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La generación de Residuos Sólidos Orgánicos (RSO), presenta en las últimas décadas un incremento debido a la sociedad consumista. En cifras reportadas por la superintendencia de servicios públicos en febrero de 2020, se estima que entre el 60% y 70% de los residuos sólidos del país se pueden aprovechar por medio del compostaje, urge así la necesidad de tratarlos y gestionarlos de una manera más eficiente. La disposición de estos, en rellenos sanitarios es hasta ahora el proceso más utilizado, esta práctica trae consigo impactos sobre el entorno; como lo es, el uso de grandes superficies de terreno, la imposibilidad de aprovecharlos una vez depositados, la producción de lixiviados y la dificultad de su separación (aprovechables y no aprovechables), lo que conlleva en conjunto a la contaminación del ecosistema. El presente proyecto tiene la finalidad de evaluar la pre factibilidad técnica de una planta de compostaje, aprovechando los RSO generados en el sector urbano del municipio de Chipaque-Cundinamarca, con veras a convertirse en una fuente adicional de ingresos para el municipio, produciendo y vendiendo el compost como materia prima a terceros interesados. Se evalúa el diagnóstico actual del uso de los residuos sólidos orgánicos, con la ayuda de la última versión actualizada del Plan de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos (PGIRS), año 2016, y de encuestas virtuales y presenciales a usuarios domiciliarios y comerciales del municipio, con el fin de conocer la percepción de aceptación del proyecto en el mercado por la población, seguido y para culminar se realiza una caracterización de tecnologías innovadoras para la producción de compostaje. Haciendo elección de una ellas teniendo en cuenta las condiciones del proyecto y la comunidad, se realizan cálculos para el diseño, y un análisis de costo-beneficio. The generation of Solid Organic Waste (RSO) has increased in recent decades due to consumer society. In reported by the superintendency figures of public services in february 2020, it is estimated that between 60% and 70% of the country's solid waste can be used through composting, thus the need arises to treat and manage them in a more efficient way. efficient. The disposal of these, in sanitary landfills is up to now the most used process, this practice brings with it impacts on the environment; as it is, the use of large areas of land, the impossibility of taking advantage of them once deposited, the production of leachates and the difficulty of their separation (usable and not usable), which together leads to the contamination of the ecosystem The purpose of this project is to evaluate the technical pre-feasibility of a composting plant, taking advantage of the RSO generated in the urban sector of the municipality of Chipaque-Cundinamarca, in order to become an additional source of income for the municipality, producing and selling compost as raw material to interested third parties. The current diagnosis of the use of organic solid waste is evaluated, with the help of the latest updated version of the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan (PGIRS), year 2016, and virtual and face-to-face surveys of residential and commercial users of the municipality, In order to know the perception of acceptance of the project in the market by the population, followed and to culminate a characterization of innovative technologies for the production of composting is carried out, choosing one of them Taking into account the conditions of the project and the community, calculations will be made for the design, and a cost analysis. Ingeniero Ambiental http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Pregrado

La generación de Residuos Sólidos Orgánicos (RSO), presenta en las últimas décadas un incremento debido a la sociedad consumista. En cifras reportadas por la superintendencia de servicios públicos en febrero de 2020, se estima que entre el 60% y 70% de los residuos sólidos del país se pueden aprovechar por medio del compostaje, (Monterrosa Blanco, 2018) urge así la necesidad de tratarlos y gestionarlos de una manera más eficiente. La disposición de estos, en rellenos sanitarios es hasta ahora el proceso más utilizado, esta práctica trae consigo impactos sobre el entorno; como lo es, el uso de grandes superficies de terreno, la imposibilidad de aprovecharlos una vez depositados, la producción de lixiviados y la dificultad de su separación (aprovechables y no aprovechables), lo que conlleva en conjunto a la contaminación del ecosistema (Departamento Nacional de Planeación, 2017). El presente proyecto tiene la finalidad de evaluar la pre factibilidad técnica de una planta de compostaje, aprovechando los RSO generados en el sector urbano del municipio de Chipaque- Cundinamarca, con veras a convertirse en una fuente adicional de ingresos para el municipio, produciendo y vendiendo el compost como materia prima a terceros interesados. Se evalúa el diagnóstico actual del uso de los residuos sólidos orgánicos, con la ayuda de la última versión actualizada del Plan de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos (PGIRS), año 2016, y de encuestas virtuales y presenciales a usuarios domiciliarios y comerciales del municipio, con el fin de conocer la percepción de aceptación del proyecto en el mercado por la población, seguido y para culminar se realiza una caracterización de tecnologías innovadoras para la producción de compostaje (Hernández, Tamayo & León Vélez, 2016). Haciendo elección de una ellas teniendo en cuenta las condiciones del proyecto y la comunidad, se realizan cálculos para el diseño, y un análisis de costo-beneficio. The generation of Solid Organic Waste (RSO) has increased in recent decades due to consumer society. In reported by the superintendency figures of public services in february 2020, it is estimated that between 60% and 70% of the country's solid waste can be used through composting, thus the need arises to treat and manage them in a more efficient way. efficient. The disposal of these, in sanitary landfills is up to now the most used process, this practice brings with it impacts on the environment; as it is, the use of large areas of land, the impossibility of taking advantage of them once deposited, the production of leachates and the difficulty of their separation (usable and not usable), which together leads to the contamination of the ecosystem The purpose of this project is to evaluate the technical pre-feasibility of a composting plant, taking advantage of the RSO generated in the urban sector of the municipality of Chipaque- Cundinamarca, in order to become an additional source of income for the municipality, producing and selling compost as raw material to interested third parties. The current diagnosis of the use of organic solid waste is evaluated, with the help of the latest updated version of the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan (PGIRS), year 2016, and virtual and face-to-face surveys of residential and commercial users of the municipality, In order to know the perception of acceptance of the project in the market by the population, followed and to culminate a characterization of innovative technologies for the production of composting is carried out, choosing one of them Taking into account the conditions of the project and the community, calculations will be made for the design, and a cost analysis. Ingeniero Ambiental Pregrado

Background: Microbe is the driver for disposing of organic solid waste (OSW) during aerobic fermentation. Notwithstanding, the significance of microbe is always underestimated in numerous preceding studies about the aerobic fermentation products assessment. Results: Here, we investigate the humification degree (HD) and humic acid content could be assessed in terms of the bacterial community. Microbial sequencing and bioinformatics approaches are combined to analyze the biological characteristics of 105 aerobic fermentation samples collected. The bacterial communities could make predictions, which even correctly determines the categories of OSWs with 94% accuracy. Furthermore, the bacterial genera screened are designated as the bacterial code, which is substituted into the Random forest model to predict HD. And the bacteria codes can also provide a better prediction of the HD. Conclusions: Our result suggested that bacteria codes a reliable biological method is proposed to assess HD effectively. Our experiment not only proves that the aerobic fermentation can be revealed by biological means. The bacterial codes can also be used as an ecological and biological indicator to evaluate the quality of the aerobic fermentation of different materials. This study further provides new insights on the use of microbe to evaluate the content of various substances during the degradation process of OSWs.

Organic solid waste is considered a renewable resource that can be converted by various technologies into valuable products. Conventional thermophilic composting (TC), a well-studied and mature technology, can be applied to organic solid waste treatment to achieve waste reduction, mineralization, and humification simultaneously. However, poor efficiency, a long processing period, as well as low compost quality have always limited its wide application. In order to overcome these shortages, hyperthermophilic composting (HTC) has been recently put forward. This paper reviews the basic principle, process flow, operation parameters, research advances, and application status of HTC. Compared with the TC process, the shorter composting period and higher temperature and treatment efficiency, as well as more desirable compost quality, can be achieved during HTC by inoculating the waste with hyperthermophilic microbes. Additionally, HTC can reduce greenhouse gas emission, increase the removal rate of microplastics and antibiotic residues, and achieve in-situ remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils, which greatly improve its application potential for organic solid waste treatment. This paper also proposes the limitations and future prospects of HTC technology for a wider application. As a result, this review advances our understanding of the HTC process, which promotes its further investigation and application.

To foster a circular economy in line with compost quality assessment, a deep understanding of the fates of nutrients and carbon in the composting process is essential to achieve the co-benefits of value-added and environmentally friendly objectives. This paper is a review aiming to fill in the knowledge gap about the composting process. Firstly, a systematic screening search and a descriptive analysis were conducted on composting models involving the fates of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) over the past decade, followed by the development of a checklist to define the gap between the existing models and target models. A review of 22 models in total led to the results that the mainstream models involved the fates of C and N, while only a few models involved P and K as target variables. Most of the models described the laboratory-scale composting process. Mechanism-derived models were relatively complex; however, the application of the fractionation of substrates could contribute to reducing the complexity. Alternatively, data-driven models can help us obtain more accurate predictions and involve the fates of more nutrients, depending on the data volume. Finally, the perspective of developing composting models for the fates of C, N, P, and K was proposed.

A avaliação da influência do layout no desempenho operacionale na usabilidade de composteiras de pequena escala contribuipara a obtenção de soluções compactas, de operação simplificadae sanitariamente seguras, adequadas a espaços reduzidos e usocontinuado. Este artigo teve como objetivo relatar a influência dediferentes modelos geométricos no processo de compostagem e nausabilidade de composteiras. Cinco composteiras de escala similar(3,0 litros) e diferentes modelos geométricos foram projetadas,confeccionadas e testadas. Foram realizados testes de bancada por 60dias, monitorando parâmetros físicos e químicos, aspectos operacionaise sanitários e a qualidade do composto segundo parâmetrosagronômicos. As composteiras foram preenchidas com as mesmasproporções de resíduos orgânicos (resíduos alimentares, folhas secas eaparas de grama) para obter a relação C/N ideal ao início do processo.Três layouts geométricos de composteiras foram testados quantoà usabilidade (prisma de base hexagonal, cubo e paralelepípedo)por voluntários durante 50 dias. Os testes em bancada associadosao tratamento estatístico dos resultados permitiram verificar que ageometria dos protótipos interferiu na qualidade do composto finale na operação da composteira. Os modelos geométricos de basehexagonal e cubo mostraram-se de maior usabilidade. Os resultadosrepresentam contribuição significativa para o avanço de soluções nacompostagem descentralizada. The evaluation of layout influence on the operational performance andusability of small-scale composters contributes to produce compactsolutions with simplified operation and sanitary safety, suitable forreduced spaces and continued use. This study aims to report theinfluence of different designs on the composting process and theusability of compost bins. Five composters of similar scale (3 liters) anddifferent geometric shapes were designed, manufactured, and tested.Bench tests were carried out for 60 days, and physical, chemical, andsanitary parameters were monitored, as well as the quality of thecompost, according to agronomic parameters. The composters werefilled with the same proportions of organic residues (food residues,dry leaves, and lawn trimming) to obtain the ideal C:N ratio. Threegeometrical layouts were tested concerning usability (hexagonal prism,cube, and parallelepiped) by volunteers for 50 days. The performedtests associated with the statistical treatment of results showed thatthe geometry of the prototypes interfered with the quality of thefinal compost and the composter operation. The hexagonal prism andthe cube showed greater usability. The results represent a significantcontribution to the advancement of solutions in decentralizedcomposting.

In Italy more than 7 Mtons of organic solid waste are generated each year, on average 117.29 kg/hab.year The eating habits of the Italian population was studied to identify the most consumed foods. The most consumed foods were used to prepare a representative sample of food waste. Two methods were used to estimate the bio-methane production potential. The first method, calculate the bio-methane production potential based on the concentrations of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, the second method use the results of the elemental analysis. The characterization results showed a potential for generating bio-methane of 219 ml.CH4/g for method 1 and 534 ml.CH4/gSV for method 2. Considering the generation of food waste in Italy and the potential for bio-methane production results show that it would be possible to produce 1,543.x 106 and 3,092 x 106 m3CH4 for method 1 and 2 respectively and thus For the method 1, it is possible to recovery equivalent energy 50,942 TJ/year and 102,044 TJ/year for method 2.

Esta investigación busca diseñar una propuesta metodológica aplicable en la gestión de residuos sólidos orgánicos (RSO) para el aprovechamiento in situ como alternativa a la actual metodología de disposición final en el área seleccionada, tomando las herramientas de la Metodología General Ajustada (MGA), usada ampliamente en el Estado colombiano como guía para la formulación de proyectos de inversión social; en el cual se incluyan como actores calve a las Juntas de Acción Comunal (JAC) haciendo uso de la figura introducida por la Ley 1989 de 2019; ya que, según los resultados reportado en el cumplimiento de metas de servicio de aseo – PDM 2016-2019, en el municipio de Cajicá no se evidencia aprovechamiento in situ de los RSO. El objetivo propuesto se desarrolla con base la investigación de metodología aplicada, que por su nivel de profundización se centra en la descripción de la situación de aprovechamiento en el área seleccionada y emplea datos de medición cualitativos. La propuesta metodológica para que las JAC presenten proyectos para la gestión de los RSO, busca aprovechar: • La facultad que les otorga la ley 1989 de 2019 a las JAC, para conformar empresas sociales y realizar actividades rentables. • El poder de convocatoria y liderazgo de las JAC frente al trabajo comunitario. • El volumen de RSO que se generan en Cajicá, los cuales pueden ser objeto de aprovechamiento, dado que, en la actualidad solamente se realiza el proceso hasta la fase de disposición. • Los efectos positivos que genera un proyecto de trabajo comunitario en relación con el empleo y nuevas fuentes de ingreso. Contenido NOTA DE ADVERTENCIA IV AGRADECIMIENTOS V DEDICATORIA VI CONTENIDO VII LISTA DE TABLAS IX LISTA DE FIGURAS X LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS 1 RESUMEN 2 ABSTRACT 4 CAPÍTULO 1: INTRODUCCIÓN 6 1.1 Presentación: 6 1.2 Justificación del proyecto 14 1.3 Planteamiento del problema 15 1.4 Objetivos 20 1.5 Alcance 21 CAPÍTULO 2. ANTECEDENTES Y ESTADO DEL ARTE 22 CAPÍTULO 3: MARCO DE REFERENCIA 29 3.1 Marco Conceptual 29 3.2. Marco Teórico 34 3.3 Marco Legal 41 CAPÍTULO 4: MARCO METODOLÓGICO 44 4.1 Consideraciones Generales 44 4.2 Tipo de Estudio 45 4.3 Diseño de la Investigación 45 CAPÍTULO 5: DESARROLLO DE OBJETIVOS DE LA PROPUESTA 48 5.1 Análisis de la caracterización de los Residuos Sólidos en el Municipio de Cajicá 48 5.2 Evaluar los impactos de la actual metodología en la fase disposición final y/o aprovechamiento de los RSO. 52 5.3 Describir el proceso de disposición final y/o aprovechamiento de residuos que podría _completarse en sitio, de acuerdo con la evolución y comportamiento de la producción de los RSO. 60 5.4 Elaborar propuesta metodológica, para que las JAC presenten proyectos que permitan el aprovechamiento in situ, de residuos sólidos orgánicos producidos en el municipio de Cajicá en concordancia con la Metodología General Ajustada MGA. 68 5.5 Validación. 84 CAPÍTULO 6: CONCLUSIONES 90 REFERENCIAS 95 This research seeks to design a methodological proposal applicable in the management of solid organic waste (RSO) for the use in situ as an alternative to the current methodology of final disposal in the selected area, taking the tools of the Metoustada, taking the tools of the Metoustada widely in the Colombian State as a guide for the formulation of social investment projects; in which the Community Action Boards (JAC) are included as key actors, making use of the figure introduced by Law 1989 in 2019; Since, according to the results reported in the fulfillment of the cleaning service goals - PDM 2016-2019, in the municipality of Cajicá there is no evidence of use of RSO in situ. This research uses description in detail of the use of waste in a selected area and qualitative data to developed the objective of this project. The methodological proposal for the JAC to present projects for the management of organic solid waste, seeks to take advantage of: • The power granted by law 1989 of 2019 to the JACs, to form social enterprises and carry out profitable activities. • The power of convocation and leadership of the JAC in the face of community work. • The volume of waste generated in Cajicá, which can be used, given that currently only the disposal process is carried out. • The positive effects that a community work project generates in relation to employment and new sources of income. • In the municipality of Cajicá there is no evidence of on-site use of Waste, according to the results reported in the Fulfillment of cleaning service goals - PDM 2016-2019. Maestría

The vermicomposting is widely acknowledged as an effective and sustainable biological technology to dispose large scale organic solid waste such as livestock manure, crop residues and municipal sludge. The scale of vermicomposting has constantly increased over recent years due to high market demand for live earthworms. Rapid and efficient extraction and harvesting earthworm from large-scale vermicompost has become a bottle-neck problem at the end of vermicomposting. Currently, most earthworm separation is done manually or relies on simple tools, and is therefore low efficient, time consuming and labor intensive. In this study, to explore earthworm separation technology and underlying mechanisms, three major studies were conducted based on the developed separator: Earthworm separation experiment, mechanism analysis of separation, and separation process simulation. The result indicated that under a 45% moisture content of vermicompost, earthworm can be separated centrifugally with approximately 83.79% worm separation rate. The treatment capacity of separator is 21.2 kg of total vermicompost mixture per minute. The critical factor in earthworm-vermicompost separation is frictional force and liquid membrane adhesion at the contact interface of conical separator. The final separated X velocity of earthworms is higher, whereas the Y and Z velocities are less than those of vermicompost. The earthworms are centrifugally thrown to a specific area called the earthworm harvest position. The outcome of this study provides a valuable reference for improvement of earthworm harvest efficiency and for shortening the recycling period of vermicomposting products in practice.

Predmet ovog diplomskog rada je rješenje problema gospodarenja otpadom hrane kao i otpadnim vodama, te mulja kao nusprodukta pročišćavanja otpadnih voda, na manjem otoku poput Raba. Rješenje se tražilo između dvije varijante, sustav odvojenog prikupljanja otpada hrane i otpadnih voda te sustav zajedničkog prikupljanja otpada hrane i otpadnih voda. Višekriterijalnom analizom dobiveno je rješenje koje prati ciljeve kružnog gospodarstva., The subject of this master thesis is the solution to the problem of food waste management as well as wastewaters, and sludge as a byproduct of wastewater treatment, on a smaller island like Rab. The solution was sought between two variants, a separate collection system for food waste and wastewater, and a system of joint collection of food and waste water waste. A multi-criteria analysis has obtained a solution that follows the objectives of the circular economy.

Conventional treatment and recycling methods of organic solid waste contain inherent flaws, such as low efficiency, low accuracy, high cost, and potential environmental risks. In the past decade, machine learning has gradually attracted increasing attention in solving the complex problems of organic solid waste treatment. Although significant research has been carried out, there is a lack of a systematic review of the research findings in this field. This study sorts the research studies published between 2003 and 2020, summarizes the specific application fields, characteristics, and suitability of different machine learning models, and discusses the relevant application limitations and future prospects. It can be concluded that studies mostly focused on municipal solid waste management, followed by anaerobic digestion, thermal treatment, composting, and landfill. The most widely used model is the artificial neural network, which has been successfully applied to various complicated non-linear organic solid waste related problems.

Composting is a process recommended as a way to recycle the organic part of the solid waste in which several micro and macroorganisms act as decomposers of the organic matter, in a process that takes around 120 days and faces roughly three different phases. Because we do not know the community of arthropods associated with the compost produced in one of the biggest landfills placed in Brazil, here we collected and identified the community of arthropods present in each phase of the organic compost. Our hypothesis is that the abundance and diversity of arthropods are different within each phase of the compost and we hope to find particular groups of arthropods that can be used as indicator of specific phases. In total, we identified the taxa of 1204 arthropods (insects, arachnidan and diplopods). We found that diversity and abundancy of arthropods were indeed different for each maturation phase of the compost, but we did not find families that are good indicators of each phase. In addition, to be certain about the safety of the compost produced, we investigated the presence of microorganisms in the final product and we found considerable levels of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in some samples. Finally, we argue that the presence of these macro and microorganisms during the process may be beneficial or harmful. Since their presence decreased greatly by the end of the process, we acknowledge that composting works efficiently as a way to recycle the organic part of the waste generated in Brazil.

Biological control agents are slowly and steadily replacing traditional chemical pesticides. Among them, fungal entomopathogens have assumed a key role in controlling a growing number of pests. Res...

Resumen Frente a la necesidad de generar estrategias para el aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos orgánicos en espacios reducidos que mitiguen su contaminación al ambiente, en esta investigación se evaluó la viabilidad del aprovechamiento de residuos orgánicos en la elaboración de ladrillos ecológicos no estructurales, mediante el análisis del comportamiento de parámetros fisicoquímicos con diferentes mezclas de residuos sólidos orgánicos. En la primera etapa de la investigación se trataron seis mezclas en procesos de compostaje aerobio y anaerobio, de las cuales se seleccionaron las dos que tardaron más tiempo en el proceso de biodegradación con el pH establecido por la normatividad. En la siguiente fase, las dos mezclas seleccionadas se encapsularon dentro de los ladrillos de tierra y se analizaron durante 45 días, posteriormente se seleccionó la mezcla de menor pérdida de masa para ser nuevamente encapsulada en el ladrillo durante un periodo de 3 meses. La biomasa resultante se sometió a análisis fisicoquímicos y se encontró que es viable el uso de residuos sólidos orgánicos encapsulados en los ladrillos de tierra no estructurales. Abstract Faced with the need to generate strategies for the use of organic solid waste in small spaces that mitigate their pollution to the environment, this research evaluated the feasibility of using organic waste in the production of non-structural ecological bricks, by analyzing the behavior of physicochemical parameters under different mixtures of organic solid waste. In the first stage of the investigation, six were mixed in aerobic and anaerobic composting processes, of which the two that took the longest time in the biodegradation process with the pH established by the regulations were selected. In the next phase, the two selected mixtures were encapsulated inside the earthen bricks and analyzed for 45 days, after which the mixture with the lowest mass loss was selected to be re-encapsulated in the brick for three months. The resulting biomass was subjected to physicochemical analysis finding that the use of organic solid waste encapsulated in non-structural bricks is viable.

Mais de 50 % do volume de residuo solido urbano coletado no Brasil e composto por materia orgânica, sendo grande parte deste residuo remetido inadequadamente para aterros e lixoes, onde misturados com outros residuos solidos promove a emissao do biogas. Esse gas e composto principalmente por metano, um dos gases causadores do efeito estufa, entretanto se coletado, deixa de gerar um impacto ao meio ambiente e pode ser aproveitado para a producao de energia eletrica. Com base nisto, objetivou-se neste trabalho apresentar a ampla capacidade brasileira de gerar energia eletrica de maneira integralmente sustentavel atraves da biodigestao de residuos solidos orgânicos alimentares. Para elaboracao deste trabalho foi realizada uma Revisao Sistematica de Literatura (RSL). A base de dados utilizada foi artigos cientificos de periodicos e congressos, internacionais e nacionais; livros; dissertacoes e fontes relevantes e confiaveis da Internet o mais atual possivel. Estudos de varios autores mostraram ser possivel o uso de gas hidrogenio produzido do metano gerado em degradacao de residuos orgânicos, como os encontrados em aterros sanitarios, para a producao de energia eletrica. Outros autores realizaram estudos em 2011 com a digestao anaerobia de residuos solidos orgânicos em paises em desenvolvimento e mostraram que esses residuos podem gerar biogas para producao de energia. A producao de energias renovaveis e uma das formas de aproveitamento de residuos orgânicos no Brasil, contribuindo ao mesmo tempo para o aumento da matriz energetica mundial, reducao de lancamentos inadequados no meio ambiente, geracao de oportunidades de negocios, renda e trazendo maior desenvolvimento sustentavel.

One of the biggest problems that the Dominican Republic has had in recent decades is the efficient management of solid domestic waste. This problem has worsened in recent years due to the decrease in available areas for the construction of sanitary landfills, the lack of recycling culture in the population, the deficiency in waste collection, and the scarce legal controls aimed at preserving water, air and soil among other factors. The objective of this study is to explore the management of solid waste by the population and the municipality of Puñal, province of Santiago, to evaluate and analyze the situation and generation of solid waste, municipal solid waste management services, and the attitudes of the population regarding recycling projects and waste management. A total of 275 households from 29 localities in the municipality of Puñal were surveyed, which allowed for a significant population sample. According to the results, the most significant type of waste produced by families is organic waste, followed by plastic waste and paper. Of the total organic waste produced in the municipality, 53% of solids wastes are handled through the municipal waste collection system, while 47% is used as plant fertilizers or animal feed. On the other hand, most households receive the municipal waste collection service and pay for this service, through which the municipal government collects, processes, and deposits the waste in different landfills. However, a more efficient waste collection system and the development of programs and projects that allow households to manage the solid waste efficiently they produce would be necessary.

espanolUno de los grandes problemas en las ciudades es el manejo y disposicion de los residuos solidos urbanos, puesto que se generan grandes volumenes de estos y no hay una separacion de los mismos en los puntos de generacion. El inicio de una solucion a este problema, es separar la basura desde el hogar en residuos inorganicos, residuos organicos y residuos sanitarios, para despues ser recolectados y darles un tratamiento posterior, buscando el desarrollo sustentable en la comunidad. En el presente proyecto se considero tratar la fraccion de los residuos solidos organicos (RSO) mediante un proceso de compostaje con fermentacion acelerada, con ayuda de biorreactores (sistema cerrado), que puede reducir el tiempo de compostaje de cuatro meses (tiempo promedio estimado de compostaje en sistema abierto) a menos de dos meses. Para el tratamiento de los residuos inorganicos se considero implementar un sistema de separacion en los diferentes tipos: metales, plasticos, papel y carton, vidrio, telas y residuos peligrosos; para despues darles un pretratamiento (en caso de ser necesario) para su venta posterior; en el caso de los residuos peligrosos, habria que confinarlos en un relleno sanitario, con el resto de los residuos no aprovechables: tierra, piedras, desperdicios de construccion, etc. Ademas, se considero que los residuos sanitarios (junto con residuos textiles y plasticos no reciclables) se podrian quemar en una caldera de solidos acoplada a un turbogenerador para la produccion de energia electrica (necesaria en los motores de transmision de movimiento de la planta); pero no fue factible por problemas tecnicos que se comentan mas adelante. Con apoyo del H. Ayuntamiento de Arandas y del Instituto Tecnologico Jose Mario Molina Pasquel y Henriquez, campus Arandas, se logro disenar, construir y hacer las pruebas tecnicas de un prototipo de biorreactor aerobio continuo de fermentacion acelerada. Con los resultados obtenidos se realizo el escalamiento del equipo biorreactor piloto a nivel industrial, de acuerdo a la cantidad generada de RSO en el municipio de Arandas, para posteriormente, disenar la planta de tratamiento de los residuos organicos. Para el diseno de la planta de residuos solidos inorganicos se determinaron los diferentes equipos necesarios, sus caracteristicas, capacidad y costo. Ademas, se realizo la cotizacion de la obra civil requerida para la planta de tratamiento y la instalacion de la energia electrica. EnglishOne of the biggest problems in cities is the management and disposal of urban solid waste, since large volumes are generated and there is no separation at the generation points. The beginning of a solution to this problem is to separate the garbage from home into inorganic waste, organic waste and sanitary waste, to be then collected and given a subsequent treatment, seeking sustainable development in the community. In the present project we considered treating the fraction of organic solid waste (RSO) through a composting process with accelerated fermentation, with the help of bioreactors (closed system), which can reduce the composting time of four months (estimated average time of open-system composting) to less than two months. For the treatment of inorganic waste we considered implementing a separation system into different types: metals, plastics, paper and cardboard, glass, fabrics and hazardous waste; to then give them a pre- treatment (if necessary) for subsequent sale; in the case of hazardous waste, they should be confined to a sanitary landfill, with the rest of the unusable waste: dirt, rocks, construction waste, etc. In addition, we considered that sanitary waste (together with textile waste and non- recyclable plastics) could be burned in a solid boiler coupled to a turbogenerator for the production of electrical energy (necessary in the motors of motion transmission of the plant); however it was not feasible due to technical problems that are discussed below. With the support of the Arandas’ City Hall and the Jose Mario Molina Pasquel and Henriquez Technological Institute, Arandas campus, we were able to design, build and make the technical tests of a prototype of aerobic continuous bioreactor of accelerated fermentation. With the results obtained, the scaling of the pilot bioreactor equipment was carried out at the industrial level, according to the amount generated by RSO in the municipality of Arandas, and later, designing the treatment plant for organic waste. For the design of the inorganic solid waste plant, the different necessary equipment, their characteristics, capacity and cost were determined. In addition, we performed the pricing of the civil works required for the treatment plant and the installation of the electric power.

Organic solid wastes (OSWs) should be regarded as valuable resources rather than dead-end landfill waste that causes public health and odor concerns. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an ideal approach for managing organic solid waste issues and involves using a group of anaerobic microorganisms to transform OSWs into useful products. In this review, over 100 publications related to AD of OSWs have been compiled, discussed, and analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of the environmental and safety impacts of AD, its key environmental factors, co-digestion, and pretreatment, as well as the AD of OSWs by various anaerobic microbes uncovered by high throughput sequencing-based approaches, is presented. The purpose of this review is to provide an outline of the current knowledge of AD processes from a multi-angle perspective. A comprehensive understanding of AD of OSWs and genome-enabled biology development could be helpful for providing up-to-date knowledge of AD, developing it, overcoming its drawbacks and, ultimately, improving global waste control for more efficient environmental management. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

This paper explains the interest in urban organic solid wastes, the relevance of these wastes to municipal solid waste management, the main ways in which organics are reused, and the problem that arise from the wish to ensure safe and effec�tive reuse as part of sustainable development in cities in Romania. Wastes are substances resulting from biological or technological processes that can no longer be used as such, some of which are reusable. Dangerous substances are any substance or product which, when used in apparently non-hazardous quantities, concentrations or conditions, presents a significant risk to humans, the environment or material goods (eg explosives, oxidizing, flammable, toxic, harmful, corrosive, irritant, mutagenic. Urban administrations nowadays are seeking ways to divert organic wastes from municipal solid waste streams for a variety of reasons, as noted below. Recommenda�tions are made for separation at source so that safe composting can be carried out. Private companies are being encouraged to undertake composting, often via forms of public-private partnerships. More attention is being paid to the role of non-govern�mental organizations in promoting citizen awareness of organic waste issues, and co-operation with separation at source. This paper draws attention to the many informal ways that organic wastes are currently reused, which are rarely taken into account in official plans for managing organic wastes.

In the present study, the effect of chlorpyrifos (CP), its degradation product TCP and N-substituted aromatic compounds (nitrophenol and amino phenol) on methane production from organic solid waste...

In this research, mesoporous activated carbon (AC) was produced from municipal organic solid waste, where chemical activation with $$\hbox {H}_{3}\hbox {PO}_{4 }$$ as the activating agent was employed. Effects of various parameters, such as activation temperature, concentrations of $$\hbox {H}_{3}\hbox {PO}_{4 }$$ , and activation time, on the characteristics of the produced AC were investigated. Moreover, adsorption performance of the produced AC under different conditions of activation was evaluated using methylene blue and heavy metals as the adsorbates. The produced AC was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The results revealed that characteristics of the produced AC were highly influenced by activation temperature and concentration of $$\hbox {H}_{3}\hbox {PO}_{4 }$$ , whereas activation time has insignificant effect. At optimum activation conditions of activation temperature ( $$700^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ ), activation duration (2 h) and $$\hbox {H}_{3}\hbox {PO}_{4 }$$ concentration (30%), the results showed that BET surface area, AC yield and MB removal efficiency were 792.93 $$\hbox {m}^{2}/\hbox {g}$$ , 32 and 100%, respectively. Moreover, removal efficiencies of $$\hbox {Cd}^{2+}$$ and $$\hbox {Pb}^{2+}$$ were 55 and 64%, respectively.

Distiller's grains (DGS) as a typical organic solid waste in Chinese Baijiu production, with high water content, nutrient and various high-value components. Conventional waste management causes environmental issues and bioresource wasting. With the development of Chinese Baijiu companies, the demand for effective DGS treatment is urgent. There were various approaches for DGS resourcing, such as feeding, high-value components extraction, biogas production and composting. This review focus on the efficiency and existed limitations of these methods, includes the effects of feeds in livestock and poultry breeding, extraction efficiency and utilization, biogas yield and purity, and substance variation and stabilization in composting. As a prospect, process for DGS cascade and full utilization should be designed in further study. Combining and organizing the methods in different studies, decreasing the waste and discharge in process, optimizing the approaches in high value component extraction, promoting the utilization in different production, the value of DGS can be increased. The remained materials after cascade utilization can be further treated by full utilization in bioresource energy and composting. Therefore, Chinese Baijiu companies can achieve zero organic solid waste discharge and cleaner production.

The present study discusses the role of biochar in enhancing methane (biogas) production from organic solid waste (OSW) employing a co-culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methanosarcina mazei. The high porosity, alkalinity, and high ion-exchange capacity of biochar make it an efficient support material for microbial cell growth and proliferation. Here the effect of different doses of biochar on biogas production parameters, i.e., cumulative methane production, maximum methane production rate, and lag phases, are studied. The synergistic effect of biochar for its supplemental methane production via ammonia mitigation potential is also studied. The results illustrate a maximum methane yield of 109±0.42 mlCH4gCarboinitial with a maximum of 54.83±0.20% COD removal was achieved at 12.5 g/L biochar concentration. Also, there is a significant improvement in the lag phase from 13.2 ± 0.3 h at control (without biochar) to 8.8±.15 h at the same 12.5 g/L effective biochar concentration. The effect of ammonia addition revealed low methane production rates, which were subsequently reduced with the biochar amendment that conversely increased the methane production rates in each experimental batch. Thus the result showed that biochar addition could significantly affect methane production rates, ammonia inhibition potential and also showed increased volatile fatty acid generation.

Large amounts of organic solid waste (OSW) originating from anthropogenic activities have imposed enormous pressure on the environment and human health. Hyperthermophilic composting (hTC) exhibits superior performance in OSW disposal by providing advantages such as improved composting temperature, nitrogen conservation (NC), nitrous oxide mitigation and germination index (GI) over conventional thermophilic composting (cTC). However, microbial communities have a central role in driving composting performance by mediating OSW component transformation, and it remains unclear how hTC communities drive improved performance. This study used GeoChip coupled with high-throughput sequencing data to investigate the variations in carbon (C)-degrading and nitrogen (N)-cycling genes and microbial communities and their linkages with performance indices in hTC and cTC, aiming to identify the keystone biotic drivers for the improved performance. The results indicated significant differences in the composition and structure profiles of the functional genes between the hTC and cTC treatments. 18 of 45 C-degrading genes exhibited significantly higher relative abundances during the hyperthermophilic phase in hTC (day 5) than in cTC. By comparison, 12 of 16 N-cycling genes showed significantly lower relative abundances in hTC than in cTC. These differences between hTC and cTC remained as the composting process proceeded but with a narrowed downward trend. These significantly shifted genes were the keystone genes dominating the improved performance of hTC, as indicated by a random forest model. Multiple statistical analyses suggested that the abundances of keystone genes continued to dominantly drive the improved performance after multiple biotic drivers were simultaneously considered in hTC. This study provides evidence that the abundance of keystone genes potentially plays a pivotal role in improving composting performance in hTC.

Composting is an effective process for treating organic solid waste (OSW). There is a growing interest in recovering and reusing heat from composting, in the context of climate change and fossil fuel depletion. Several literature reviews have been conducted to address the composting process; however, several engineering aspects, including heat estimation, recovery, and utilization, are inadequately addressed in current reviews. To fill this knowledge gap, we bring together the current knowledge on the heat from composting and provide a discussion on the methods for calculating the heat potential of OSW, estimating the amount of heat production and recovering the generated heat. Moreover, we summarize the utilization of generated heat and point out the challenges and the outlook for future research. The results show that the heating value of different OSW can be calculated by ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, or composition analysis. Moreover, different methods have been used for heat production estimation: the degradation method can adequately describe the composting process, O2 method is simpler to implement, and heat balance method is only valid at large scale reactors. Different types of reactors use different techniques for heat recovery: water jacket method is suitable for small-scale reactors, while tube buried-in pile method and percolation water method are especially suitable for lignocellulosic biomass composting. Heat exchanger in the head space method and low-temperature heat recovery technologies are mainly used for commercial reactors. The heat recovered from composting is potentially suitable for building applications such as hot water service, flooring heating and wall heating.