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We present the results of a study on myiasis in Panama during the first years of a Cochliomyia hominivorax eradication program (1998-2005), with the aim of investigating the behavior of the flies that produce myiasis in animals and human beings. The hosts that registered positive for myiasis were cattle (46.4%), dogs (15.3%), humans (14.7%), birds (12%), pigs (6%), horses (4%), and sheep (1%). Six fly species caused myiasis: Dermatobia hominis (58%), Phaenicia spp. (20%), Cochliomyia macellaria (19%), Chrysomya rufifacies (0.4%), and maggots of unidentified species belonging to the Sarcophagidae (3%) and Muscidae (0.3%). With the Dubois index, was no evidence that the absence of C. hominivorax allowed an increase in the cases of facultative myiasis.

[EN]: Third-instar Oestrus caucasicus larvae (n = 236) obtained from Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica, were reared in a laboratory to obtain adult flies. They were maintained at a temperature of 21.9 ± 2.7° C and a relative humidity of 38.9 ± 8.0 %. In all, 78 imagos emerged (33.1 %), with a sex-ratio at emergence not differing significantly from 1:1; 25 larvae did not complete pupariation. A total of 14 adult flies (17.9 % of the adults obtained) showed malformations, mainly in their wings. The pupariation period lasted around 30 hours and the pupal stage lasted on average 29.8 ± 6.8 days. The success of pupation in both sexes was mainly determined by the weight of the larvae. Sexual dimorphism, with higher weights in females, was evident in third-instar larvae, pupae and adults. The mean longevity of adult flies was 224.8 ± 91.4 hours and males generally survived for longer than the females., [FR]: Des larves de troisième stade d’Oestrus caucasicus (n = 236) provenant de bouquetins ibériques (Capra pyrenaica) ont été élevées en laboratoire afin d’obtenir des adultes. Elles ont été maintenues à une température de 21,9 ± 2,7° C et une humidité relative de 38,9 ± 8,0 %. 25 larves n’ont pas présenté de nymphose complète, 78 imagos ont achevé leur émergence (33,1 %) avec un sex-ratio ne différant pas significativement de 1:1. 14 mouches adultes (17,9 % des adultes obtenus) ont présenté des malformations, principalement au niveau des ailes. La durée de la pupariation se situe autour de 30 heures et le stade nymphal dure en moyenne 29,8 ± 6,8 jours. Le succès de la nymphose dans les deux sexes est surtout en relation avec le poids des larves. Le dimorphisme sexuel, qui correspond à un poids plus important des femelles, est marqué pour les larves du troisième stade, les nymphes et les adultes. La longévité moyenne des mouches atteint 224,8 ± 91,4 heures et apparaît supérieure chez les mâles., This study was supported by an agreement between Jaén University and the Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía. We also wish to dedicate this work to the memory of our colleague and friend, Dr Isidoro Ruiz-Martínez, whose idea it was. Emmanuel Serrano has a postdoctoral grant (EX20051354) from the Secretaría de Estado de Universidades e Investigación of the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain), Gisela Moço has a Ph.D. fellowship (SFRH/BD/10546/2002) from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia of the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (Portugal) and Gustau Calabuig is supported by a pre-doctoral grant from the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla la Mancha (Spain). The research activities of the authors are also partially supported by the Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Junta de Andalucía (RNM-118).

Family Oestridae Cephenemyia phobifer (Clark) Collection: North Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee, 1995, ex deer, coll. unknown. Cephenemyia phobifer is a nasal/pharyngeal bot of deer. The single Park collection was made from a road­killed deer. This oestrid ranges throughout North America (Papavero 1977) and is probably widespread in the Park. Bennett (1962) reported that approximately 62 % of wild deer can be infected. Cephenemyia phobifer develops in moose and deer but not elk (Bennett & Sabrosky 1962), so it should not infect the Park elk herd in Cataloochee. Specimens reportedly were stored in the University of Tennessee collection; the museum container was labeled but empty. Cuterebra abdominalis Swenk Collection: North Carolina, Swain Co. near Bryson City, July (Brimley 1938). Brimley (1938) reported C. abdominalis (as C. cuniculi) from near Bryson City. Sabrosky (1986) later determined that C. cuniculi is restricted to Florida and southern Georgia. The reported collection might represent a Park record because most collection data at the time were reported from the nearest city. Regardless of the exact collection site, this bot probably occurs in the Park. Cuterebra buccata (Fabricius) Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove near Abrams Creek, 6 June 1959, coll. Muller. Cuterebra buccata is a rabbit (Sylvilagus spp.) parasite, but the only specimen taken in the Park was an adult. Linzey (1995) did not report any larval Cuterebra species from Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen) in the Park. Cuterebra fontinella Clark Collections: North Carolina, Swain Co. Indian Gap (1672 meters, 35.6109 °N, 83.4435 °W), 1 October 2001, 3 August 2002, ex red­backed vole, coll. K. Walters; Tennessee, Cocke Co., Snakeden Ridge (993 meters, 35.7434 °N, 83.2198 °W), 26 August 2002, ex deer mouse, coll. K. Walters; Sevier Co., Twin Creeks, 19 October 1999, ex deer mouse, coll. E. Pivorun; Chimney Tops trailhead, 3 August 2002, ex deer mouse, coll. K. Walters; Clingman’s Dome (2025 meters, 35.5628 °N, 83.4986 °W), 21 September 2002, ex red­backed vole, coll. K. Walters. Morphological, behavioral, and molecular studies are needed to determine the validity of this species, which Sabrosky (1986) considered a subspecies, Cuterebra fontinella fontinella. Cuterebra fontinella was the most commonly collected bot in small rodent surveys, but this trend represents a bias against squirrels and rabbits, which harbor other species of Cuterebra. Cuterebra infestations can increase predation and mortality of mice (Wecker 1962). Gastrophilus intestinalis (DeGeer) Collection: North Carolina, Swain Co., Deep Creek, 1 June 2001, ex horse. The horse stable at Deep Creek is adjacent to the Park boundary, and gastric bots probably stray into the Park from nearby pastures.

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The highly efficient endectocide ivermectin is used to reduce the burden of parasites in many semidomestic reindeer herds in northern Fennoscandia. In the autumn of 1995 and 1996 all reindeer on the island of Silda (42 km2) were treated with ivermectin in an attempt to eradicate the warble fly (Hypoderma (=Oedemagena) tarandi (L.)), the nose bot fly (Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer)) (Diptera: Oestridae) and the sinus worm (Linguatula arctica Riley, Haugerud and Nilssen) (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae). Silda is situated 2-3 km off the mainland of Finnmark, northern Norway, and supports about 475 reindeer in summer. A year after the first treatment, the mean abundance of H. tarandi was reduced from 3.5 to 0.6, but a year after the second treatment the mean abundance unexpectedly had increased to 4.5. After one year without treatment, the mean abundance and prevalence of the three target parasites were at the same level, or higher, than pre-treatment levels. The main hypothesis for the failure to eliminate the parasites is that gravid H. tarandi and C. trompe females originating from untreated reindeer in adjacent mainland areas dispersed to the island during the warm summer of 1997 (possibly also in 1998). As these oestrids are strong flyers, it may not be too difficult for them to cross >2-3 km of oceanic waters. There are no good explanations for the failure to eradicate L. arctica, but the results indicate that there may be elements in its life cycle that are unknown. The conclusion of the study is that it may be difficult or impossible to eradicate these parasites permanently, even locally such as on islands unless adjacent areas on the mainland are also cleared.

International audience; Oestrus ovis (L.) (Diptera: Oestridae), the nasal bot fly, has a relatively short free-living life cycle outside of the host, and therefore it is necessary to know when the parasitic period occurs in order to prevent the clinical signs and economic losses caused by this parasite. The length of this parasitic portion of the life cycle is quite variable: a few weeks to several months depending on the season and climatic conditions. Surveys of Oestrus ovis larval populations in sheep show different results on the number of generations according to the local climate. Mean monthly larval profiles of L1 and L3 burdens of sheep from West African Sahelian countries, Mediterranean countries (Morocco, Tunisia and Sicily) and Southwest France were compared. Valuable information on the suspected extension of the fly season is obtained showing the period of infection in each area. This knowledge will be a valuable tool to help in choosing the right treatment at the right period.; Oestrus ovis chez le mouton : population de larves 3, risques d'infestation et contrôle des parasites.Oestrus ovis (L.) (Diptera : Oestridae) a une vie relativement courte dans le milieu extérieur et il est nécessaire de savoir quand la période parasitaire a lieu pour prévenir les signes cliniques et les pertes économiques. La vie parasitaire larvaire dans les cavités nasales a une durée variable de quelques semaines à plusieurs mois selon la saison et les conditions climatiques. Les enquêtes épidémiologiques montrent que les populations de larves chez le mouton et le nombre de générations annuelles sont différentes selon le climat local. Les profils des populations mensuelles moyennes de larves 1 et 3 relevés dans des pays sahéliens, dans des régions méditerranéennes (Maroc, Tunisie et Sicile) ainsi que dans le sud de la France, ont été comparés. Des informations intéressantes sur la durée de la période d'activité des mouches ont ainsi été obtenues. Ces éléments pourraient être une aide efficace pour déterminer les périodes de traitement et le médicament le mieux adapté au risque parasitaire présent.

The rearing of the botfly Cephenemyia auribarbis (Diptera: Oestridae) After several failures we finally succeeded in rearing botflies Cephenemyia from third-instar larvae. From a red deer shot at 13 March 1998 about one hundred larvae of Cephenemyia auribarbis (Meigen, 1824) were collected. Ten individuals reached the pupal stage. After 22 days, one fullgrown male died in the pupa, and two males emerged and lived for 17 and 18 days respectively. This is one of the few recorded succesful attempts to rear botflies.

15 ref.; International audience

Current research highlights from the Division of Animal Diseases. Special issue in honour of the 50th anniversary of INRA; International audience

The use of insecticides is still the basic procedure for controlling most ectoparasites, but various methods are being developed to act in addition to, or in synergy with these products, so as to enhance the efficacy and reduce the adverse effects of insecticides, by contributing to ecologically acceptable strategies. These methods are classified as ecological control (modification of the environment of the parasite), biological control (predation, parasitism, action of pathogens, etc.), genetic control (release of sterile males, hybridisation, genetic manipulations) and mechanical control (insect traps, use of repellents). The application of such methods depends on the biological and ecological characteristics of the ectoparasite, and they may act directly or indirectly, affecting mortality and/or reproduction. The authors review the principal methods applicable to major groups of ectoparasites of veterinary interest. Non-chemical methods are the subject of wide-ranging and promising research, particularly in view of recent developments in biotechnology.

L'inventaire simplifié des principaux diptères pouvant causer des myiases est suivi de résumés sur la biologie, la pathologie induite et les moyens de traitement et de lutte contre les myiases d'importance économique. La cochlyomyiase due à Cochlyomyia hominivorax occupe la première place par la pathologie et les pertes induites. Une brève chronique de l'infestation de la Libye illustre le danger de ce parasite. D'autres myiases traumatiques importantes sont décrites : celle due à Chrysomya bezziana qui est à l'origine d'une myiase africaine apparentée à la cochliomyiase; celles dues aussi à Lucilia cuprina et les espèces voisines. L'hypodermose et l'aestrose des animaux domestiques causent encore des pertes économiques importantes qui justifient leur prise en compte et la mise en oeuvre des moyens de lutte. Il en est de même du parasitisme par les Gasterophilidae. L'étude de chaque myiase comporte quelques notes sur les parasiticides jugés efficaces. Etant donné la rapidité avec laquelle un parasite peut maintenant être transporté d'un continent à un autre, il importe que les services vétérinaires soient bien informés et restent vigilants

[EN] A specimen from Paraguay (Asunción) seems to be the first record from this country, and second record of the species. It was collected on a wall inside a house. The species was described from Tucuman (Argentina) and a redescripción of the species is given., [ES] El ejemplar estudiado parece ser la primera cita de Paraguay y segunda para la especie: fue colectado sobre la pared, dentro de una casa. La especie fue descrita de Tucumán (Argentina). Se proporciona una redescripción de la especie.

We present the bionomics, distributions, host associations, and known or potential vector abilities of 112 species of hematophagous Diptera representing 9 families in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. New Park or state records include the bird blow flies (Calliphoridae) Protocalliphora aenea, P. bennetti, P. braueri, and P. sialia; the mosquitoes (Culicidae) Aedes albopictus and Anopheles perplexens; the horse flies (Tabanidae) Atylotus duplex and Hybomitra microcephala; the bot fly (Oestridae) Cuterebra buccata; the bird fly (Hippoboscidae) Ornithomyia bequaerti; the black flies (Simuliidae) Simulium aranti, S. bracteatum, and S. infenestrum; and the biting snipe fly (Rhagionidae) Symphoromyia hirta . Most exotic species of hematophagous Diptera were found around human structures. Our collections of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, indicate that this species continues to be reintroduced into the Park by summer visitors.

Les auteurs font l'inventaire des larves d'Oestridae et de Gasterophilidae existant en Afrique centrale chez les Artiodactyles sauvages et chez les éléphants. Huit espèces différentes ont été dénombrées dont deux nouvelles pour le Tchad et pour la R.C.A.: Rhinoestrus phacochoeri du phacochère et Strobi clarkii du Reedbuck. Les mammifères les plus atteints sont l'éléphant, le damaluque, le bubale et le phacochère. Dans ce cas, les myiases sont essentiellement cavitaires (sinus, cavités nasales, estomac). Il existe également chez la Gazelle dorcas et le Reedbuck des myiases cutanées avec localisation des sous la peau du dos

Oestrus haemorrhoidalis [spec. nov.] OE. alis immaculatis, thorace nigro: scutello pallido, abdomine nigro: basi albo apiceque fulvo. Fn. svec 1028. Frisch. ins. 5. t. 7. Reaum. ins. 4. t. 35. f. 3-5. Habitat in Equorum intestino recto, mire per anum intrans. Oestri Larvae latent intra Mammalium corpus, ubi per totam hyemem nutriuntur., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 584, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Oestrus tarandi [spec. nov.] OE. alis immaculatis, thorace flavo fascia nigra, abdomine fulvo apice flavo. Fn. svec. 1029. Flor. lapp. 360. n. 517. Linn. Act. Stockh. 1739. t. 3. f. 5, 6. Act. Upsal. 17... Habitat intra Cervi Tarandi dorsum. Hujus caussa Lappones quotannis cum grege migrant e Lapponia sylvatica in Alpes lapponicas., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 584, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Oestrus ovis [spec. nov.] OE. alis immaculatis, thorace abdomineque ferrugineo nigro-maculato. Fn. svec. 1027. Vallisn. nat. 1. p. 224. t. 27. Reaum. ins. 4. t. 35. s. 21-24. Habitat in Ovium sinu frontis., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 585, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Oestrus nasalis [spec. nov.] OE alis immaculatis, thorace ferrugineo, abdomine nigro pilis flavis. Fn. svec. 1026. Habitat in Equorum fauce, per nares intrans., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 584, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Oestrus bovis [spec. nov.] OE. alis maculatis, thorace flavo fascia fusca, abdomine flavo apice nigro. Fn. svec. 1024. It. Wgot. 202. Raj. ins. 271 Derham theolog. l. 8. c. 6. n. 11. Vallisn. nat. 1. t. 28. Reaum. ins. 4. t. 36-38. Habitat intra Boum dorsum. Hoc illud insectum-cui nomen Asilo Romanum est, Oestrum graeci vertere vocantes, Asper, acerba sonans, quo toto exterrita silvis Diffugiunt armenta., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 584, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

1¼ Les auteurs notent l'existence de 14 espèces responsables des myiases cavitaires et cutanées chez les animaux domestiques et sauvages d'Afrique équatoriale (Tchad, R.C.A., Congo). 2¼ Le territoire de la République du Tchad est largement contaminé ainsi qu'en témoignent les cinq cartes jointes au présent document. 3¼ Le nombre d'animaux infestés est élevé: Platycobboldia loxodontis: la totalité des éléphants autopsiés (7). Crivellia corinnae: 12 des 26 gazelles dorcas autopsiées. Oestrus variolosus: 4 des 11 damalisques autopsiées. Gedolstia cristata: 1 des 14 bubales autopsiés. Kirkiostrus blanchardi: 1 des 11 damalisques autopsiées. 2 des 13 bubales autopsiés. Kirkiostrus minutus: 1 des 14 bubales autopsiés. Oestrus ovis: de 43 à 55 p. 100 des 3.555 moutons autopsiés. de 15 à 18 p. 100 des 340 chèvres autopsiées. Cephalopina titillator: 29 des 45 dromadaires autopsiés. Rhinostrus purpureus: 14 des 67 ânes autopsiés. Gasterophilus intestinalis: 14 des 45 chevaux autopsiés. 50 des 67 ânes autopsiés. Gasterophilus nasalis: 36 des 67 ânes autopsiés. 14 des 45 chevaux autopsiés. Gasterophilus pecorum: 6 des 67 ânes autopsiés. 4¼ Les auteurs donnent quelques renseignements sur les variations saisonnières du parasitisme par Oestrus ovis chez le mouton

Oestrus [gen. nov.] Os absque proboscide aut rostro exserto., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 584, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

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Av de parasitmedel som man anvandt hade Ivomec den basta effekten på hudkorm (Oedemagena tarandi). Hos renar som behandlats med denna medicin kunde man observera varken larvar av hudkorm eller svalgkorm (Cephenemyia trompe).