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The objective of this study was to examine the effects of enriching the diet with Omega-3 fatty acids on the productive performance, yolk fatty acid profiles, oxidative stability, blood biochemistry, and immune system of laying hens. Enriching the diet with Omega-3 improved egg production and FCR (P < 0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total omega-3 fatty acids in the yolk increased linearly with Salomega level (P < 0.05). Serum cholesterol and triglyceride decreased, but HDL content increased parallel to the Salomega level in the diet (P < 0.05). The MDA level in the yolk of bird eggs of the 3 or 4% Salomega treatment was higher than the MDA level of the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the enrichment of laying hens' diet with 3 and 4% salomega can enhance egg production, elevate the levels of Omega-3 fatty acids, and decrease the oxidative stability of yolk lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Maternal vitamin-D and omega-3 fatty acid (DHA) deficiencies during pregnancy have previously been associated with offspring neurodevelopmental traits. However, observational study designs cannot distinguish causal effects from confounding. Methods First, we conducted Mendelian randomisation (MR) using genetic instruments for vitamin-D and DHA identified in independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Outcomes were (1) GWAS for traits related to autism and ADHD, generated in the Norwegian mother, father, and child cohort study (MoBa) from 3 to 8 years, (2) autism and ADHD diagnoses. Second, we used mother–father–child trio-MR in MoBa (1) to test causal effects through maternal nutrient levels, (2) to test effects of child nutrient levels, and (3) as a paternal negative control. Results Associations between higher maternal vitamin-D levels on lower ADHD related traits at age 5 did not remain after controlling for familial genetic predisposition using trio-MR. Furthermore, we did not find evidence for causal maternal effects of vitamin-D/DHA levels on other offspring traits or diagnoses. In the reverse direction, there was evidence for a causal effect of autism genetic predisposition on lower vitamin-D levels and of ADHD genetic predisposition on lower DHA levels. Conclusions Triangulating across study designs, we did not find evidence for maternal effects. We add to a growing body of evidence that suggests that previous observational associations are likely biased by genetic confounding. Consequently, maternal supplementation is unlikely to influence these offspring neurodevelopmental traits. Notably, genetic predisposition to ADHD and autism was associated with lower DHA and vitamin-D levels respectively, suggesting previous associations might have been due to reverse causation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. Omega‐3 fatty acids (n‐3‐PUFA) are essential to normal neural development and function. Souvenaid®, a medical supplement that contains n‐3‐PUFA's: eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has emerged as an alternative, slowing cognitive decline in AD patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with n‐3‐PUFA, EPA, DHA, and Souvenaid® in AD patients. Aim: This systematic review and meta‐analysis aim to establish the relationship between n‐3‐PUFA, EPA, DHA, and Souvenaid® with cognitive effects, ventricular volume and adverse events in AD patients. Methods: A systematic search of randomized control trials (RCT), cohorts, and case–control studies was done in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase for AD adult patients with dietary supplementation with n‐3‐PUFA, EPA, DHA, or Souvenaid® between 2003 and 2024. Results: We identified 14 studies with 2766 subjects aligned with our criteria. Most publications described positive cognitive outcomes from supplements (58%). The most common adverse events reported were gastrointestinal symptoms. CDR scale showed reduced progression of cognitive decline (SMD = −0.4127, 95% CI: [−0.5926; −0.2327]), without subgroup differences between different dietary supplement interventions. ADCS‐ADL, MMSE, ADAS‐cog, adverse events, and ventricular volume did not demonstrate significant differences. However, Souvenaid® showed a significant negative effect (SMD = −0.3593, 95% CI: −0.5834 to −0.1352) in ventricular volumes. Conclusions: The CDR scale showed reduced progression of cognitive decline among patients with n‐3‐PUFA supplemental interventions, with no differences between different n‐3‐PUFA supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation may protect against exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) through its anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory markers following EIMD in trained and untrained individuals. Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched up to April 2023. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias and evaluate the quality of the studies. Omega-3 supplementation significantly reduced interleukin (IL) 6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-ɑ, and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. The current meta-analysis indicated the efficacy of omega-3 in reducing the serum levels of inflammatory markers in healthy individuals, overall, and in subgroup analysis. Thus, omega-3 may be a priority EIMD recovery agent for interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The consumption of fructose sweeteners as an alternative to high-calorie diets has been linked to various metabolic diseases due to increased oxidative stress. This study investigated changes in testicular and ovarian functions following Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation (ω-3 PUFAs) in rats fed a High Fructose Diet (HFD). Methods: Forty Wistar rats were equally and randomly distributed into four groups. Each group was further subdivided by gender, with an equal number of animals in each sub-group. Group A assigned as control, while Groups B and C were administered HFD containing 10% and 20% v/v fructose solution, respectively. Group D rats were provided 20% v/v HFD and ω-3 PUFAs. Results: After six weeks of consumption, HFD resulted in reduced semen quality and gonadal reproductive hormone levels, while increasing testicular and ovarian oxidative stress. ω-3 PUFAs improved semen quality, reproductive hormone concentrations, and antioxidant defense system. Conclusion: HFD impairs gonadal function, however, dietary supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs improves gonadal functions by enhancing the antioxidant defense mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine microalgae are the primary producers of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as octadecapentaenoic acid (OPA, 18:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) for food chains. However, the biosynthetic mechanisms of these PUFAs in the algae remain elusive. To study how these fatty acids are synthesized in microalgae, a series of radiolabeled precursors were used to trace the biosynthetic process of PUFAs in Emiliania huxleyi. Feeding the alga with 14C-labeled acetic acid in a time course showed that OPA was solely found in glycoglycerolipids such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) synthesized plastidically by sequential desaturations while DHA was exclusively found in phospholipids synthesized extraplastidically. Feeding the alga with 14C-labeled α-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), and oleic acid (OA) showed that DHA was synthesized extraplastidically from fed ALA and LA, but not from OA, implying that the aerobic pathway of DHA biosynthesis is incomplete with missing a Δ12 desaturation step. The in vitro enzymatic assays with 14C-labeled malonyl-CoA showed that DHA was synthesized from acetic acid by a PUFA synthase. These results provide the first and conclusive biochemistry evidence that OPA is synthesized by a plastidic aerobic pathway through sequential desaturations with the last step of Δ3 desaturation, while DHA is synthesized by an extraplastidic anaerobic pathway catalyzed by a PUFA synthase in the microalga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A diet rich in marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may lower the risk of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. However, the association between intake of marine n-3 PUFAs and risk of hemorrhagic stroke has only been sparsely explored. We aimed to investigate the associations between intake of the major marine n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and their sum, in relation to incident hemorrhagic stroke and its subtypes, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods: We analyzed data from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort, which was established between 1993 and 1997. Information on dietary intake of marine n-3 PUFAs was obtained through a validated food frequency questionnaire. Potential hemorrhagic stroke cases were identified by linkage to the Danish National Patient Register and subsequently validated. Hazard ratios obtained by Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used as measures of association. Results: A total of 394 subjects among 55,519 individuals developed hemorrhagic stroke during a median follow-up period of 13.5 years. In multivariable analyses including adjustment for established risk factors, we observed weak and statistically nonsignificant inverse associations between intake of EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA and the rate of incident hemorrhagic stroke. In analyses of hemorrhagic stroke subtypes, we found indications of lower rates of ICH among participants in the highest quartile of EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA compared with those in the lowest quartile and indications of lower rates of SAH in the highest quartile of EPA intake compared to the lowest quartile, but the findings were statistically nonsignificant. Conclusions: Inversely statistically nonsignificant associations were found between EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA and hemorrhagic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary microalgae inclusion in small or large amounts to fish species is considered one of the sources for improving nutritional values and productive performances throughout the world. The microalgae are classified through light and electron microscopes into four groups: blue-green, green, golden and diatoms algae. The microalgae can be cultured in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Hence, the grown microalgae biochemical analysis of pigments, proteins and carbohydrates were differed over controlled conditions. Moreover, molecular biology concerning genes and genomes enabled to study ecology, evolution and physiology of microalgae. The fascinating field of microalgae genetic engineering was applied to produce invaluable microalgae compounds as omega-3 fatty acids. The microalgae and their purified compounds were used as direct nutritional sources or as indirect contributors through improvement of water quality and reduction of stress. The chemical composition of microalgae differed depending on nutrient availability for production and microalgae species. The microalgae invaluable compounds inc lude "proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, vitamins and other bioactive constituents". The dietary microalgae and their purified compounds have been shown to provide beneficial effects in growth performance and body health. The roles of microalgae and their constituents as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-tumour materials have been well-established versus challenging problems. In this context, this review is designed to compile and discuss the advantages and disadvantages effects of microalgae on feed utilization, reproductive and therapeutic performances in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla [ Perilla frutescens (L.) var frutescens ] is a traditional oil crop in Asia, recognized for its seeds abundant in α-linolenic acid (18:3), a key omega-3 fatty acid known for its health benefits. Despite the known nutritional value, the reason behind the higher 18:3 content in tetraploid perilla seeds remained unexplored. Gamma irradiation yielded mutants with altered seed fatty acid composition. Among the mutants, DY-46-5 showed a 27% increase in 18:2 due to the 4-bp deletion of PfrFAD3b , and NC-65-12 displayed a 16% increase in 18:2 due to the loss of function of PfrFAD3 a through a large deletion. Knocking out both copies of FATTY ACID DESATURASE3 (PfrFAD3a and PfrFAD3b) simultaneously using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in an increase in 18:2 by up to 75% and a decrease in 18:3 to as low as 0.3% in seeds, emphasizing the pivotal roles of both genes in 18:3 synthesis in tetraploid perilla. Furthermore, diploid Perilla citriodora , the progenitor of cultivated tetraploid perilla, harbors only PfrFAD3b , with a fatty acid analysis revealing lower 18:3 levels than tetraploid perilla. In conclusion, the enhanced 18:3 content in cultivated tetraploid perilla seeds can be attributed to the acquisition of two FAD3 copies through hybridization with wild-type diploid perilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health. An intake of omega-3 and vitamin D3 in a separate manner is vital for maintaining good health of gut microbiota and controlling some illness manifestations. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential change in biodiversity of the gut microbiome in healthy rats supplemented with vitamin D3, omega-3 alone and their combination and to reflect onto the triglyceride levels in serum and fecal samples. Methods and results Using the 16S rRNA gene Miseq Illumina NGS, and monitoring triglyceride levels in serum and fecal samples coupled with several clinical parameters, we examined the effect of orally taken combination of omega-3 and vitamin D3 alongside the separate intake of supplements on gut microbiota in 24 healthy white Wistar rats for six weeks. The study findings showed that combination treatment encouraged the growth of opportunistic Clostridia class during day 21 and 42 of treatment by 7.7 and 7.4 folds, respectively, exhibited incomplete absorption levels for both supplements when used concomitantly, demonstrated a damaging effect on the gut intestinal lining wall thickness (126 µm) when compared to control group (158  µm), increasing lumen diameter (400 µm), and showed higher triglyceride level in fecal samples. Conclusions These findings indicate that omega-3 and vitamin D3 supplements as combination intake reveal unfavorable effects, thus, it is advised to conduct further in-depth studies to clarify the presence or absence of any chemical interaction between both supplements' molecules and to investigate based on human model to attain a superior perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to conduct a narrative review approaching the effects of exclusive breastfeeding on neuropsychomotor development. The goal was to provide evidence-based knowledge to inform healthcare practices and policies and promote optimized infant feeding strategies. Methods: Our study reviewed the relevant literature from May and June 2024, covering the publication period between 2013 and 2024. The PubMed database was utilized and searched for articles using keywords such as "Brain", "Growth", "Development", and "Breastfeeding", employing Boolean operators such as "AND", "OR", and "NOT." Results: Our search initially screened 15,412 studies, resulting in 600 articles. Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria and provided relevant information on the topic. Several studies have shown that exclusive breastfeeding and its duration are beneficial for neural development. Research suggests that breastfeeding improves brain architecture, white matter development, and cognitive performance. Additionally, studies indicate that the mother's intake of omega-3 fatty acids can enhance infant brain development, and specific micronutrients in breast milk, such as myo-inositol, may contribute to neural connectivity. Some findings also suggest that the child's sex may play a role in how breast milk benefits the brain. Furthermore, there is evidence of the strong influence of epigenetic compounds on the neurodevelopmental benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: This narrative review revealed findings that indicate breast milk has a positive impact on brain development. This emphasizes that breast milk has a positive impact on brain development. It underscores the importance of conducting additional research to understand how breastfeeding specifically influences neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairment is a common complication following spinal cord injury (SCI) and imposes a significant negative impact on adjustment, functional independence, physical and mental health, and quality of life. It is unclear whether interventions for cognitive impairment following SCI are effective. A systematic review of controlled trials was performed to evaluate the effect of interventions on cognitive functions in adults with SCI using search engines: Embase, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, and Web of Science up to December 2023. Two reviewers independently screened the articles, and study findings were synthesized and summarized. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Eight moderate-quality studies were found that investigated the effects of physical exercise/activity-based therapy plus cognitive training or intermittent hypoxia, diet modification and dietary supplements, tibial nerve or cortical stimulation, and drug therapy on cognitive function in SCI. Physical exercise/activity–based therapy plus cognitive training showed most promise for improving cognitive functions, while drug therapy, diet modification, and dietary supplements showed potential for improving cognitive function. However, about half of the participants experienced heightened instability in blood pressure following the administration of midodrine, and one participant reported gastrointestinal side effects after taking omega-3 fatty acids. There was no evidence of improvement in cognitive function for stimulation techniques. The current review highlights the scarcity of research investigating the effectiveness of interventions that target cognitive function after SCI. Further, the effects of these eight studies are uncertain due to concerns about the quality of designs and small sample sizes utilized in the trials, as well as the employment of insensitive neurocognitive tests when applied to adults with SCI. This review highlights a significant gap in knowledge related to SCI cognitive rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity-related metabolic disorders, including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease, increasingly threaten global health. Uncontrolled inflammation is a key pathophysiological factor in many of these conditions. In the human body, inflammatory responses generate specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which are crucial for resolving inflammation and restoring tissue balance. SPMs derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) such as resolvins, protectins, and maresins hold promise in attenuating the chronic inflammatory diseases associated with lipid metabolism disorders. Recent research has highlighted the therapeutic potential of n-3 PUFA-derived metabolites in addressing these metabolic disorders. However, the understanding of the pharmacological aspects of SPMs, particularly in obesity-related metabolic disorders, remains limited. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of SPMs in resolving metabolic disorders, based on studies in animal models and humans. These studies indicate that SPMs have potential as therapeutic targets for combating obesity, as well as offering insights into their mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nutritional approach could be a promising strategy to prevent or decrease the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuroprotective role of walnut oil (WO) was investigated in Drosophila melanogaster treated with rotenone (Rot), as a PD model, WO, or their combination, and compared to controls. WO reduced mortality and improved locomotor activity impairment after 3 and 7 days, induced by Rot. LC-MS analyses of fatty acid levels in Drosophila heads showed a significant increase in linolenic (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) both in flies fed with the WO-enriched diet and in those treated with the association of WO with Rot. Flies supplemented with the WO diet showed an increase in brain dopamine (DA) level, while Rot treatment significantly depleted dopamine content; conversely, the association of Rot with WO did not modify DA content compared to controls. The greater intake of ALA and LA in the enriched diet enhanced their levels in Drosophila brain, suggesting a neuroprotective role of polyunsaturated fatty acids against Rot-induced neurotoxicity. The involvement of the dopaminergic system in the improvement of behavioral and biochemical parameters in Drosophila fed with WO is also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Protein and energy supplementation increases the performance of pasture-finished cattle. Three low-intake supplementation strategies (restricted, low, and moderate) were tested during the post-weaning and finishing steers on pasture for 310 days. The moderate supplementation strategy (use of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg of body weight of concentrated supplementation during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively) increased the weight and fat content of the steers' carcass and the intramuscular fat of the beef. However, steers consuming the moderate supplementation strategy produced meat with lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids. We recommend the use of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg of body weight of concentrated supplementation during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, in the post-weaning and finishing steers on tropical pastures. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of three supplementation strategies on intake, apparent digestibility, feeding behavior, performance, carcass traits, proximate composition, and the fatty acid profile of meat from steers on tropical pasture during the post-weaning and finishing stages. The experiment involved 33 1/2 Holstein × 1/2 castrated Zebu steers weighing 335 ± 42.90 kg, aged 22 ± 2 m. The animals were managed on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu using an intermittent grazing system with continuous stocking and variable stocking rates for 310 days. The supplementation strategies were as follows: MS/US (mineral salt/urea supplementation): mineral salt in the rainy season and mineral salt with urea in the dry season; US/PS1 (urea supplementation/protein supplementation): mineral salt with urea in the rainy season and protein supplement at 1 g/kg body weight (BW) in the dry season; and PS1/PS2 (protein supplementation 1/protein supplementation 2): protein supplement at 1 g/kg BW in the rainy season and 2 g/kg BW in the dry season. The dry matter intake did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between strategies. However, the post-weaning PS1/PS2 strategy resulted in higher (p < 0.05) crude protein intake. The final body weight did not differ (p > 0.05) between the strategies, but the average daily gain in post-weaning and finishing was higher (p < 0.05) for MS/US (restricted) animals. Carcass weight, subcutaneous fat thickness, and lipid content in meat were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for steers in the PS1/PS2 group. Steers finished on MS/US produced meat with a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and ω-3 fatty acids (p < 0.05). Concentrate supplementation at 1 g/kg BW during the rainy season and 2 g/kg BW during the dry season is recommended for post-weaning and finishing steers on tropical pasture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Intermittent and chronic hypoxia are common and harmful to marine animals. The tiger puffer is a representative species of the family Tetraodontidae, which has only slit-like gill openings and is susceptible to hypoxia stress. Both intermittent and chronic hypoxia decrease the growth and visceral weight of tiger puffer but increase the feed conversion ratio and blood hemoglobin content. Chronic hypoxia but not intermittent hypoxia promoted protein synthesis and the glycolysis pathway. Intermittent hypoxia but not chronic hypoxia decreased lipid synthesis and monounsaturated fatty acids content but increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. These changes promoted the adaption of tiger puffer to intermittent and chronic hypoxia. Intermittent and chronic hypoxia are common stresses to marine fish, but the different responses of fish to intermittent and chronic hypoxia have not been well-known. In this study, tiger puffers were farmed in normoxia conditions (NO, 6.5 ± 0.5 mg/L), intermittent hypoxia (IH, 6.5 ± 0.5 mg/L in the day and 3.5 ± 0.5 mg/L in the night), or choric hypoxia (CH, 3.5 ± 0.5 mg/L) conditions for 4 weeks, after which the growth, nutrient metabolism and three hifα isoforms expression were measured. Both intermittent and chronic hypoxia decreased the fish growth and visceral weight but increased the feed conversion ratio and blood hemoglobin content. Chronic hypoxia but not intermittent hypoxia promoted protein synthesis and whole-fish protein content by activating mtor gene expression and promoted the glycolysis pathway by activating gene expression of hif1α and hif2α. Intermittent hypoxia but not chronic hypoxia decreased the hepatic lipid synthesis by inhibiting fasn and srebf1 gene expression. Meanwhile, intermittent hypoxia reduced the monounsaturated fatty acid content but increased the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage. The results of this study clarified the adaptive mechanism of tiger puffer to intermittent and chronic hypoxia, which provides important information about mechanisms of hypoxia adaption in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is frequently accompanied by the symptoms of clinical anxiety. Since our previous research has found that n-3 PUFA supplementation alleviates anxiety in MDD, this study was aimed to further explore whether n-3 PUFA supplementation improves anxiety symptoms in depression by directly manipulating fatty acid levels. Methods: A secondary analysis of biomarker data (erythrocyte fatty acid composition) collected as part of the randomized clinical trial which investigated the adjunctive effect of n-3 PUFAs was conducted on 72 venlafaxine-treated outpatients with first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depression. All participants with longitudinal biomarker data were included in the association analysis to determine how n-3 PUFA supplementation influences fatty acid composition and alleviates anxiety symptoms in depression. Results: Decreases of the C20:3n6 were found in all participants at both follow-up time points (χ2 = 96.36, p = 0.000). The n-3 index (χ2 = 10.59, p = 0.001), EPA (χ2 = 24.31, p = 0.000), and C22:5n3/C20:5n3 ratio (χ2 = 10.71, p = 0.001) were increased, while C22:4n6 (χ2 = 7.703, p = 0.006) was decreased in n-3 PUFA group compared to the placebo group. The improvement in anxiety symptoms positively correlates with the extent of reduction of C16:0, C18:0, and total fatty acid levels as well as D5 desaturase activity (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These data suggest that the anxiolytic effect exerted by n-3 PUFAs in first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depression is manipulated by erythrocyte fatty acid levels. Saturated fatty acid levels have an important role in predicting the severity of anxiety symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enriched diets, including a novel renewable plant source of ω-3 fatty acids (Buglossoides arvensis), on the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: RA was induced in mice consuming experimental diets using the K/BxN model. The experimental diets consisted of either a western control diet (control), diets containing B. arvensis oil or fish oil. The effects of the diets on platelets, platelet microvesicles (PMVs), and inflammatory markers such as clinical index, ankle thickness and cytokine/chemokine release were measured. Results: While ω-3 PUFA-enriched diets did not prevent the development of arthritis in the K/BxN model, a significant decrease in ankle swelling was observed compared to the control group. Platelets isolated from mice consuming either low content of B. arvensis oil or fish oil diets exhibited significantly decreased PMVs production compared to mice consuming the control diet. Conclusion: Our study provides insight into the contribution of ω-3 PUFA supplementation in modulating the pro-inflammatory phenotype of platelets in RA pathology. Furthermore, our study suggests that low concentrations of dietary B. arvensis oil may have similar anti-inflammatory potential seen with dietary fish oil supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recent evidence indicates that Maternal Supplementation with Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids During Pregnancy Substantially Mitigates Offspring's Asthma. Adding information regarding its cost-utility will undoubtedly allow its adoption, or not, in clinical practice guidelines. This research aimed to determine the cost-utility of LCPUFA supplementation in the third trimester of pregnancy to reduce the risk of wheezing and asthma in infants in Colombia. Methods: A Markov model was formulated to estimate the cost and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) attributed to individuals with severe asthma in Colombia, with a time horizon of five years and a cycle length of two weeks. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis and a value of information (VOI) analysis were conducted to evaluate the uncertainties in the case base. Cost-utility was assessed at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) value of US$5180. All costs were adjusted to 2021 with a 5% annual discounting rate for cost and QALYs. Results: The mean incremental cost of LCPUFA supplementation versus no supplementation was US-43.65. The mean incremental benefit of LCPUFA supplementation versus no supplementation was 0.074 QALY. The incremental cost-utility ratio was estimated at US$590.68 per QALY. The outcomes derived from our primary analysis remained robust when subjected to variations in all underlying assumptions and parameter values. Conclusion: Supplementation strategy supplementation with long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy is cost-effective in reducing the risk of developing asthma during childhood in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in females than males, in part due to the change in ovarian hormones during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Estradiol and progesterone (EþP) peak in the luteal phase before dropping rapidly in the late luteal phase. This drop is associated with increased anxiety, and EþP may decrease anxiety. It is important to find a way to counteract the negative symptoms associated with ovarian hormone changes. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been found to decrease anxiety-like behavior in male rats, but the effects on anxiety-like behavior in females are unknown. To determine the effect of omegas and EþP on anxiety-like behavior in female rats, we observed two trials of the elevated plus maze (EPM) and light-dark box after omega-3 fatty acid and EþP treatments. There was a decrease in time spent and crosses in the open arm of the EPM and the light side of the light-dark box across trials and no effect of omega-3 fatty acids or EþP. Further research into the potential interaction of omega-3 fatty acids and EþP is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current prebirth cohort study investigated the association between maternal intake of specific types of fatty acids during pregnancy and adolescent depressive symptoms based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Subjects were 873 mother–child pairs. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. The risk of depressive symptoms was 23.3% among the 873 adolescents at 13 years of age. Higher maternal saturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy was independently associated with a reduced risk of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Maternal intake of total fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and cholesterol during pregnancy was not significantly related to depressive symptoms in adolescents. Higher maternal intake of saturated fatty acids during pregnancy may be inversely associated with adolescent depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 139 CAD subjects randomized to EPA+DHA or none for 30 mo had EATV measured by CT. • EPA+DHA & control had similar reductions in EATV perhaps due to statin treatment. • Higher EATV was linked to greater fatty, rupture-prone plaque, boosting MI risk. • Change in waist circumference was the only predictor of an increase in EATV at 30 mo. • Waist circumference may obviate need for CT measure of EATV to predict cardiac risk. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation lower triglyceride levels. The impact on epicardial adipose tissue volume (EATV), which is associated with cardiovascular events, is unclear. To determine if triglyceride reduction with EPA+DHA supplementation decreases EATV and whether EATV affects coronary plaque. 139 subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD) on statins were randomized to 3.36 g EPA+DHA daily or none (control) for 30 months. EATV, coronary plaque volumes and coronary artery calcium score were measured with coronary computed tomographic angiography. Change in triglyceride level correlated with change in EATV (r =0.236; p =0.006). Despite a 6.7% triglyceride reduction (p =0.021) with EPA+DHA supplementation compared to no change in control (between group p =0.034); both groups had similar reductions in EATV possibly due to statin treatment. EATV above the median (>115.6 cm3) was the only determinant of baseline coronary fatty plaque volume (β=2.4, p =0.010). After multivariate adjustment, waist circumference, a surrogate of abdominal visceral adiposity, was the only determinant of baseline EATV (odds ratio {OR]:1.093; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.003-1.192, p =0.042). Moreover, increase in waist circumference was the only predictor of an increase in EATV at 30 months (β=0.320, p =0.018). EATV is associated with higher coronary fatty plaque volume and is regulated by waist circumference but not EPA+DHA supplementation at 30-month follow-up in CAD patients on statin treatment. The direct correlation between waist circumference and EATV suggests that maintaining a healthy weight may limit EATV and coronary fatty plaque volume, potentially leading to a decrease in cardiovascular events. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: The endometriosis treatment was critical due to complications associated with current drug delivery system. The present study was conducted with aim to compare the curative effect of Vitamin D3 (VTD3) and Omega-3 (OG3) with Diphereline during the treatment of endometriosis. Materials & Methods: In this study, endometriosis was induced in different groups containing 60 adult female rats. The rat model was categorized into 6 groups untreated and treated (Olive Oil (solvent), VTD3 (42 mcg/kg/day), OG3 (450 mg/kg/day), VTD3+OG3, Diphereline (3 mg/kg/day)). The suspension containing combination of Diphereline and supplements was injected and treated for 4 weeks to analyze the effect of supplements. The interleukin -6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNFa) inflammatory responses were measured from the serum samples while endometrial implants was dissected and histopathological investigation was done. Results: At the end of four weeks, pathologic score decreased significantly with simultaneous measurement of inflammation score of endometriotic lesion, size of implant area, IL-6, TNFa response and compared with untreated female rat. No significant different was observed in groups undergoing treatment of VTD3, OG3 and Diphereline. The combined effect of VTD3+OG3 has similar responses with Diphereline treated endometrial implants. Conclusion: treatment of VTD3 deficiency and making a change in dietary habits of high-risk population for endometriosis from adolescence may also play a preventative role in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encapsulation of fish oil by monoaxial electrospraying using kafirin or zein proteins as hydrophobic wall materials was investigated. Kafirin resulted in spherical fish oil-loaded nanocapsules (>50% of capsules below 1 µm), whereas zein led to fish oil-loaded nanocapsules with non-spherical morphology (>80% of capsules below 1 µm). Both hydrophobic encapsulating materials interacted with fish oil, successfully entrapping the oil within the protein matrix as indicated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy results. FTIR also suggested hydrogen bonding between fish oil and the proteins. Trapped radicals in the encapsulation matrix that were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), indicated oxidation during electrospraying and storage. Results from isothermal (140 °C) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) denoted that the encapsulation of fish oil by electrospraying using both kafirin or zein as wall materials protected fish oil from oxidation. In particular, the zein-based nanocapsules were 3.3 times more oxidatively stable than the kafirin-based nanocapsules, which correlates with the higher oil encapsulation efficiency found for zein-based capsules. Thus, this study shows that kafirin might be considered a hydrophobic wall material for the encapsulation of fish oil by electrospraying, although it prevented lipid oxidation to a lower extent when compared to zein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to compare two kinds of soluble dietary fibres in a mixture with OSA-starch as wall components of linseed oil capsules. Comparison was made based on emulsion (droplet size, polydispersity index, and viscosity) and powder properties (outer structure, colour, surface oil content, and encapsulation efficiency). Additionally, linseed oil powders were applied to the food model (apple juice) and the colour, physical stability, and volatile compound profile of fortified juice were determined. Although the obtained linseed oil emulsions with different compositions of polysaccharide components showed some variation in droplet size, polydisperse index and viscosity, their encapsulation efficiency by spray-drying was very high (>98%). The powders produced had a similar structure and low surface oil content, and their 2% addition to apple juice did not change its stability and only slightly decreased its colour lightness and yellowness. However, greater differences in the volatile compounds of obtained juices were observed. Overall, the added powders reduced the volatility of aroma compounds typical of apple juice but introduced propanal and hexanal, especially the powders with the highest OSA-starch share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that impacts women of reproductive age. In addition to reproductive and psychological complications, women with PCOS are also at a higher risk of developing metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While weight reduction can help manage these complications in overweight or obese women, many weight loss interventions have been ineffective due to weight stigma and its psychological impact on women with PCOS. Therefore, exploring alternative dietary strategies which do not focus on weight loss per se is of importance. In this regard, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin (n-3 PUFAs), which are known for their hypotriglyceridemic, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, have emerged as a potential therapy for prevention and reversal of metabolic complications in PCOS. Several clinical trials showed that n-3 PUFAs can improve components of metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS. In this review, we first summarize the available clinical evidence for different dietary patterns in improving PCOS complications. Next, we summarize the clinical evidence for n-3 PUFAs for alleviating metabolic complications in PCOS. Finally, we explore the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs improve the metabolic disorders in PCOS in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicting clinical trial results on omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) have prompted uncertainty about their cardioprotective effects. While the VITAL trial found no overall cardiovascular benefit from n-3 HUFA supplementation, its substantial African American (AfAm) enrollment provided a unique opportunity to explore racial differences in response to n-3 HUFA supplementation. The current observational study aimed to simulate randomized clinical trial (RCT) conditions by matching 3766 AfAm and 15,553 non-Hispanic White (NHW) individuals from the VITAL trial utilizing propensity score matching to address the limitations related to differences in confounding variables between the two groups. Within matched groups (3766 AfAm and 3766 NHW), n-3 HUFA supplementation's impact on myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was assessed. A weighted decision tree analysis revealed belonging to the n-3 supplementation group as the most significant predictor of MI among AfAm but not NHW. Further logistic regression using the LASSO method and bootstrap estimation of standard errors indicated n-3 supplementation significantly lowered MI risk in AfAm (OR 0.17, 95% CI [0.048, 0.60]), with no such effect in NHW. This study underscores the critical need for future RCT to explore racial disparities in MI risk associated with n-3 HUFA supplementation and highlights potential causal differences between supplementation health outcomes in AfAm versus NHW populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) is an area of ongoing research. Some studies suggest that dietary supplementation with omega-3 FA can help manage symptoms of AD by reducing lesion severity, skin inflammation, dryness and itching, while others show no significant beneficial effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 FA from fish oil in combination with gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) from blackcurrant seed oil in children with AD. This is a longitudinal, prospective, randomized, triple blind, placebo-controlled parallel clinical trial. The study was conducted during the 2-year period throughout autumn, winter, and spring, avoiding the summer when AD usually improves. Children were randomized to receive the active study product (Mega Kid®) containing a specific blend of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids or placebo. The primary outcomes were changes in severity of AD measured using SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), patient-oriented SCORAD (PO-SCORAD) and the difference in topical corticosteroid (TCS) use. The secondary outcomes were changes in itch intensity, sleep quality and Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI). Data were analyzed for 52 children (26 in the intervention group and 26 in the placebo group). In children receiving the active product, intention-to-treat analysis showed that after 4 months of treatment, there was a significant decrease in the SCORAD index (from median 42 to 25, p < 0.001) and the use of topical corticosteroids (from median 30 to 10 mg/month, p < 0.001), but also significant improvements in itch, sleep quality, and overall quality of life. Omega-3 fatty acids in combination with GLA and vitamin D may decrease symptoms and were associated with an improvement clinical picture of AD in children. Therefore, we can conclude that supplementation with this specific combination could be considered a safe and effective intervention that may significantly reduce the severity of AD in pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a modifiable inflammatory commodity that has been linked to higher morbidity and mortality to those that contract novel viruses, such as H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2. Loss of life and the high cost of obesity highlights the need to focus on preventative measures. This article will discuss obesity as a crucial comorbid inflammatory condition during COVID-19 pandemic, focus on the mechanisms that may contribute to the likely benefits of omega-3 and provide potential recommendations to promote strategies for wellness. Clin Ter 2024; 175 (5):346-351 doi: 10.7417/CT.2024.5124 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work was carried out to explore whether the anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on patients with rheumatoid arthritis is related to the levels of inflammatory markers CRP and ESR. Studies on the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with n-3 unsaturated fatty acid diet therapy and the outcome index containing CRP and/or ESR were included, and studies on the subjects suffering from other diseases affecting the outcome index were excluded. PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Google Scholar were systematically searched, and all studies published from the establishment of the library to 2024 were collected. The Cochrane Bias Risk Assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Data analysis was performed using Stata 16.0 software. Seven studies were included in this analysis. A total of 399 subjects were studied to explore the effect of an n-3 unsaturated fatty acid diet on rheumatoid arthritis. The results showed that there was no significant difference in CRP (Hedges's g = 0.06, 95% CI: −0.48–0.37, P = 0.79) and ESR (Hedges's g = −0.14, 95% CI: −0.61–0.33, P = 0.55) between the intervention and control groups. The results of this study showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of unsaturated fatty acids on rheumatoid arthritis was not correlated with CRP and ESR levels. Due to the small number of included studies, more high-quality studies are still needed to confirm this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: While three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted using omega-3 supplementation on prison populations, none have examined effects on recidivism. This study presents pilot findings on recidivism rates following omega-3 and vitamin D supplementation. Methods: Young offenders (N = 145) were randomized into 3 groups: omega-3/vitamin D supplementation (N = 48), placebo (N = 46), and treatment-as-usual controls (N = 51). One-, two-, and three-year recidivism rates were calculated. Results: The omega-3 group showed non-significantly reduced recidivism rates compared to both control groups in all three years. Three-year recidivism reduction effect sizes were as follows: omega-3 versus controls (d =.18) and omega-3 versus placebo (d =.17). Conclusions: A future study with a sample size of 237 would have a power of.80 to detect these effect sizes. These pilot data suggest that omega-3 and vitamin D supplementation, a simple and relatively cheap health intervention, could reduce 3-year recidivism by 16.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial for a special issue of the journal Biomedicines, focusing on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), specifically atherosclerosis. The editorial highlights the various theories and research findings related to atherogenesis, including the role of lipid accumulation, LDL modifications, endothelial dysfunction, and changes in immune cell function. The authors discuss the potential causes and mechanisms behind these processes, such as the impact of high-fat diets on lipid metabolism and the pro-inflammatory properties of certain fatty acids. The editorial emphasizes the interconnected nature of these factors and the need for further research to develop a comprehensive understanding of atherosclerosis. Additionally, the document provides a comprehensive list of sources for library patrons conducting research on atherosclerosis and related topics, covering areas such as oxidized LDL, palmitic acid, macrophages, and monocyte subsets. [Extracted from the article]

Mitochondrial homeostasis is controlled by biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in cardiovascular and renal disease and omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are beneficial for cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy in the kidney and heart of adenine-induced uremic rats. Eighteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal control, adenine control, and adenine with omega-3 FA groups. Using Western blot analysis, the kidney and heart expression of mitochondrial homeostasis-related molecules, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), and phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) were investigated. Compared to normal, serum creatinine and heart weight/body weight in adenine control were increased and slightly improved in the omega-3 FA group. Compared to the normal controls, the expression of PGC-1α and PINK1 in the kidney and heart of the adenine group was downregulated, which was reversed after omega-3 FA supplementation. Drp1 was upregulated in the kidney but downregulated in the heart in the adenine group. Drp1 expression in the heart recovered in the omega-3 FA group. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was decreased in the kidney and heart of the adenine control group but the mtDNA of the heart was recovered in the omega-3 FA group. Drp1, which is related to mitochondrial fission, may function oppositely in the uremic kidney and heart. Omega-3 FAs may be beneficial for mitochondrial homeostasis by activating mitochondrial biogenesis and PINK1-dependent mitophagy in the kidney and heart of uremic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) experience anosmia, or loss of smell. Although the prevalence of anosmia has decreased with the emergence of the Omicron variant, it remains a significant concern. This review examines the potential role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3 PUFAs, in treating COVID-19-induced anosmia by focusing on the underlying mechanisms of the condition. Omega-3 PUFAs are known for their anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and neurotransmission-enhancing properties, which could potentially aid in olfactory recovery. However, study findings are inconsistent. For instance, a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial found no significant effect of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on olfactory recovery in patients with COVID-19-induced anosmia. These mixed results highlight the limitations of existing research, including small sample sizes, lack of placebo controls, short follow-up periods, and combined treatments. Therefore, more rigorous, large-scale studies are urgently needed to definitively assess the therapeutic potential of omega-3 PUFAs for olfactory dysfunction. Further research is also crucial to explore the broader role of PUFAs in managing viral infections and promoting sensory recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Alzheimer disease affects cognitive function, leading to memory loss and impairment in activities of daily living. Approximately 6.9 million people in the United States 65 years and older live with Alzheimer disease, a number expected to double by 2060. Although there is no cure for Alzheimer disease, treatments are available to manage symptoms. Tools such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., criteria aid in identifying major neurocognitive disorders. The evaluation involves a comprehensive medical history, cognitive examinations, and collateral information. Nonpharmacologic interventions focus on psychosocial approaches, with music, sensory stimulation, and validation therapies showing some evidence of reducing responsive behaviors. Pharmacologic management, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine) and the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine, targets symptom relief and disease progression. Vitamin E does not improve cognition but may mitigate functional decline. Brexpiprazole has been approved in the United States for treating agitation associated with Alzheimer disease. Anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody treatments are approved for mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer disease, but they are controversial and safety concerns exist. Ineffective therapies include ginkgo biloba, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, omega-3 fatty acids, and statins. Alzheimer disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Alzheimer disease affects cognitive function, leading to memory loss and impairment in activities of daily living. Approximately 6.9 million people in the United States 65 years and older live with Alzheimer disease, a number expected to double by 2060. Although there is no cure for Alzheimer disease, treatments are available to manage symptoms. Tools such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., criteria aid in identifying major neurocognitive disorders. The evaluation involves a comprehensive medical history, cognitive examinations, and collateral information. Nonpharmacologic interventions focus on psychosocial approaches, with music, sensory stimulation, and validation therapies showing some evidence of reducing responsive behaviors. Pharmacologic management, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine) and the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine, targets symptom relief and disease progression. Vitamin E does not improve cognition but may mitigate functional decline. Brexpiprazole has been approved in the United States for treating agitation associated with Alzheimer disease. Anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody treatments are approved for mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer disease, but they are controversial and safety concerns exist. Ineffective therapies include ginkgo biloba, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, omega-3 fatty acids, and statins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women's knowledge of the nutritional guidelines during pregnancy can affect the health and nutritional status of both mother and child. Having good nutritional information related to maternal dietary intake and healthy lifestyles is therefore of great importance. However, there is limited published research that demonstrates pregnant women's knowledge of the nutritional guidelines during pregnancy in Lebanon. Objective: To assess the knowledge on food sources and energy recommendations as well as food safety practices and diet–health relationship among women during pregnancy in Lebanon. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The study was conducted at prenatal care clinics in Lebanon, and all pregnant women present, regardless of nationality, were invited to complete the self-administered nutrition knowledge questionnaire. The study assessed five different nutrition knowledge domains (food sources of nutrients, dietary behaviors, food safety knowledge, micronutrients for fetal development, and energy requirements and weight gain) and the demographic characteristics of pregnant women who completed a multidimensional online survey based on validated and existing measures. Results: Four-hundred and ten responses were obtained. Approximately half of respondents (47%) held a university degree, for 42% of women this was their first pregnancy, and 71% had a planned pregnancy. Among the different nutrition knowledge domains, the highest levels of knowledge were for the behaviors that can minimize the effect of nausea/vomiting, heartburn, and constipation during pregnancy (63.9%) and the lowest levels of knowledge was for the importance of iodine and omega-3 fatty acids in pregnancy (28.4%). Most of females knew about food safety practices during pregnancy (72.9%) but less than half were knowledgeable about listeriosis contamination (45.9%), and the types of fish that are the safest to select during pregnancy (47.8%). Conclusion: Despite the fact that pregnant women had an adequate level of knowledge in different nutrition-related areas, there was inadequate level of awareness related to critical nutrients and behaviors that can have adverse effects on mother and/or baby. Therefore, there is a need to focus on specific maternal nutrition aspects such as iron-rich foods, listeriosis food contamination, and nutrients that aid in fetal brain and retina development. Plain Language Summary: Nutrition knowledge among pregnant women in Lebanon Women who adopt healthy dietary patterns during pregnancy are more likely to prevent adverse birth outcomes. Pregnant women from the Middle East have limited knowledge of the dietary guidelines for healthy eating during pregnancy. Yet there are no studies on nutritional knowledge of pregnant women residing in the Middle East. This study aimed to investigate the nutrition knowledge of pregnant women in Lebanon, which includes food sources of nutrients, diet–health relationships, food safety, and energy requirements during pregnancy. The highest levels of nutrition knowledge were for the behaviors that can reduce the effect of nausea and vomiting, heartburn, and constipation during pregnancy and the lowest levels of knowledge were for the importance of iodine and omega-3 fatty acids in pregnancy. The level of awareness related to critical nutrients and behaviors that can have adverse effects on mother and/or baby is inadequate. Lebanese women need to obtain their information from reliable sources such as their healthcare providers. Collaboration between healthcare providers and dietitians is essential to ensure that pregnant women receive comprehensive and accurate nutritional advice throughout their pregnancy journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammation, obesity, and autoimmune disease is linked to the quality of dietary fats, with lower intake of saturated and higher intake of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) considered beneficial to health. This study investigated the effect of supplementing sows' diets with cow's milk biofortified with n-6 or n-3 PUFA, at varying n-6/n-3 ratios (8.26, 7.92, and 2.72) during their growing phase and throughout gestation and lactation on their reproductive performance and immune-inflammatory status. Specifically, we analyzed circulating cholesterol and fatty acid profiles of serum, colostrum and milk, sow body weight, and neonate colostrum intake, Apgar scores, muscle composition, and embryo viability. Analysis of circulating immunoglobulins (Ig), interleukins, and eicosanoids and complement system hemolytic activity were used to evaluate inflammatory and immune responses of sows and piglets. Expression of lipolysis and lipogenic genes in the liver were investigated in sows and piglets, with additional investigation of hypothalamus genes regulating appetite in sows. Feeding sows milk biofortified with n-6 and n-3 PUFA altered serum fatty acid profiles, reduced triglycerides (TG), increased embryo total number, increased early gestation backfat, and reduced colostrum IgG. Piglets of biofortified sow had higher circulating IgA, IgM and TNF-α, and lower IL-10. Sows fed n-3 biofortified milk had higher very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and TNF-α in circulation. Offspring from sows fed n-6 versus n-3 biofortified milk had lower IL-10 and expression levels of SREBP-1. N-3 versus n-6 also lowered arachidonic acid (ARA) levels in sow's milk and piglet viability 1. Findings offer insights into the potential health benefits of dietary supplementation with biofortified milk in swine, which serve as good model of diet-nutrition studies of humans, and therefore can potentially be considered in dietary recommendations both human and animal populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Observational studies and clinical trials have implicated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in potentially safeguarding against diabetic microvascular complication. Nonetheless, the causal nature of these relationships remains ambiguous due to conflicting findings across studies. This research employs Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the causal impact of PUFAs on diabetic microvascular complications. Methods: We identified instrumental variables for PUFAs, specifically omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, using the UK Biobank data. Outcome data regarding diabetic microvascular complications were sourced from the FinnGen Study. Our analysis covered microvascular outcomes in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, namely diabetic neuropathy (DN), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). An inverse MR analysis was conducted to examine the effect of diabetic microvascular complications on PUFAs. Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the robustness of the results. Finally, a multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was conducted to determine whether PUFAs have a direct influence on diabetic microvascular complications. Results: The study indicates that elevated levels of genetically predicted omega-6 fatty acids substantially reduce the risk of DN in type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR): 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47-0.82, p = 0.001). A protective effect against DR in type 2 diabetes is also suggested (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62-0.92, p = 0.005). MVMR analysis confirmed the stability of these results after adjusting for potential confounding factors. No significant effects of omega-6 fatty acids were observed on DKD in type 2 diabetes or on any complications in type 1 diabetes. By contrast, omega-3 fatty acids showed no significant causal links with any of the diabetic microvascular complications assessed. Conclusions: Our MR analysis reveals a causal link between omega-6 fatty acids and certain diabetic microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, potentially providing novel insights for further mechanistic and clinical investigations into diabetic microvascular complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perinatal depression and anxiety (PDA) is prevalent in new and expectant mothers, affecting millions of women worldwide. Those with a history of mood and anxiety disorders are at the greatest risk of experiencing PDA in a subsequent pregnancy. Current safety concerns with pharmacological treatments have led to a greater need for adjunctive treatment options for PDA. Changes in the composition of the microbiome have been associated with various diseases during pregnancy, and these changes are thought to play some role in perinatal mood disorders. While the relationship between PDA and the microbiome has not been explored, evidence suggests that nutritional interventions with fiber, fish oils, and probiotics may play a favorable role in neuropsychiatric outcomes during and after pregnancy. The primary objective of the present study is to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a combination of nonpharmacological interventions to maintain stability in pregnant women who have a history of depression and/or anxiety. This study will also aim to understand ease of recruitment and protocol adherence in this cohort. Methods: This is a single-centered, partially randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind feasibility trial. One hundred pregnant women with a history of depression and/or anxiety/PDA will be recruited and randomized into one of four arms, which could include the following: receiving a daily dose of both investigational products and dietary counseling on increasing dietary fiber, receiving a daily dose of both investigational drugs only, receiving fish oil investigational product and placebo, and a control arm with no intervention. The study involves six study visits, all of which can be conducted virtually every 3 months from the time of enrollment. At all study visits, information on diet, mental health, physical activity, and sleep quality will be collected. Additionally, all participants will provide a stool sample at each visit. Discussion: It is anticipated that pregnant women with a history of depression and anxiety will be particularly interested in partaking in this trial, resulting in favorable recruitment rates. Given the positive findings of omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) and probiotic supplements on mental health symptoms in nonpregnant adults, we expect a similar trend in PDA symptoms, with a low likelihood of adverse events. This study will build the foundation for larger powered studies to further contribute evidence for the efficacy of this potential preventative treatment option. Trial registration: This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials/gov on October 6, 2023; NCT06074250. Trial Sponsor: The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, 1255 Sheppard Ave E, Toronto, ON M2K 1E2, 416-498-1255. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two major determining factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are genetics and lifestyle. Alleles of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene play important roles in the development of late-onset AD, with APOEɛ4 increasing risk, APOEɛ3 being neutral, and APOEɛ2 reducing risk. Several modifiable lifestyle factors have been studied in terms of how they can modify the risk of AD. Among these factors are dietary pattern, nutritional supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, and B vitamins, physical exercise, and obesity, and vitamin D. The Western diet increases risk of AD, while dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean and vegetarian/vegan diets reduce risk. Foods associated with reduced risk include coffee, fruits and vegetables, whole grains and legumes, and fish, while meat and ultraprocessed foods are associated with increased risk, especially when they lead to obesity. In multi-country ecological studies, the amount of meat in the national diet has the highest correlation with risk of AD. The history of research regarding dietary patterns on risk of AD is emphasized in this review. The risk of AD can be modified starting at least by mid-life. People with greater genetic risk for AD would benefit more by choosing lifestyle factors to reduce and/or delay incidence of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Elderly cancer patients represent a population particularly susceptible to nutritional alterations, which can have an impact on overall survival and chemotherapy tolerance. The effects of nutritional interventions in this frail population have not been adequately examined in previous review studies. We conducted a systematic review of the existing literature on the effects of oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) and dietary counseling during chemotherapy in older oncology patients. Various types of ONS were investigated, including multimodal intervention with tailored nutritional counseling, whey protein supplements, amino acids supplements (including immune nutrition supplements), and fish oil omega-3-enriched supplements. ONSs showed promise in reducing chemotherapy side-effects and improving nutritional status in older cancer patients, but further studies are needed to explore their efficacy on chemotherapy adherence and overall survival. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of ONS considering chronological age and frailty criteria, different dietary habits, and specific nutritional assessment like Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. This study aims to review existing literature on the effect of oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) during chemotherapy in older cancer patients. Electronic databases were searched for relevant studies up to March 2024. The risk of bias in the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane tool. Eligible studies included randomized, prospective, and retrospective studies evaluating the effect of ONSs in elderly (median age > 65 years) cancer patients during chemotherapy. Data regarding chemotherapy adherence, toxicity, overall survival, and nutritional status were extracted. A total of ten studies, involving 1123 patients, were included. A meta-analysis of the results was not conducted due to the scarcity and heterogeneity of results. Some ONSs were associated with reduced incidence of chemotherapy side-effects, particularly oral mucositis, and improved nutritional status. There was limited or no evidence regarding the impact of ONSs on chemotherapy adherence or overall survival. Various types of ONS were investigated, including multimodal intervention with tailored nutritional counseling, whey protein supplements, amino acids supplements (including immune nutrition supplements), and fish oil omega-3-enriched supplements. ONSs showed promise in reducing chemotherapy side-effects and improving nutritional status in older cancer patients, but further studies are needed to explore their efficacy on chemotherapy adherence and overall survival. Future research should consider both chronological age and frailty criteria, account for dietary habits, and use specific nutritional assessment like Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological studies in some populations showed that dietary intake of fish may be inversely associated with depression, but large studies in Korean population are limited. Thus, we investigated the association between fish consumption and depression, considering the serving size of fish, in Korean adults. This study was based on the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013−2021), which is a large nationally representative study of Korean population. Fish consumption was assessed with a 24-hour dietary recall, and physician-diagnosed depression status was assessed using questionnaires from the health interview survey. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for depression. A total of 31,632 adults aged 19–64 years were included in the analysis. After adjusting for covariates, highest fish consumption (≥4 servings/week) was significantly associated with 26 % lower odds of depression compared to the lowest fish consumption (<1 servings/week) (OR 0.74; 95 % CI, 0.60–0.92, P for trend = 0.007). A similar inverse association was found in female adults (OR 0.76; 95 % CI, 0.59–0.97, P for trend = 0.018), but no significant association was found in male adults (OR 0.75; 95 % CI, 0.49–1.15, P for trend = 0.223). Since KNHANES is a cross-sectional study, it is difficult to evaluate the causal relationship between fish consumption and depression risk. This study results suggest that high fish consumption is associated with lower risk of depression in Korean adults, especially in female adults. • Using large, national data of Korean adults, we found an association between fish consumption and depression risk. • High fish consumption was associated with lower risk of depression in Korean adults, especially in females. • No significant association was found in male adults, which needs further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sturgeons are among the most endangered groups of species due to the decline of wild populations, which are threatened by overfishing, habitat loss and pollution. Sturgeon aquaculture involves the farming of sturgeon species primarily to produce caviar but also for their meat and various by-products, which are highly valuable, making sturgeon aquaculture economically and ecologically significant. This sector plays a critical role in reducing the pressure on wild populations by providing a sustainable source of caviar and other sturgeon products. The most renowned product, caviar, has a unique, rich flavor and high nutritional value, including proteins and omega-3 fatty acids. Sturgeon meat is valued for its mild taste and firm texture, also being a nutritious source of protein and essential fatty acids, contributing to a balanced diet. By-products from sturgeon farming, such as cartilage, skin, swim bladders, etc., have the potential to be utilized in various industries. The aim of our research is to explore the multifaceted value of sturgeons, with an emphasis on caviar and by-products. Overall, the efficient use of all sturgeon resources supports the sustainability and profitability of sturgeon aquaculture, contributes to environmental conservation and helps meet the demand for diverse and valuable products. Sturgeons are facing critical endangerment due to overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution and climate change. Their roe, highly prized as caviar, has driven the overexploitation, severely depleting wild populations. In recent years sturgeon aquaculture has experienced significant growth, primarily aimed at providing high-quality caviar and secondarily meat. This sector generates significant quantities of by-products, which are mainly treated as waste, being mostly discarded, impacting the environment, even though they are a source of bioactive molecules and potential applications in various sectors. This article presents a review of the proximate composition and nutritional value of sturgeon caviar and meat, also exploring the potential of the by-products, with an emphasis on the processing of these components, the chemical composition and the functional and bioactive properties. Although sturgeon caviar, meat, and by-products are highly valuable both nutritionally and economically, adopting sustainable practices and innovative approaches is crucial to ensuring the industry's future growth and maintaining ecological balance. Despite some limitations, like the deficient standardization of the methods for extracting and processing, sturgeon by-products have a tremendous potential to increase the overall value of sturgeon aquaculture and to promote a zero-waste approach, contributing to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial carrier that catalyzes the transfer of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for β-oxidation. In this study, we conducted a structural and functional characterization of the CACT promoter to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of the CACT gene by n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA. In hepatic BRL3A cells, EPA and DHA stimulate CACT mRNA and protein expression. Deletion promoter analysis using a luciferase reporter gene assay identified a n-3 PUFA response region extending from −202 to −29 bp. This region did not contain a response element for PPARα, a well-known PUFA-responsive nuclear receptor. Instead, bioinformatic analysis revealed two highly conserved GABP responsive elements within this region. Overexpression of GABPα and GABPβ subunits, but not PPARα, increased CACT promoter activity, more remarkably upon treatment with EPA and DHA. ChIP assays showed that n3-PUFA enhanced the binding of GABPα to the −202/−29 bp sequence. Furthermore, both EPA and DHA induced nuclear accumulation of GABPα. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the upregulation of CACT by n3-PUFA in hepatic cells is independent from PPARα and could be mediated by GABP activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have received considerable attention in the field of mental health, in particular regarding the treatment of depression. This review presents an overview of current research on the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. The existing body of evidence demonstrates that omega-3 fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have antidepressant effects that can be attributed to their modulation of neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter function, and neuroplasticity. Nevertheless, clinical trials of omega-3 supplementation have yielded inconsistent results. Some studies have demonstrated significant reductions in depressive symptoms following omega-3 treatment, whereas others have shown minimal to no beneficial impact. A range of factors, encompassing dosage, the ratio of EPA to DHA, and baseline nutritional status, have been identified as having a potential impact on the noted results. Furthermore, it has been suggested that omega-3 fatty acids may act as an adjunctive treatment for those undergoing antidepressant treatment. Notwithstanding these encouraging findings, discrepancies in study designs and variability in individual responses underscore the necessity of further research in order to establish uniform, standardized guidelines for the use of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of depressive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of incorporating olive cake into the diet of indigenous Bísaro pigs on the quality of processed meat products. To this end, loins and "cachaços" were processed using a standardized manufacturing flowchart to produce dry-cured products. The two products were manufactured using the same formulation, ingredients, and curing process. Concerning the physicochemical composition, there were significant differences between the two products for the parameters of aw (p < 0.001), moisture (p < 0.001), total fat (p < 0.001), protein (p < 0.001), and haem pigments (p < 0.001). The diet significantly impacted the NaCl content (p < 0.05). However, neither the product nor the diet affected the fractions of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p > 0.05). However, a significant difference was observed for n-3 (p < 0.05). Adding olive cake increased these fatty acids, and the diet containing 25% centrifuged olive cake showed the highest levels for both products. Compared with the control, the diets containing olive cake had a higher content of n-3 fatty acids, resulting in a lower PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmon, rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids, has a short shelf life of 1 to 3 days when stored at 2 to 8 °C. Freezing, used for long-term preservation, often results in ice crystal formation. Ice crystals can cause structural damage, leading to cell wall rupture, which can affect the texture and cause nutrient loss. Ultimately, this process reduces the overall quality of the salmon. Supercooling, which cools food below its freezing temperature without forming ice crystals, offers an alternative. This study investigated the effects of oscillating magnetic fields (OMFs) and pulsed electric fields (PEFs) on ice crystal formation during salmon supercooling. The results showed that using OMFs and PEFs in supercooling reduced the storage temperature of salmon, maintaining a similar thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value to that of frozen and refrigerated samples. There was no significant difference in meat color between the fresh and frozen samples, and drip loss weight was comparable between the fresh and supercooled samples. The microbiological counts were the lowest in the supercooled samples compared to the frozen and refrigerated ones. These findings suggest that supercooling storage with OMFs and PEFs can mitigate quality degradation in salmon typically associated with freezing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection during the perinatal period can adversely affect brain development, predispose infants to ischemic stroke and have lifelong consequences. We previously demonstrated that diet enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) transforms brain lipid composition in the offspring and protects the neonatal brain from stroke, in part by blunting injurious immune responses. Critical to the interface between the brain and systemic circulation is the vasculature, endothelial cells in particular, that support brain homeostasis and provide a barrier to systemic infection. Here, we examined whether maternal PUFA-enriched diets exert reprograming of endothelial cell signalling in postnatal day 9 mice after modeling aspects of infection using LPS. Transcriptome analysis was performed on microvessels isolated from brains of pups from dams maintained on 3 different maternal diets from gestation day 1: standard, n-3 enriched or n-6 enriched diets. Depending on the diet, in endothelial cells LPS produced distinct regulation of pathways related to immune response, cell cycle, extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis. N-3 PUFA diet enabled higher immune reactivity in brain vasculature, while preventing imbalance of cell cycle regulation and extracellular matrix cascades that accompanied inflammatory response in standard diet. Cytokine analysis revealed a blunted LPS response in blood and brain of offspring from dams on n-3 enriched diet. Analysis of cerebral vasculature in offspring in vivo revealed no differences in vessel density. However, vessel complexity was decreased in response to LPS at 72 h in standard and n-6 diets. Thus, LPS modulates specific transcriptomic changes in brain vessels of offspring rather than major structural vessel characteristics during early life. N-3 PUFA-enriched maternal diet in part prevents an imbalance in homeostatic processes, alters inflammation and ultimately mitigates changes to the complexity of surface vessel networks that result from infection. Importantly, maternal diet may presage offspring neurovascular outcomes later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]