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La chirurgie bariatrique est reconnue comme un outil thérapeutique puissant de l’obésité et du diabète de type 2 (DT2). Les méta-analyses montrent un taux de rémission du DT2 dans 78,1% des cas après chirurgie bariatrique dans la population d’obèses sévères. Ces résultats impressionnants peuvent-ils être répliqués pour des populations de patients DT2 avec un indice de masse corporelle (IMC) < 35 kg/m2? Des études préliminaires ont montré que la chirurgie métabolique était efficace, avec peu de complications, dans cette population. Mais, d’autres études suggèrent une moindre efficacité de rémission du DT2 dans les populations de patients DT2 moins obèses. Ces controverses démontrent le besoin d’études à long terme, spécifiquement dédiées à la chirurgie métabolique, afin de mieux en comprendre l’efficacité, la balance bénéfices/risques, et le coût. En 2015, la chirurgie métabolique du DT2 reste encore dans le domaine de la recherche clinique.

Récemment, de nombreuses données expérimentales ont conduit au concept que le microbiote intestinal pourrait être impliqué dans la physiopathologie de l’obésité, l’insulinorésistance, et le diabète de type 2. Des altérations de la composition du microbiote intestinal (regroupées sous le terme « dysbiose ») sont associées à l’inflammation de bas grade et l’insulinorésistance. Les modifications de la composition de la flore intestinale par la diététique et les prébiotiques, ainsi que les transferts dans des modèles murins de pathologies médiées par une flore altérée, suggèrent un lien entre le microbiote et le statut métabolique de l’hôte. Suite à ces découvertes, la transplantation de flore est actuellement proposée comme nouvel outil thérapeutique dans la prise en charge des maladies métaboliques humaines.

The frequency of gallbladder stones is as high as 10% in the general population over 50 years. Nevertheless, only 10% to 20% of patients become symptomatic. The diagnosis of symptomatic forms is important because treatment must be early before the advent of severe complications. This brief article describes technologic points and semeiologic endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) finding of gallbladder stones, analyzes the studies, and describes specific situations warranting the use of EUS.

Background. Preoperative localization of gastrinomas by current imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scan and angiography is still difficult because of the small size of tumor (s) in most patients undergoing operation. This study evaluated the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography. Methods. Twenty-two patients presenting with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome underwent exploratory laparotomy after preoperative attempts to identify the gastrinoma (s) by CT scan, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and endoscopic ultrasonography. Surgery included intraoperative ultrasonography and duodenal transillumination in all cases. The sensitivity and specificity of imaging techniques were then evaluated. Results. At least one tumor was found in 19 patients (four had two tumors and one had multiple tumors). Duodenal, lymph node, and pancreatic gastrinomas were found in 42%, 38%, and 17% of the patients, respectively. Sensitivity of endoscopic ultrasonography was 50% for duodenal wall tumors (conventional endoscopy, 40%), 75% for pancreatic tumors (CT scan, 25%), and 62.5% for tumoral lymph nodes (CT scan, 0%). The specificity of all techniques was excellent. Correct diagnosis was made by endoscopic ultrasonography alone in 41% of the patients. The combination of conventional endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography provided correct diagnosis in 60% of the patients. Conclusions. Endoscopic ultrasonography should be considered as a first-choice imaging technique for preoperative detection of gastrinomas. Although small duodenal gastrinomas are still obviously difficult to detect, an accurate exploration of the pancreatic area was provided by this technique.

Background/Aims:Endoscopic ultrasonography is a promising procedure for the diagnosis of extrahepatic cholestasis. Accuracy for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis by ultrasonography and computed tomography were prospectively compared with endoscopic ultrasonography in 62 consecutive patients. Methods:Final diagnosis was determined by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with or without sphincterotomy or intraoperative cholangiography with or without choledochoscopy. All of the patients had abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasonography, and either an endoscopic retrograde (n = 40) or intraoperative cholangiography (n = 32) performed. Results:Choledocholithiasis was confirmed in 22 patients. Thirteen patients had a stone with a diameter <1 cm, and 14 had a nonenlarged common bile duct. Endoscopic ultrasonography was more sensitive (97%) than ultrasonography (25%; P< 0.0001) and computed tomography (75%; P< 0.02). Specificity and positive predictive value were not significantly different. Negative predictive value of endoscopic ultrasonography (97%) was better than that of Ultrasonography (56%; P< 0.0001) and computed tomography (78%; P< 0.02). Results were unchanged after six patients in whom the absence of choledocholithiasis was considered probable after follow-up were excluded. Endoscopic ultrasonography results did not depend on stone diameter or common bile duct dilatation. Conclusions:Endoscopic ultrasonography appears to be the best diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis compared with other noninvasive procedures.

To evaluate morphologic features and the evolution of inner retinal dimples using spectral domain optical coherence tomography after internal limiting membrane peeling.

Contexte: Durant le diplôme d’études spécialisées de médecine générale, six mois de stage ambulatoire sont obligatoires. Constatant un retard d’installation des jeunes généralistes, nous nous sommes demandé si le sentiment « d’être prêt à exercer » jouait un rôle et s’il variait avec le temps d’apprentissage ambulatoire en cabinet de médecine générale. Objectif: Comprendre ce sentiment « d’être prêt à exercer » la médecine générale et son émergence. Méthodes: Le matériel a été recueilli à partir d’un guide d’entretien explorant à différents moments de leur apprentissage les expériences vécues d’internes en médecine générale et de jeunes médecins généralistes, lors de trois focus groupfilmés. Une analyse phénoménologique et pragmatique des différents verbatima permis de faire émerger les catégories et les éléments invariants, constitutifs de ce sentiment, permettant de comprendre le phénomène « sentiment d’être prêt à exercer ». Résultat: Le sentiment « d’être prêt à exercer » est un phénomène évolutif, qui se déploie en trois moments phénoménologiques, allant du contact angoissant du métier avec ses valeurs idéales vers la maîtrise des processus professionnels, en passant par l’acquisition en situation d’une compétence réaliste. Ces trois étapes préfigurent une progression pédagogique souhaitable lors du cursus de troisième cycle. L’émergence de l’identité professionnelle, l’expérience en contexte authentique fondant l’acquisition de savoirs, accompagnée du ressenti d’une légitimité, constituent les déterminants du sentiment « d’être prêt à exercer ». Conclusion: L’approche compréhensive phénoménologique complétée par une analyse qualitative sémio-pragmatique est pertinente pour comprendre le sens du phénomène « se sentir prêt à exercer ».

A model that considers diffusion in nanocrystalline materials undergoing recrystallization was developed. Application of this model enabled us deriving 63Ni radiotracer diffusion coefficients along the grain boundaries in ultrafine grain copper produced by equal channel angular pressing from the experimentally measured radiotracer penetration profiles.

The radiotracer technique was applied for measuring grain boundary diffusion of Ni in ultrafine grained (UFG) copper materials with different nominal purities and in a Cu—1wt.%Pb alloy. The UFG specimens were prepared by equal channel angular pressing at room temperature. The stability of the microstructure was studied by focused ion beam imaging. Grain boundary diffusion of the 63Ni radioisotope was investigated in the temperature interval from 293 to 490K under the formal Harrison type C kinetic conditions. Two distinct short-circuit diffusion paths were observed. The first (relatively slow) path in the UFG materials corresponds unambiguously to relaxed high-angle grain boundaries with diffusivities which are quite similar to those in the respective coarse-grained reference materials. The second path is characterized by significantly higher diffusivities. The experimental data are discussed to elucidate the contribution of nonequilibrium grain boundaries in the deformed materials. Alternative contributions of other shortcircuit diffusion paths cannot be ruled out, particularly for the Cu-Pd alloy.

As an alternative to conventional charge‐separation functional molecular models based on long‐range ET within redox cascades, a “compact approach” has been examined. To this end, spacer elements usually inserted between main redox‐active units within polyad systems have been removed, allowing extended rigidity but at the expense of enhanced intercomponent electronic communication. The molecular assemblies investigated here are of the P‐(θ1)‐A type, where the θ1twist angle is related to the degree of conjugation between the photosensitizer (P, of {Ru(bpy)3}2+type) and the electron‐acceptor (A). 4‐N‐ and 4‐N‐,4′‐N‐(2,4,6‐triphenylpyridinio)‐2,2′‐bipyridine ligands (A1‐bpyand A2‐bpy, respectively) have been synthesized to give complexes with RuII, 1‐bpyand 2‐bpy, respectively. Combined solid‐state analysis (X‐ray crystallography), solution studies (1H NMR, cyclic voltammetry) and computational structural optimization allowed verifying that θ1angle approaches 90° within 1‐bpyand 2‐bpyin solution. Also, anticipated existence of strong intercomponent electronic coupling has been confirmed by investigating electronic absorption properties and electrochemical behavior of the compounds. The capability of 1‐bpyand 2‐bpyto undergo PET process was evaluated by carrying out their photophysical study (steady state emission and time‐resolved spectroscopy at both 293 and 77 K). The conformational dependence of photoinduced processes within P‐(θ1)‐A systems has been established by comparing the photophysical properties of 1‐bpy(and 2‐bpy) with those of an affiliated species reported in the literature, 1‐phen. A complementary theoretical analysis (DFT) of the change of spin density distribution within model [1‐bpy(θ1)]−mono‐reduced species as a function of θ1has been undertaken and the possibility of conformationally switching emission properties of P was derived.

The electronic (absorption spectra) and electrochemical properties of a novel series of triphenylpyridinium (H3TP⁺=A) electron-acceptor-based polyad species have been correlated with their steady-state (emission spectra) and time-resolved (ns and ps laser flash photolysis) photophysical behavior (at both 293 and 77 K). These d⁶ transition metal complexes (M=Ru^II, Os^II) of 2,2':6',2"-terpyridines (tpy) are denoted as P0 and P1, depending on whether they incorporate H3TP⁺-tpy or H3TP⁺-ptpy ligands (ptpy=4'-phenyl-substituted tpy), respectively. For the P0/Ru-based compounds, the luminescence quantum yield and excited-state lifetime of the “{Ru(tpy)2}²⁺” chromophore have been found to be considerably enhanced at 293 K (e.g., τ=0.56 ns for isolated P0/Ru in acetonitrile vs τ=55 and 27 ns for P0/Ru within P0 A/Ru and P0 A2/Ru (A=electron acceptor), respectively). In spite of the lack of conjugation between P0 and A, this behavior has been ascribed to a through-bond mediated electronic substituent effect originating from the directly connected H3TP⁺ electron-withdrawing group. For the P1-based compounds, the possibility of photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) processes with the formation of charge-separated (CS) states is discussed, and the main results may be summarized as follows: 1) when involved, the electron-donor D (D=Me2N of Me2N-ptpy) is strongly electronically coupled to P1 but cannot facilitate a reductive quenching of *P1 to give the *[D⁺–P1⁻]-type of CS state for thermodynamic reasons, irrespective of whether M is Ru^II or Os^II; 2) the P1 and A components have been shown to be very weakly electronically coupled; 3) at 293 K, P1/Ru- and P1/Os-based polyad systems display distinct photophysical behavior with respect to A, with only the latter exhibiting a noticeable quenching of luminescence (up to 50 % for P1 A/Os with respect to P1/Os); 4) for assemblies made up of P1/Os and A components only, comparison between their room-temperature (RT) and low-temperature (LT; 77 K, frozen matrix) photophysical properties, together with information gleaned from combined transient absorption experiments and spectroelectrochemical studies of P1/Os and P1 A/Os, further supported by thermodynamic considerations, allowed us to conclude that a PET process does take place within the P1 A/Os dyad leading to the *[P1⁺–A⁻] CS state. For the DP1 A/Os triad, the formation of such a CS state followed by an enhanced electron-releasing inductive effect from D is postulated.

The third-order non-linear optical behavior of two new series of multicomponent systems based on coordination compounds of transition metals is reported. These systems, soluble in acetonitrile, are made of a metal (Ru or Os) bis-terpyridyl (tpy) unit, as photosensitizer P, connected to one or two electron acceptor groups, or to both electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A) groups to form polyads of D−P−A type. The non-linear absorption and non-linear refraction response was substantial and was examined using the z-scan technique. The results are presented for two different excitation conditions. For excitation under laser pulses of nanosecond duration the compounds with the Ru center exhibit reverse saturable absorption (RSA). The corresponding Os samples show saturable absorption (SA) for low incident intensities that turns to RSA above an intensity threshold that depends on the concentration of the solutions. In contrast, under sub-picosecond laser excitation the Ru and the Os samples each exhibit saturable absorption. The non-linear refraction monitored for nanosecond excitation is negative (self-defocusing) for both Ru and Os complexes.

Among the Escherichia coli operons repressed from multiple sites on DNA, the galactose operon is unique: its repression requires an auxiliary protein, HU, to assist cooperative repressor binding to two distant DNA sites. Here we show that GalR can still mediate repression from distant sites in an artificial and simplified regulatory region which totally disturbs the organisation of the natural interactions. This simple and unexpected cooperation of a protein incapable of self-association in solution might be involved in regulation of the gal operon. Furthermore, the assay may be generalised to detection of rather weak cooperative interactions between DNA-bound proteins.

A study of the different excited states of fenofibric acid (FB) and ketoprofen (KP), two aromatic acids derived from benzophenone, has been achieved by absorbance and low temperature emission spectroscopy to take into account their photochemical reactivity and their in vitro and in vivo photosensitizing properties. These experiments have shown that FB mainly exhibits a singlet-singlet transition of ππ* character, the nπ* transition being undetectable, in contrast with KP. In phosphate buffer as well as in ethanol or in isopentane, the lowest triplet excited state of fenofibric acid appears to be, as for KP, an nπ* triplet state with characteristics similar to those of benzophenone. These assignments were fairly well supported by theoretical calculations performed at the TD-DFT level. The transient formation of a ketyl radical detected in flash photolysis experiments performed in ethanol confirms that the photochemical reactivity of FB towards hydrogen abstraction in ethanol is typically that of an nπ* triplet state. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results is discussed with respect to those previously obtained by other theoretical methods.

Les syndromes d’insulino-résistance extrême se manifestent cliniquement le plus souvent par des troubles de la tolérance au glucose ou un diabète de présentation clinique atypique.

New 4-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidines (L) have been synthesized in high yields by condensing enaminones with the appropriate carboxamidine or guanidine under basic conditions. These asymmetric bidentate diimine ligands coming from a one-step functionalization of amine and amino acid groups were complexed to ruthenium to obtain new heteroleptic complexes of type [Ru(bpy)2(L)]2+. The ligands and complexes have been characterized by usual analytical methods, and the crystallographic study of one complex has been performed. Their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties have been investigated. ZINDO Calculations show that in the MLCT excited state the electron is mainly localized on the pyridylpyrimidine ligand. On the basis of electrochemical data, the first reduction potential of the complexes has been assigned to the redox couple involving this ligand.

Repression of the lac promoter may be achieved in two different ways: either by interference with the action of RNA polymerase or by interference with CAP activation. We investigated cooperative repression of the Escherichia coli lac operon by systematic conversion of its three natural operators (O1, O2 and O3) on the chromosome. We find that cooperative repression by tetrameric Lac repressor increases with both quality and proximity of the interacting operators. A short distance of 92 bp allows effective repression by two very weak operators (O3, O3). The cooperativity of lac operators is discussed in terms of a local increase of repressor concentration. This increase in concentration depends on flexible DNA which allows loop formation.

Tetrameric lac repressor may bind to two lac operators on one DNA fragment and induce the intervening DNA to form a loop. Electron microscopy, non‐denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and DNase I protection experiments were used to demonstrate such DNA loops, where the distance between the centres of symmetry of the two lac operators varies between 63 and 535 bp. Formation of a DNA loop is favoured by correct phasing of the two lac operators and a low concentration of both components of the reaction. When a large excess of lac repressor over DNA is used, a ‘tandem’ structure is observed, in which both lac operators are occupied independently by two repressor tetramers. When the concentrations of both lac repressor and lac operator are high, a ‘sandwich’ structure is observed, in which two DNA molecules are connected by two lac repressor tetramers in trans.

We have used a gel retardation assay to investigate the influence of DNA supercoiling on loop formation between lac repressor and two lac operators. A series of 15 DNA minicircles of identical size (452 bp) was constructed carrying two lac operators at distances ranging from 153 to 168 bp. Low positive or negative supercoiling (sigma = +/‐ 0.023) changed the spacing between the two lac operators required for the formation of the most stable loops. This reveals the presence of altered double helical repeats (ranging from 10.3 to 10.7 bp) in supercoiled DNA minicircles. At elevated negative supercoiling (sigma = −0.046) extremely stable loops were formed at all operator distances tested, with a slight spacing periodicity remaining. After relaxation of minicircle‐repressor complexes with topoisomerase I one superhelical turn was found to be constrained in those minicircles which carry operators at distances corresponding to a non‐integral number of helical turns. This indicates that DNA loop formation can define local DNA domains with altered topological properties of the DNA helix.

The influence of electron relay redox potential (E1/2) on the electron‐transfer reactions occurring in the photo‐induced hydrogen generation from water has been investigated using the Ru(bipy)2+3/MV2+/EDTA/colloidal Pt model system. Quenching rate constants kqfor electron transfer quenching of Ru(bipy)2+*3by a series of 2,2′‐ and 4,4′‐bipyridinium ions and by a series of phenanthroline ions having different redox potential E1/2have been determined by laser flash spectroscopy in deaerated aqueous solutions at pH 5. The rate constants kbof the back electron transfer following the quenching reaction have been obtained for five bipyridinium ions under the same experimental conditions. Our results show that: (1) for the same E1/2, the quencher molecular structure of the two homogeneous series does not affect kqsignificantly; (2) for the two series, kqincreases with increasing E1/2up to a value which is close to the diffusion‐controlled limit. The same correlation between kqand E1/2is obtained for the two series. Such a correlation is satisfactorily interpreted in the frame of existing theories describing electron‐transfer reactions, particularly with the Rehm‐Weller treatment, provided that an intrinsic barrier ΔG*(0) = 5.2 kcal. M−1is used; (3) kbis close to the diffusion‐controlled limit for E1/2comprised between ‐ 0.33 and ‐ 0.65 V (vs NHE); (4) a correlation between H2production rates and E1/2is suggested, and a maximum H2production is observed for E1/2≃ −0.45 V (vs. NHE) corresponding to compounds 1and 14.

Aim of the studyThis prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography combined with colour Doppler and endoscopic ultrasonography for predicting superior mesenteric and portal vein involvement in pancreatic diseasesMaterial and methodsThe study was prospective. Forty-four patients were included. Ultrasonography with colour Doppler was performed in 30 patients, endoscopic ultrasonography in 43. Prediction of superior mesenteric vein or portal vein involvement was blindly assessed by physicians without knowledge of results of other imaging methods. Resectabilty or potential resectability (n = 34) and irresectabilty (n = 10) were assessed in all patients by surgery. Thirty patients underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy.ResultsFor endoscopic ultrasonography the sensitivity (0.90), the specificity (0.88), the positive predictive value (0.69) and the negative predictive value (0.97) were better than those observed with ultrasonography and Doppler (050, 0.88, 0.69, 0.97, respectively). The specificity of computed tomography (0.96) was better than that of endoscopic ultrasonography but predictive negative values were similar.ConclusionsImaging methods to predict superior mesenteric or portal vein involvement in pancreatic diseases are becoming increasingly numerous, complex, and expensive. Endoscopic ultrasonography has a better diagnostic value for correctly predicting resectability than ultrasonography with Doppler. However, for decision making, usefulness of these methods seems to be limited.

Several types of biliary tract abnormality of undertermined origin have been described among AIDS patients. The aims of this study are (1) to evaluate whether biliary tree involvement is in fact one or several homogeneous morphological entities, (2) to specify the role of CMV orCryptosporidium sp. infection, and (3) to evaluate the possible efficacy of treatment. Since ultrasound had revealed abnormality in the biliary tree, 26 consecutive AIDS patients underwent cholangiography. Cholangiograms enabled us to distinguish between two types of biliary tract involvement: (1) gradual and regular stenosis of the terminal portion of the common bile duct associated with dilation but without irregularity of the intrahepatic biliary ducts was present in 27% of our cases, and (2) distal stenosis of the extrahepatic biliary ducts combined with diffuse irregularity of the caliber of the intrahepatic bile ducts was present in 73% of our cases. Concomitant infection by CMV orCryptosporidium sp. was significantly more frequent when intrahepatic duct irregularities were present (94%) than when absent (14%,P<0.001). Anti-CMV treatment and sphincterotomy were unsuccessful in treating anomalies of the intrahepatic biliary tract. Conversely, sphincterotomy caused rapid and lasting disappearance of pain in all our patients. In conclusion, biliary tract involvement in AIDS patients is of two types. CMV infection and infection byCryptosporidium sp. are most frequent when the large intrahepatic ducts are implicated.

The synthesis and characterization of two annelated 2,2′-bipyridine molecules (L) and of the corresponding ruthenium(II) heteroleptic complexes, [Ru(bpy)2(L)][PF6]2 are described. The ligands L bear a terbutoxypropyl chain substituent at position 2. We discovered that under basic conditions condensation between an enolisable ketone and an α,β-unsaturated ketone gives exclusively the 1,2-addition isomers with good yields. In contrast to 2,2′-bipyridine, the annelated ligands L show fluorescence emission, probably due to the rigidity of the molecules. Spectroscopic and photophysical results of the heteroleptic complexes at room temperature and at 77 K are similar to the reference complex, [Ru(bpy)3]2+, except for less intense emission quantum yields and lifetimes at room temperature. This behaviour is due to the presence of a substituent and its position adjacent to the nitrogen of the annelated ligands engaged in the coordination, rather than to the rigidity of these ligands. As shown by the crystallographic data, this substituent induces a lengthening of the adjacent Ru–N bond (2.16 Å as compared to 2.05 Å for the other Ru–N bonds). As a result, the octahedral structure of the heteroleptic complexes is distorted and the probability of nonradiative processes is thus favoured. Synthèse et caracte′risation de deux complexes he′te′roleptiques de ruthe′nium(II) de de′rive′s annele′s de la 2,2′-bipyridine. Nous pre′sentons ici la synthèse et la caracte′risation de deux nouveaux ligands annele′s (L) de′rive′s de la 2,2'-bipyridine, ainsi que de deux complexes he′te′roleptiques de ruthe′nium(II) correspondants, [Ru(bpy)2(L)][PF6]2. Les ligands L comportent comme substituant en position 2 une chaîne terbutoxypropyle. Nous avons de′couvert que la condensation en milieu basique entre une ce′tone e′nolisable et une ce′tone α,β insature′e donne exclusivement les isomères de l'addition 1,2 avec de bons rendements. Contrairement à la 2,2′-bipyridine, les ligands annele′s e′tudie′s ici pre′sentent une e′mission de fluorescence probablement due à la rigidite′ des mole′cules. Les re′sultats spectroscopiques et photophysiques des complexes he′te′roleptiques à tempe′rature ambiante et à 77 K sont similaires à ceux du complexe de re′fe′rence, [Ru(bpy)3]2+, avec toutefois un rendement quantique et une dure′e de vie de luminescence beaucoup plus faibles que ce dernier à tempe′rature ambiante. Ce comportement est plus dû à l'existence d'un substituant et à sa position adjacente à un azote des ligands annele′s engage′s dans la coordination, qu'à la rigidite′ de ces ligands. Comme le montrent les donne′es cristallographiques, ce substituant provoque l'allongement de la liaison Ru–N adjacente (2,16 Å contre 2,05 Å pour les autres liaisons Ru–N). De ce fait, la structure octae′drique des complexes he′te′roleptiques est distordue, ce qui favorise les processus de de′sactivation non-radiatifs.

Polymerization of α-aminoisobutyric acid NCA by alkaline salts of various basicity as well as amines has been investigated. The study was focused on the effect on the initial polymerization rate of additives such as N-acetylglycine NCA and some other less electrophilic additives (l-acetyl-2-pyrrolidone, 3-acetyl-2-oxazolidone, 1-acetyl-3-methylhydantoin) which are all models of the growing chain end produced by the NCA anion pathway. The acetyl endgroup was detected by 250 MHz 1H-NMR in all the polymers of α-aminoisobutyric acid NCA obtained in the presence of l-acetyl-3-methylhydantoin and triethyl amine or sodium methoxide initiators, whereas the additives influenced variously the kinetics of polymerization according to the nature of the initiator used. The results were interpreted in the light of a multiple mechanism supposing the simultaneous presence of the initiator anion, its conjugate acid, and NCA anion for basic salt initiation. Thus, the observed effect has to be considered as the sum of an elementary acceleration due to NCA anion and of an elementary deceleration due to the initiator anion. Predominance of the pathways involving NCA anion could be shown this way. This conclusion could be extended to γ-benxyl-L-glutamate NCA which is a more reactive NCA. However, the deceleration observed with some additives led us to believe that a nonnegligible participation of initiator anion during initiation cannot be excluded.

We report the case of a patient in whom amitriptyline administration for 5 wk was followed by prolonged cholestasis. Jaundice and pruritus lasted 19 and 20 mo, respectively. Three liver biopsies were performed at different stages of the disease showing the course of liver lesions. Cholestasis initially located in the region of the hepatic venule came to be associated with the progressive development of portal tract lesions consisting of inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis, and disappearance of interlobular bile ducts. Amitriptyline hydroxylation and dextromethorphan O-demethylation are deficient in subjects with the poor metabolizer phenotype of debrisoquine. Drug oxidation phenotyping with dextromethorphan showed that this patient had the extensive metabolizer phenotype. This observation demonstrates that amitriptyline can induce prolonged cholestasis and suggests that the susceptibility to develop liver injury while taking this drug may not be related to a genetic deficiency of its hydroxylation.

Jacques Durand, Les formes de la communication [THE FORMS OF COMMUNICATION] (Paris: Dunod, 1981, 215 pp.)Albert Ducrocq, Vers une societe de communication [TOWARDS A COMMUNICATION SOCIETY] (Paris: Hachette, 1981, 221 pp.)Jean-Paul Pigasse, Les 7 portes du futur [THE SEVEN DOORS TO THE FUTURE] (Paris: Moreau, 1981, 300 pp.)Oliver Boyd-Barrett and Michael Palmer, La trafic des nouvelles: les agences mondiales d'information [THE NEWS TRADE: THE WORLD NEWS AGENCIES] (Paris: Moreau, 1981, 140 FF.)Christian Bailly, Memoires de Theohraste Renaudot, [MEMOIRS OF T.R.] (Paris: Albatros 1981, 159 pp.)Pierre-Marie Dioudonnat, L ' argent nazi a la conquete de is presse francaise, 19-40-1944 [NAZI MONEY TAKING OVER THE FRENCH PRESS] (Paris: Picollec, 1981, 309 pp.)Marcel Ruby, Guerre et presse [WAR AND THE PRESS] (Lyon: L'Hermes, 1979, 176 pp.)Michel Jamet, Les defis de l'Express [THE CHALLENGES OF L'EXPRESS] (Paris: Cerf, 1981, 168 pp.)Roland Dumas, Le droit de l'information [MEDIA LAW] (Paris: FUF, 1981, 614 pp.)Jacques Douel, Le journal tel qu'il est lu [HOW THE NEWSPAPER IS READ] (Paris: CFPJ (33 rue du Louvre, 75002), 1981, 109 pp.)Jean-Pierre Spirlet, L'enfant et la presse [CHILDREN AND THE PRESS] (Paris: Casterman, 1981, 135 pp.)L'information municipals: pedagogie de la Participation [MUNICIPAL INFORMATION: TEACHING PARTICIPATION] (Paris: Centre Pompidou, 1980, 80 pp.)Gabriel Ringlet, Le mythe au milieu du village: comprendre at analyser la presse locale [A MYTH WITHIN THE VILLAGE: UNDERSTANDING AND ANALYSING THE LOCAL PRESS] (Bruxelles (Belgium): Vie Ouvriere, 1981, 382 pp.)Jacques Perriault, Memoires de l'ombre et du son: one archeologie de 1 ' audio-visuel [MEMOIRS OF SOUND AND SHADOW] (Paris: Flammarion, 1981, 283 pp.)Jacqueline Joubert, Lettre a Emma [A LETTER TO EMMA] (Paris: Hachette, 1980, 221 pp., 39 FF.)Maurice Dousset, La famille et les medias [THE FAMILY IN THE MEDIA] (Paris: La documentation francaise, 1981, 262 pp., 37 FF.)Evelyne Pierre & al., Les nouveaux telespectateurs de 9 a 18 ans [THE NEW 9 TO 18 YEAR OLD TV WATCHERS] (Pa ris: La documentation francaise, 1982, 224 pp., 65 FF.)Josette Sultan and Jean-Paul Satre, La teleacute;vision a la porte de l'acute;cole [TV ON THE DOORSTEP OF THE SCHOOL] (Paris: La documentation francaise, 1981, 199 pp., 50 FF.)Andreacute; Halphen, Le Tout-Teacute;leacute; [THE TV ESTABLISHMENT] (Paris: Presses de la citeacute;, 1981, 301 pp.)Marcel Jullian, La television libre [FREE TELEVISION] (Paris: Gallimard, 1981, 212 pp.)Anne Gaillard, Un combat perdu d'avance? [WAS IT A DOOMED STRUGGLE?] (Paris: Les lettres nouvelles/Maurice Nadeau, 1981, 289 pp.)N. Avril and Jean-Pierre Elkabbach, Taisezvous, Elkabbach! [SHUT UP, ELKABBACH!] (Paris: Flammarion, 1982, 240 pp.)Noel Mamere, Telle est la tele [SUCH IS TELEVISION] (Paris: Megrelis, 1982, 296 pp.)Andre H. Caron, Les televisions au Quebec: leurs Programmes et leurs publics [TELEVISION IN QUEBEC: PROGRAMS AND PUBLICS] (Montreal: Universite de Montreal (Departement de communication), 1981, 144 pp.)SIC, Les obstacles a l'information [OBSTACLES TO INFORMATION] (Talence, France: LASIC, 1981, 228 pp., 50 FF.)Jean-Paul Gourevitch, La propagande dans tous ses eta is [PROPANGANDA FROM ALL VIEWPOINTS] (Paris: Flammarion, 1981, 283 pp.)Serge Bauman and Alain Ecouves, L' information manipulee [MANIPULATED INFORMATION] (Paris: Revue politique et parlementaire (PUF), 1981, 212 pp., 60 FF.)Maurice Goldring and Yvonne Quilles, Sous le marteau, is plume: la presse communiste en crise [THE PEN UNDER THE HAMMER: THE CRISIS IN THE COMMUNIST PRESS] (Paris: Megrelis, 1982)Josee Weber-Amouyal, Information et pouvoirs [INFORMATION AND POWER] (Paris: Hatier, 1981, 80 pp.)Jean-Francois Kahn, Liberte, egalite quand meme [FREEDOM AND EQUALITY, IN SPITE OF ALL] (Paris: Moreau, 1981, 252 pp.)Francois Chevaldonne, La communication inegale [THE UNEQUAL COMMUNICATION] (Paris: CNRS, 1981, 222 pp., 90 FF.)Jean Mineur, Balzac 00-01 (Paris: Plon, 1981, 277 pp.)DAFSA, Les agences de publicite [ADVERTISING AGENCIES] (Paris: DAFSA (7 rue Bergere, 75009), 3 745 FF.)Bertschi Annoncen AG, Portraits d'agences de publicite suisses 82/83 [PORTRAITS OF SWISS AD AGENCIES] (ZUrich: Bertschi Annoncen AG,1981, approx. 600 pp., 45 SF.)Georges Sadoul, Le cinema francais 1890-1962 [THE FRENCH CINEMA FROM 1890 TO 1962] (Paris: Flammarion (1962), 1981,291 pp.)Jacques Siclier, La France de Petain et son cinema [FRANCE UNDER PETAIN AND HER CINEMA] (Paris: Veyrier, 1981, 464 pp.)D. Heymann and A. Lacombe, L'annee du cinema 1981 [MOVIES IN 1981] (Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1981, 256 pp.)

The French Atomic Energy Authority (Commissariat àl'Énergie Atomique or CEA) started to investigate electronic computing in 1952 and in 1956 created a specialized team, trained in England. It bought its first digital computers in 1957. From then on it continually acquired the most powerful computing equipment available (IBM Stretch, IBM 360/91, CDC 7600) to meet the needs of both civilian and military nuclear research. For many years, the CEA was IBM's largest customer outside the United States. In 1972 the Computer Division of the "Civilian CEA" was subsidiarized into a leading European software company, the CISI.

To evaluate the obstetrical outcome of pregnancies obtained after assisted reproductive technology (ART).in women with unexplained infertility.

La vascularisation prostatique présente une grande variabilité est reste peu décrite dans la littérature. L’objectif principal de cette étude est de décrire la vascularisation artérielle intra-prostatique, appliquée à l’embolisation artérielle prostatique (EAP) dans le cadre de l’hyperplasie bénigne de prostate (HBP).

L’histiocytose langerhansienne (HL) est une pathologie inflammatoire rare caractérisée par des lésions tumorales infiltratives et non tumorales constituées de cellules dendritiques dérivées de la lignée langerhansienne. Nous rapportons le cas d’un patient de 23 ans présentant un panhypopituiarisme dans le cadre d’une HL, déclarant au cours du suivi un diabète avec une insulinorésistance extrême.