323 results on '"Nouman, Muhammad"'
Search Results
152. The Individual’s Influence on Low-Technology Innovation: A Critical Realism Based Case Study on North-West Pakistan’s Marble Sector
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad, primary, Taj, Aamer, additional, and Gul, Saleem, additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
153. Compensating Thermoset Composite Panel Deformation using Corrective Molding
- Author
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T.W. Capehart, Hamid G. Kia, and Nouman Muhammad
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Thermosetting polymer ,02 engineering and technology ,Molding (process) ,Deformation (meteorology) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Finite element method ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,Residual stress ,Mold ,Materials Chemistry ,Ceramics and Composites ,Bending moment ,medicine ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Shrinkage - Abstract
Open mold composite (OMC) body panels, comprising three thermosetting layers, warp significantly after removal from the mold. Due to an asymmetric layup of these laminates, a residual stress develops due to chemical shrinkage of the gel coat resin during cure. The resulting bending moment distorts the panel. This work first develops a finite element model (FEM) to calculate panel deformation based on the chemical shrinkage and mechanical properties of the laminated panel. The FEM is then validated by a direct comparison with the measured distortion of door-outer panels produced using a conventional panel-shaped mold. This FEM is then integrated into an algorithm to calculate a mold shape that corrects for this distortion. Starting with a mold duplicating the desired panel shape, the initial panel deformation is calculated using the FEM. Trial molds are then generated by partial inversion of the deformed panel's deviation from the desired shape. The algorithm is iterated until it converges to a corrective mesh that deforms to the mesh of the desired shape of the panel. A corrective mold for a door-outer panel is fabricated and the effectiveness of the corrective mold is evaluated by measuring the distortion of the door-outer panels it produces. Compared to the panels produced by the conventional mold, the corrective mold reduces panel distortion by 45%.
- Published
- 2007
154. Ultrathin Terahertz Quarter-wave plate based on Split Ring Resonator and Wire Grating hybrid Metasurface
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad Tayyab, primary, Hwang, Ji Hyun, additional, and Jang, Jae-Hyung, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
155. INTRODUCTION OF HUYGENS ABSORBING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS INTO LOD METHOD FOR FDTD
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad and Costen, Fumie
- Subjects
FDTD, LOD-FDTD, HABC - Abstract
The finite dierence time domain (FDTD) method is based on Yee algorithmwhich employs a very simple way to discretize maxwell equations. Any structureof interest is decomposed into cubic unit cells called voxels and the size of thearea that can be simulated is limited by computer resources.LOD method is an alternative method for the application of the FDTDmethod and it is by design implicit in nature. Implicit methods were introducedto overcome the time step limation inherent in the conventional explicit methods.This implies that a larger time step can be used for the computational domainwhen compared to the normal explicit FDTD method. This results in the speedup of the overall simulation time, highly desirable when electromagnetic fieldsare to be determined for a large computational space or whenever objects havingvery fine details are to be modeled.However during simulation as the wave propagates outward, it will eventuallycome to the edge of the allowable space, which is dictated by how the arrayshave been dimensioned in the program. If nothing were done to address this,unpredictable reflections would be generated that will go back inward. Thus,there would be no way to determine which is the real wave and which is thereflected noise.This is the reason that Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABCs) have beenan issue for as long as FDTD has been used. In using these absorbing boundaryconditions the objective is to achieve an ideal ABC which absorbs all the outgoingwaves and produces no reflection, along with catering for all incident angles of thewaves propagating towards it. The idea is to simulate the open space in such away that the waves appear to propagate indefinitely. Huygens Absorbing boundaryconditions (HABC) are proactive in both in its design and implementation. Theyincorporate the idea of a hypothetical "Huygens surface" separating the two connectingfield regions such that any field propagating towards the HABC can becanceled by generating a counter field that is equal in magnitude and opposite indirection to its original counterpart. CD-ROM containing supplementary codes submitted in pocket inside back cover of print version of thesis.'
- Published
- 2015
156. INCIDENCE OF ICU-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA IN PATIENTS ADMITTED TO ICU OF MAJOR TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS.
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad Khuram, Zaidi, Syed Arsalan Akhter, Zaidi, Bushra, Saleem, Kainat, and Malik, Muhammad Khan
- Subjects
- *
VENTILATOR-associated pneumonia , *TERTIARY care , *HOSPITAL care , *DISEASE incidence , *INTENSIVE care patients - Abstract
Objectives: Despite in techniques advancement to patient care for respiratory tracts are instrumented may complicate the IAP course up to 50% in patients with mechanical ventilation. It requires rapid diagnoses and treatment that is appropriate as per patient condition. Many studies revealed negative impact with delayed administration and antibiotic treatment in IAP patients may increase the hospital mortality and morbidity. The primary objective of the study was to estimate the incidence of IAP in the patient admitted in ICU of tertiary care hospitals in Rawalpindi Pakistan. Study Design: Observational cross sectional study. Setting: ICU units of various tertiary care hospitals in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Period: One year from Dec 2016-Dec 2017. Materials and Methods: A total 450 subjects were enlisted for the study; these patients were selected randomly. The exclusion criteria include all patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) or those on long-term antibiotic or steroid therapy and all the pregnant women whereas all the patients of both sexes, kept on ventilator for more than 48 h and above the age of 18 years were included in this study. Results: We enrolled a total of 450 patients for this study. The average age of all the participants was 61.51 + 12.8 with range 36-91. 230(51.1%) of the patients were male whereas 220(48.9%) were females. The Trauma-Pulm contusion was absent in all patients. In ICU 150 (33.3%) were diagnosed with COPD, 150(33.3%) with Asthma, 220(48.9%) with ARDS, 10 (2.2%) with head trauma and 310 (68.8%) with diabetes.200 (44.4%) smokers, 40(8.8%) were having lung cancer, 310(68.8%) were hypertensive and 20 (4.4%) were with Pneumothorax - requiring Chest Tube. Conclusion: We may conclude from our study that ICU associated Pneumonia is a serious issue, that developed with longer hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation and re-intubation. By reducing the mechanical ventilation duration, pneumonia can be controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
157. Small Firms, Institutions and Interactions: Low-Technology Innovations from the Perspective of Critical Realism.
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad, Yunis, Mohammad Sohail, and Mufti, Owais
- Subjects
- *
TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *CRITICAL realism - Abstract
Sectors or industries characterized by limited or no use of technology to innovate are called lowtechnology (LT) sectors. They are usually dominated by small firms. Identifying a dearth of academic and practitioner work, this paper helps explain how institutions within a small-firm sector and interactions of these firms with institutions influence the occurrence or non-occurrence of LT innovation. Marble sector firms primarily located in north-west Pakistan have been selected for this purpose. Advocating the need for critical realism that has been an often ignored paradigm in management research, this paper offers a unique perspective on the paradigm's fundamental tenets which are events, objects, mechanisms and causal powers through an extensive and robust qualitative analysis using case study methodology. Findings reveal strong normative and cognitive institutions but weak regulative institutions with varying levels of consistencies or otherwise in terms of small firms' interactions with these institutions. Interestingly, cognitive institutions emerge as the main barrier to LT innovation which is a key contribution of this paper along with a hard to find critical realist perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
158. Treading Conventional Divides: The Case for an Alternative Paradigmatic Influence
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad
- Subjects
Critical realism -- Analysis ,Knowledge, Theory of -- Analysis ,Social science research -- Methods ,Business, international - Abstract
Byline: Muhammad Nouman Abstract Addressing ontological and epistemological issues remains a central concern in social sciences research. However, the two traditional paradigms that help us understand the nature of reality [...]
- Published
- 2012
159. Terahertz Modulator based on Metamaterials integrated with Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Varactors
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad Tayyab, primary, Kim, Hyun-Woong, additional, Woo, Jeong Min, additional, Hwang, Ji Hyun, additional, Kim, Dongju, additional, and Jang, Jae-Hyung, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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160. Software testing: A survey and tutorial on white and black-box testing of C/C++ programs
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad, primary, Pervez, Usman, additional, Hasan, Osman, additional, and Saghar, Kashif, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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161. Actors in the Social Innovation Process: The Case of Mobile Courts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- Author
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Wasai, Sundus, primary and Nouman, Muhammad, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
162. An incubation perspective on social innovation: the London Hub - a social incubator
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Nicolopoulou, Katerina, primary, Karataş-Özkan, Mine, additional, Vas, Christopher, additional, and Nouman, Muhammad, additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
163. Opportunities and challenges for the marble mining industry in North-West Pakistan: a systemic analysis of low-tech innovation
- Author
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Warren, Lorraine and Nouman, Muhammad
- Abstract
This paper examines the marble industry of North-West Pakistan. Although this low-tech (LT) sector is characterized by a lack of innovation and resource wastage, it has been earmarked for upgrade as one of Pakistan’s three SME-based industries where policy or institutional actions can have the greatest positive impact for regional development. The aim of this study is to generate an in-depth understanding of the sector by exploring the perspectives of key stakeholders. In doing so, it is hoped that entrepreneurship and SME development will be stimulated with positive benefits for the region. A systemic perspective is employed to try and gain insight into interactions and connections between actors in the value creation system, to better identify where improvement might be made. The paper uses a multilevel analytical framework within a case study approach overall. The study adds to our knowledge of LT innovation, which tends to be forgotten in innovation policy, particularly in developing countries. The study also adds to our understanding of the potential for entrepreneurial behaviour at the micro-level where ongoing conflict is a significant element to consider in achieving change. The results of the study enable a sharper focus on where improvement attempts should be made.
- Published
- 2013
164. Measuring the extent of a high performance work system: A mixed methodology approach
- Author
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Rasool, B. Nicole and Nouman, Muhammad
- Subjects
organizational performance ,total strategic resource approach (TSRA) ,ddc:330 ,resource-based view ,high performance work system (HPWS) ,firm performance - Abstract
High performance work systems (HPWS) and their effect on firm performance is examined using a single holistic case study design in which the Total Strategic Resource Approach (TSRA) is used to measure the extent of HPWS implementation in a private Pakistani hospital. Using a mixed methodology case approach, it is discovered that Pakistan Hospital & Medical College (PHMC) has begun to implement aspects of an HPWS. Profound weaker human resource areas include information sharing and compensation although improvement is needed in all 12 HR practice areas. Firm performance was measured using perceptual measures of the organization's employees, and it was determined that the HPWS does have a significantly positive effect on firm performance. The study was also designed to test the reliability of the TSRA for the Pakistani context given its unique cultural setting, and it was confirmed that the TSRA is a reliable model that future researchers can use in order to measure the extent of HPWS implementation in other Pakistani organizations.
- Published
- 2013
165. Conceptualizing and Rationalizing Opportunities: Inductive Reasoning and the Creation of a New Enterprise.
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad, Anderson, Alistair, and Abdullah, Fahad
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NEW business enterprises , *BUSINESSPEOPLE , *REASONING - Abstract
An entrepreneur conceptualizes and rationalizes the creation of the new enterprise through the use of inductive analogical or metaphorical reasoning. Such reasoning sets the stage for commercialization of the enterprise and helps clarify its purpose and justification particularly in the face of adverse environmental contexts. After providing a review of literature on creation of a new enterprise, sensemaking and inductive reasoning, we use a narrative case study methodology to present the story of a small enterprise located in Peshawar Pakistan. Through the perspective of a female entrepreneur interpretations and details of her work, her struggles and her views about her enterprise are provided. By presenting this case we argue that inductive reasoning by the entrepreneur is shaped by three determinants. These include conceptualizing the opportunity through a narrative on the wider norms and values of the society and the entrepreneur's role within the society. Secondly, rationalizing the opportunity through a narration of personal life and events before and after the enterprise was created. Thirdly, using analogies or metaphors in the form of drivers influencing the new enterprise and how the entrepreneur has or is managing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
166. Interest Rate and Financing of Islamic Banks: Evidence from Pakistan.
- Author
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Hashim, Maria, Nouman, Muhammad, and Khan, Zahoor
- Subjects
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ISLAMIC finance , *INTEREST rates - Abstract
Islamic banks are not allowed to charge interest; however, they use interest-based benchmarks as a pricing reference, due in part to the absence of stable and dependable alternatives. Though, benchmarking interest rate in Islamic banking does not violate the Shariah rulings. However, it is usually argued that benchmarking interest rate violates the basic philosophy of Islamic banking and finance. Moreover, it exposes Islamic banks to the problems of conventional banks, particularly the interest rate risk. The present study investigates the long term and short association among interest rate and financing of the overall Islamic banking industry of Pakistan via different modes. Findings of the study reveal invariably strong links between the Islamic and the conventional banking systems in Pakistan. These findings suggest that paradoxical as it may seem, the financing of Islamic banks operating within a dual banking system are vulnerable to interest rate risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
167. Entrepreneurial Sensemaking: An Examination of Socially Situated Cognitive Mechanisms.
- Author
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Saleem, Gohar, Nouman, Muhammad, and Lin Xiong
- Subjects
- *
ENTREPRENEURSHIP , *SENSEMAKING theory (Communication) , *BUSINESSPEOPLE - Abstract
This paper focuses on entrepreneurial sensemaking with an emphasis on cognitive mechanisms utilized by entrepreneurs during business opportunity development. More specifically the focus is to find out how an individual entrepreneur may assign meaning to important cues derived from innumerable unending events, interpret these cues and then take actions as per interpretations of these cues and events. These cues can be cognitively conceptualized as drivers and barriers through which the entrepreneur makes sense of his or her enterprise and the opportunities it may offer. Using a narrative case study approach this paper relies on inductive reasoning of a single female entrepreneur. A three-tiered and six-dimensional framework of entrepreneurial sensemaking has been presented. The cognitive mechanisms employed by the entrepreneur were presented in the form of cues, events and their interpretations by the entrepreneur resulting in a unique perspective on sensemaking. This paper is particularly useful because even though the use of sensemaking in entrepreneurship research has been well-recognized there is a general lack of empirical work on how an entrepreneur uses socially situated cognitive mechanisms to proceed further in terms of offering a better understanding of his or her new enterprise to others within any social or cultural setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
168. Low-technology innovation in a sectoral system:a critical realist perspective
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad
- Abstract
This research aims to generate an in-depth understanding of the existence or nonexistence of low-technology innovation from a sectoral system of innovation (SSI) perspective. Embedded in the critical realist paradigm, this study espouses the notion of a stratified ontology. Moreover, it considers innovation to be systemic and nonsequential influenced by multiple objects and their relations. Deriving from a systematic literature review, this research addresses knowledge gaps including lack of an exclusive and all-encompassing understanding of LT innovation from the critical realist and SSI perspectives. It also addresses the lack of research on the influence of individual within firm, various sectoral elements and sectoral structure on LT innovation through use of a conceptual framework derived from systems thinking, SSI and micro-meso-macro (individual-firm-contextual) framework. Empirically rooted in the marble industry of north-west Pakistan, this research applies retroduction to explain causal mechanisms by understanding events, objects/entities, necessary and contingent relations and causal powers. Following case study approach a multiple (two) case design (embedded type 4) having two cases/sectors, Peshawar Marble Sectoral System (PeMaS) and Buner Marble Sectoral System (BuMaS) has been chosen. A case study protocol has been applied to increase reliability along with a three-phased data collection, the use of mixed methods and a two-step analysis procedure. Research outcomes reveal limited occurrences of incremental LT innovation amongst firms (events). The lack of innovation is a result of the systemic interplay of many sectoral elements identified and presented as the causal mechanisms of stasis. Moreover, the causal mechanisms that can result in LT innovation have been provided, a significant contribution that critical realism makes to the work. Seventy factors (causal powers) that explain the lack of LT innovation categorized across elements/objects and micro-meso-macro origins are discovered. These help identify the extant but latent causal powers that underlie the occurrence of LT innovation. The research makes a number of key contributions. It draws influence from critical realism to understand LT innovation and integrates its tenets with empirical work through use of mixed methods, as opposed to the predominant use of positivism and phenomenology found in previous research. It offers a unique and previously non-existent perspective of the SSI that is all-encompassing and exhaustive. Particularly, it addresses the lack of research on the sectoral elements including individual, learning processes and demand as well as the sectoral structure. Moreover, it complements the SSI approach with a first-time use of a micro-meso-macro (individual-firm-contextual) framework to offer a powerful explanation of the complex interplay within a low-tech SSI. Finally, this research addresses the lack of empirical work on LT innovation from a developing country context.
- Published
- 2011
169. Towards an Understanding of the Complexity of Creative Efforts: A Conflict and Negotiation Perspective
- Author
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Gul, Saleem, primary, Nouman, Muhammad, additional, Taj, Aamer, additional, and Ali, Shahid, additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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170. Calibrating HRM and Marketing Practices for Job Satisfaction: The Role of Internal Marketing and Internal Market Orientation
- Author
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Rehman, Faryal, primary and Nouman, Muhammad, additional
- Published
- 2015
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171. A beam-forming network for 5G systems based on precise optical clock and phase shifting.
- Author
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Serafino, Giovanni, Bogoni, Antonella, Porzi, Claudio, Pinna, Sergio, Nouman, Muhammad, Klamkin, Jonathan, D'Errico, Antonio, and Puleri, Marzio
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
172. An incubation perspective on social innovation: the London Hub - a social incubator.
- Author
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Nicolopoulou, Katerina, Karataş‐Özkan, Mine, Vas, Christopher, and Nouman, Muhammad
- Subjects
BUSINESS incubators ,SOCIAL innovation ,INDUSTRIAL cooperation ,SOCIAL capital ,SOCIAL impact - Abstract
In the context of incubators, particularly those that are driven to achieving social objectives, this paper investigates core processes that support the development of social innovation. Social innovation, as this paper argues, is underpinned by a new form of social collaboration and engagement built upon strong forms of sharing knowledge and learning. Coupled with this is the element of social capital reinforced by entrepreneurship and leadership that promotes sustainability in the community. These factors drive innovative thinking and ways of engaging among stakeholders in order to create new forms of socio-economic impact. Such value-creating activity occurs in firms that operate within incubators involving a wide range of stakeholders who work through networks to co-create and meet social challenges. Through a case study of a social incubator and an incubatee, we demonstrate the core processes that irradiate the argument on social innovation. The contribution of this paper is threefold: First, social innovation is an emerging area of research, of which there is a dearth in terms of examining the processes empirically. We address the gap in this field by demonstrating the value of social collaboration and engagement using different innovation models. Second, we establish links between social innovation and incubation using the concept of social capital. This allows us to achieve our third contribution: exemplification of a dyadic value-based partnership and collaboration processes between an incubator and an incubatee, through activities driven by social innovation that aim to have social impact. The paper concludes with practice implications and suggests directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
173. DOES OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AFFECT FIRM'S PERFORMANCE? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN.
- Author
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Khan, Farman Ullah and Nouman, Muhammad
- Published
- 2017
174. Mediated Model of Defensive Silence: An Empirical Case of the Banking Sector in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
- Author
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Imran, Amen and Nouman, Muhammad
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC competition , *COGNITIVE analysis , *SILENCE , *BANKING industry , *LEADERSHIP - Abstract
Organizations and industries characterized by highly competitive environments need organizational factors that foster voice behavior amongst their employees. Two critical factors amongst these are leader openness to voice and availability of open communication opportunity. A lack of leader openness to voice and a lack of open communication opportunity may lead to low levels of affective commitment. This influences employees' cognitive decision to engage in defensive silence, which also results in low levels of affective commitment. However, less consideration has been given to empirically explore these mechanisms while providing sound theoretical underpinnings, and using robust quantitative techniques. This paper presents a mediated model of defensive silence using the competitive banking sector of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan as the context. The research aimed to understand how these organizational factors, being the predictors of defensive silence, influence the conscious decision process of employees and as a consequence lead to low levels of affective commitment. The data for the paper were gathered from a sample of 1236 bankers from 258 branches of 8 commercial banks within 12 districts of the province. Reliability of the data instrument was measured through Cronbach alpha using SPSS 24. However, convergent and discriminant validity were established through confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS 18. Moreover, structural equation modeling was used for mediation analysis along with structural path diagram and model fit indices. The results show that the hypothesized mediated models regarding the mediating role of defensive silence between organizational factors and affective commitment were supported, thus extending theory to new empirical context. The paper concludes with a discussion on implications of these findings and recommendations for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
175. Constraints in the Application of Partnerships in Islamic Banks: The Present Contributions and Future Directions
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad, primary and Ullah, Karim, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
176. Participative Management and Job Satisfaction
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Zia, Yorid Ahsan, primary and Nouman, Muhammad, additional
- Published
- 2014
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177. ICM in the Public Sector of Pakistan: Theoretical Framework for 'Third Wave'.
- Author
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Khan, Awais Alam and Nouman, Muhammad
- Subjects
MANAGEMENT of intellectual capital ,INTELLECTUAL capital ,PUBLIC sector ,STAKEHOLDERS ,CONSTRUCTIVISM (Philosophy) ,VALUE creation ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
The importance of intellectual capital (IC) as a source of business success is acknowledged both academically and professionally. Throughout the world, corporate sector realised the importance of IC during the 1990s' and started to utilise IC to gain competitive advantage over competitors. Globally public sector too, is under continuous pressure from various stakeholders for performance improvement. Public sector, just like corporate sector is also utilising IC in various ways and it is being argued that IC as a strategic resource can also help in improving the performance of this sector. However, research on IC in public sector is still very scarce, and especially, in the context of developing countries, almost non-existent. Literature suggests that IC is currently in the third wave (stage) of its development. The third wave of IC research advocates the complexity and idiosyncratic nature of IC and stresses on researching 'IC in action' i.e., intellectual capital practices and managerial implications rather than measuring it. This theoretical paper aims to explore IC phenomenon in the knowledge intensive public sector organisations of a developing country (Pakistan), keeping in view the third wave of IC. It raises the issues of IC role in value creation or destruction in the public sector and practices associated with the IC, in organisations which do not have IC management strategies in black and white however, through their practices these organisations are managing it. It also develops a theoretical framework which proposes to study the IC practices of the public sector organisations through constructivism, and performative IC lenses in order to grasp the complexity of conceptualising the IC, particular nature, failure of generalisation of the IC grand theories, and development of the third stage of IC. This theoretical framework focuses on understanding the phenomenon and its role in public sector organisations. The framework contributes towards the third wave of IC research in the specific context of public sector organisations in a developing country and by adopting an appropriate methodology, the practices and implications of IC can be better comprehended through this framework. This can also be useful in developing IC management strategies in the public sector organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
178. Low-technology innovation in a sectoral system:a critical realist perspective
- Author
-
Nouman, Muhammad. and Nouman, Muhammad.
- Abstract
This research aims to generate an in-depth understanding of the existence or nonexistence of low-technology innovation from a sectoral system of innovation (SSI) perspective. Embedded in the critical realist paradigm, this study espouses the notion of a stratified ontology. Moreover, it considers innovation to be systemic and nonsequential influenced by multiple objects and their relations. Deriving from a systematic literature review, this research addresses knowledge gaps including lack of an exclusive and all-encompassing understanding of LT innovation from the critical realist and SSI perspectives. It also addresses the lack of research on the influence of individual within firm, various sectoral elements and sectoral structure on LT innovation through use of a conceptual framework derived from systems thinking, SSI and micro-meso-macro (individual-firm-contextual) framework. Empirically rooted in the marble industry of north-west Pakistan, this research applies retroduction to explain causal mechanisms by understanding events, objects/entities, necessary and contingent relations and causal powers. Following case study approach a multiple (two) case design (embedded type 4) having two cases/sectors, Peshawar Marble Sectoral System (PeMaS) and Buner Marble Sectoral System (BuMaS) has been chosen. A case study protocol has been applied to increase reliability along with a three-phased data collection, the use of mixed methods and a two-step analysis procedure. Research outcomes reveal limited occurrences of incremental LT innovation amongst firms (events). The lack of innovation is a result of the systemic interplay of many sectoral elements identified and presented as the causal mechanisms of stasis. Moreover, the causal mechanisms that can result in LT innovation have been provided, a significant contribution that critical realism makes to the work. Seventy factors (causal powers) that explain the lack of LT innovation categorized across elements/objects and mic
- Published
- 2011
179. The Effect of Customized Insole Pads on Plantar Pressure Distribution in a Diabetic Foot with Neuropathy: Material and Design Study Using Finite Element Analysis Approach.
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad, Chong, Desmond Y. R., Srewaradachpisal, Satta, and Chatpun, Surapong
- Subjects
FOOT ,DIABETIC foot ,DIABETIC neuropathies ,ETHYLENE-vinyl acetate ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,FINITE element method ,THREE-dimensional modeling - Abstract
To reduce the trial and error in a real clinical scenario, the finite element analysis (FEA) can be effectively used to simulate various effective pad designs and a material selection to reduce and redistribute peak plantar pressure in a diabetic foot with neuropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pad design and material stiffness on the reduction in plantar pressure in a diabetic foot with neuropathy using FEA. Three-dimensional foot models with a customized insole (CMI) were created to study the peak contact pressure. Ethylene vinyl acetate, Nora
® Lunalastike, and thermoplastic polyurethane were assigned to the top, middle, and base layers of the CMI, respectively. Two types of pads were proposed: a heel pad and a heel–forefoot pad. Four different materials with different stiffnesses were assigned as pad materials including a void pad. The FEA revealed that pads with soft materials reduced peak plantar pressure more effectively than stiffer pads. The use of a softer heel–forefoot pad reduced the peak plantar pressure at the midfoot and forefoot compared with other pads. The findings suggest that the material and design selection for the fabrication of CMIs with pads are important factors in reducing plantar pressure and may be useful in the management of a neuropathic diabetic foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
180. Risk Adjusted Performance of Pakistani Mutual Funds
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad, primary and Shah, Attaullah, additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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181. Product Placement And Consumer Brand Salience: Measuring The Impact
- Author
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Ovais, Muhammad, primary and Nouman, Muhammad, additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
182. Evaluation and Screening of Sweet Orange Cultivars for Vegetative Growth and Citrus Canker.
- Author
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Khan, Nadeem, Khan, Arshad Ali, Ahmad, Mukhtar, Nouman, Muhammad, and Islam, Badshah
- Subjects
ORANGE varieties ,PLANT growth ,CITRUS canker ,CITRUS diseases & pests ,PLANT development ,PLANT stems - Abstract
This study was conducted at National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad. The experiment was performed on randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of eleven treatments (cultivars) replicated three times during 2015. The results showed that Tarocco attained maximum height (156.13 cm), followed by Mexican Lemon (146.80 cm). Similarly, maximum plant spread and leaf area were recorded in Mexican Lemon 124.07 cm and 11.35 cm², respectively. However, Hamlin showed the highest stem girth (9.90 cm) and number of branches (66.53). The internode length was the greatest in Kinnow cultivar (2.66 cm). In case of disease incidence maximum lesion on leaves were found in Kinnow (14.2) while in Cara Cara, Salustiana and Arnold Blood, lesser lesions were found. On the basis of results and overall performance Tarocco and Hamlin performed best in all aspects while Arnold Blood and Cara Cara revealed poor growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
183. Women Entrepreneur’s Leadership Style: Individual Level Qualitative Study using the Case Study Strategy
- Author
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Khan, Mahvesh Ali, primary and Nouman, Muhammad, additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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184. An Investigation Into Efficiency Of Working Capital By Chemical Firms In Pakistan
- Author
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Ali, Shahid, primary, Khan, Muhammad Mohsin, additional, and Nouman, Muhammad, additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
185. Researching the ‘forgotten sector’: Low and medium tech (LMT) innovation - present light on future trends
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad, primary, Warren, Lorraine, additional, and Thomas, Stephen Rhys, additional
- Published
- 2011
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- View/download PDF
186. Dynamics and Determinants of Innovation in the Non-R&D Scenario
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad, primary and Gul, Saleem, additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
187. Availability of Microfinance & Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Rural Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad, primary
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
188. The Dynamics of International Political Economy Relationships and its Influence on the Process of Democratisation, Institution Building and National Governance Structure in Pakistan.
- Author
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Taj, Aamer, Nouman, Muhammad, and Gul, Saleem
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC research , *SOCIAL science research , *DEMOCRATIZATION , *POLITICAL science - Abstract
The political history of Pakistan is strongly associated with the international political economy circumstances. Constrained due to the geographical location and her position in the regional political circumstances immediately after the independence, Pakistan opted for an alliance with the United States. The nature of Pakistan's linkages with United States proved to be extremely counterproductive for the process of democratisation and prospects of institution-building. Various US administrations exploited the US-Pakistan's asymmetrical relationships by taking advantage of Pakistani army's alliance in pursuit of their imperialist policies in the Middle East, Cold War with USSR in Afghanistan and recently the War on Terror. Since, the authoritarian regimes continued to rule Pakistan under the auspices of US administrations, Pakistan remained stranded between the status of a complete autocracy and competitive authoritarianism since its independence till date. Pakistan has been one of the major recipients of foreign aid from US and other multilateral aid and development agencies but this aid has primarily been used to consolidate Pakistani army. The continuous inflow of development aid has had a negative rather than positive impact on Pakistan's economy and political institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
189. Towards a lightweight security framework using blockchain and machine learning
- Author
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Ismail, Shereen, Nouman, Muhammad, Dawoud, Diana W., and Reza, Hassan
- Abstract
Cyber-attacks pose a significant challenge to the security of Internet of Things (IoT) sensor networks, necessitating the development of robust countermeasures tailored to their unique characteristics and limitations. Various prevention and detection techniques have been proposed to mitigate these attacks. In this paper, we propose an integrated security framework using Blockchain (BC) and Machine Learning (ML) to protect IoT sensor networks. The framework consists of two modules: a BC prevention module and a ML detection module. The BC prevention module has two lightweight mechanisms: identity management and trust management. Identity management employs a lightweight Smart Contract (SC) to manage the node registration and authentication, ensuring that unauthorized entities are prohibited from engaging in any tasks, while trust management uses a lightweight SC that is responsible for maintaining trust and credibility between sensor nodes throughout the network's lifetime and tracking historical node behaviors. Consensus and transaction validation are achieved through a Verifiable Byzantine Fault Tolerance (VBFT) mechanism to ensure network reliability and integrity. The ML detection module utilizes LightGBM algorithm to classify malicious nodes and notify the BC network if it must make decisions to mitigate their impacts. We investigate the performance of several off-the-shelf ML algorithms, including Logistic Regression, Complement Naive Bayes, Nearest Centroid, and Stacking, using the WSN-DS dataset. LightGBM is selected following a detailed comparative analysis conducted using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, processing time, training time, prediction time, computational complexity, and Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) evaluation metrics.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
190. Impact of Authoritarianism on Democratisation and Local Governance in Pakistan: Historical Perspectives.
- Author
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Taj, Aamer, Nouman, Muhammad, and Gul, Saleem
- Subjects
- *
AUTHORITARIANISM , *DEMOCRATIZATION , *MILITARY government , *BUREAUCRACY , *HISTORY ,PAKISTANI politics & government - Abstract
This paper narrates the history of authoritarianism in the post-independence Pakistan and its effect on the process and prospects of democratisation and the possibilities of institutionalisation of local government reforms. The political history of Pakistan after the independence and other associated contextual factors highly differentiate her contemporary political organisation from other comparable countries in South Asia. For instance, India and Pakistan emerged as independent states from the colonial rule on the same day and both states inherited the almost similar administrative setups from the British rule nonetheless, the subsequent development of democratic credentials and the establishment of local governments as a regular third tier of government in India unequivocally distinguishes her case from that of Pakistan's. Pakistan's six decades of chaotic history has seen frequent changes in government including three major military regimes. The politically centralising factors have led Pakistan to become a security state where the apex twin institution i.e. the civil-military bureaucracy takes the lead in running the government and state's affairs at all levels. In such a context, the process of democratisation has remained precarious at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
191. Liouville-Type Results for a Two-Dimensional Stretching Eyring–Powell Fluid Flowing along the z -Axis.
- Author
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Díaz, José L., Rahman, Saeed ur, and Nouman, Muhammad
- Subjects
FLUID flow ,THREE-dimensional flow - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to establish Liouville-type results for a three-dimensional incompressible, unsteady flow described by the Eyring–Powell fluid equations. The fluid is studied in a plane Ω p while it moves along the z-axis. Therefore the main functions to analyze are given by u (x , y , z , t) and v (x , y , z , t) , belonging to Ω p . The results are obtained for globally bounded initial data as well as their corresponding derivatives, and the variations in velocity along the z-axis belong to the space L 2 and B M O . Under such conditions, Liouville-type results are obtained and extended to L p , p > 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
192. Internal Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from Chinese Companies.
- Author
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Khan, Farman Ullah, Trifan, Vanina Adoriana, Pantea, Mioara Florina, Zhang, Junrui, and Nouman, Muhammad
- Abstract
Stakeholder management researchers have recently put a lot of effort into figuring out why organizations facing extensive pressure respond differently to social responsibilities. In particular, ethics researchers believe that senior management must drive corporate social responsibility since their attitudes toward such issues are so important. In line with this sentiment, our study develops a framework of management power, composed of CEOs' power and the organizations' power, and explores how managerial power heterogeneity affects the corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance of a firm. Using sample data from the largest emerging market—China—for the period 2010–2018, we submit that CEOs with structural power and shareholders with the highest concentration tend to show a lower commitment to CSR activities. On the other hand, we recognize that the ownership, expertise, and prestige power of CEOs', the supervision, monitoring, and political power of the board can improve a firms' CSR performance. These results are also validated by using a fixed effect model, two stage least square (2-SLS) regression, and the propensity score matching (PSM) technique. Our results imply that the implementation of social policies fundamentally results not only from powerful CEOs, but also from powerful boards and shareholders. Moreover, our study provides useful implications with regard to the social outcomes of power authorized by CEOs and the organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
193. APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING IN ESTIMATING ONTREE YIELD OF CITRUS FRUIT.
- Author
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Gill, Ahsan Rehman, Azam, Muhammad, and Nouman, Muhammad
- Subjects
- *
CITRUS fruits , *MACHINE learning , *FRUIT yield , *AGRICULTURAL innovations , *AGRICULTURE , *CITRUS , *POTASSIUM fertilizers - Abstract
Citrus is manually counted to estimate the yield. By using some innovative agricultural techniques yield and production can be increased. Numerous agricultural innovations have been introduced in recent years. Higher agricultural production, prediction, and reliable crop status information are more important than ever due to the expected growth of the human population. Agriculture has always been the foundation of human society. Current study was aimed to develop a reliable and meaningful information-gathering agricultural field based on image processing during 2020. Citrus yield can be increased in the initial stages by counting it with RGB and HSV-based images taken from an Android phone from various angles using machine learning techniques. Fertilizers such as potash, phosphorus, and nitrogen can then be utilized to boost yield. According to the findings, farmers can control and monitor citrus health production more efficiently and effectively by integrating machine learning with agriculture. The citrus calculation using the given technique compared with manually counted citrus, having difference of up to 5 to 10 citruses for a single plant per plot in a field. The proposed method produced excellent results under varying lighting conditions, leaf occlusion, and fruit overlap on photos taken at various distances from the orange trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
194. Does Privatization Affect Performance?
- Author
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Siddiqi, Muhammad Fahad, Nouman, Muhammad, and Ahmad, Ashfaq
- Subjects
PRIVATIZATION ,FINANCIAL performance ,PROFIT margins ,RETURN on assets - Abstract
The ownership structure (Private or Public) has strong impact on firm's financial performance. Pakistan Telecommunication Limited (PTCL) was privatized in 2005. This research study investigates the impact of privatization on the company's financial performance and the performance of its stock. The variables "Net Profit Margin (NPM)", "Operating Profit Margin (OPM)", "Return on Assets (ROA)" and "Earnings per Share (EPS)" are used as proxies for financial performance. On the other hand, the variables "Average Share price (ASP)", "Volume of shares traded (Vol)", and "Number of Trades (NoT)" are used as proxies for performance of stock. The paired-samples t test for mean difference has been used for comparing the pre and post privatization performance. Results indicate negative but insignificant effect of privatization on return. On the other hand, the Average Share price, Volume of shares traded, and Number of Trades are positively and significantly affected. Analysis of the financial data shows decline in the net profit margin, operating profit margins, return on assets and earnings per share after the privatization; but the impact is insignificant for all the variables except the operating profit margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
195. Corporate Social Responsibility and Employee Green Behavior in the Hospitality Industry: A Cross-Country Study.
- Author
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Khattak, Sajid Rahman, Nouman, Muhammad, Fayaz, Muhammad, Cismaș, Laura Mariana, Negruț, Lucia, Negruț, Constantin Viorel, and Salem, Sultan
- Abstract
This study empirically investigates the role of employees' perceptions of CSR in improving their green behavior in the hospitality industry. In addition, this study investigates the mediating role of employee well-being and the moderating role of hotels' environmental strategy in this relationship. Empirical analysis is performed in a cross-country setting using evidence from Pakistan and Italy. The study model is tested through PLS-SEM using survey data of 485 hotel employees. Findings from the overall sample and country-specific samples reveal that CSR is positively and significantly related to employee green behavior. Moreover, employee well-being serves as a significant mediator in the relationship between corporate social responsibility and employee green behavior, while hotels' environmental strategy significantly moderates this relationship in the overall and country-specific samples. These results suggest that paradoxically, though the selected countries have different tourism implementation levels, economic development, and cultures, the employees' perceptions of CSR and its effect on their green behavior do not vary significantly across both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
196. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Vinpocetine Degradation in Aqueous Solutions
- Author
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Nouman Muhammad, Gloria Adams, and Hyuk-Koo Lee
- Subjects
Chemical Phenomena ,Kinetics ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Buffers ,In Vitro Techniques ,Catalysis ,Hydrolysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Drug Stability ,Vinpocetine ,medicine ,Vinca Alkaloids ,Chemical decomposition ,Chromatography ,Aqueous solution ,Osmolar Concentration ,Water ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Phosphate ,Solutions ,Chemistry ,chemistry ,Ionic strength ,Thermodynamics ,Oxidation-Reduction ,Nuclear chemistry ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Under stressed conditions, vinpocetine (1; ethyl apovincamin-22-oate) equilibrates with vincaminic acid ethyl ester (2) and 14-epivincaminic acid ethyl ester (3), and hydrolyzes to apovincaminic acid (4). Sequentially, 2 is equilibrated with 14-epivincaminic acid ethyl ester (3) and hydrolyzes to vincaminic acid (5), which equilibrates with 4 and 14-epivincaminic acid (6). At acidic pH, the major route of degradation is 1 in equilibrium 2----5. However, at neutral pH, the major route of degradation is 1----4 in equilibrium 5. The kinetics for the degradation of 1 in the pH 1-3 region is represented by a consecutive reaction with a reversible step (second-order), but the degradation of 1 in the pH 3.5-6.0 region follows pseudo first-order kinetics. Significant buffer catalysis is observed with acetate and phosphate buffers. Reactions are dependent on the ionic strength, pH, and temperature. No oxygen effect on the degradation of vinpocetine is found.
- Published
- 1988
197. Specific interaction from different Aβ42 peptide fragments to α7nAChR-A study of molecular dynamics simulation.
- Author
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Gao, Xvzhi, Guan, Yvning, Wang, Chuanbo, Jia, Mengke, Ahmad, Sajjad, Nouman, Muhammad Fahad, and Ai, Hongqi
- Subjects
- *
NICOTINIC receptors , *MOLECULAR dynamics , *PEPTIDES , *NICOTINIC acetylcholine receptors , *MOLECULAR docking , *ALZHEIMER'S disease - Abstract
Context: Existing researches confirmed that β amyloid (Aβ) has a high affinity for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), associating closely to Alzheimer's disease. The majority of related studies focused on the experimental reports on the neuroprotective role of Aβ fragment (Aβx), however, with a lack of investigation into the most suitable binding region and mechanism of action between Aβ fragment and α7nAChR. In the study, we employed four Aβ1–42 fragments Aβx, Aβ1–16, Aβ10–16, Aβ12–28, and Aβ30–42, of which the first three were confirmed to play neuroprotective roles upon directly binding, to interact with α7nAChR. Methods: The protein–ligand docking server of CABS-DOCK was employed to obtain the α7nAChR-Aβx complexes. Only the top α7nAChR-Aβx complexes were used to perform all-atom GROMACS dynamics simulation in combination with Charmm36 force field, by which α7nAChR-Aβx interactions' dynamic behavior and specific locations of these different Aβx fragments were identified. MM-PBSA calculations were also done to estimate the binding free energies and the different contributions from the residues in the Aβx. Two distinct results for the first three and fourth Aβx fragments in binding site, strength, key residue, and orientation, account for why the fourth fails to play a neuroprotective role at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
198. Performance Evaluation of Ultrasonic Assisted Reactive Dyeing of Cotton Under Multiple Variables.
- Author
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Jamil, Nisar Ahmad, Shahbaz, Babar, and Nouman, Muhammad Tayyab
- Abstract
The article presents a study which aims to equate the conventional and ultrasonic assisted techniques for reactive dyeing of cotton fabric under multiple variables. The study reveals that the ultrasonic assisted dyeing technique offered better results as equated to conventional technique because it provides better results for rubbing and washing. The ultrasonic assisted dyeing technique saved energy, chemical and process time while retaining the quality of the fabric. It was also discovered that the conventional and ultrasonic assisted dyeing techniques provided better results as the dyeing time was increased.
- Published
- 2010
199. Exome sequencing identifies a novel pathogenic variant in RAB3GAP1 causing Warburg Micro syndrome in a Pakistani family.
- Author
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Ullah, Wahid, Ilyas, Muhammad, Tariq, Muhammad, Imdad, Maria, Ullah, Ikram, Efthymiou, Stephanie, Faheem, Muhammad, Abbas, Muhammad, Aamir, Muhammad, Nouman, Muhammad, and Houlden, Henry
- Subjects
- *
CEREBRAL palsy , *AMINO acid residues , *CEREBRAL atrophy , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging , *MISSENSE mutation - Abstract
Background: Warburg Micro (WARBM) syndrome is a rare heterogeneous recessive genetic disorder characterized by ocular, neurological, and endocrine problems. To date, disease‐causing variants in four genes have been identified to cause this syndrome; of these, RAB3GAP1 variants are the most frequent. Very little is known about WARBM syndrome in rural populations. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the genetics underpinnings of WARBM syndrome in a Pashtun family with two patients from Pakistan. The patients presented with spastic diplegia, severe intellectual disability, microphthalmia, microcornea, congenital cataracts, optic atrophy, and hypogonadism. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis revealed pronounced cerebral atrophy including corpus callosum hypoplasia and polymicrogyria. Exome sequencing and subsequent filtering identified a novel homozygous missense variant NM_001172435: c.2891A>G, p.Gln964Arg in the RAB3GAP1 gene. The variant was validated, and its segregation confirmed, by Sanger sequencing. Results: Multiple prediction tools assess this variant to be damaging, and structural analysis of the protein shows that the mutant amino acid residue affects polar contact with the neighboring atoms. It is extremely rare and is absent in all the public databases. Taken together, these observations suggest that this variant underlies Micro syndrome in our family and is extremely important for management and family planning. Conclusions: Identification of this extremely rare variant extends the mutations spectrum of Micro syndrome. Screening more families, especially in underrepresented populations, will help unveil the mutation spectrum underlying this syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
200. Low-technology innovation in a sectoral system : a critical realist perspective
- Author
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Nouman, Muhammad
- Subjects
- 658, HD28 Management. Industrial Management ; T Technology (General)
- Abstract
This research aims to generate an in-depth understanding of the existence or nonexistence of low-technology innovation from a sectoral system of innovation (SSI) perspective. Embedded in the critical realist paradigm, this study espouses the notion of a stratified ontology. Moreover, it considers innovation to be systemic and nonsequential influenced by multiple objects and their relations. Deriving from a systematic literature review, this research addresses knowledge gaps including lack of an exclusive and all-encompassing understanding of LT innovation from the critical realist and SSI perspectives. It also addresses the lack of research on the influence of individual within firm, various sectoral elements and sectoral structure on LT innovation through use of a conceptual framework derived from systems thinking, SSI and micro-meso-macro (individual-firm-contextual) framework. Empirically rooted in the marble industry of north-west Pakistan, this research applies retroduction to explain causal mechanisms by understanding events, objects/entities, necessary and contingent relations and causal powers. Following case study approach a multiple (two) case design (embedded type 4) having two cases/sectors, Peshawar Marble Sectoral System (PeMaS) and Buner Marble Sectoral System (BuMaS) has been chosen. A case study protocol has been applied to increase reliability along with a three-phased data collection, the use of mixed methods and a two-step analysis procedure. Research outcomes reveal limited occurrences of incremental LT innovation amongst firms (events). The lack of innovation is a result of the systemic interplay of many sectoral elements identified and presented as the causal mechanisms of stasis. Moreover, the causal mechanisms that can result in LT innovation have been provided, a significant contribution that critical realism makes to the work. Seventy factors (causal powers) that explain the lack of LT innovation categorized across elements/objects and micro-meso-macro origins are discovered. These help identify the extant but latent causal powers that underlie the occurrence of LT innovation. The research makes a number of key contributions. It draws influence from critical realism to understand LT innovation and integrates its tenets with empirical work through use of mixed methods, as opposed to the predominant use of positivism and phenomenology found in previous research. It offers a unique and previously non-existent perspective of the SSI that is all-encompassing and exhaustive. Particularly, it addresses the lack of research on the sectoral elements including individual, learning processes and demand as well as the sectoral structure. Moreover, it complements the SSI approach with a first-time use of a micro-meso-macro (individual-firm-contextual) framework to offer a powerful explanation of the complex interplay within a low-tech SSI. Finally, this research addresses the lack of empirical work on LT innovation from a developing country context
- Published
- 2011
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