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Background: Hypotensive anaesthesia is a method of reducing the blood pressure of a patient at some point of surgical treatment to reduce the quantity of blood loss. This is the most frequently used approach in microvascular surgery however it can be used in a wide range of surgeries. The efficacy of hypotensive anaesthesia is decreasing intraoperative blood loss, lowering operation time and enhancing the quality of surgery. Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess the effects of hypotensive anaesthesia on reducing intraoperative blood loss, duration of operation and quality of surgical field during orthognathic surgery in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: The study was carried out in the Anaesthesiology Department of Dhaka Dental College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2021 to December 2022. A prospective, randomized clinical research with 72 individuals was conducted. They were assigned at randomization to either a normotensive or a hypotensive anaesthesia group. Results: The mean blood loss for surgeries carried out under normotensive anaesthesia was 276.66±57.50 ml, whereas the mean blood loss for surgeries carried out under hypotensive anaesthesia was 162.50±37.25 ml. In the normotensive and hypotensive groups, the mean duration of operation was 195.83±60.44 minutes and 195±58.05 minutes respectively. Conclusions: Reducing intraoperative blood loss is really a benefit of hypotensive anaesthesia. As a standard method for orthognathic surgery, hypotensive anaesthesia can be justified for less blood loss and enhancing the quality of surgical field.

Background: One of the most prevalent congenital malformations and the most frequent craniofacial defects in children is cleft lip and palate. The aim of the study was to investigate the anaesthetic procedures employed and to determine the challenges and postoperative complications associated with cleft lip and palate surgery. Material Methods: A retrospective review of the anaesthetic procedures carried out from January 2022 to December 2022 at the Dhaka Dental College and Hospital. The hospital records were reviewed in order to learn about every occurrence of orofacial cleft surgery. In this study, a total number of 120 cases were reviewed. Results: Among 120 cases, 53 (44.2%) of the patients were female and 67 (55.8%) were male. The bulk of patients came after their first year of life. About 54(45%) of them were younger than five years old. 68(56.67%) underwent cleft lip surgery, 37(30.83%) for cleft palate surgery and rest 15(12.5%) patients under went for combined cleft lip and cleft palate surgeries. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) was reported as the most common pre-existing morbidity. Bronchospasm was the main intraoperative complications occurred in 8 (6.67%) of the cases with URTI. After surgey 6(5%) patients experienced bleeding, 3(2.5%) patients needed to be reintubated. In addition, 2 (1.67%) instances had trouble controlling their pain, only 1(0.83%) patient had trouble swallowing and 1(0.83%) recovered slowly. Conclusion: Anaesthesia for surgical repair of cleft lip or palate in children is challenging. After a thorough preoperative evaluation, a trained anaesthesiologist should administer anaesthesia under strict supervision to minimize postoperative complications.

Background: The standard of therapy for benign diseases, periampullary and ampullary cancers is pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). These patient subgroups frequently present with obstructive jaundice, which is associated with increased morbidity due to impaired immunity and nutrition. It is controversial whether PBD should be applied routinely prior to pancreaticoduodenectomy. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate infectious complications of biliary decompression prior to pancreaticoduodenectomy in a patient with obstructive jaundice. Methods: This single-center, cross-sectional study was done at BSMMU from April 2021 to March 2022. The study comprised 48 pancreaticoduodenectomy patients who met the criteria. Two groups formed. Group I had preoperative biliary drainage (n=24) while Group II did not (n=24). After written consent, all patient data was collected in a standardized form. SPSS version 23.0 ran statistical analysis. Unpaired t-test was used to evaluate mean SD quantitative variables. Chi-square test was conducted to see any association between qualitative observations and frequencies and percentages. P 0.05 was considered statistically significant in 95% confidence interval tests. Results: Overall infectious complications were not significant between two group (75%vs 41.7%; p=0.097). But SSI was higher in stent group (p=0.040). This stent group also observed higher positive bile culture 83.3% with significant polymicrobial growth (p=0.012). Commonly used antibiotics showed higher resistance to those biliary organisms; Cephalosporin (50 75%), Carbapenem (41.7%). There was also significant association between positive bile culture with SSI (p=0.048). Per- operative adhesion (p=0.001) and blood loss (p= 0.006) observed more in stent group. Although significant improvement of liver function observed following stenting. Conclusions: Increased risk of resistant polymicrobial bactibilia with strong association with SSI; preoperative biliary .......

Background: The implications of flipped classrooms are increasing day by day around the world for better benefits compared to traditional classrooms. But the application and research about this field are insufficient in Bangladesh Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the flipped classroom learning environment on students’ engagement and satisfaction compared to a traditional classroom. Methods: Result showed a significant difference in student engagement and satisfaction with flipped classroom being favored over traditional classroom. A cross-sectional survey research was conducted using a 5-point Likert-type questionnaire to measure student engagement and satisfaction, respectively, on both the traditional classroom and the flipped classroom. Data were collected from 79 participants from the traditional classroom and 61 participants from the flipped classroom. After six weeks of intervention on flipped classroom method, again a survey was carried out to discover student engagement and satisfaction. The obtained data were analyzed by employing descriptive statistics, t-test, and correlation by SPSS version 26, Microsoft Excel version 19, and an online t-test calculator. Results: The study's findings revealed a significant mean difference in student engagement and satisfaction between the traditional and flipped classrooms. The outcomes also showed that students were more engaged and satisfied with flipped classrooms than with traditional classrooms. Another outcome to note is that the flipped classroom was also able to differentiate students based on class activity and regularity, while the traditional classroom could not. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the flipped classroom model has the potential to be the ideal education system in the 21st century and to address the 4th Industrial Revolution. Further investigation, assessment, and modification are necessary for widespread implementation.

Bangladesh’s railway system mostly uses typical manual railway crossing techniques or boom gates through its 2955.53 km rail route all over the country. Accidents frequently happen at railway crossings due to the lack of quickly operating gate systems, and to fewer safety measures at the railway crossing as well. Currently, there are very few automatic railway crossing systems available (without obstacle detectors). Additionally, all of them are dependent on the national power grid, without a backup plan for any emergency cases. Bangladesh is still running a bit behind in generating enough power for its consumption; hence, it is not possible to have a continuous power supply at all times all over the countryside. We aim to design and develop a smart railway crossing system with an obstacle detector to prevent common types of accidents at railway crossing points. We use two infrared (IR) sensors to operate the railway crossing systems, which are controlled by an Arduino Uno. This newly designed level crossing system is run with the help of sustainable renewable energy, which is cost-effective and eco-friendly, and applied under the national green energy policy towards achieving sustainable development in Bangladesh as a part of the global sustainable goal to face climate change challenges. We have summarized the simulated the results of several renewable energy sources, including a hybrid system, and optimized the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and the payback periods.

Introduction: Multidrug-resistant bacteria are rapidly increasing worldwide, increasing antibiotic resistance. The exploitation, misuse, overuse, and decrease of the therapeutic potential of currently available antibiotics have resulted in the development of resistance against bacteria. As the most common bacterial pathogen in humans, Staphylococcus aureus can cause many adverse health effects. In fighting multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, scientists have identified an extremely relevant target - SaTMPK. SaTMPK is essential for DNA synthesis, which, in turn, is necessary for the replication and cell division of bacteria. Objective: To perform multi-stage screening using the ZINC database, followed by molecular docking, ADMET profiling, molecular dynamics simulations, and energy calculations. Methods: Based on the similar pharmacophoric characteristics of existing SaTMPK crystal structures, a model of interaction-based pharmacophores was developed. We then performed molecular docking studies on the positive hits obtained from the pharmacophore screening. Compounds that exhibited good molecular interactions within the SaTMPK binding sites were further evaluated using in-silico ADMET profiling. Results: In a multi-stage screening campaign, three compounds were shortlisted that exhibited physicochemical characteristics suitable for human administration. Conclusion: The findings from this study should contribute to in vitro and in vivo studies for clinical applications.

Numerical study is presented in this work for turbulent cavitating flow pattern simulation on a hydrofoil, using state equation of cavitation model along with combined turbulence model for mixed fluid based on commercial software FLUENT 6.0. This solver is based on finite volume method. Cavitating study yield irregular behavior with the variation of cavitation values ( . This study is focused on pressure variation, vapor volume fraction, lift and drag forces on the foil section for various cavitation values at angle of attack. Cavitation initiation begins at the foremost surface and covers towards the end chord with reducing cavitation value. Moreover, the change of vapor region pattern is predicted towards the front of the foil. Finally, transitional flow range is observed for values 0.8 to 1.2 with large standard deviation.

The electricity crisis is a common issue in Bangladesh; however, recently the electricity scenario has been getting worse due to various reasons including power generation and distribution all over the country. Meanwhile, the large number of people requires a huge amount of energy which is not possible to be met by the national grid due to the limited power generation from different plants. Among all renewable energy sources, the solar photovoltaics (PV) system is the best choice as a generation source, either off-grid or with a grid-tied connection, to reduce the pressure on the national grid. In Bangladesh, there are more than 175,000 schools, and it is possible to generate a huge amount of renewable (solar) power to supply all the schools by using rooftop PV systems. We propose a new approach that combines solar energy harvesting and savings to make the schools self-sufficient and energywise. We performed a Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) pro simulation and find that it was possible to generate approximately 200 megawatts (MW) of power. We conducted a feasibility study on generating power from rooftop PV systems on school buildings and reduced the power consumption using retrofitted thin-film-coated glass by around 16–20% per day depending on the school size, which can help the national power grid system by either making all the schools off-grid or grid-connected to supply power to the national grid. In addition, we perform a HelioScope simulation to investigate the maximum upscaling of PV sizing for the rooftops of school buildings in Bangladesh to realize how to make each school a mini solar power station in the future. The HelioScope simulation performance showed that it was possible to generate approximately 96,993 kWh per year from one school building.

PurposeThis paper attempts to review the corporate voluntary disclosure (CVD) from the theoretical perspective as well as propose a conceptual framework.Design/methodology/approachThe researchers use structural literature review technique. The sample literature consisting of 55 articles was extracted from the Scopus database over the period of 2017–2021.FindingsThe literature observes that the legitimacy, agency and stakeholder theories are most applied in CVD related studies than the other theories. It is also revealed that researchers need to concentrate more studies on those theories of CVD that have been applied in a limited study such as neo-institutional, signaling, resource dependence, political economy and impression management theories.Practical implicationsThe findings can help the understanding of parties such as practitioners', regulators and potential investors of the theories in CVD from a combined and comprehensive view.Social implicationsThe results of the study offer new insights into the potential impact of organizational level and country level theories in CVD from different perspectives of developed and developing countries.Originality/valueThis study delivers an inclusive literature review of the current study approach on the theories of CVD and highlights some stimulating guidelines for future study.