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One important decision that English language teachers should make is to decide on a pronunciation model. This decision should be based not only on mere preference, but also on technical information. This paper seeks to review the Lingua Franca Core (LFC), a pronunciation model proposed by Jennifer Jenkins (1998, 2000) in an attempt to facilitate communication for L2 speakers. This paper also presents a set of reactions that her proposal has prompted in scholars in the area of teaching English language pronunciation. Such reactions are the manifestation of rejection of the LFC which is based on a number of arguments. First, there is no agreement as to the number of interactions that occur in English in L1 and L2 contexts. Thus, the predominant use of L2 speakers of English is questioned. Secondly, the advantage of the intelligibility of non-native speakers over native speakers in interaction with other non-native speakers is also subjected to scrutiny. Finally, a special focus on implications for the L1-Spanish-speaking learner of English is proposed, as well as for English language teachers who teach pronunciation. For instance, a series of issues which could facilitate the learner's workload is discussed. One the other hand, the implementation of the LFC implies that the amount of work to be done by the teacher would be drastically increased. This necessarily entails a disadvantage in terms of both time and teaching materials to be allocated by the English Language Teaching (ELT) professional.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el rendimiento académico y las estrategias de autorregulación del aprendizaje y estudiar la relación de estas variables utilizadas por estudiantes en el contexto de enseñanza remota de emergencia. El diseño fue descriptivo-correlacional y la muestra fue de 80 estudiantes pertenecientes a una escuela de secundaria Técnico Profesional. Para medir el rendimiento, se utilizaron los promedios de calificaciones finales de un semestre académico de cada participante y se usó un instrumento conformado por 5 escalas para medir las fases de autorregulación del aprendizaje. Los resultados evidenciaron que el estudiantado durante la enseñanza remota de emergencia: (1) se auto percibe algo capaz para disponerse al estudio, (2) considera que un mal rendimiento académico depende de factores externos, (3) solo a veces revisa el progreso de su estudio y (4) existe una relación significativa y positiva entre el rendimiento académico y las estrategias de autorregulación del aprendizaje. Se concluye que, durante la pandemia, el estudiantado en Chile, a medida que utilizó mayores estrategias, como identificar los contenidos que no entendían bien, realizó resúmenes de las ideas principales o estableció objetivos académicos a corto plazo, obtuvo mejores calificaciones. Se recomienda a las comunidades educativas desplegar esfuerzos para fomentar los procesos autorregulatorios como habilidad para enfrentar escenarios dinámicos y situaciones de crisis.

Abstract Background Parental drinking, mental health and family socioeconomic status are all associated with offspring sleep problems, but there is a paucity of research that considers the effect of risk factors, as they co-occur within and across families. Also, sleep problems are closely linked with mental health problems. Disentangling the effects on one or the other are important. We examined whether parental risk constellations are differently associated with offspring’s subsequent prescription drug use for sleep problems during nine years with or without prescription drug use for anxiety and/or depression. Methods The sample included 8773 adolescent offspring of 6696 two-parent families who participated in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in Norway. The exposures were five parental risk constellations, previously identified via Latent Profile Analysis, characterized by drinking frequencies and quantities, mental health, and years of education. The outcomes were dispensed prescription drugs in offspring during 2008–2016 for (a) only sleep problems (b) sleep problems and anxiety/depression or (c) only anxiety/depression. We used multinomial logistic regression to model the odds of the outcomes. Results Compared to the overall low-risk parental constellation, none of the risky constellations were significantly associated with increased risk of being dispensed prescription drugs only for sleep problems. Offspring from two different risk profiles were at increased risk for being dispensed both sleep and anxiety/depression prescription drugs. These were parental profiles marked by (1) low education, symptoms of mental health problems and weekly binge drinking in both parents (OR 1.90, CI = 1.06;3.42); and (2) frequent heavy drinking in both parents and symptoms of mental health problems in fathers (OR 3.32, CI = 1.49;7.39). Offspring from the risk profile with lowest parental education had increased risk of only anxiety/depression prescription drugs (OR 1.25, CI = 1.05;1.49). Conclusion Our findings suggest that parental risk constellations are not associated with increased risk of offspring receiving sleep medications without also receiving anxiety/depression medications, as two risk constellations were associated with increased risk of dispensation of both sleep and anxiety/depression prescription drugs. Receiving both may be an indication of severity. The findings underscore the importance of including measures of mental health problems when investigating sleep problems to avoid misattribution of effects.

La recolección, entendida como el ejercicio de buscar, recoger y cosechar distintas raíces, hojas, semillas, algas y pequeños moluscos de orilla, mantiene su vigencia en las cocinas del siglo XXI, ya que seguimos cocinando y comiendo un buen número de alimentos provenientes de la recolección. El origen de estos alimentos puede ser directo o transitar por una larga cadena de intermediarios que suman valor a los productos, pero también alejan al consumidor del valor cultural de esta práctica. En este sentido también es invisibilizado el rol de las mujeres recolectoras, quedando así supeditada la transmisión de estos saberes al plano familiar y doméstico. Al ser una práctica intrínseca a los territorios, reconocemos en la recolección saberes y valores compartidos, los cuales carecen de documentación e investigación a nivel territorial. El siguiente texto describe la metodología y los principales resultados del proyecto “La recolección: valorización de una práctica cultural”.

El aprendizaje activo de la Sustentabilidad Urbana (SU) es un área en creciente desarrollo, por lo que es importante aportar a este corpus con nuevas experiencias concretas, particularmente, aquellas que provienen desde el Sur Global. Este artículo tiene como objetivo sistematizar la implementación piloto de un manual de aprendizaje de SU en instituciones de educación superior chilena que surgieron del curso Exploraciones urbanas: Territorio sustentable dictado en la Pontificia Universidad Católica. Acá se realizó una investigación cualitativa basada en análisis de contenido que utilizó un proceso metodológico teórico – aplicado: primero, se realizó una encuesta a exestudiantes del curso pionero considerando 5 parámetros: contenidos, organización de la enseñanza, metodologías didácticas, evaluación – retroalimentación, y relación entre el estudiantado – personal docente. Luego, desde los resultados de la encuesta se generó un manual con actividades didácticas para la SU, revisado en un grupo focal de salida a ex estudiantes, docentes de dichas universidades y pares expertos/as. A continuación, este manual se implementó en el curso Exploraciones urbanas en tres universidades chilenas de forma mixta en plataforma online y algunas actividades presenciales el 2022 y, al finalizar, fue evaluado en un nuevo grupo focal realizado por las y los docentes que impartieron el curso. El primer resultado corresponde a la encuesta en donde se observó una alta satisfacción con el curso (84% manifiesta que metodología de clases resulto útil para comprender la materia). El segundo resultado es el análisis de los grupos focales que utilizaron los mismos cinco parámetros que fueron insumos en la primera revisión del manual y en su versión final. Por último, se discute la idea de que este proyecto permitió abordar desde múltiples visiones la enseñanza de la SU en distintos contextos territoriales chilenos, lo que permitió relevar intereses comunes que pueden servir para que otros centros educativos latinoamericanos utilicen este material didáctico para la educación superior que está disponible en línea para su descarga gratuita en español.

El objetivo de este estudio fue inventariar los anuros de los bosques antiguos durante los años 2019 y 2022 en las Tierras Colectivas Emberá del Río Balsas, en Darién, Panamá. En la cuenca del Rio Balsas se realizaron muestreos diurnos y en las primeras horas de la noche. Los muestreos estuvieron compuestos de: a) observaciones por encuentro visual en los alrededores de tres comunidades y tres sitios adicionales (< 5 km); b) siete transectos de 1 km subdivididos en estaciones de 100 m. La diversidad de anuros registrada fue de 19 especies pertenecientes a 9 familias y 14 géneros. Las especies más abundantes fueron Craugastor fitzingeri, Rhinella alata y Dendrobates auratus. Estas tres especies representaban el 53% de los 215 individuos registrados. La comunidad de anuros diurnos está bien representada en este estudio, ya que la mayoría de los muestreos se realizaron durante el día. Se requieren más muestreos en esta zona para describir completamente la diversidad de anfibios. Nuestro estudio proporciona una línea base para conocer las especies de ranas y sapos que se encuentran en un bosque intacto.

Probiotics have gained significant attention in recent years due to the growing awareness of physical health and well-being. However, maintaining high concentrations of probiotics throughout the product's shelf life and during the gastrointestinal tract is crucial for ensuring their health-promoting effects. After determining an optimal formulation through a fractional factorial model, this study optimizes probiotic Bacillus Clausii delivery through spray-drying microencapsulation using a novel maltodextrin-alginate-inulin (MDX-ALG-IN) formulation (optimized ratio: 7:2:1). Notably, this formulation exclusively comprises non-digestible carbohydrates, marking a novel approach in probiotic encapsulation. Achieving a high Product Yield (51.06 %) and Encapsulation Efficiency (80.53 %), the study employed SEM for morphological analysis, revealing an irregular form and extensive surface in dentations characteristic of maltodextrin involvement. With a low moisture content of 3.02 % (±0.23 %) and 90.52 % solubility, the powder displayed exceptional properties. Probiotic viability remained robust, surviving up to 60 % even after 180 days at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C. Thermal characterization unveiled microcapsule resilience, exhibiting a glass transition temperature (Tg) at 138.61 °C and a melting point of 177.28 °C. The study systematically addresses crucial aspects of microencapsulation, including formulation optimization, morphological characteristics, and powder properties. Notably, the MDX-ALG-IN microcapsules demonstrated stability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, indicating potential application for supplements and complex food matrices. In summary, this research contributes to microencapsulation understanding, emphasizing the MDX-ALG-IN formulation's efficacy in preserving probiotic viability across production stages and simulated digestive processes.

Este artículo propone distanciarse del modelo psicoanalítico sobre el que se basan algunos trabajos clásicos acerca del body horror o “terror corporal” (Creed, 1986; Clover, 1987; Williams, 1991), que han desatendido la capacidad del cuerpo en el cine para la transgresión y la acción política más allá de su consideración como objeto fetichizado por la mirada del espectador. En su lugar, reivindica el potencial transformador de las imágenes de corporalidades excesivas que, en su transgresión de los límites del cuerpo normado, abolen toda jerarquía o principio organizativo y ponen en cuestión un concepto unitario de sujeto y la idea del cine como tecnología controladora de los cuerpos. En última instancia, propone una nueva epistemología del terror del cuerpo a través del análisis de las relaciones entre imágenes gore y la ruptura y problematización de la narrativa cinematográfica causal en títulos canónicos del cine experimental.

Reseña del libro Lorca After Life, de Noël Valis.

Background: Mycobacterium bovis forms part of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and has an extensive host range and zoonotic potential. Various genotyping methods (e.g., spoligotyping) have been used to describe the molecular epidemiology of M. bovis. Advances in whole genome sequencing (WGS) have increased resolution to enable detection of genomic variants to the level of single nucleotide polymorphisms. This is especially relevant to One Health research on tuberculosis which benefits by being able to use WGS to identify epidemiologically linked cases, especially recent transmission. The use of WGS in molecular epidemiology has been extensively used in humans and cattle but is limited in wildlife. This approach appears to overcome the limitations of conventional genotyping methods due to lack of genetic diversity in M. bovis. Methods: This pilot study investigated the spoligotype and WGS of M. bovis isolates (n = 7) from wildlife in Marloth Park (MP) and compared these with WGS data from other South African M. bovis isolates. In addition, the greater resolution of WGS was used to explore the phylogenetic relatedness of M. bovis isolates in neighbouring wildlife populations. Results: The phylogenetic analyses showed the closest relatives to the seven isolates from MP were isolates from wildlife in Kruger National Park (KNP), which shares a border with MP. However, WGS data indicated that the KNP and MP isolates formed two distinct clades, even though they had similar spoligotypes and identical in silico genetic regions of difference profiles. Conclusions: Mycobacterium bovis isolates from MP were hypothesized to be directly linked to KNP wildlife, based on spoligotyping. However, WGS indicated more complex epidemiology. The presence of two distinct clades which were genetically distinct (SNP distance of 19–47) and suggested multiple transmission events. Therefore, WGS provided new insight into the molecular epidemiology of the M. bovis isolates from MP and their relationship to isolates from KNP. This approach will facilitate greater understanding of M. bovis transmission at wildlife-livestock-human interfaces and advances One Health research on tuberculosis, especially across different host species.

Natural history museums are vital repositories of specimens, samples and data that inform about the natural world; this Formal Comment revisits a Perspective that advocated for the adoption of compassionate collection practices, querying whether it will ever be possible to completely do away with whole animal specimen collection.

Abstract Background The role of demographic factors, climatic conditions, school cycles, and connectivity patterns in shaping the spatio-temporal dynamics of pandemic influenza is not clearly understood. Here we analyzed the spatial, age and temporal evolution of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in Chile, a southern hemisphere country covering a long and narrow strip comprising latitudes 17°S to 56°S. Methods We analyzed the dissemination patterns of the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic across 15 regions of Chile based on daily hospitalizations for severe acute respiratory disease and laboratory confirmed A/H1N1 influenza infection from 01-May to 31-December, 2009. We explored the association between timing of pandemic onset and peak pandemic activity and several geographical and demographic indicators, school vacations, climatic factors, and international passengers. We also estimated the reproduction number (R) based on the growth rate of the exponential pandemic phase by date of symptoms onset, estimated using maximum likelihood methods. Results While earlier pandemic onset was associated with larger population size, there was no association with connectivity, demographic, school or climatic factors. In contrast, there was a latitudinal gradient in peak pandemic timing, representing a 16-39-day lag in disease activity from the southern regions relative to the northernmost region (P < 0.001). Geographical differences in latitude of Chilean regions, maximum temperature and specific humidity explained 68.5% of the variability in peak timing (P = 0.01). In addition, there was a decreasing gradient in reproduction number from south to north Chile (P < 0.0001). The regional mean R estimates were 1.6-2.0, 1.3-1.5, and 1.2-1.3 for southern, central and northern regions, respectively, which were not affected by the winter vacation period. Conclusions There was a lag in the period of most intense 2009 pandemic influenza activity following a South to North traveling pattern across regions of Chile, significantly associated with geographical differences in minimum temperature and specific humidity. The latitudinal gradient in timing of pandemic activity was accompanied by a gradient in reproduction number (P < 0.0001). Intensified surveillance strategies in colder and drier southern regions could lead to earlier detection of pandemic influenza viruses and improved control outcomes.

The timing of NAD + supply determines its efficacy to treat metabolic disease. Here, the authors show that increasing NAD + at the early active phase maximizes weight loss and glucose regulation in mice. NAD + can displace the phase of the liver clock which can cause circadian misalignment.