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Using the scattering characteristics of particles to simulate the radar echo can supply the test signals close to the real precipitation echo for the weather radar, and save the time and cost of the research and development and maintenance of the weather radar. In this paper, the precipitation echo of weather radar is simulated based on the theoretical basis that the falling raindrops have a shape well approximated by an oblate spheroid in the atmosphere. The Marshal-Palmer distribution is applied to describe the raindrop spectrum distribution of precipitation particles. It is assumed that the raindrop particles of different sizes have the random distribution in the radar resolution volume, and then the spatial distribution of precipitation particles in the resolution volume is modeled. The echo signals of horizontal and vertical polarization channels of dual polarization weather radar are obtained by vector superposition of backscattering echoes of each particle. The experimental results show that this method can describe the microphysical characteristics of precipitation particles more completely and can be used to test the signal processing module of dual polarization Doppler weather radar.

We describe Macrocentrum aurimontium (Melastomataceae: Merianieae), a new species that has been collected twice in the state of Pará, Northern Brazil. Macrocentrum aurimontium closely resembles M. latifolium, a species from French Guiana, due to its isomorphic leaves and 4-merous flowers, but differs from it by the eglandular trichomes up to 4 mm long on the adaxial foliar surface (vs. glabrous or deciduously strigulose, then the trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long in M. latifolium), denticulate to denticulate-serrulate, always ciliate leaf margin (vs. minutely serrulate, eciliate), sepals 0.5–0.7 mm long, triangular to broadly triangular, with an obtuse to rounded apex, the external teeth projecting 0.2–0.5 mm above them (vs. sepals ca. 0.1 mm long, oblate, the external teeth with the same size as the sepals) and the fruits shorter and narrower (2.7–3.7 × 1.2–1.4 mm vs. 4–5.5 × 3.1–4 mm). Resumo Aqui descrevemos Macrocentrum aurimontium (Melastomataceae: Merianieae), uma nova espécie coletada duas vezes no estado do Pará, no norte do Brasil. Macrocentrum aurimontium se assemelha a M. latifolium, uma espécie da Guiana Francesa, por suas folhas isomórficas e flores 4-meras, e dela difere pelos tricomas eglandulares de até 4 mm de comprimento na superfície foliar adaxial (vs. glabra ou com tricomas decíduos, com 0,1–0,2 mm de comprimento em M. latifolium), margens das folhas denticuladas a denticulado-serruladas, sempre ciliadas (vs. diminutamente serrilhadas, eciliadas), sépalas com 0,5–0,7 mm de comprimento, triangulares a amplamente triangulares, com ápice obtuso a arredondado, e com dentes externos projetando-se 0,2–0,5 mm (vs. sépalas com cerca de 0,1 mm de comprimento, oblatas e com dentes externos com o mesmo tamanho das sépalas) e os frutos mais curtos e estreitos (2,7–3,7 × 1,2–1,4 mm vs. 4–5,5 × 3,1–4 mm).

High-spin states of the odd–odd $${}^{194}$$ Bi nucleus have been studied by means of nuclear spectroscopy for the first time. Two low-lying rotational bands were observed. The positive-parity band built on a short-lived isomeric state 633 keV above the $$\alpha $$ and $$\beta $$ decaying long-lived (10 $$^-$$ ) state is assigned a $${\pi i_{13/2} \otimes \nu i_{13/2 }^{-1}}$$ configuration, while the other band is attributed to the $${\pi h_{9/2} \otimes \nu i_{13/2 }^{-1}}$$ configuration. Both of these bands are assumed to have oblate shape. Three band-like structures composed predominantly of $$\Delta I = 1$$ transitions were also found. One of the shears band candidates is firmly linked to the lower lying level structures whereas for the other two links to lower-lying structures remain missing.

The main objective of this study is to develop a semi-analytical formulation for the radiation problem of a fully immersed spheroid in a liquid field of infinite depth. The term &ldquo, spheroid&rdquo, refers herein to the oblate geometry of arbitrary eccentricity and to the axisymmetric case, where the axis of symmetry is normal to the free surface. The proposed numerical approach is based on the method of image singularities, and it enables the accurate and fast calculation of the hydrodynamic coefficients for the translational degrees of freedom of the oblate spheroid. The excellent agreement of the results, with those of other investigators for the limiting case of the sphere and with those obtained using a respected boundary integral equation code, demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed methodology. Finally, extensive calculations are presented, illustrating the direct impact of the immersion depth and the slenderness of the spheroid on the hydrodynamic coefficients.

The existence of Lagrange coefficients under two-body dynamics is well known, and the concept forms the basis of robust algorithms for solving a variety of fundamental astrodynamics problems. The Lagrange coefficients are generalized to Vinti theory in the present work, where the Vinti potential describes the dynamics of small objects like spacecraft orbiting an oblate body. Exact expressions for the coefficients are provided in various forms alongside detailed derivations. Useful properties and geometrical interpretations are also established.

Optical fiber line, considered to be highly effective for signal transmission, sometimes suffer from fiber cut resulting in signal loss. It is highly desired that the exact cut location is found by use of fiber length so that entire fiber cable need not be replaced. An optoelectronic instrument OTDR (Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer) is used to find the position of the cut along the fiber length. There is the need to find the physical location on the GIS map which can provide the exact location where the replacement of fiber or maintenance activity has to be carried out. This paper proposes Vincenty’s formula to be used for fiber cut localization using GIS mapping which assumes the Earth to be oblate spheroid instead of exact sphere. This method will be highly accurate than any other method for exact localization of fiber cut.

“Pay attention to details, as Earth is an oblate spheroid” explains that, due to gravitational and rotational forces, all planets in the solar system could more accurately be described as oblate spheroids—squashed spheres—rather than spheres. For example, the difference between Earth’s polar and equatorial diameters is small—approximately 26 miles—but present. Saturn’s moons, which have been described as tiny ravioli, are also not spherical. Many cosmologists believe not in an infinite universe but a doughnut-shaped universe. The discussion is illustrated with numerous hand-drawn sketches. In this chapter, mathematics students and enthusiasts learn some of the “why” behind these facts, in addition to fostering an appreciation for paying attention to the smallest details in mathematics and life. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.

Summary The evolutionary assembly of the vertebrate bodyplan has been characterized as a long-term ecological trend toward increasingly active and predatory lifestyles, culminating in jawed vertebrates that dominate modern vertebrate biodiversity [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. This contrast is no more stark than between the earliest jawed vertebrates and their immediate relatives, the extinct jawless, dermal armor-encased osteostracans, which have conventionally been interpreted as benthic mud-grubbers with poor swimming capabilities and low maneuverability [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Using computational fluid dynamics, we show that osteostracan headshield morphology is compatible with a diversity of hydrodynamic efficiencies including passive control of water flow around the body; these could have increased versatility for adopting diverse locomotor strategies. Hydrodynamic performance varies with morphology, proximity to the substrate, and angle of attack (inclination). Morphotypes with dorsoventrally oblate headshields are hydrodynamically more efficient when swimming close to the substrate, whereas those with dorsoventrally more prolate headshields exhibit maximum hydrodynamic efficiency when swimming free from substrate effects. These results suggest different hydrofoil functions among osteostracan headshield morphologies, compatible with ecological diversification and undermining the traditional view that jawless stem-gnathostomes were ecologically constrained [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] with the origin of jaws as the key innovation that precipitated the ecological diversification of the group [ 13 , 14 ].

The present paper deals with the periodic orbits generated by Lagrangian solutions of the restricted three-body problem when both the primaries are oblate bodies. We have illustrated the periodic orbits for different values of $\mu, h,\sigma_1$ and $\sigma_2$ ($h$ is energy constant, $\mu$ mass ratio of the two primaries, $\sigma_1$ and $\sigma_2$ are oblateness factors). These orbits have been determined by giving displacements along the tangent and normal to the mobile coordinates as defined by Karimov and Sokolsky \cite{Kari}. We have applied the predictor-corrector algorithm to construct the periodic orbits in an attempt to unveil the effect of oblateness of the primaries by taking the fixed values of parameters $\mu, h, \sigma_1$ and $\sigma_2$.

A large number of metallaborane clusters and their derivatives with various structural arrangements are known. Among them, M2B5 clusters and derivatives constitute a significant class. Transition metals present in these species span from group 4 to group 7. Their structure can vary from oblatonido, oblatoarachno, to arachno type open structures. Many of these clusters appear to be hypoelectronic and are often considered as ‘rule breakers’ with respect to the classical Wade–Mingos electron counting rules. This is due to their unique highly oblate (flattened) deltahedral structures featuring a cross-cluster M−M interaction. Many theoretical calculations were performed to elucidate their electronic structure and chemical bonding properties. In this review, the synthesis, structure, and electronic aspects of the transition metal M2B5 clusters known in the literature are discussed. The chosen examples illustrate how, in synergy with experiments, computational results can provide additional valuable information to better understand the electronic properties and electronic requirements which govern their architecture and thermodynamic stability.

By employing molecular dynamics simulation, we explore the conformations of semiflexible ring polymers (SRPs) confined in two parallel surfaces. The conformations of confined SRPs rely on the distance between two parallel surfaces D and the chain stiffness as well as the interaction between SRPs and the surface. For strong confinements with the repulsive surface, SRPs are almost parallel to the surface, however, for weak confinements with the attractive surface, some SRPs are perpendicular to the surface owing to the competition between the attractive interactions and the topological constrains of SRPs. For the attractive surface, adsorption ability of SRPs decreases with the increase of chain stiffness Kb because disk-like conformations hinder more monomers to be adsorbed on the attractive surfaces, which is different completely from semiflexible linear polymers. Meanwhile, the shape of SRPs near the repulsive surface is oblate, while most of SRPs are prolate near the attractive surface. Moreover, confinements hinder large stack structures to be formed for SRPs, especially for the attractive surface. Our results can help us understand topological constraints for confined SRPs.

Entropy convergence is a well-established phenomenon for the hydration of noble gases, hydrocarbons and n-alcohols, whose theoretical explanation has been associated with cavity creation thermodynamics in water. In the last years, computer simulation studies have cast doubts on the occurrence of entropy convergence on increasing the cavity size. In the present work, classic scaled particle theory calculations are used to show that: (a) entropy convergence occurs in water, but not in carbon tetrachloride for spherical, prolate and oblate spherocylindrical cavities, regardless of their size; (b) its occurrence in water in mainly caused by the special temperature dependence of water density that, in turn, reflects the strength of H-bonds and the plasticity of the 3D H-bonding tetrahedral network.

Interface engineering of evaporative emulsion droplets containing block copolymers (BCPs) provides an effective route to generate nonspherical particles. Here, we demonstrate the impact of length-controlled nanorods (NRs) on the interfacial properties of BCP emulsions to produce anisotropic BCP particles. A series of lamellae- and cylinder-forming polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) and a series of NRs with different lengths (l) are coassembled, and selective arrangement of the NRs on the P4VP domain at the particle surface enables the production of striped football (prolate) and convex lens-shaped (oblate) particles. In particular, the ratio of the NR length to the size of the NR-hosting domain (l/L), which is varied from 0.07 to 3.60, is the key parameter in determining the location of the NRs in the BCP particles as well as the final particle shape. The oblate particles are generated only in the range of 0.36 ≤ l/L ≤ 0.96, whereas the prolate particles are produced for much wider range of l...

Paleontological data indicates that the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic was a critical time interval for the phylogenetic and morphological diversification of conifers, especially modern families. In this study a new genus and species, Chimaerostrobus minutus , is characterized based on an anatomically preserved pollen cone from the Lower Jurassic of Antarctica. The cone was prepared using the cellulose acetate peel technique and studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen cone of Chimaerostrobus is subspheroidal with tightly imbricate microsporophylls. Microsporophylls contain a single vascular bundle and abundant transfusion tissue. There are 22 pollen sacs per microsporophyll that are both abaxially and adaxially attached to the stalk and distal laminar head. In situ pollen grains are oblate, 15–20 μm in equatorial diameter, and asaccate. Chimaerostrobus has a combination of characters indicative of Araucariaceae and extinct conifers such as voltzialeans and Kobalostrobus ; however, due to its unique character mosaic it cannot be assigned to an established group. This new species sheds light on the complexity of pollen cone evolution and the diversity of conifers that were evolving during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic.

We investigate the ground state properties of $^{22}$C by using a deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov model in continuum and explore the interplays among the formation of a halo, deformation effects, the inversion of $sd$ states, the shell evolution, and changes of nuclear magicities. It is revealed that there is an inversion between the two spherical orbitals $2s_{1/2}$ and $1d_{5/2}$ in $^{22}$C compared with the conventional single particle shell structure in stable nuclei. This inversion, together with deformation effects, results in a shrunk halo and a quenched shell gap at $N=16$. It is predicted that the core of $^{22}$C is oblate but the halo is prolate. Therefore several exotic nuclear phenomena, including the halo, the shape decoupling effects, the inversion of $sd$ states, and the evolution of shell structure which results in (dis)appearance of magic numbers, coexist in one single nucleus $^{22}\mathrm{C}$., Phys. Lett. B, in press

A hydride (H–)-doped bimetallic superatom (HPdAu8)+ was produced by reacting BH4– with an oblate (PdAu8)2+ superatom protected by PPh3. The H atom in (HPdAu8)+ survived during the sequential addition of Au(I)Cl to form an (HPdAu10)3+ superatom, in sharp contrast to the proton release from a H–-doped pure gold superatom (HAu9)2+ in the growth process to (Au11)3+. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and density functional theory calculations on (HPdAu10)3+ showed that the interstitially doped H atom induced a notable deformation of the core.

In this research paper, new families of frozen orbits of a satellite orbiting the oblate as well as triaxial Moon are investigated. The Hamiltonian of the problem is constructed including the zonal harmonic coefficients of the Moon's gravity field up to J4 and its triaxiality term J2,2. Using two successive canonical Lie transforms, the short and long periodic terms are eliminated from the Hamiltonian. The secular terms are retained up to first order plus the coupling quadrupole nonlinearity. New families of the critical roots of inclination are revealed, one of them is very close the polar orbits and the other is near to the usual critical inclination. The variations in the critical inclination due to the change in the eccentricity, in the semi-major axis and in the argument of periapsis are studied. A family of frozen apsidal line orbits is obtained and then is represented graphically. To guarantee these orbits, the solution for the periapsis argument is solved. This actually set out some restrictions on choosing the inclination satisfying the frozen argument of periapsis orbits. The perturbations in the critical inclination become significant for the high lunar orbits. Keywords: Frozen orbits, Tiaxial Moon, Critical inclination, Lunar orbiters

The present paper deals with the regions of motion and the out-of-plane equilibrium points in the planar restricted three-body problem when both the primaries are heterogeneous oblate spheroids with three layers of different densities and sources of radiation. We have derived the equations of motion and examined the combine effects of radiation and the effect due to the different layers of primaries on the out-of-plane equilibrium points and regions of motion. It is further observed that the energy constant, the radiation parameter and the effect due to the different layers of primaries have substantial impact on the locations of the out-of-plane equilibrium points and on the regions of motion. Furthermore, we have observed that the out-of-plane equilibrium points are unstable for all mass ratios and other parameters, whereas the infinitesimal mass can move freely around the primaries for smaller values of Jacobi constant. But, when we increase the radiation parameter due to either of the primaries, the forbidden regions increase, where the motion is not possible. Moreover, we have discussed the Newton-Raphson basins of attraction to observe the effect of various perturbation on the topology of basins of convergency on configuration plane.

We report for the first time two distinctive features in the odd–odd nucleus 120I: a pair of doublet bands and a high-spin isomer built on the π h 11 / 2 ν h 11 / 2 configuration. For producing the excited states of 120I, a fusion-evaporation reaction 118Sn(6Li, 4n) at E = l a b 48 MeV was employed. The beam was provided by the 14UD tandem accelerator of the Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility at the Australian National University. The observed doublet structure built on the positive-parity states is the first case and unique in isotopes with Z = 53 . The emerging properties are indicative of the known chiral characteristics, leading to a doubling of states for the π h 11 / 2 ν h 11 / 2 configuration. In contrast, the high-spin isomer with a half-life of 49(2) ns at spin-parity J π = 25 + can be explained in terms of a noncollective oblate structure with the full alignment of six valence nucleons outside the 114Sn core: three protons ( g 7 / 2 ) 1 ( d 5 / 2 ) 1 ( h 11 / 2 ) 1 and three neutrons ( h 11 / 2 ) 3 . This is an outstanding case that reveals a pure single-particle structure consisting of equal numbers of valence protons and neutrons outside the semi-double shell closure of 114Sn with Z = 50 and N = 64 .

The dependence of Grodzins systematic as shape fluctuation energy product E S F ⁎ B ( E 2 ) ↑ and rotational energy product E R O T ⁎ B ( E 2 ) ↑ on the Asymmetry parameter γ 0 is carried out in the Z = 50–82, N = 82–126 major shell space. The Asymmetry parameter γ 0 , varying from 0° to 60°, reflects the change in nuclear structure from prolate to oblate. Strong anomalies are highlighted in the shape transitional isotopes. The product E S F ⁎ B ( E 2 ) ↑ evolves from low negative values for vibrator nuclei, passing close to zero and then substantially increasing towards triaxial rotor limit with γ 0 ∼ 30 ° . However, the product E R O T ⁎ B ( E 2 ) ↑ decreases as a function of γ 0 for all the nuclei approaching towards triaxiality from Z = 50–82, N = 82–126. Anomalies are also noticed for the N > 104 region where the product E R O T ⁎ B ( E 2 ) ↑ decreases in zigzag phase for 188–196Pt isotopes corresponding to γ 0 ∼ 25 – 30 ° and this reflects the breakdown of coherence between rotational energy E R O T and excitation strength B ( E 2 ) ↑ . The product E R O T ⁎ B ( E 2 ) ↑ indicates the shape phase transition for Pt isotopic chain from spherical to γ − soft to slightly triaxial. We have studied for the first time the role of Grodzins systematic E S F and E R O T in the framework of Asymmetric Rotor Model.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:21:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-10-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Gloxiniinae comprises herbs and subshrubs usually growing on rocky outcrops, rocky fields or gallery forests. For Gesneriaceae in some cases variations in pollen morphology allow the differentiation of genera and species. We studied the pollen grains of ten Brazilian species of Gloxiniinae (Gesneriaceae), including the genera Chautemsia, Gloxinia, Goyazia, Mandirola and Seemannia with the purposes of describing the pollen morphology of these genera, and contributing to the taxonomic characterization of the group and a better delimitation of genera and species of Gesneriaceae. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, photographed and described qualitatively. Quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive and multivariate statistics. Non-acetolyzed pollen grains were observed in SEM and TEM in order to provide more details of the ornamentation and the structure of the exine. The analyzed species differ as to the pollen amb, shape, length, width and ends of colpi, presence or absence of margo, type of endoaperture and exine ornamentation. We found circular, subcircular and subtriangular amb, oblate spheroidal and subprolate shape, long or very long colpi, narrow, wide or very wide, with or without margo, lalongate or lolongate endoaperture in microreticulate or reticulate pollen grains. The reticulate ornamentation appears in the Gloxinia species’ pollen grains, and lolongate endoapertures represent the pattern for the subtribe pollen grains except in Chautemsia. The pollen grain metrics examined by principal component analysis allow generic distinction. We conclude that qualitative and quantitative pollen data help to delimit the genera and species of Gloxiniinae. Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV) UNESP—Univ. Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas UFABC – Univ. Federal do ABC, Rua São Paulo, s/nº - Jardim Antares Laboratoire de Systématique Végétale et Biodiversité Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève & Université de Genève, CP 71 Instituto de Botânica Núcleo de Pesquisas em Palinologia, Av. Miguel Stéfano, 3687 Água Funda Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV) UNESP—Univ. Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n FAPESP: 2011/20269-9 FAPESP: 2015/02707-0

In this paper, the Newtonian potential is modified by using the continued fraction potential. A simple formula for the modified potential is constructed, which is easy and powerful in practical uses. We investigate that the new parameter of the modified potential may play the same role of the zonal harmonic coefficients in the potential of an oblate body. The periodic solution of the two-body problem within frame of the central body has the modified potential is found by KB averaging method. The difference of the perigee vectors is also estimated at subsequent orbits. We underline that the model studied in this work could be used to obtain a harmony between the theoretical predictions and the observational evidences.

Osteocytes can participate in systemic mineral homeostasis through perilacunar maintenance and remodeling, where changes to osteocyte lacunar morphology may affect bone structural integrity, tissue strains, and osteocyte mechanosensitivity. Though aging is associated with both decreased bone quality and altered mineral metabolism, it is not known if osteocyte lacunae undergo age-related changes in geometry. In order to survey lacunar changes with age, we developed an open-source program whereby 3D osteocyte lacunae are automatically segmented and then subsequently reconstructed from confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) depth stacks for quantitative analysis of geometry and orientation. This approach takes advantage of the availability and speed of CLSM while avoiding time-consuming and bias-prone manual segmentation. Unlike conventional approaches used to quantify osteocyte lacunar morphology, CLSM enables facile analysis in three-dimensions with clear identification of osteocyte lacunae. We report that 3D osteocyte lacunae measured by CLSM become smaller, more spherical, more oblate, more spatially disorganized, and more sparsely populated with increased age in C57Bl/6 mouse cortical bone in groups spanning 6–24 months old. Critically, these age-related changes are in large part not observed in 2D analyses from the same samples. These results (1) demonstrate proof-of-concept of an efficient method to quantitatively assess osteocyte lacunae in 3D for application to a wide range of studies and (2) motivate further inquiry into how changes to osteocyte lacunar geometries and perilacunar material contribute to diminished bone quality in aging.

We investigate in the elliptic framework of the restricted three-body problem, the motion around the collinear points of an infinitesimal particle in the vicinity of an oblate primary and a triaxial stellar companion. The locations of the collinear points are affected by the eccentricity of the orbits, oblateness of the primary body and the triaxiality and luminosity of the secondary. A numerical analysis of the effects of the parameters on the positions of collinear points of CEN X-4 and PSR J1903+0327 reveals a general shift away from the smaller primary with increase in eccentricity and triaxiality factors and a shift towards the smaller primary with increase in the semi-major axis and oblateness of the primary on L1. The collinear points remain unstable in spite of the introduction of these parameters.

In this paper, we introduce a new set of functions, which have the property of the completeness over a finite and infinite intervals. This family of functions, denoted for simplicity GOSWFs...

The present paper focuses on materials containing superellipsoidal pores described by equation | x 1 | 2 p + | x 2 | 2 p + | x 3 /γ | 2 p = 1. This shape is concave when 0 p p > 0.5. They are oblate when γ 1 Combined effect of two shape factors - parameter p describing the concavity and aspect ratio γ describing extend of oblateness/prolateness - on compliance contribution tensor is analyzed numerically and approximated analytically for most important case of p < 1. It is shown that, in this case, the combined effect is equal to the product of two effects considered separately. The obtained approximate expressions are used to calculate the effective elastic properties of a heterogeneous material containing pores of superellipsoidal shape.

Pollen morphology of three variants of Arundina graminifolia in West Sumatra was examined. The pollen types, shapes, apertures and ornamentations were examined using scanning electron microscope. There was variation of pollen shape between three variant of Arundina graminifolia. There was different of pollen shape white variant to pink and purple variant. The pollen shape of white variant were oblate sferoidal. The prolate shapes were detected at pink and purpe variant. Three variants Arundina graminifolia have the same ornamentation exine that is the reticulum and there kolpus of the same type, namely tri-kolpate and tetra-kolpate

Shaping colloidal building units is of paramount importance for their self-assembly into complex objects. Continuous tuning of colloidal shapes is highly desired for understanding self-assembly, but it still remains a challenge. Herein, we report a new template strategy for the shape-tunable synthesis of anisotropic colloids with shapes that can be continuously tuned from discs (oblate spheroids) to spheres to theta shapes to dumbbells. This was realized by creating structured shape-tunable droplets from patchy colloidal discs and using these droplets as templates. In particular, we found that a controlled dumbbell-to-eyeball droplet transformation can be used for the synthesis of eyeball-shaped colloids. We also demonstrated the droplet transformation pathways and applied the method to the synthesis of colloidal molecules. These colloids provide possibilities for exploring their ordered packing structures, and the method based on the use of structured droplets can be adapted for the synthesis of other functional colloidal particles.

The oblateness of a planet has an important effect on the surrounding spacecraft and is usually regarded as a significant perturbation factor to spacecraft’s motion. In this paper, an approximate analytic solution of motion for spacecraft which considering this perturbation factor is investigated. The perturbed dynamic model which taking true anomaly as the independent variable is firstly built in non-inertial coordinate system moving with a Kepler two-body orbit, then the six-dimensional state transition matrix about the state deviation vector is introduced. After that, the expression of J2 term’s gravitational potential in this non-inertial coordinate system is obtained based on spherical trigonometry, and the analytic solution for every variable of the state deviation vector is then derived by complicated mathematic transformation. Numerical simulation results done by the presented method have been compared with that done by numerical integration as well as an existing first-order analytic solution. The comparison results show that the presented method has high accuracy, and is more accurate than the first-order analytic solution within one or few orbit revolutions, which makes it more suitable for short-term orbit prediction of the satellites, especially for those suborbital flight vehicles.

The new species Reineckea flava J. Z. Dong (Liliaceae) is described and illustrated from Guangxi, China. It differs from R. carnea (Andrews) Kunth in having slanting rhizomes with short oblate internodes (shorter axis 4–6 mm × longer axis 8–14 mm), with thick and short adventitious roots at nodes, narrowly lanceolate leaves (5–10 mm broad), and yellow-orange fruits.

The structure of 71Zn was investigated by one-neutron transfer and heavy-ion induced complex (deep-inelastic) reactions using the GRETINA-CHICO2 and the Gammasphere setups, respectively. The observed inversion between the 9/2+ and 1/2− states is explained in terms of the role of neutron pairing correlations. Non-collective sequences of levels were delineated above the 9/2+ isomeric state. These are interpreted as being associated with a modest oblate deformation in the framework of Monte-Carlo shell-model calculations carried out with the A3DA-m Hamiltonian in the p f g 9 / 2 d 5 / 2 valence space. Similarities with the structure of Ni 40 28 68 were observed and the shape-coexistence mechanism in the N = 40 region of neutron-rich nuclei is discussed in terms of the so-called Type-II shell evolution, with an emphasis on proton–neutron correlations between valence nucleons, especially those involving the shape-driving g 9 / 2 neutron orbital.

This paper presents the results of center-point loading tests on thirty-six Recycled lump concrete (RLC) specimens made of high-strength Fresh concrete (FC) and normal-strength Demolished concrete lumps (DCLs). The effects of the characteristic size (50, 67, 100 or 133 mm) and shape (oblate, spherical or slender) of DCLs on the flexural behavior of RLC were investigated. And the Interfacial transition zones (ITZs) between FC and DCLs were tested using nanoindentation. Larger DCLs were found to produce lower RLC flexural strength. When lump size is invariant, oblate DCLs give the highest flexural strength and slender DCLs give the lowest strength. A formula was proposed to predict the variation in RLC flexural strength with lump size for different lump shapes. The quantitative relationship between RLC flexural strength and its compressive strength was established. In addition, the bonding between DCLs and FC is stronger when high-strength rather than normal-strength FC is used.

The natural oscillations of a cylindrical gas bubble surrounded by an incompressible fluid with free interface are considered. The bubble has an equilibrium cylindrical shape and is bounded axially by two parallel solid surfaces. Dynamics of contact lines is taken into account by an effective boundary condition: velocity of the contact line is assumed to be proportional to contact angle deviation from the equilibrium value. The equilibrium contact angle is right. Different Hocking parameters determine individual damping rates, but dissipation in the integral system is determined by their total contribution. The frequency of the volume (breathing) harmonic of free oscillations can vanish in a certain interval of the values of the Hocking parameter for homogeneous plate surface. However, Surface inhomogeneity destroys this monotonic damping effect.

Various groups have reported observations of hyperbolic umbilic diffraction catastrophe patterns in the far-field scattering by oblate acoustically levitated drops with symmetric illumination. In observations of that type the drop's symmetry axis is vertical and the illuminating light beam (typically an expanded laser beam) travels horizontally. In the research summarized here, scattering patterns in the primary rainbow region and drop measurements were recorded with vertically tilted laser beam illumination having a grazing angle as large as 4 degrees. The findings from these observations may be summarized as follows: (a) It remains possible to adjust the drop aspect ratio (diameter/height) = D / H so as to produce a V-shaped hyperbolic umbilic focal section (HUFS) in the far-field scattering. (b) The shift in the required D / H was typically an increase of less than 1% and was quadratic in the tilt. (c) The apex of the V-shaped HUFS was shifted vertically by an amount proportional to the tilt with a coefficient close to unity. The levitated drops had negligible up-down asymmetry. Our method of investigation should be useful for other generalized rainbows with tilted illumination.

Accurate model in close and far distance hovering operation is a crucial and important issue due to considerable perturbation effects in long time flights. In this paper a new close/far distance hovering model is proposed with consideration of non-simplified perturbed target in low earth orbit (LEO) that suitable for long-term accurate mission simulation. New equations are precisely extracted to express the dynamics of relative hovering for a perturbed elliptical reference orbit without any simplification, by employing all zonal harmonics perturbation of the Earth's oblateness and air drag force. These perturbation terms have a significant impact on operations in long-term hovering operation in low earth orbits. Thus, applying these terms in the equations can help to investigate the problem more precisely. To validate the presented model, another model has been built as an Earth-Centered-Inertial (ECI) based Relative Motion (ERM) model. After validating the presented model, several useful examples have been provided for analyzing the effect of several parameters such as the amount of fuel consumption, optimal positioning of the follower satellite, minimum and maximum required thrust. Furthermore, the location of the follower satellite will be determined using a hybrid Invasive Weed Optimization/Particle Swarm Optimization (IWO/PSO) algorithm, with the aim of finding minimum and maximum required thrust during the operation. High speed of convergence, not to be located in local minimums, and success in implementing of complex problems, are the advantages of the proposed algorithm.

The Wufeng–Longmaxi Formations (Ordovician-Silurian) contain abundant graptolite-bearing shales, which have proven to be one of the most successful shale gas exploration targets in China and can provide an opportunity to study the organic petrology of graptolites. Organic petrology analysis has been conducted on these organic-rich shales in order to depict the shape of graptolite reflectance indicating surface (GRIS) and their organic maturity. Granular and non-granular graptolites have been observed in the studied sediments, and non-granular graptolites were the major graptolite species. The strong positive correlation between the maximum reflectance (Rmax) and bireflectance of graptolites indicates that the graptolites display stronger anisotropy with maturation. A linear coalification path of graptolite fragments was observed in the studied sediments. A remarkable decrease in the minimum reflectance (Rmin) values of graptolites was observed when Rmax exceeds 6%. The samples with lower thermal maturity (Rmax ≤ 2%) tend to be biaxial neutral, whereas higher rank samples display biaxial negative characteristics. The GRIS shape becomes more oblate with maturation. The Wufeng–Longmaxi shales from the southeastern Chongqing and Wuxi areas of the Chongqing municipality, China, are post mature and in the dry gas zone, whereas samples from the Chengkou area of the Chongqing municipality, China, are still in the oil window. Their different burial and thermal histories controlled their thermal maturity.

Using the stellar kinematic maps and ancillary imaging data from the Sydney AAO Multi Integral field (SAMI) Galaxy Survey, the intrinsic shape of kinematically-selected samples of galaxies is inferred. We implement an efficient and optimised algorithm to fit the intrinsic shape of galaxies using an established method to simultaneously invert the distributions of apparent ellipticities and kinematic misalignments. The algorithm output compares favourably with previous studies of the intrinsic shape of galaxies based on imaging alone and our re-analysis of the ATLAS3D data. Our results indicate that most galaxies are oblate axisymmetric. We show empirically that the intrinsic shape of galaxies varies as a function of their rotational support as measured by the "spin" parameter proxy Lambda_Re. In particular, low spin systems have a higher occurrence of triaxiality, while high spin systems are more intrinsically flattened and axisymmetric. The intrinsic shape of galaxies is linked to their formation and merger histories. Galaxies with high spin values have intrinsic shapes consistent with dissipational minor mergers, while the intrinsic shape of low-spin systems is consistent with dissipationless multi-merger assembly histories. This range in assembly histories inferred from intrinsic shapes is broadly consistent with expectations from cosmological simulations., Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures, MNRAS in print

In the present study relative state transition matrix was obtained. It matches the relative motion of 2 satellites while including the oblate perturbation. The used formulation applies the geometric approach and is in Cartesian frame. The relative state transition matrix uses absolute state transition matrix of individual satellites. Thereon, simplification in computing methods and on-board implementation at controls are explored in a leader/follower coordination method. Numerical experiments illustrate the accuracy when the baseline separation is equal to 2 km and eccentricity is 0.005 and 0.05 for all the inclinations.

Unique interior dissection coupled with selective etching techniques for exposing the interiors of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) banded spherulites. Three banded PTT spherulite types are present, originating from different nuclei geometries and corresponding to different assemblies of interior lamellae, but all possess similar multishell spheroid layered structures, each with their layer thickness exactly equal to the optical interband spacing. Interior lamellae are alternatingly intersected with mutually perpendicular orientations and clear discontinuity, which evidently disagrees with the conventional models of continuous helical twisting for banding. Interior 3D lamellae assemblies also have been fittingly correlated with top-surface banding patterns.

A simple numerical experiment was performed to investigate the result published in many papers that measurements indicate that aggregates may be well represented as oblate spheroids with mean aspect ratio (semiminor axis to semimajor axis length) of 0.6. The aspect ratio measurements are derived from two-dimensional projections of complex three-dimensional aggregates. Here, aggregates were modeled as ellipsoids with semiprincipal axes of length a, b, and c, which include oblate spheroids (a = b) as a class, and the projected aspect ratios of large numbers of two-dimensional projections of them were sampled. When sampling oblate spheroids with aspect ratio 0.6 over random orientations, the mean projected aspect ratio is 0.746. A mean projected aspect ratio of 0.6 is obtained for an oblate spheroid with aspect ratio of 0.33. When sampling randomly oriented ellipsoids with semiminor axes (b, c) varying from 0.10 to 1.00 in steps of 0.01, representing many complex shapes, the mean projected aspect ratio is 0.595, close to the measured mean projected aspect ratio of aggregates of 0.6. These experiments demonstrate that the conclusion one may safely draw from the projected aspect ratio measurements is that the mean aspect ratio of aggregates is lower than 0.6. Moreover, the projected aspect ratio distributions from measurements suggest a mixture of aggregate shapes, rather than only oblate spheroids as is often assumed.