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Water-based drilling mud (WBM) systems are used by the petroleum industry during drilling of oil and natural gas wells. Provincial regulations in western Canada allow disposal of spent WBM on cropland and sometimes native prairie at low rates. There is concern, however, that application of drilling waste on native prairie in semiarid climates may alter soil properties, which may adversely affect soil biophysical processes and overall ecosystem productivity. This study was initiated to examine the effects of single and multiple applications of differential rates (0, 40, and 80 [m.sup.3] [ha.sup.-1]) of summer-applied WBM on hydraulic conductivity ([K.sub.[psi]]) and macropore indices. Results from unconfined, steady-state infiltration measurements taken at -0.03- and -0.01-m supply pressure potentials ([psi]) at the soil surface provide evidence of a significant alteration of these hydraulic parameters with excessive (80 [m.sup.3] [ha.sup.-1]) drilling mud application. Across the [psi] range investigated, [K.sub.[psi]] measured 5 to 7 wk after a single mud application and the effective water-transmission macroporosity ([MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]) calculated using the [K.sub.[psi]] decreased by 54 and 61%, respectively, at 80 [m.sup.3] [ha.sup.-1] compared with the control (0) and 40 [m.sup.3] [ha.sup.-1] rates. Corresponding decreases 5 to 8 wk after a third annual mud application were 62 and 72%. While the rate effect had disappeared 1 yr after the single application, the effect of three annual applications persisted into the following summer. By modifying soil hydrophysical properties, excessive drilling mud applications may adversely affect the soil water balance and alter the plant community structure in this sensitive ecosystem, with important implications on overall biological productivity. Abbreviations: LWD, land spraying while drilling; WBM, water-based drilling mud.

Pharmacy Several publications have made the case for improving diagnosis-related education in schools of pharmacy; and courses on clinical reasoning, physical examination, and other aspects of diagnosis are now appearing (see Supplementary Appendix B) [[25]], [[26]], [[27]]. Current diagnosis education is inadequate Achieving competency in diagnosis is a primary focus in many health professions; however, the focus is relatively narrow, aimed primarily at conveying facts to students without ensuring expertise in the diagnostic process itself. Keywords: competence; competency; diagnosis; diagnostic error; health professions education; medical education; nursing education; pharmacy education EN competence competency diagnosis diagnostic error health professions education medical education nursing education pharmacy education 166 175 10 05/12/22 20220501 NES 220501 Introduction "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world."-Nelson Mandela Improving diagnosis education represents a critically important approach to reduce harm related to diagnostic error in practice [[1]]. [Extracted from the article]

Drilling mud systems are used by the petroleum industry to facilitate and expedite the drilling of oil and natural gas wells. In western Canada, spent water-based muds (WBM) are often applied to cropland and native prairie at low application rates as a disposal option. We speculate that application of drilling waste on native prairie in semiarid climates will alter the soil surface energy balance and adversely affect soil biophysical processes and subsequently ecosystem productivity. This study was initiated to examine the effect of application rate (0, 40, and 80 [m.sup.3] [ha.sup.-1]) of summer-applied WBM on surface albedo ([alpha]), soil temperature, and soil heat flux at the 0.05-m depth ([G.sub.0.05]) and at the surface (G) over 42 d following application. Our results provide evidence of a significant alteration of these micrometeorological parameters with WBM application. Surface albedo decreased by 15% (relative to the control) with the application of 40 [m.sup.3] [ha.sup.-1] mud and by an additional 3% when this mud rate was doubled. The lower [alpha] meant that a greater proportion of incoming shortwave solar radiation ([R.sub.si]) was available for partitioning into components of the surface energy balance, including G. This coincides with observed increases in [G.sub.0.05], G, and soil temperature at the 0.025-m depth, with higher WBM. By modifying heat flow and temperature in the root zone, WBM application may alter critical ecosystem biophysical and physiological processes, with important implications for overall biological productivity. The direction and magnitude of such changes, in conjunction with all the other ecological effects of WBM, will ultimately define the sustainability of the practice in this fragile ecosystem. Abbreviations: DOY, day of year; LWD, landspraying while drilling; SZA, solar zenith angle; TOC, total organic C; WBM, water-based mud.

The future of diagnosis - where are we going? The field of diagnosis and our understanding of the diagnostic process have significantly evolved over the last several decades. Building on the use of technology in diagnosis feedback, Schmidt and colleagues propose a novel use for digital decision support (DDS) modeled on deliberate practice and aligned with our understanding of the diagnostic process [[14]]. [Extracted from the article]

Organic amendments have been used to restore productivity to disturbed soils such as those on abandoned oil and natural gas wellsites. A study was conducted on three abandoned wellsites in southern Alberta, Canada to examine the effects of one-time applications of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay or beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manure compost on soil properties under continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The base amendment rate (lx) [dry wt.] was 5.3 Mg [ha.sup.-1] for compost and 3.1 Mg [ha.sup.-1] for alfalfa. The five amendment rates of 0, 1 x, 2x, 4x, and 8x were soil-incorporated at the wellsites. Although approximately twice as much C was applied with alfalfa than with compost, final SOC content was similar for the two amendment treatments, indicating the greater stability of compost-derived C. Nitrate N content in the 0- to 60-cm depth was not affected by compost rate (mean 213 kg [ha.sup.-1]) but increased by 7.78 kg [ha.sup.-1] for each Mg [ha.sup.-1] increase in alfalfa rate. This result reflects the greater stability of compost-N compared with alfalfa-N and suggests a lower risk of N[O.sub.3]-N leaching with compost application. Compost rates >20 Mg [ha.sup.-1] resulted in excessive extractable P build-up in the topsoil (up to 95.7 mg [kg.sup.-1]), which may pose environmental risk to surface water. We recommend amending wellsites with up to 12 Mg [ha.sup.-1] of alfalfa or Abbreviations: MKP, modified Kelowna-extractable P; SOC, soil organic carbon.