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Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, desde tres farmacias comunitarias, el uso que se está haciendo de montelukast en la población pediátrica. Método: Estudio observacional de prescripción de montelukast realizado en tres oficinas de farmacia en niños (≤15 años) a los que se dispensó el fármaco; la recopilación de datos de los pacientes (edad, patologías, régimen de dosificación, duración del tratamiento, medicación asociada) se hizo a través de encuesta. Se remitió al médico cuando se detectó un tratamiento inadecuado, para su revisión. Resultados: Se recogieron un total de 75 prescripciones médicas. Sólo el 36% de los niños eran asmáticos; de ellos, al 70% se les pautó montelukast como terapia inicial, y el 45% no seguían las recomendaciones de la Guía Española para el Manejo del Asma. El 64% de los niños no eran asmáticos y estaban recibiendo montelukast fuera de indicación (off-label) (44% rinitis alérgica, 56% bronquiolitis), el 21% de ellos en monoterapia y el resto en combinación con otros fármacos. Conclusiones: Se está haciendo un uso fuera de indicación de montelukast en niños no asmáticos con rinitis alérgica o bronquiolitis, y en este último caso no existe evidencia de efectividad. El uso inadecuado podría acarrear problemas de seguridad para los pacientes. Se evidencia la necesidad de proporcionar información independiente a los profesionales sanitarios sobre el papel de montelukast en la terapéutica.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is defined as greater than 6 months of persistent fatigue that is experienced physically and cognitively. The cognitive symptoms are generally thought to be a mild cognitive impairment, but individuals with CFS subjectively describe them as brain fog. The impairment is not fully understood and often is described as slow thinking, difficulty focusing, confusion, lack of concentration, forgetfulness, or a haziness in thought processes. Causes of brain fog and mild cognitive impairment have been investigated. Possible physiological correlates may be due to the effects of chronic orthostatic intolerance in the form of the Postural Tachycardia Syndrome and decreases in cerebral blood flow. In addition, fMRI studies suggest that individuals with CFS may require increased cortical and subcortical brain activation to complete difficult mental tasks. Furthermore, neurocognitive testing in CFS has demonstrated deficits in speed and efficiency of information processing, attention, concentration, and working memory. The cognitive impairments are then perceived as an exaggerated mental fatigue. As a whole, this is experienced by those with CFS as brain fog and may be viewed as the interaction of physiological, cognitive, and perceptual factors. Thus, the cognitive symptoms of CFS may be due to altered cerebral blood flow activation and regulation that are exacerbated by a stressor, such as orthostasis or a difficult mental task, resulting in the decreased ability to readily process information, which is then perceived as fatiguing and experienced as brain fog. Future research looks to further explore these interactions, how they produce cognitive impairments, and explain the perception of brain fog from a mechanistic standpoint.

Gestützt auf Archivalien der EDK befasst sich der Beitrag mit den Reformversuchen der Lehrpersonenausbildung für die Sekundarstufe I bzw. Volksschuloberstufe in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz. Die Themen Akademisierung, universitäre Verortung und Schulstufenorientierung bildeten eine Konfliktlinie, welche die kantonalen an Schultypen angelehnten tradierten Ausbildungsstrukturen irritierte. In den bildungshistorischen Rekonstruktionen zeigt sich, dass sowohl die Reforminitianten als auch die Reformkritiker bemüht waren, ihre Positionen mit wissenschaftlicher Expertise zu untermauern. Vor dem Hintergrund einer Dokumentenanalyse gelangt der Beitrag zur Einschätzung, dass wissenschaftliche Bezugnahme allein nicht ausreichte, um einen Systemwechsel in der Lehrpersonenausbildung herbeizuführen.

A majority of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have inadequate access to antiretroviral therapy and ultimately develop debilitating oral infections that often correlate with disease progression. Due to the impracticalities of conducting host-microbe systems-based studies in HIV infected patients, we have evaluated the potential of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaques to serve as a non-human primate model for oral manifestations of HIV disease. We present the first description of the rhesus macaque oral microbiota and show that a mixture of human commensal bacteria and "macaque versions" of human commensals colonize the tongue dorsum and dental plaque. Our findings indicate that SIV infection results in chronic activation of antiviral and inflammatory responses in the tongue mucosa that may collectively lead to repression of epithelial development and impact the microbiome. In addition, we show that dysbiosis of the lingual microbiome in SIV infection is characterized by outgrowth of Gemella morbillorum that may result from impaired macrophage function. Finally, we provide evidence that the increased capacity of opportunistic pathogens (e.g. E. coli) to colonize the microbiome is associated with reduced production of antimicrobial peptides.

AIMS: To compare the constitutive and agonist-dependent endosomal trafficking of α(1A)- and α(1B)-adrenoceptors (ARs) and to establish if the internalization pattern determines the signaling pathways of each subtype. METHODS: Using CypHer5 technology and VSV-G epitope tagged α(1A)- and α(1B)-ARs stably and transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells, we analyzed by confocal microscopy the constitutive and agonist-induced internalization of each subtype, and the temporal relationship between agonist induced internalization and the increase in intracellular calcium (determined by FLUO-3 flouorescence), or the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases (determined by Western blot). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Constitutive as well as agonist-induced trafficking of α(1A) and α(1B) ARs maintain two different endosomal pools of receptors: one located close to the plasma membrane and the other deeper into the cytosol. Each subtype exhibited specific characteristics of internalization and distribution between these pools that determines their signaling pathways: α(1A)-ARs, when located in the plasma membrane, signal through calcium and ERK1/2 pathways but, when translocated to deeper endosomes, through a mechanism sensitive to β-arrestin and concanavalin A, continue signaling through ERK1/2 and also activate the p38 pathway. α(1B)-ARs signal through calcium and ERK1/2 only when located in the membrane and the signals disappear after endocytosis and by disruption of the membrane lipid rafts by methyl-β-cyclodextrin.

Extranjeros en España en 1991. En 1991 coinciden dos fuentes de singular importancia para el conocimiento del fenómeno inmigratorio en España: un censo de población y los datos estadísticos de la Regularización de trabajadores extranjeros y de sus familiares, llevada a cabo ese mismo año. En este trabajo se analizan los contrastes entre los extranjeros censados y los que acudieron a la Regularización y se realiza una estimación del volumen y características de la población de nacionalidad extranjera presente en España en esa fecha. [fr] Étrangers en Espagne en 1991. A 1991 il y a una coïncidence de deux sources de particulière importance pour la connaissance du phénomène inmigratoire en Espagne: le Recensement de Population et les données statistiques de la Régularisation des Travailleurs étrangers et de ses familles qui eut lieu la même année. Dans ce travail on analyse les contrastes entre les étrangers recensés et ceux qui ont eu recours à la Régularisation. On a fait aussi une estimation du volume de population de nationalité étrangère en Espagne à cette date-là.

Se realizó un estudio de la calidad del agua en dos sistemas lóticos, los arroyos Juan Blanco y Buñirigo (Argentina), sujetos a diferente uso del suelo (el primero se ubica dentro de una reserva de Biosfera de la UNESCO, mientras que el segundo en una zona agrícolo-ganadera e industrial). Se analizaron datos físico-químicos, parámetros estructurales del ensamble de macroinvertebrados y ensayos ecotoxicológicos. El objetivo fue identificar el grado de deterioro en las áreas afectadas por efluentes y los consiguientes efectos sobre la biota. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron establecer diferentes clases de calidad del agua dentro de la zona de estudio. De acuerdo a los índices aplicados la cuenca baja del arroyo Buñirigo fue caracterizada como moderadamente contaminada sobre la base de la pérdida de especies bentónicas sensibles o cambios en su abundancia. Del mismo modo, los ensayos ecotoxicológicos agudos demostraron que el agua de este sitio tuvo efectos letales sobre larvas de Caenis nemoralis (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae). Este punto de muestreo también evidenció características físico-químicas desfavorables para la biota, como alta conductividad y niveles de nutrientes, así como bajo contenido de oxígeno.

Fluorescent ligands provide the means of studying receptors in whole tissues using confocal laser scanning microscopy and have advantages over antibody- or non-fluorescence-based method. Confocal microscopy provides large volumes of images to be measured. Histogram analysis of 3-D image volumes is proposed as a method of graphically displaying large amounts of volumetric image data to be quickly analyzed and compared. The fluorescent ligand BODIPY FL-prazosin (QAPB) was used in mouse aorta. Histogram analysis reports the amount of ligand-receptor binding under different conditions and the technique is sensitive enough to detect changes in receptor availability after antagonist incubation or genetic manipulations. QAPB binding was concentration dependent, causing concentration-related rightward shifts in the histogram. In the presence of 10 μM phenoxybenzamine (blocking agent), the QAPB (50 nM) histogram overlaps the autofluorescence curve. The histogram obtained for the 1D knockout aorta lay to the left of that of control and 1B knockout aorta, indicating a reduction in 1D receptors. We have shown, for the first time, that it is possible to graphically display binding of a fluorescent drug to a biological tissue. Although our application is specific to adrenergic receptors, the general method could be applied to any volumetric, fluorescence-image-based assay.

En este artículo se establece la relación existente entre 61 tipos de comercios minoristas y servicios comerciales, presentes en una pequeña área residencial periférica al núcleo central de la ciudad de Madrid. A partir del Análisis de Coordenadas Principales, se descubren una serie de agrupaciones comerciales que se dan con más fuerza en el territorio analizado. El modelo resultante puede ser de utilidad para comparar otras áreas comerciales de mayor o menor rango, dentro de la ciudad. [fr] On étahlit dans cet article les rapports existants entre 61 sortes de commerces au détail et des services commerciaux qui se trouvent dans une zone résidentielle péripherique autour du noyau central de la ville de Madrid. On découvre a partir du l'Analyse des Coordonnées Principales, una série d'associations commerciales qui se prodwsent avec plus de force sur le territoire analysé. Le modele qui en résulte peut etre utile Pour comparer d'autres zones commerciales d'un rang plus haute ou plus has a l'nténeur de la ville.

• Functional MoO 3 photoanode with self-photorechargeability was synthesized via AACVD. • Synergistic role of Pt cocatalyst was examined through experiments and DFT study. • Current and charge densities for Pt/MoO 3 photoanode were improved significantly. • DFT simulated and explained the slow decay in charge density observed in Pt/MoO 3. Here, we synthesize a functional MoO 3 photoanode with self-photorechargeability through aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition. The role of platinum co-catalyst in Pt-mediated MoO 3 photoanode (Pt/MoO 3) was investigated to improve and maintain its charge density to enable photoelectrochemical water oxidation under non-irradiated condition. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that the orthorhombic phase of MoO 3 was formed with significant Raman diffraction peaks and crystal planes were grown in the (0 k 0) crystallographic orientation for better charge storage capacity in MoO 3 photoanodes, respectively. Furthermore, the chronoamperometry measurements of the Pt/MoO 3 photoanode revealed that both current and charge densities were improved by 29 times and 94 times, respectively, than the bare MoO 3 photoanode. This is attributed to the presence of Pt co-catalyst, which acts as an effective electron sink in inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. A density functional theory simulation was then used to validate the experimental findings and fundamental mechanisms of self-photorechargeability in Pt/MoO 3 photoanodes. It was found that the distinct characteristic of slow decay in charge density of Pt/MoO 3 photoanode is due to the formation of alkali cation/metal layer, where the intercalated photogenerated electrons require a higher energy to overcome the energetic barrier of the alkali cation/metal layer. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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