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Mangroves are under immense anthropogenic pressures globally which are further exacerbated by their accessibility to humans. To minimize human access hence pressures to the ecosystem, establishment of protected areas is often employed. However, the ecological effectiveness of protected areas, which influences their legal durability, is rarely assessed beyond curbing deforestation. Furthermore, little is known about whether protection could still provide a positive ecological impact if the sites are easily accessible, i.e., adjacent to urban areas, near roads, small in area and/or fragmented. To improve our understanding thereon, this study compares anthropogenic disturbance severity, forest structures and ecosystem carbon (C) stocks of protected and unprotected mangroves near Barranquilla, Colombia's largest coastal city. The outcomes suggest that accessible, yet protected mangrove has a mean disturbance index of 5.3, lower than unprotected mangrove (mean 11). Protected mangrove also has higher mean (± SD) tree basal area (26.5 ± 15.6 m2 ha−1), mean densities of tree, sapling and seedling (899 ± 398, 5155 ± 7860, and 68,837 ± 73,899 individual ha−1, respectively) and biomass C stock (mean 89.5 ± 39 Mg ha−1) than those of accessible unprotected mangrove (mean basal area 19.3 ± 5 m2 ha−1; mean tree, sapling and seedling densities 823 ± 215, 749 ± 94, and 33,727 ± 44,882 individual ha−1, respectively; mean biomass C stock 60.2 ± 14.5 Mg ha−1). Results suggest that the current sediment C stocks, that is higher in unprotected than protected mangroves (396.8 ± 552.6 and 142.4 ± 205.7 Mg ha−1, respectively), are not primarily driven by conservation status, but by long-term processes that likely pre-date the protected status designation. Mangrove protection, however, could help maintain carbon stocks in soils and biomass and the potential for further soil carbon sequestration, and thus are pivotal in determining future trajectories of mangrove climate mitigation potential. This study shows that even imperfect protection offers ecological benefits to highly accessible ecosystems. Hence, focus should be placed on optimizing these benefits and minimizing their vulnerability to downgrading, downsizing and degazettement. • influence of protection on mangroves is assessed beyond curbing deforestation. • protection effectively limit anthropogenic disturbance on mangroves. • protection promotes mangrove biomass C and regeneration potential. • mangrove sediment C stocks is largely influenced by sediment properties. • mangrove protection is ecologically beneficial even for highly accessible systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Positron‐emission tomography (PET) with amyloid radiotracers allows the quantification of pathological amyloid deposition in brain tissues. An exposure‐response (E‐R) analysis of individual study data of the β‐secretase‐1 inhibitor verubecestat and summary level data of four amyloid mAbs in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) was conducted, to quantify the drug effects and plaque turnover rates and facilitate prediction of unstudied regimens. Method: Individual (n = 188) verubecestat amyloid‐PET plaque data and exposures from APECS [Egan et.al, 2019] were pooled with summary. amyloid‐PET data and serum exposures from literature for aducanumab [Sevigny J, et al. 2016], donanemab [Lowe SL, et al. 2021, Lily ADPD, 2021], gantenerumab [Klein G, et al. 2019, Portron A, et al. 2020] and lecanemab [Swanson CJ, et al. 2021]. Amyloid plaque levels in SUVR units were converted to Centiloid [Klunk WE, et al. 2015]. All data were fit simultaneously in a joint model by nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling Result: An indirect response (turnover) model with verubecestat inhibiting plaque formation, and amyloid mAbs stimulating plaque removal well represented the available data (Figure 1). All plaque time course data from natural progression (control arms), β‐secretase‐1 inhibition and amyloid mAb treatment arms were well described by a joint model. The plaque turnover was estimated to be 0.00028 per day, corresponding to a half‐life of plaque of ∼ 6.8 years. Verubecestat AUC50 was estimated as 0.313 uM*h, commensurate to a 93.5% reduction in plaque formation at the typical 40 mg exposure and consistent with the >60% reductions in CSF Aβ40 and 42 observed in APECS. Aducanumab 10 mpk Q4W, donanemab 1400 mg Q4W, lencanemab 10 mpk Q2W, and gantenerumab 1200 mg SC Q4W were estimated to results in 13.5‐, 16.4‐, 16.6‐, and 12.6‐fold increases in plaque removal rate, respectively. Conclusion: The joint turnover model, linking drug exposure with amyloid plaque load, was adequate to describe natural progression and treatment response, and allows for estimation of the underlying turnover rate. This approach improves cross‐study comparisons and prediction of alternative regimens and therapeutic approaches by accounting for differences in baseline plaque load, dosing and titration regimens, and mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]