNA Extraction Kit from Isohelix, following the manufacturer's supplied technique. The study findings revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between all three genotypes when comparing the pre-test and post-test values of the sample group in terms of left and right foot characteristics. Within this framework, it is acknowledged that the outcomes derived from our investigation could potentially influence the research findings. These aspects include the restricted sample size and the incapacity to regulate individual variances such as concentration and motivation during the pre-test and post-test sessions. Nevertheless, it is believed that the results obtained from our study could potentially enhance future research and literary works in the same field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To examine the effectiveness of a specially designed video-based exercise program in promoting physical and balance performance in people with intellectual disability. Methods: This study was a multicenter controlled trial. Participants with intellectual disability were divided into exercise group and control group by cluster sampling. The participants in the exercise group received 1 h exercise training sessions twice a week for 8 weeks, and the controls continued their usual care without exercise training. The exercises were specially designed to match the physical ability level of the participants classified as high and low, and a third group called "special" was designed for those wheelchair-bound persons with limited mobility. Elements of light-tempo music and animation were introduced in the videos to motivate the participants. Recording the exercises in video format makes it easier for the class instructors and participants to perform the exercises together, and ensure consistency across different exercise groups conducted in different centers. Each participant underwent the pre- and post-intervention assessment including 30-s chair stand repetitions, five-time chair stand duration, 4-m comfortable walk time, standing static balance level, 6-min walk test, and short physical performance battery score. These variables were compared within each group at pre- and post-intervention stages, and they were also compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 180 participants were enrolled in 16 subcenters, including 160 participants in the exercise group and 20 participants in the control group. After 8 weeks of exercise training, there were significant improvements in their physical performance including 30-s chair stand repetitions and five-time chair stand duration, 4-m comfortable walk time and also 6-min walk test, within the exercise group (all P < 0.05). Approximately 39% of the participants in the exercise group also showed significant improvement in standing static balance level. No significant differences were found when compared with the control group participants who did not have any regular exercise participation. Conclusion: A specially designed video-based exercise program has demonstrated some positive effects on physical and balance performance after 8 weeks of training among adults with intellectual disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal physical fitness is essential for military personnel to effectively meet their rigorous physical demands. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a suspension training program on physical fitness, biomechanical risk factors for lower extremity injury, mental health, and work-related factors in Navy personnel. A total of 50 young men participated in a randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 25): the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group performed an eight-week suspension training session three times per week, while the control group maintained their daily duties. The primary outcome was physical performance. The secondary outcomes were determined biomechanical risk factors for lower extremity injuries, mental health, and work-related factors. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed significant improvements in physical performance, biomechanical risk for lower extremity injuries, and work-related factors from baseline to follow-up (p ≤ 0.05). However, there was no improvement in mental health. Based on these findings, suspension training positively impacted physical fitness, reduced injury risk, and enhanced the work-related factors of Navy personnel. This study provides new insights for various related experts and military coaches because it is an easy-to-use and feasible method with minimal facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenia, characterized by progressive muscle loss and functional decline, poses significant risks, including falls, impaired daily activities, and increased mortality. We developed Allgeun, a novel device that measures handgrip strength, muscle mass, and physical performance. This study aimed to investigate whether temporal muscle thickness (TMT) could be used as a sarcopenia marker and to evaluate the usability of Allgeun. This prospective study enrolled 28 participants without medical or neurological disorders. They underwent three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging using a 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. TMT was measured based on T1-weighted images by a board-certified neuroradiologist. Allgeun was used to measure the following three key components of sarcopenia: muscle strength (handgrip strength), muscle mass (calf and thigh circumference), and physical performance (five times the chair stand test). Correlation analysis was conducted between TMT and the results of the handgrip strength, calf and thigh circumferences, and chair stand tests. There were moderate positive correlations between TMT and calf circumference (r = 0.413, p = 0.029), thigh circumference (r = 0.486, p = 0.008), and handgrip strength (r = 0.444, p = 0.018). However, no significant correlation was observed between TMT and physical performance (r = −0.000, p = 0.998). Our findings underscore TMT's potential as an indicator of sarcopenia, particularly regarding muscle mass and strength. Additionally, we demonstrated that the new device, Allgeun, is useful for screening and diagnosing the severity of sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of elastomeric technology in sports garments is increasing in popularity; however, its specific impact on physiological and psychological variables is not fully understood. Thus, we aimed to analyze the physiological (muscle activation of the pectoralis major, triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, and rectus abdominis, capillary blood lactate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate) and psychological (global and respiratory rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) responses during an incremental treadmill test wearing a new sports garment for the upper body that incorporates elastomeric technology or a placebo garment. Methods: Eighteen physically active young adults participated in two randomized sessions, one wearing the elastomeric garment and the other wearing a placebo. Participants performed in both sessions the same treadmill incremental test (i.e., starting at 8 km/h, an increase of 2 km/h each stage, stage duration of 3 min, and inclination of 1%; the test ended after completing the 18 km/h Stage or participant volitional exhaustion). The dependent variables were assessed before, during, and/or after the test. Nonparametric tests evaluated differences. Results: The elastomeric garment led to a greater muscle activation (p < 0.05) in the pectoralis major at 16 km/h (+33.35%, p = 0.01, d = 0.47) and 18 km/h (+32.09%, p = 0.02, d = 0.55) and in the triceps brachii at 10 km/h (+20.28%, p = 0.01, d = 0.41) and 12 km/h (+34.95%, p = 0.04, d = 0.28). Additionally, lower lactate was observed at the end of the test (-7.81%, p = 0.01, d = 0.68) and after 5 min of recovery (-13.71%, p < 0.001, d = 1.00) with the elastomeric garment. Nonsignificant differences between the garments were encountered in the time to exhaustion, cardiovascular responses, or ratings of perceived exertion. Conclusion: These findings suggest that elastomeric garments enhance physiological responses (muscle activation and blood lactate) during an incremental treadmill test without impairing physical performance or effort perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited research on female football players, especially related to their physical and cognitive performance under different climactic conditions. We analyzed the impact of a hot environmental temperature on physical performance and anticipation in elite female football players during a fatigue‐inducing intermittent protocol. Elite female players (n = 21) performed the countermovement jump (CMJ) and responded to filmed sequences of offensive play under two distinct environmental temperatures (i.e., mild environment temperature‐ 20°C and 30% rh versus hot environment temperature‐ 38°C and 80% rh), interspersed by 1‐week interval. Linear mixed models were used. CMJ performance declined following the intermittent protocol on both temperature conditions (p < 0.05). Moreover, there were significant main effects for protocol on CMJ speed (m/s) (p = 0.001; ηp2 = 0.12), CMJ power (p = 0.002; ηp2 = 0.11), and CMJ Heightmax (p = 0.002; ηp2 = 0.12). After performing the intermittent protocol, exposure to a hot temperature caused a greater decline in anticipation accuracy (mild temperature = 64.41% vs. hot temperature = 53.44%; p < 0.001). Our study shows impaired performance in elite female football players following an intermittent protocol under hot compared with mild environmental conditions. We report decreased performance in both CMJ and anticipation performance under hotter conditions. The results reveal that exposure to hot temperatures had a negative effect on the accuracy of their anticipatory behaviors. We consider the implication of the work for research and training interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC)-related sequelae drastically impact the psychophysical functioning and quality of life of affected women. Adapted physical activity (APA) has proved to effectively counteract these impairments in a non-medicalized framework. In particular, dragon boats are able to promote body functionality, social interaction, and quality of life in BC survivors, but the literature on specific motor gestures is scarce and practice is still based more on a re-educative perspective than a performative one. In this context, the present longitudinal study investigated the benefits of an adapted biofeedback-based sensorimotor training intervention on upper body functionality in a team of dragon ladies. The 8-week intervention was conceived as integrated dry workout sessions led by an APA kinesiologist and applied a novel sensorized proprioceptive device, such as a Libra board. Post-protocol evaluation revealed a significant improvement in bilateral upper limb mobility, core endurance, and trunk stability along with a distress decrease and quality of life enhancement through validated assessment tools. Our findings suggest that integrating biofeedback-based workout sessions can effectively promote upper body functionality in BC survivors practicing dragon boating. Furthermore, our innovative approach could help spread methodological hints able to boost exercise adherence in this target population, thus counteracting cancer recurrence while promoting overall well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aim: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a noninflammatory joint disease. If OA of the knee causes pain, decreased muscle strength and joint stiffness, exercise therapy is one of the most effective treatments for the disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aquatherapy on pain intensity and performance in women with OA with the assumption that it causes weightlessness. Methods: This is a quasiexperimental study. The sample size included 60 people who were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The visual analogue scale was used to assess pain and timed up and go test (TUG), 30 Second Sit to Stand Test (30‑S‑CS), and 40‑meter fast‑paced walk test (40 MW) were used to assess performance. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS ver. 22. Results: The results of the present study showed a decrease in pain intensity from moderate to mild intensity. Also, physical performance dimensions in patients with OA were improved, so that the average TUG increased from 14.06 to 8.8 s. The average S‑CS frequency increased from 4.86 to 8.4 s and 90 MW decreased from the average 93.43 to 72.66 s. Discussion and Conclusion: Lower limb muscle strength, and physical performance can be improved and pain intensity can be reduced in patients with OA by performing aquatherapy three times a week for 8 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the effect of artificial tiger bone powder on bone mineral density, physical capacity, fall risk, and fracture risk in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Methods One hundred and sixty postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis were divided into control group and experimental group by random number table method, with 80 cases in each group. Patients in the control group received Alfacalciferol capsule+calcic D3 tablets+alendronate sodium tablets. On the basis of this, patients in the experimental group received artificial tiger bone powder capsule for treatment. The data of BMD, MFES, SPPB, fragile fractures, and fall incidence of patients were compared for statistical analysis. Results ①One hundred and fifty-four patients were eventually gathered from the trial, after two patients from the experimental group and four patients from the control group withdrew during the study; ②BMD: following a 12-month course of treatment, baseline BMD showed improvement both in the experimental and in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The BMD improvement in the experimental group was greater than that in the control group, and the difference was also statistically significant (P<0.05); ③SPPB: The experimental group showed a statistically significant difference between baseline and 6 and 12 months of treatment (P<0.05). The control group also showed a statistically significant difference after 12 months of treatment (P<0.05). The experimental group also performed better on the SPPB after 12 months of treatment than the control group, with the difference being statistically significant (P<0.05); ④MFES: the comparison between the two groups showed that the MFES of the experimental group was better than that of the control group after 6 and 12 months of treatment, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The difference between the experimental group and the control group after 12 months of treatment and before treatment was also statistically significant (P<0.05);⑤ Incidence of falls and fractures: The falls in the experimental group were 24 times, and the incidence of falls was 30.77%. The falls in the control group were 35 times, and the incidence of fall was 46.05%. The fractures in the experimental group were 4 times, and the fracture rate was 5.13%. The fractures in the control group were 6 times, and the fracture rate was 7.89%. Conclusion The artificial tiger bone powder effectively improves bone mineral density, physical activity, reduces the risk of fall, and reduces the incidence of fractures. The effect is better than that of simple triple drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Loss of functional independence is more likely in older adults who reside in an institution as a consequence of a decline in muscle mass and a loss of force production capacity. The aim of this review was to assess the effect of whole-body vibration (WBV) interventions on the strength, balance, and mobility of nursing home residents older than 80 years. Methods An electronic search in MEDLINE, Scopus, and CINAHL databases was conducted. Randomized controlled trials that involved nursing home residents older than 80 years, that investigated WBV interventions compared with nonintervention, usual care, or placebo, and that measured physical function outcomes including strength, balance, gait, and mobility were included. Risk of bias was assessed by 2 reviewers using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. The standardized mean differences (SMD) between the experimental and control groups were calculated with a random-effects model for each outcome, and subgroup analysis was conducted for different outcomes. Results In total, 2864 articles were identified; of these, 14 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed that WBV significantly increased the lower limb muscle strength (SMD = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.16 to 1.03), mobility (SMD = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.81), gait score (SMD = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.51), balance (SMD = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.81), and physical performance (SMD = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.33 to 2.33). Conclusion WBV may be an effective intervention to improve the strength, balance, mobility, walking ability, and physical performance of older nursing home residents. Impact WBV presents a safe, accessible alternative for improving health in this vulnerable population, warranting further research and integration into health care practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) performed worse on both cognitive and physical assessments compared with healthy participants. • Combining complex gait tasks with cognitive demands offers insights into functional performance after mTBI. • Complex tasks showed stronger correlations between cognitive and physical performance than simple walking tasks. To investigate the relation between cognitive and motor performance in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and examine differences in both cognitive and motor performance between adults after mTBI and healthy controls. Multi-center, cross-sectional study. Three institutional sites (Courage Kenny Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT). Data were collected from 110 participants (N=110), including those with mTBI and healthy controls, who completed cognitive and physical performance assessments. Not applicable. Cognitive assessments involved the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics to evaluate domains of attention, memory, reaction time, processing speed, and executive function. Physical performance was evaluated through clinical performance assessments, such as the 1-min walk test, the modified Illinois Agility Test, the Functional Gait Assessment Tool, the High-Level Mobility Assessment Tool, a complex turning course, and a 4-Item Hybrid Assessment of Mobility for mTBI. Participants also completed additional trials of the 1-min walk test, modified Illinois Agility Test, and complex turning course with a simultaneous cognitive task. Individuals with mTBI performed worse on cognitive assessments, as well as several of the physical performance assessments compared with healthy controls. Complex tasks were more strongly related to cognitive assessments compared with simple walking tasks. Combining complex motor tasks with cognitive demands may better demonstrate functional performance in individuals recovering from mTBI. By understanding the relation between cognitive and physical performance in individuals recovering from mTBI, clinicians may be able to improve clinical care and assist in return to activity decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The relationship between cognitive and metacognitive dimensions and children's performance in various areas, such as academic performance, has been extensively studied. However, the link between cognitive and metacognitive dimensions and children's physical performance has been largely overlooked. Aim: The aim of the this research was to examine the structural relationships between cognitive and metacognitive dimensions with physical performance among children. Method: This descriptive-correlational study utilized structural equation modeling. The study population comprised all male children in Tehran in 2021 that were enrolled in a football school. A sample of 129 children was selected through convenience sampling. Sustained attention was assessed using the Rapid Visual Information Processing Test (2010), working memory was evaluated with the Working Memory Capacity Test (1980), metacognitive dimensions (cognitive knowledge and cognitive regulation) were measured using the Schraw and Dennison Metacognitive Awareness Skills Questionnaire (1994), and physical performance was assessed with the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test (BOT-2). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation coefficients and structural equations in SPSS version 20. Results: The structural equations revealed that cognitive dimensions (attention and working memory) significantly influenced physical performance (gross and fine motor skills) (P<0.05). Moreover, there was a significant association between metacognitive dimensions (cognitive knowledge and cognitive regulation) and physical performance (gross and fine motor skills) (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that cognitive and metacognitive dimensions play a crucial role in children's physical performance. Therefore, implementing interventions and strategies to enhance cognitive functions and metacognitive awareness in children could greatly improve their physical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to examine the association between cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters and match running performance (MRP) in highly trained football players. The sample of participants consisted of 41 national-level football players (aged 23.20 ± 3.40 years, body height 182.00 ± 5.15 cm, and body mass 76.86 ± 6.06 kg) from the Serbian Super league. For the purposes of this research, the following measurements were applied. A maximal multistage progressive treadmill test, with a direct measurement of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (using Fitmate MED, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) was conducted, alongside continuous heart rate monitoring. Capillary blood samples were taken from the hyperemic area using specific test strips, and, after sample collection, lactate concentration was immediately determined using a lactate analyzer. MRP variables were analyzed according to the BioIRC model of motion structure analysis, based on existing standards for profiling movement intensity. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated an association between cardiac parameters and total distance (R2 = 54.3%, p = 0.000), high-speed running (R2 = 46.4%, p = 0.000), and jogging (R2 = 33.6%, p = 0.004). Regression analysis revealed an association between cardiorespiratory parameters and total distance (R2 = 24.8%, p = 0.014), and high-speed running (R2 = 20%, p = 0.039). Meanwhile, no association was found between lactate concentration and running performance. The explanation for these regression analysis results is based on the observation that functional abilities represent significant potential for expressing movement performance, a crucial condition for success in football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate whether wrestlers of different competitive qualities (i.e., medalists vs. non-medallists) would differ in terms of specific test performance and cardiac and metabolic responses after a demanding testing protocol. The research included 29 wrestlers aged 17.62 ± 1.86 years divided into two performance categories: successful (medallists at the National Championships; n = 13) and less successful (non-medallists; n = 16). The variables included anthropometric indices and specific wrestling fitness test (SWFT) parameters, including the number of throws, heart rate, lactate concentration and calculated cardiac and metabolic indexes. To show differences between quality categories, Student's t-test and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were calculated. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to evaluate the differences in performance, cardiac, and metabolic characteristics between the test trials and quality categories. Wrestlers differed in the total number of throws (p < 0.01, AUC = 0.82), cardiac indices (p < 0.03, AUC = 0.73), and metabolic indices (p < 0.04, AUC = 0.75) after the second SWFT trial, with successful wrestlers reaching better results. There were no differences in the first testing trial. The findings of this study indicate that wrestlers exhibit differences in specific performance variables after undergoing an exhaustive testing protocol. Therefore, this study suggests that future research on sport-specific performance in wrestlers should include exhaustive exercise or testing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Caffeine, a widely consumed stimulant, is recognized for its ability to block adenosine receptors, thereby enhancing alertness and possibly physical performance. Recent research examines caffeine's effectiveness in enhancing athletic performance, with numerous athletes supplementing with caffeine to gain a competitive edge. The aim of this study: This article examines the complex relationship between caffeine and the physical performance of athletes, including its effects on the central nervous system, metabolism, muscle function, and its application in a variety of sports, as well as potential gender differences and individual response variations. Materials and methods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database and Google Scholar web search engine using the key words caffeine, athletic performance, physical performance Conclusions:Caffeine boosts muscle, cognitive, and metabolic function in volleyball and cycling. Caffeine boosts muscle contractility, endurance, and focus, but details matter. Caffeine effects and sports outcomes vary by gender, emphasizing the need for individualized supplementation. Dosage, timing, and physiological conditions affect results, research shows. Caffeine boosts performance, but athletes, coaches, and practitioners should be careful. To maximize caffeine's benefits and minimize side effects, athletes must be treated individually and by sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic human performance involving strength, power, speed, and aerobic endurance and is more predictive of athletic performance than gender. This perspective article highlights 3 key medical and physiological insights related to recent evolving research into the sex differences in human physical performance: (1) sex and gender are not the same; (2) males and females exhibit profound differences in physical performance with males outperforming females in events and sports involving strength, power, speed, and aerobic endurance; (3) endogenous testosterone underpins sex differences in human physical performance with questions remaining on the roles of minipuberty in the sex differences in performance in prepubescent youth and the presence of the Y chromosome (SRY gene expression) in males, on athletic performance across all ages. Last, females are underrepresented as participants in biomedical research, which has led to a historical dearth of information on the mechanisms for sex differences in human physical performance and the capabilities of the female body. Collectively, greater effort and resources are needed to address the hormonal mechanisms for biological sex differences in human athletic performance before and after puberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to quantify the changes from a 4-week winter off-season period upon physical qualities in highly trained youth soccer players in relation to chronological age and biological maturity. Data were collected from 39 male U14, U15 and U16 soccer players of a professional club. Players performed a testing battery during the last week prior to and first week after the 4-week winter off-season period consisting of standing height, body mass, Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Repeated Jump Test 5max (RJT5max), Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull (IMTP), and a sub-maximal run assessing exercise heart rate (HRex). Changes between pre- and post were assessed for each age group (U14, U15, and U16), and each maturity group (growth spurt, post-growth spurt, approaching maturity) by calculating standardized mean differences (SMD) and Pearson product-moment correlations (r). Changes in standing height and body mass were trivial (SMD: 0.09 to 0.15) across age groups and maturity groups. There were small to large correlations (r:-0.67 to 0.33) between skeletal age and changes in standing height and body mass within maturity groups. Changes in CMJ, RJT5max, and IMTP were trivial across age groups (SMD:-0.19 to 0.19) and maturity groups (SMD: -0.19 to 0.19). Changes for HRex were small across age groups (SMD: 0.51 to 0.58) and maturity groups (SMD: 0.48 to 0.59). Correlations between changes in physical performance characteristics and skeletal age within maturity groups revealed no clear pattern ranging from trivial to moderate (r: -0.42 to 0.30). Highly trained youth soccer players were able to maintain their physical performance characteristics except for cardiovascular fitness irrespective of the chronological age and biological maturity, while standing height and body mass remained largely unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim: Foot health and physical fitness in children are closely interconnected, playing a vital role in ensuring their overall well-being and performance. This study aims to determine the relationship between flat feet, body balance, and physical performance of junior high school students. Material and Methods: A total of 109 junior high school students from five schools in Surabaya, Indonesia, with ages ranging from 12 to 14 years, participated in this research. Data collection was through the wet footprint test, stork standing balance test, Bass test, Y-agility Test, and Illinois Change of Direction Test. The correlation of flat feet with static and dynamic balance and physical performance in the school environment was analyzed using the non-parametric Spearman Rank statistical test. Results: The results showed significant relationships between foot grade and static balance, dynamic balance, agility, and change of direction. These relationships were indicated by correlation coefficients that showed statistical significance at p < 0.05. Additionally, static and dynamic balance exhibited a negative correlation, while agility and change of direction showed a positive correlation. This suggests that higher foot grades corresponded to longer durations in static and dynamic balance tests and shorter completion times in agility and change of direction tasks. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the importance of investigating the relationship between flat feet, body balance, and physical performance among junior high school students. Understanding these correlations is crucial for optimizing the overall well-being and performance of adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the My Jump 2® app in measuring jump height, flight time, and peak power among elite women beach volleyball players on sand surfaces. Methods: Eleven elite female beach volleyball players (aged 23.6 ± 6.2 years; weight 66.3 ± 5.8 kg; height 174.4 ± 5.8 cm; with 8.4 ± 4.8 years of professional experience) participated in this study. Each player performed six countermovement jumps in a wooden box filled with sand on a force platform while simultaneously recording a video for subsequent analysis using the My Jump 2® app. Results: We found excellent agreement for flight time, jump height and peak power between observers (ICC = 0.92, 0.91 and 0.97, respectively). No significant differences between force platform and My Jump 2® app were detected in the values obtained for the three variables (P > 0.05). For the force platform and the My Jump 2® app, we found a good agreement measuring jump height and flight time (ICC = 0.85 and 0.85, respectively). However, we only found a moderate agreement for peak power (ICC = 0.64). The difference in jump height showed a limit of agreement between −4.10 and 4.74 cm in Bland-Altman, indicating a high level of agreement between the two measurement tools. Conclusion: Based on our findings, the My Jump 2® app reveals a valid tool for measuring jump height and flight time of CMJ on sand surfaces. However, more caution is needed when measuring peak power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Lactate threshold (LT) is a critical performance measure traditionally obtained using costly laboratory-based tests. Wearables offer a practical and noninvasive alternative for LT assessment in recreational and professional athletes. However, the comparability of these estimates with the regular field tests requires further evaluation. Patients and Methods: In our sample of 26 participants (nf=7 and nm=19), we compared the estimated running pace and heart rate (HR) at LT with two subsequent tests. First, participants performed the Fenix 7® threshold running test after a calibration phase. Subsequently, they were tested in a standardized, graded blood lactate field test. Age was 25.97 (± 6.26) years, and body mass index (BMI) was 24.58 (± 2.8) kg/m2. Results: Pace at LT calculated by Fenix 7® (M=11.87 km/h ±  1.26 km/h) was 11.96% lower compared to the field test (M=13.28 km/h ±  1.72 km/h), which was significant (p < 0.001, d=− 1.19). HR estimated by the Fenix 7® at LT was 1.71% lower (p > 0.05). LT data obtained in the field test showed greater overall variance. Conclusion: Our results suggest sufficient accuracy of Fenix 7® LT estimates for recreational athletes. It can be assumed that for professional athletes, it would fail to provide the nuanced data needed for high-quality training management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to use a data-driven approach to identify individualized speed thresholds to characterize running demands and athlete workload during games and practices in skill and linemen football players. Data were recorded from wearable sensors over 28 sessions from 30 male Canadian varsity football athletes, resulting in a total of 287 performances analyzed, including 137 games and 150 practices, using a global positioning system. Speed zones were identified for each performance by fitting a 5-dimensional Gaussian mixture model (GMM) corresponding to 5 running intensity zones from minimal (zone 1) to maximal (zone 5). Skill players had significantly higher (p < 0.001) speed thresholds, percentage of time spent, and distance covered in maximal intensity zones compared to linemen. The distance covered in game settings was significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to practices. This study highlighted the use of individualized speed thresholds to determine running intensity and athlete workloads for American and Canadian football athletes, as well as compare running performances between practice and game scenarios. This approach can be used to monitor physical workload in athletes with respect to their tactical positions during practices and games, and to ensure that athletes are adequately trained to meet in-game physical demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Vitamin D status and its association with age-related decline in physical performance and strength have already been highlighted in various ways, but data on the situation in developing countries are scarce. This study aimed to investigate vitamin D status, its association with muscle mass and function, and other potential determinants such as age, sex, lifestyle factors (physical activity, dietary behavior), self-perceived health status, medication intake, education and financial situation in adults from Kosovo. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 297 participants (54.5% women), aged ≥ 40 years. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration, hand grip strength and physical performance tests, body composition, vitamin D dietary intake and knowledge were assessed. The interaction between serum 25(OH)D status, lifestyle factors and muscle traits was investigated. Results: Vitamin D deficiency (< 50 nmol/L) was observed in 47.5% of the total population, of whom 14.7% of them were severely deficient (< 30 nmol/L). No associations were found between 25(OH)D concentration and age. Daily dietary intake of vitamin D was low (1.89 ± 0.67 µg) and 87.6% of individuals did not take vitamin D supplements. However, vitamin D supplementation was the only variable that added statistical significance (p < 0.05) to the prediction of vitamin D status (3.8%). On the other hand, age, medication intake and vitamin D level contributed significantly to the overall regression model, explaining 24.9% of the 30-s chair stand performance as an indicator of lower-body strength endurance. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among community-dwelling adults in Kosovo and low serum 25(OH)D has been associated with low muscle strength. This implies an urgent need for the development of comprehensive prevention strategies, focusing on pharmacological (supplementation) but also on non-pharmacological strategies such as education, food fortification or lifestyle advices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]