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Plant-derived polyphenols are bioactive compounds with potential health-promoting properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity. However, their beneficial effects and biomedical applications may be limited due to their low bioavailability. In the present study, we have considered a microencapsulation-based drug delivery system to investigate the anticancer effects of polyphenol-rich (apigenin, caffeic acid, and luteolin) fractions, extracted from a cereal crop pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ), using three phenotypically different cellular models of breast cancer in vitro, namely triple negative HCC1806, ER-positive HCC1428, and HER2-positive AU565 cells. Encapsulated polyphenolic extract induced apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cells with different receptor status, whereas it was ineffective against non-tumorigenic MCF10F cells. Encapsulated polyphenolic extract was also found to be cytotoxic against drug-resistant doxorubicin-induced senescent breast cancer cells that were accompanied by increased levels of apoptotic and necrotic markers, cell cycle inhibitor p21 and proinflammatory cytokine IL8. Furthermore, diverse responses to the stimulation with encapsulated polyphenolic extract in senescent breast cancer cells were observed, as in the encapsulated polyphenolic extract-treated non-proliferating AU565 cells, the autophagic pathway, here cytotoxic autophagy, was also induced, as judged by elevated levels of beclin-1 and LC3b. We show for the first time the anti-breast cancer activity of encapsulated polyphenolic extract of pearl millet and postulate that microencapsulation may be a useful approach for potentiating the anticancer effects of phytochemicals with limited bioavailability.

Berberis vulgaris L. ( Berberidaceae ) is a shrub that has been widely used in European folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the mechanisms of the chemopreventive action of the plant's methanolic root extract (BVR) against colon cancer cells. Studies were conducted in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (LS180 and HT-29) and control colon epithelial CCD841 CoN cells. According to the MTT assay, after 48 h of cell exposure, the IC 50 values were as follows: 4.3, 46.1, and 50.2 µg/mL for the LS180, HT-29, and CCD841 CoN cells, respectively, showing the greater sensitivity of the cancer cells to BVR. The Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS kit demonstrated that BVR induced programmed cell death only against HT-29 cells. Nuclear double staining revealed the great proapoptotic BVR properties in HT-29 cells and subtle effect in LS180 cells. RT-qPCR with the relative quantification method showed significant changes in the expression of genes related to apoptosis in both the LS180 and HT-29 cells. The genes BCL2L1 (126.86-421.43%), BCL2L2 (240-286.02%), CASP3 (177.19-247.83%), and CASP9 (157.99-243.75%) had a significantly elevated expression, while BCL2 (25-52.03%) had a reduced expression compared to the untreated control. Furthermore, in a panel of antioxidant tests, BVR showed positive effects (63.93 ± 0.01, 122.92 ± 0.01, and 220.29 ± 0.02 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g in the DPPH•, ABTS•+, and ORAC assays, respectively). In the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test, BVR revealed 62.60 ± 0.87% of enzyme inhibition. The chemical composition of BVR was determined using a UHPLC-UV-CAD-MS/MS analysis and confirmed the presence of several known alkaloids, including berberine, as well as other alkaloids and two derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid (ferulic and sinapic acid hexosides). The results are very promising and encourage the use of BVR as a comprehensive chemopreventive agent (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-apoptotic) in colorectal cancer, and were widely discussed alongside data from the literature.

Oat husk (hull) is a byproduct of oat processing that is rich in insoluble fiber. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of partially replacing wheat flour with oat husk (at levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/100 g) on the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance of pasta. Additionally, UPLC-MS/MS analysis was performed to identify phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds, and the cooking properties of the pasta were evaluated. The test results indicate that oat husk significantly ( p < 0.05) increased the ash and fiber contents in the pasta, while decreasing the protein and fat contents. Moreover, the redness and yellowness of both raw and cooked pasta increased, while lightness decreased as a result of pasta enrichment with oat husk. Oat husk also led to a decrease in the stretching force of cooked samples, although cooking loss increased significantly but did not exceed 8%. The contents of phenolics and antioxidant activity significantly increased with the incorporation of hull in pasta recipes. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the enriched pasta was especially abundant in ferulic acid. Products with up to 10 g of husk/100 g of wheat flour showed good consumer acceptance. However, higher levels of this additive led to notably lower assessments, particularly in terms of pasta texture.

The anticancer potential of quercetin (Q), a plant-derived flavonoid, and underlining molecular mechanisms are widely documented in cellular models in vitro. However, biomedical applications of Q are limited due to its low bioavailability and hydrophilicity. In the present study, the electrospinning approach was used to obtain polylactide (PLA) and PLA and polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based micro- and nanofibers containing Q, namely PLA/Q and PLA/PEO/Q, respectively, in a form of non-woven fabrics. The structure and physico-chemical properties of Q-loaded fibers were characterized by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy (SEM and AFM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), goniometry and FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The anticancer action of PLA/Q and PLA/PEO/Q was revealed using two types of cancer and nine cell lines, namely osteosarcoma (MG-63, U-2 OS, SaOS-2 cells) and breast cancer (SK-BR-3, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, Hs 578T, and BT-20 cells). The anticancer activity of Q-loaded fibers was more pronounced than the action of free Q. PLA/Q and PLA/PEO/Q promoted cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death that was not overcome by heat shock protein (HSP)-mediated adaptive response. PLA/Q and PLA/PEO/Q were biocompatible and safe, as judged by in vitro testing using normal fibroblasts. We postulate that PLA/Q and PLA/PEO/Q with Q releasing activity can be considered as a novel and more efficient micro- and nano-system to deliver Q and eliminate phenotypically different cancer cells., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Maciej Wnuk reports financial support was provided by National Science Centre Poland., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Photocatalytic degradation is a promising method for removing persistent organic pollutants from water because of its low cost (see solar-driven photocatalysis), high mineralisation of pollutants, and low environmental impact. Photocatalysts based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently attracting high scientific interest due to their unique electrical, mechanical, and optical properties. A MoS 2 photocatalyst of the layered structure was managed to photodegrade methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. The catalyst was thoroughly characterised using SEM, AFM, powder XRD, UV-Vis, Raman, and XPS measurements. The photocatalytic degradation of the MB solution was conducted under the following conditions: (i) reductive and (ii) oxidative. The impact of optical and electronic properties, and the MoS 2 -MB interaction on photocatalytic activity, was discussed. The apparent rate constants (k app ) of degradation were 3.7 × 10 -3 ; 7.7 × 10 -3 ; 81.7 × 10 -3  min -1 for photolysis, oxidative photocatalysis, and reductive photocatalysis. Comparison of the degradation efficiency of MB in reductive and oxidative processes indicates the important role of the reaction with the surface electron. In the oxidation process, oxygen reacts with an electron to form a superoxide anion radical involved in further transformations of the dye, whereas, in the reduction process, the addition of an electron destabilises the chromophore ring and leads to its rupture., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Berberis vulgaris L. is currently widely studied for its antioxidant and chemopreventive properties, especially with regard to the beneficial properties of its fruits. Although the bark and roots have been well known and used in traditional medicine since ancient times, little is known about the other parts of this plant. The aim of the research was to determine the antioxidant and LOX inhibitory activity effects of extracts obtained from the leaves, fruits, and stems. Another aim of the work was to carry out the quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides. The extracts were obtained with the use of ASE (accelerated solvent extraction). The total content of polyphenols was determined and was found to vary depending on the organ, with the highest amount of polyphenols found in the leaf extracts. The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically in relation to the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical, with results ranging from 63.9 mgTE/g for the leaves to 65.2 mgTE/g for the stem. Antioxidant activity was also assessed using the ABTS test. The lowest value was recorded for the barberry fruit (117.9 mg TE/g), and the highest level was found for the barberry leaves (140.5 mgTE/g). The oxygen radical absorbance capacity test (ORAC) showed the lowest value for the stem (167.7 mgTE/g) and the highest level for the leaves (267.8 mgTE/g). The range of the percentage inhibition of LOX was determined as well. The percentage inhibition of the enzyme was positively correlated with the sum of the flavonoids, TPC, TFC, and the content of selected flavonoids. Phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides were determined qualitatively and quantitatively in individual parts of Berberis vulgaris L. The content of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides was determined with the LC-MS/MS method. The following phenolic acids were quantitatively and qualitatively identified in individual parts of Berberis vulgaris L.: gallic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, protocatechuic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, and caffeic acid. The flavonoid glycosides determined were: eleutheroside E, Eriodictyol-7-glucopyranoside, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitin, luteoloside, narcissoside, naringenin-7-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-glucoside, afzeline, and quercitrin. Flavonoid aglycones such as catechin, luteolin, quercetin, and eriodictyol were also determined qualitatively and quantitatively.

To ensure sufficient food supply worldwide, plants are treated with pesticides to provide protection against pathogens and pests. Herbicides are the most commonly utilised pesticides, used to reduce the growth of weeds. However, their long-term use has resulted in the emergence of herbicide-resistant biotypes in many weed species. Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L., Asteraceae) is one of these plants, whose biotypes resistant to herbicides from the group of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors have begun to emerge in recent years. Some plants, although undesirable in crops and considered as weeds, are of great importance in phytomedicine and food production, and characterised by a high content of health-promoting substances, including antioxidants. Our study aimed to investigate how the acquisition of herbicide resistance affects the health-promoting properties of plants on the example of cornflower, as well as how they are affected by herbicide treatment. To this end, we analysed non-anthocyanin polyphenols and antioxidant capacity in flowers of C. cyanus from herbicide-resistant and susceptible biotypes. Our results indicated significant compositional changes associated with an increase in the content of substances and activities that have health-promoting properties. High antioxidant activity and higher total phenolic and flavonoid compounds as well as reducing power were observed in resistant biotypes. The latter one increased additionally after herbicide treatment which might also suggest their role in the resistance acquisition mechanism. Overall, these results show that the herbicide resistance development, although unfavourable to crop production, may paradoxically have very positive effects for medicinal plants such as cornflower., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Testing the composition, quality and authenticity of edible oils is crucial to safeguard the consumers' rights and health. The aim of our study was to identify oil-specific markers to enable the differentiation and authentication of sunflower, sesame, flaxseed and rapeseed oils, and to evaluate their antioxidant activity, total phenolic and carotenoid content. A metabolomic approach based on liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed for marker discovery. Spectrophotometric method was used for determination of antioxidant activity, total phenolic and carotenoid content. 76 oil samples from the four different manufacturers were examined. We identified 13 oil-specific markers for sunflower seed oil, 8 for rapeseed oil, 5 for sesame seed oil and 3 for flaxseed oil, their retention times, accurate masses, and characteristic fragment ions are reported. The abundances of the markers for each plant species were found to vary depending on the oil producer and the product batch. Significant differences in antioxidant activity, total phenolic and carotenoid content were also observed both between oils and within oil type. The highest total phenolic content (84.03 ± 4.19 to 103.79 ± 3.67 mg of gallic acid/kg) and antioxidant activity (245.67 ± 7.59 to 297.22 ± 2.32 mg Trolox/kg) were found in sesame seed and flaxseed oils, respectively. Identified metabolic markers can be used as qualitative markers to confirm the authenticity or to detect adulterations of oils. Composition, properties and authenticity testing should be more rigorous for food products marketed as health-promoting., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Sumara et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Podophyllotoxin (PPT) is a precursor for the synthesis of drugs against cancer and other diseases. The present sources of PPT ( Sinopodophyllum hexandrum and Podophyllum peltatum ) are endangered species, with PPT production highly dependent on their growing conditions. In connection with the identification of new sources of PPT, the present study aimed to recover PPT from Juniperus virginiana leaves via atmospheric or high pressure extraction methods with a focus on using eco-friendly solvents. PPT quantification was determined by UHPLC/HRMS/MS. A thorough study of conventional extraction was carried out to reveal the optimal conditions (solvent ethyl acetate at room temperature and a duration of 1 h) for maximizing the PPT recovery (about 30 mg/g of dry extract and 3 mg/g of dry initial plant material). Peleg's equation was applied for process kinetics modeling. The best PPT content in the final dry extract (42-45 mg/g of dry extract) was obtained by high pressure methods under supercritical (scCO 2 with ethanol or ethyl acetate, 30 MPa, 50 °C and 100 min) or accelerated solvent extraction conditions (solvent ethyl acetate, 10.35 MPa, 20 °C and 3 cycles for 15 min). Seasonal stability and storage stability of the raw material were also determined. The present results have potential applications in the pharmacy for the delivery of PPT from juniper leaves.

We demonstrate strain-balanced InAs/AlSb type-II superlattices (T2SL) grown on GaSb substrates employing two kinds of interfaces (IFs): AlAs-like IF and InSb-like IF. The structures are obtained by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for effective strain management, simplified growth scheme, improved material crystalline quality, and improved surface quality. The minimal strain T2SL versus GaSb substrate can be achieved by a special shutters sequence during MBE growth that leads to the formation of both interfaces. The obtained minimal mismatches of the lattice constants is smaller than that reported in the literature. The in-plane compressive strain of 60-period InAs/AlSb T2SL 7ML/6ML and 6ML/5ML was completely balanced by the applied IFs, which is confirmed by the HRXRD measurements. The results of the Raman spectroscopy (measured along the direction of growth) and surface analyses (AFM and Nomarski microscopy) of the investigated structures are also presented. Such InAs/AlSb T2SL can be used as material for a detector in the MIR range and, e.g., as a bottom n-contact layer as a relaxation region for a tuned interband cascade infrared photodetector.

The genus Atriplex provides species that are used as food and natural remedies. In this work, the levels of soluble phenolic acids (free and conjugated) and flavonoids in extracts from roots, stems, leaves and flowers of the unexplored Atriplex sagittata Borkh were investigated by LC-ESI-MS/MS, together with their antioxidant and antihyaluronidase activity. Phenolic acids were present in all parts of A. sagittata ; and were most abundant in the leaves (225.24 μg/g dw.), whereas the highest content of flavonoids were found in the flowers (242.71 μg/g dw.). The most common phenolics were 4-hydroxybenzoic and salicylic acids, kaempferol-3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-rutinoside and the rare narcissoside, which was present in almost all morphotic parts. The stem extract had the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (611.86 mg/100 g dw.), whereas flower extract exerted the most potent antihyaluronidase effect (IC 50 = 84.67 µg/mL; control-quercetin: IC 50 = 514.28 μg/mL). Phytochemical analysis of the flower extract led to the isolation of two triterpene saponins that were shown to be strong hyaluronidase inhibitors (IC 50 = 33.77 and 168.15 µg/mL; control-escin: IC 50 = 307.38 µg/mL). This is the first report on the presence of phenolics and saponins in A. sagittata. The results suggest that both groups of metabolites may contribute to the overall activity of this plant species.

Multipurpose Fe 3 O 4 @APTES-Ag heterostructures for mutual heat generation, SERS probing, and antimicrobial activity were fabricated using a three-step process. Silver metallic particles were precipitated on a thin silica shell that served as an interlayer with Fe 3 O 4 nanocubes. The structural properties were studied by means of the powder X-ray diffraction technique, and selected area electron diffraction. Particle size, distribution, and morphology were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, while element mapping was performed using the STEM-EDS technique. The presence of the silica shell and the effectiveness of the Ag reduction were checked by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. The heat generation ability was studied by using AMF and NIR contactless external stimulations working separately and simultaneously. We demonstrated that the dual mode stimulation leads to a SAR (specific absorption rate) of 1000 W g -1 with the predominant role of the mechanism associated with the light interaction. The SERS effect was recorded with the use of the R6G standard molecule showing high capability of the heterostructures for Raman signal augmentation. Fe 3 O 4 nanocubes decorated with Ag particles have shown antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa . The Fe 3 O 4 @APTES-Ag presents promising potential as a multipurpose platform for biological applications ranging from photomagnetic therapies, to analytical probes exploiting the SERS effect and antibacterial activity., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Fruits are the main food part of the European dewberry ( Rubus caesius L.), known as a source of polyphenols and antioxidants, while very little attention is paid to leaves and stems, especially young first-year stems. The purpose of this work was to analyze for the first time water and ethanol extracts obtained from young, freshly developed, leaves and stems of the European dewberry to determine their antioxidant and biological activity, whereas most of the papers describe biological properties of leaves collected during summer or autumn. As the phytochemical profile changes during the growing season, the quantitative and qualitative content of flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones was analyzed using reversed phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The ability to inhibit hyaluronidase as well as antioxidant activity (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl: DPPH and ferric antioxidant power: FRAP) were estimated. Extracts were also analyzed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoid aglycones and flavonoid glycosides, with the highest amount of tiliroside, hyperoside, isoquercetin, astragalin, rutin and catechin in ethanol extracts. DPPH and FRAP tests proved the high antioxidant activity of the extracts from leaves or stems and the antihyaluronidase assay revealed for the first time that water and ethanol extracts obtained from the stems exhibited the ability to inhibit hyaluronidase activity resulting in an IC 50 of 55.24 ± 3.21 and 68.7 ± 1.61 μg/mL, respectively. The antimicrobial activity has never been analyzed for European dewberry and was the highest for Clostridium bifermentans and Clostridium sporogenes -anaerobic sporulation rods as well as Enterococcus faecalis for both water and ethanol extracts.

Ergosterol (ES) and ergosterol peroxide (EP) are secondary metabolites common for different mushrooms and responsible for health promoting effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral activity, and reduction of the incidence of cardiovascular disease. In this study, a new method for determination of both ES and EP in mushroom extracts was developed. Two methods for UHPLC-MS/MS with the use of APCI and APPI sources were developed and compared. The UHPLC-APPI-MS/MS method was found to be more effective and convenient for the analysis of both compounds in 21 edible and 9 medicinal mushrooms. Among the investigated mushrooms, M. procera was found to contain the highest level of ES, while G. dryophilus constituted the richest source of EP. Therefore, it can be suggested that mushrooms are a valuable source of ES and EP in everyday human diet and can be used for development of nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

One of the most commonly consumed mushrooms in Europe is Cantharellus cibarius, also known as chanterelles. Therefore, the investigation of the pro-health properties of crude polysaccharides from this species was performed. The obtained results indicate that the polysaccharide fraction from C. cibarius inhibits the activity of both COX-1 and COX-2. Moreover, the prebiotic potential was revealed in relation to Lactobacillus strains. Crude polysaccharides were found to inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer cells with the simultaneous absence of toxicity towards normal cells. The purification and structural characterization of the examined polysaccharide fraction from C. cibarius indicates that it consists of one monosaccharide in the repeating unit →6)-α-D-Manp-(1→. The presented activities indicate for the first time that this edible mushroom possesses interesting chemopreventive potential, especially against colon cancer., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: According to the vast body of evidence demonstrating that the intestinal microbiota is undoubtedly linked with overall health, including cancer risk, searching for functional foods and novel prebiotic influencing on beneficial bacteria is necessary. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of polysaccharides from 53 wild-growing mushrooms to stimulate the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and to determine the digestibility of polysaccharide fractions., Methods: Mushroom polysaccharides were precipitated with ethanol from aqueous extracts. Determination of growth promoting activity of polysaccharides was performed in U-shaped 96-plates in an ELISA reader in relation to the reference strain of L. acidophilus and two clinical strains of L. rhamnosus. The digestibility of mushroom polysaccharides was investigated in vitro by exposing them to artificial human gastric juice., Results: Obtained results revealed that fungal polysaccharides stimulate the growth of Lactobacillus strains stronger than commercially available prebiotics like inulin or fructooligosaccharides. Moreover, selected polysaccharides were subjected to artificial human gastric juice and remain undigested in more than 90%., Conclusion: Obtained results indicate that mushroom polysaccharides are able to pass through the stomach unchanged, reaching the colon and stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria. Majority of 53 polysaccharide fractions were analysed for the first time in our study. Overall, our findings suggest that polysaccharide fractions from edible mushrooms might be useful in producing functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Spices play an important role in the chemoprevention and they can be a rich source of biologically active compounds such as triterpenes in the human diet. A method based on high performance thin-layer chromatography combined with densitometry for determination of ursolic and oleanolic acids in some common spices was elaborated. The prechromatographic derivatization with 1% of iodine solution was used to enable simultaneous analysis of these triterpenes. The extracts were separated on HPTLC silica gel 60 F254 plates with use of mobile phase consisting of toluene-petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-acetonitrile 5: 5: 1: 0.3 (v/v/v/v). After drying, the plates were sprayed with 10% (v/v) ethanol solution of sulfuric acid (VI) and heated to 120 degrees C for 3 min. Quantification was performed in fluorescence/reflectance mode at a wavelength of 400 nm using a computer-controlled densitometer Desaga CD 60.

The present study was designed to develop conditions for the optimal extraction of antiradical ingredients of rugosa rose petals. The effect of temperature (22-140 degrees C), solvent and extraction type on the phenolics extraction and antiradical activity was studied. In order to obtain extracts from rugosa rose petals with the highest activity and phenolic content, the use of mixture of polar organic solvents (acetone, in particular) with water is recommended.

Two dimensional thin layer chromatography on DIOL polar bonded stationary phase was performed to optimize the separation of some anioxidant phenolic compounds from Eupatorium cannabinum extracts. Ethyl-methyl ketone mixed with n-heptane and ethyl acetate mixed with n-heptane were used as non-aqueous mobile phases in normal phase separations (1st direction of development in 2D-HPTLC mode) and methanol mixed with water was used as a mobile phase in reversed phase (2nd direction of development in 2D-HPTLC mode). The plates were sprayed by use of Merck TLC sprayer using 2-(diphenylboryoxy)-ethylamine and PEG4000 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) or DPPH and photographed in Camag Cabinet UV lamp at 254 nm and 365 nm by use of Fuji 8 mpx camera. Satisfactory separations of antioxidant phenolic compounds in Eupatorium cannabinum extracts were obtained by use of optimized 2D-HPTLC systems.

A free and liberated by acid and alkaline hydrolysis phenolic acids from the hips of fourteen species of wildly growing roses were identifed and determined using SPE RP HPLC method. Eleven major phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, gentisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic. p-hydroxyphenylacetic, salicylic) were quantitatively investigated. The amount of individual compounds ranged from 0.2 mg/g to 303.2 mg/g of dry material. Conjugated forms of phenolic acids were predominated in the fruits and they were hydrolyzed mainly to gallic acid (93-303 mg/g in dry plant material). The total amount of phenolic acid after hydrolyses was from 186.4 mg/g (R. inodora) to 466 mg/g (R. rugosa) of dry weight of plant material.

Ellagic acid (EA) is known as a naturally occurring dietary antimutagen and anticarcinogen with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. An SPE RP HPLC method was optimized and applied for identification and determination of ellagic acid in hips of fourteen species of roses, wildly growing in Poland. A large amount of total EA, ranged from 487.2 to 1065.2 microg/g of dry material was found. The results suggest that studied materials are good sources of dietary ellagic acid and could be used as a natural antioxidant and functional food.

The aim of this study was to evaluate phenotypic variation of R0 androgenic plants obtained from four seed sources and donor plants by anther culture. Several morphological traits (leaf size, petiole length, leaf division, cortex colour) and the range of diversity were evaluated. There was large variation in all traits among the donor varieties. Especially leaf division and cortex colour differed significantly among the androgenic plants that came from different seed sources. The plants regenerated from four donor plants of variety 62 were significantly different in most traits except for leaf width and cortex colour. Evaluation of R1 plants will demonstrate whether the R0 variation observed is due to genetic variation or physiological differences from tissue culture.