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Objective: To provide the first estimates of the cost of productivity losses attributed to diabetes age 20-69 years old in urban and rural areas of China. Methods: Construct through life table modelling, expectancy life of diabetes sufferers, including the years of potential life lost and working years of life lost. Using the human capital approach, we measured the productivity losses attributed to absenteeism, presenteeism, labor force dropout and premature deaths due to diabetes of the population aged 20-69 years in urban and rural areas in China. Results: In 2017, we estimated that there were 100.46 million diabetes lost hours, with the total cost of productivity losses US$613.60 billion, comprising US$326.40 billion from labor force dropout, US$186.34 billion from premature death, US$97.71 billion from absenteeism, and US$27.04 billion from presenteeism. Productivity loss was greater in urban (US$490.79 billion) than rural areas (US$122.81 billion), with urban presenteeism (US$2.54 billion) greater than rural presenteeism (US$608.55 million); urban absenteeism (US$79.10 billion) greater than rural absenteeism (US$18.61 billion); urban labour force dropout (US$261.24 billion) greater than rural labour force dropout (US$65.15 billion) and urban premature death (US$147.90 billion) greater than rural premature death (US$38.44 billion). Conclusions: Diabetes had a large and significant negatively impact on productivity in urban and rural in China, with a significant gap in the level of diabetes management in urban compared to rural regions. Productivity loss was significantly higher in urban than rural regions. Further investment is required in the prevention, diagnosis and control of diabetes in under-resourced health services in rural locations and also in urban areas, where most diabetes cases reside. Specifically, targeted and effective diabetes prevention and management actions are urgently required.

Research Data, sj-pdf-4-hpq-10.1177_13591053211037727 for The long arm of childhood: The prolonged influence of adverse childhood experiences on depression during middle and old age in China by Hao Chen, Qiuyan Fan, Stephen Nicholas and Elizabeth Maitland in Journal of Health Psychology

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Research Data, sj-pdf-5-hpq-10.1177_13591053211037727 for The long arm of childhood: The prolonged influence of adverse childhood experiences on depression during middle and old age in China by Hao Chen, Qiuyan Fan, Stephen Nicholas and Elizabeth Maitland in Journal of Health Psychology

This thesis evaluates the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (PSA) from practical, theoretical and developmental perspectives. The PSA was created in response to the rise of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), otherwise variously known and marketed as ‘legal highs’, ‘bath salts’, ‘research chemicals’, and ‘plant food’. In contrast to previous attempts to control recreational drugs – which individually list banned substances – the PSA employs a ‘blanket ban’ approach whereby all ‘psychoactive substances’ are proscribed, subject to limited exemptions. The Government’s review of the PSA’s operation concluded that, overall, the Act has succeeded in its main goals of: ending NPS sales; ending the game of cat and mouse (whereby new substances are created faster than the Government can ban them); reducing psychoactive substance use; and reducing psychoactive substance-related harms. Chapter one of this thesis argues that the PSA has, in fact, failed to achieve these goals. Chapter two critiques the PSA from a primarily theoretical standpoint. It is argued that the Act conflicts with numerous normative principles of criminalisation (namely harm prevention, criminalising only conduct which is wrongful, and fair labelling) and of the rule of law (namely maximum legal certainty and proportionate sentencing). It is also argued that the PSA is an illegitimate exercise of state power, and some alternative (and more appropriate) means of regulating NPS are sketched. Chapter three considers the PSA’s continuing relevance in light of political and technological developments post-enactment, and its coherence with both international and domestic drug legislation and policy. It is argued that although the Act is coherent with international and domestic drug legislation, its justificatory rationale is threatened by technological advancements, and it may soon be superseded by changing priorities at the political/policy level.