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After connecting multiple devices to a network and possessing data analysis and excerpting, the IoT is awaited to contribute to the formation of new customer value. Critical infrastructure that gets into people’s lives and economic deeds will also become an area, in which way the IoT is used, so security measures for IoT systems are very important. On the other hand, a dramatic increase in the number of connected devices will create technical problems such as attacks with a broader scope of influence and attacks that last longer. So, a shortage of security operations administrators will also be a problem. The internet of things refers to a way of connecting objects to the Internet for the purpose of intelligent control and management. The objects are sensed through RFID (Radio-frequency identification) or sensors achieving the integration of human society and the information system. RFID is the core technology to implement the internet of things. So the security issue of RFID is becoming more and more important, in the past decade, a large number of research papers dealing with security issues of RFID technology have appeared. This paper deals with the security of data of RFID as IoT devices and defence against malware attacks, and DDoS attacks in IoT systems.

Maternal and child health indicators have improved in Bangladesh but still pregnancy and child birth related complications are the leading causes of death of mother and children. Practices associated with these mortality reductions are not followed similarly throughout the country. This descriptive study was carried out to examine the prevalence of maternal and newborn-care practices in the rural area of Bangladesh. Face to face interview was conducted to collect data using closed end questionnaire from the purposively selected 589 women of reproductive age having at least one child. SPSS version 16 software was used for computation and analysis of data. Among the respondents, 58.4% received ANC visits but only 32.3% had completed minimum required visits ( 3). Effective immunization of mothers against tetanus was 93.3%. Home delivery incidence was 72.3 % and 92.2% of all deliveries were attended by trained health professionals. Only 17.0% got PNC visits. Birth weight recording coverage was only 34.5%. Maternal and newborn health care practices could not be eulogized for low coverage of ANC, PNC, birth weight recording and high incidence of home delivery. Recommendations were made to improve the quality of MCH service and service providers and to strengthen the motivational program for community participation.KYAMC Journal Vol. 5, No.-1, Jul 2014, Page 453-457

This paper explores and analyzes the current level of, reasons behind and factors affecting consumer acceptance of Portable Health Clinic (PHC), an e-Health initiative in Bangladesh. Our findings revealed that, 40% of the respondents have idea of using ICT in healthcare while 21% have their own experience of using any of the existing mHealth or eHealth systems. On the other hand, PHC’s acceptance rate among our respondents is 32% i.e. they have received healthcare services from PHC at least once. This research also analyzed consumer’s demographic and socio-economic factors that affect their acceptance of eHealth. Our finding says, consumer’s age, occupation and purchasing power have very strong influence on their acceptance of eHealth services while their gender, level of education, access to cell phone and previous eHealth knowledge have very insignificant or weaker impact.

This study was carried out to evaluate the influencing factors that affect the reproductive performance of cows at the Monirampur upazila in Jessore district of Bangladesh. A total of 224 cows were brought to the upazila livestock hospital for artificial insemination (AI). The cows were inseminated between 12 to 18 hours from the onset of estrus and data was obtained from the owner. Out of 224 cows, 133 became pregnant and 91 were non pregnant. In this study, the overall pregnancy rate was 59.29%. Among the age variability, the highest pregnancy rate (70.27%) was at the age of 4 years old. In case of breed variation, the highest pregnancy rate was observed in local breed (69.07%) compared with other crossbred cows. Hence the breed variations significantly influence the conception rate of cows. According to the parity, we found that the pregnancy rate was increasing with their parity but decreasing after 4th parity. The highest conception rate was observed in 3rd parity (67.74%) which was significantly higher than that of heifers (Parity-0). Here we also found that the types of bull semen used for AI had no significant effect for pregnancy rate. The skills of AI technician for AI to cows were significantly affecting the pregnancy rate. However, this study is not enough for rating and comment about the reproduction performance of cows. Therefore, further extensive study is needed for rating and recommendation for the cattle up gradation at that particular area.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) cause a variety of infections including oral-facial infections, genital herpes, herpes keratitis, cutaneous infection and so on. To date, FDA-approved licensed HSV vaccine is not available yet. Hence, the study was conducted to identify and characterize an effective epitope based polyvalent vaccine against both types of Herpes Simplex Virus through targeting six viral proteins. The selected proteins were retrieved from viralzone and assessed to design highly antigenic epitopes by binding analyses of the peptides with MHC class-I and class-II molecules, antigenicity screening, transmembrane topology screening, allergenicity and toxicity assessment, population coverage analysis and molecular docking approach. The final vaccine was constructed by the combination of top CTL, HTL and BCL epitopes from each protein along with suitable adjuvant and linkers. Physicochemical and secondary structure analysis, disulfide engineering, molecular dynamic simulation and codon adaptation were further employed to develop a unique multi-epitope peptide vaccine. Docking analysis of the refined vaccine structure with different MHC molecules and human immune TLR-2 receptor demonstrated higher interaction. Complexed structure of the modeled vaccine and TLR-2 showed minimal deformability at molecular level. Moreover, translational potency and microbial expression of the modeled vaccine was analyzed with pET28a(+) vector forE. colistrain strain K12. The study enabled design of a novel chimeric polyvalent vaccine to confer broad range immunity against both HSV serotypes. However, further wet lab based research using model animals are highly recommended to experimentally validate our findings.

Due to the scarcity of medical infrastructure including doctors and hospitals, ICT based healthcare services is getting popular around the world including low facilities rural areas of Bangladesh. Portable Health Clinic (PHC) system is one of the ICT based healthcare systems. Speciality of this system is that the clinic box is carried and operated by a pre-trained healthcare worker. However, longitudinal study in this context wasn’t undertaken before. In order to draw strong inferences about new technology use we need to do longitudinal study. Therefore, the aim is to identify key determinants of actual use of the PHC system and to understand how their influence changes over time with increasing experience to explain detailed action sequences that might unfold over time. Face to face survey will be conducted to collect data. Structural Equation Modeling will be used to analyze data. By analyzing data using AMOS 25.0 this study will identify most important time that are key to increase actual use of the PHC system. The proposed model can make it possible to offer important practical guidelines to service providers in enhancing actual use of the PHC system. The study can suggest way of increasing health awareness to policy makers and way to build awareness to use the system. The study can also contribute to make policy to improve health care situation i.e., reduce morbidity rate in the country.

The behavior of reactor period in response to any sudden change in reactivity is very important for nuclear reactor control. In this study, experiments have been performed to analyze the effects of positive step reactivity insertion on reactor period. The 3 MW BAEC TRIGA Mark-II research reactor was subjected to positive step reactivity insertion for initial power of 1 kW and 100 kW with continuous recording of change in reactor power level. The reactor period is calculated for different positive reactivity and a comparison is shown how the initial power affects the reactor period. Reactor period shows significant variations due to reactivity insertion at low initial power. The difference between the theoretical and experimental value of reactor period was greater for low reactivity insertion. The results of this research work will play a crucial role to ensure the safe and reliable nuclear reactor operation.

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin films were deposited on silicon (100), quartz, and r-cut sapphire substrates by DC magnetron sputtering at 650 °C. The thin films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and imaging, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The optical transmittance and hence the insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) and metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) were characterized as a function of temperature. The effects of substrate material on VO2 thin film’s growth, microstructure, stoichiometry and optical properties were investigated. The results show that the as-deposited VO2 thin films on Si, quartz, and sapphire all show a near-zero IR transmission in switched metallic state; especially VO2 thin film grown on sapphire shows superior IMT characteristics compared with previously published works on thin VO2 films, and very close to its bulk single crystal form, which is probably due to the significantly reduced imperfections in the film and the interface, and especially the highly preferred growth with similar paralleled grain orientation of VO2 on sapphire arising from both the high deposition temperature and epitaxial growth. The spectral transmittance of the films on quartz and sapphire substrates was analyzed to extract the optical constants n and k as a function of wavelength. No significant difference between optical properties could be observed for films deposited on quartz and sapphire substrates indicating that the differences in microstructure of these films play a minor role in their optical properties. n and k spectra are, in general, in agreement with previously reported works. The absorption coefficient versus photon energy characteristics indicate that VO2 in the insulating phase possesses a direct bandgap at 2.6 eV and an indirect bandgap of 0.52 eV. Raman imaging was used to map the phase mixture of various regions of the film at micron scale (1.2 μm × 1.2 μm) during heating and cooling scans through the IMT and MIT. The dependence of the integrated Raman intensities at 220 cm−1 and 600 cm−1 on the temperature shows an excellent correlation with the optical transmittance through the IMT and MIT, both during heating and cooling scans. It is shown that the transformation occurs by the growth of one phase at the expense of the other and, in the IMT/MIT region, both phases coexist.

This article unravels the nature and causes of inequality and riskiness of poverty in Bangladesh. Using Household Income and Expenditure Survey of 2010, the authors attempt to unmask the factors responsible for deprivation and discrimination in Bangladesh. The authors have constructed a probit model and run mean test to check which factors are significant in determining poverty status. Contrary to general belief, the authors find that the gender and religion do not play significant role in determining the poverty status of households. However, other factors such as age, rural-urban distribution, education, marital status, disability, remittance, region, and so on have noteworthy impact on poverty condition.

A 23 yrs old young man visited us with the complaints of a pulsatile mass in right groin and a thrill over the medial side of the right thigh which radiate to the hypogastric region for last 3 months following a stab injury on the lateral aspect of right upper thigh. He was diagnosed to have a pseudoaneurysm in common femoral artery and an arteriovenous fistula between common femoral artery and common femoral vein in same region by vascular duplex scanning and CT angiogram. We excised the aneurysm and repaired the arteriovenous fistula tract under epidural anesthesia. Finally we repaired the severed right Common femoral artery and common femoral vein. Postoperative course was uneventful.Cardiovasc. j. 2016; 8(2): 149-154

A low temperature sol-gel process was used to fabricate zinc-oxide and yttrium-doped zinc oxide layers. These zinc-oxide and yttrium-doped ZnO films were used as electron transport layers in conjunction with P3HT and PC16BM type solar cells. It was demonstrated that annealing and doping of electron transport layer influenced the overall organic solar cells performance. Anneals of ~ 150?C provided the highest device performance. Compared to the undoped zinc oxide, the device with yttrium doped zinc oxide layers showed improved efficiency by about 30%. Furthermore an equivalent circuit was proposed to understand the connection between the electrical and optical characteristics of the device. Comparisons between the simulated and experimental current-voltage(I-V) curves displayed only a 1.2% variation between the curves. Clearly, our experimental and simulated studies provide new insight on the equivalent circuit models for inverted organic solar cells and further improvement on photovoltaic efficiency.

Background Uric acid is associated with noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, vascular dementia, and hypertension. Therefore, uric acid is considered to be a risk factor for the development of noncommunicable diseases. Most studies on uric acid have been performed in developed countries, and the application of machine-learning approaches in uric acid prediction in developing countries is rare. Different machine-learning algorithms will work differently on different types of data in various diseases; therefore, a different investigation is needed for different types of data to identify the most accurate algorithms. Specifically, no study has yet focused on the urban corporate population in Bangladesh, despite the high risk of developing noncommunicable diseases for this population. Objective The aim of this study was to develop a model for predicting blood uric acid values based on basic health checkup test results, dietary information, and sociodemographic characteristics using machine-learning algorithms. The prediction of health checkup test measurements can be very helpful to reduce health management costs. Methods Various machine-learning approaches were used in this study because clinical input data are not completely independent and exhibit complex interactions. Conventional statistical models have limitations to consider these complex interactions, whereas machine learning can consider all possible interactions among input data. We used boosted decision tree regression, decision forest regression, Bayesian linear regression, and linear regression to predict personalized blood uric acid based on basic health checkup test results, dietary information, and sociodemographic characteristics. We evaluated the performance of these five widely used machine-learning models using data collected from 271 employees in the Grameen Bank complex of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results The mean uric acid level was 6.63 mg/dL, indicating a borderline result for the majority of the sample (normal range Conclusions A uric acid prediction model was developed based on personal characteristics, dietary information, and some basic health checkup measurements. This model will be useful for improving awareness among high-risk individuals and populations, which can help to save medical costs. A future study could include additional features (eg, work stress, daily physical activity, alcohol intake, eating red meat) in improving prediction.

Highlights • Examined the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of Bangladeshi children. • Children were suffering from depression, anxiety, and sleeping disorder. • Estimates of moderate and severe mental disturbance were 19.3% and 7.2% respectively. • Children’s mental disturbance linked to parent’s stress, and abnormal behavior. • Psychological intervention and supportive care for children is urgently needed., COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant mental health threat among children in Bangladesh. This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children during the lockdown in Bangladesh. An online cross-sectional study was conducted from 25th April to 9th May 2020 among 384 parents having at least one child aged between 5–15 years using non-probability sampling. K-means clustering used to group children according to mental health score and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed to identify the relationship among the parental behavior and child mental health, and also these associations were assessed through chi-square test. Children were classified into four groups where 43% of child had subthreshold mental disturbances (mean Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)-10; 2.8), 30.5% had mild (mean MDD-10; 8.9), 19.3% suffered moderately (mean MDD-10; 15.9), and 7.2% of child suffered from severe disturbances (mean MDD-10; 25.2). The higher percentage of mental health disturbances of children with the higher education level of parents, relative infected by COVID-19 (yes), parents still need to go the workplace (yes), and parent’s abnormal behavior but lower to their counterparts. This paper demonstrates large proportions of children are suffering from mental health disturbances in Bangladesh during the period of lockdown. Implementation of psychological intervention strategies and improvement in house-hold financial conditions, literacy of parents, taking care of children, and job security may help in improving the psychological/mental status of children and the authors believe that the findings will be beneficial to accelerate the rate of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) linked to health status in Bangladesh.

The OAuth 2.0 is an authorization protocol gives authorization on the Web. Popular social networks like Facebook, Google and Twitter make their APIs based on the OAuth protocol to increase user experience of SSO and social sharing. It is an open standard for authorization and gives a process for third-party applications to obtain users' resources on the resource servers without sharing their login credentials. Single sign-on (SSO) is an identification method that makes allowance for websites to use other, rely on sites to confirm users. OAuth 2.0 is broadly used in Single Sign-On (SSO) service because of its simple implementation and coherence with a diversity of the third-party applications. It has been proved secure in different formal methods, but some vulnerabilities are revealed in practice. In this paper, we mention a general approach to improve the security of OAuth based SSO service for packaged web app. This paper proposes a modified method to execute OAuth flow from such applications with the help of Single sign-on (SSO) manages the life cycle of these applications.

BACKGROUND Predictive analytics through machine learning has been extensively using across industries including eHealth and mHealth for analyzing patient’s health data, predicting diseases, enhancing the productivity of technology or devices used for providing healthcare services and so on. However, not enough studies were conducted to predict the usage of eHealth by rural patients in developing countries. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to predict rural patients’ use of eHealth through supervised machine learning algorithms and propose the best-fitted model after evaluating their performances in terms of predictive accuracy. METHODS Data were collected between June and July 2016 through a field survey with structured questionnaire form 292 randomly selected rural patients in a remote North-Western sub-district of Bangladesh. Four supervised machine learning algorithms namely logistic regression, boosted decision tree, support vector machine, and artificial neural network were chosen for this experiment. A ‘correlation-based feature selection’ technique was applied to include the most relevant but not redundant features into the model. A 10-fold cross-validation technique was applied to reduce bias and over-fitting of the data. RESULTS Logistic regression outperformed other three algorithms with 85.9% predictive accuracy, 86.4% precision, 90.5% recall, 88.1% F-score, and AUC of 91.5% followed by neural network, decision tree and support vector machine with the accuracy rate of 84.2%, 82.9 %, and 80.4% respectively. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study are expected to be helpful for eHealth practitioners in selecting appropriate areas to serve and dealing with both under-capacity and over-capacity by predicting the patients’ response in advance with a certain level of accuracy and precision.

Numerous studies have been conducted on eHealth’s structure, technological aspects, current status, problems and prospects. However, there are only a few studies conducted in regards to the consumer behavior of eHealth. This chapter describes the necessity of behavioral research in eHealth. eHealth initiatives and current status in Bangladesh is reported. The chapter also explores and analyzes the current level of, reasons behind and factors affecting consumer acceptance of Portable Health Clinic (PHC), an e-Health initiative in Bangladesh, currently serving on experimental basis. In order to conduct an in-depth consumer behavior research, a sample of 600 rural respondents has been selected through stratified random sampling method. Data has been collected through structured questionnaire survey and analyzed with statistical tools including central tendency, frequency analysis, chi-square test of association and simple linier regression. This chapter also analyzes consumer’s demographic and socio-economic factors that affect their acceptance of eHealth. Our finding says, consumer’s age, occupation and purchasing power have very strong influence on their acceptance of eHealth services from PHC while their gender, level of education, access to cell phone and previous eHealth knowledge have very insignificant or weaker impact. Finally, the major applications of behavioral research are reported through which eHealth initiatives can be more socially acceptable and financially viable.

Introduction: Alcaligenes faecalis is a common environmental bacterium that often infects human as an opportunistic pathogen. It rarely causes Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in human; however, infection brings severe outcomes. Also, the treatment of A. faecalis associated infections with common antibiotics can be difficult due to a high level of antibiotic resistance. Aim: Molecular characterisation of A. faecalis isolate from women suffering from Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections (RUTIs). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the USDA-laboratory of the Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The present study conducted from July 2017 to December 2017, characterised an A. faecalis strain from the women suffering from RUTIs by applying 16s rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Antibiogram profiling was done by means of disk diffusion assay. Analysis of in-silico SNP variants was done using Geneious software. Results: The isolates were resistant to seven out of ten commercial antibiotics used to treat UTI in Bangladesh. Phylogenetic and evolutionary distance data analysis revealed a close proximity of the study AF1 strain with other A. faecalis strains identified from the environment, especially from a previously characterised water sample. In-silico variants search found nine potentials of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) in the studied strain compared to other environmental A. faecalis bacteria characterised from India, South-Korea, Japan, Mexico and Brazil. Conclusion: The present study revealed the transmission of environmental opportunistic pathogens to human and cause chronic infections in Bangladesh.

Peripheral arterial disease affects with loss of limb if untreated. For decades, arterial bypass has been regarded as one of the trustworthy and effective methods for treatment of atherosclerosis in lower limbs. A 65 year old male patient was treated for a worsening short distance intermittent claudication in left calf muscle. Clinical examinations identified occlusion of the superficial femoral artery. Peripheral Angiogram (PAG) revealed popliteal artery had good calibre with distal run off. Left superficial femoral artery to popliteal artery bypass was performed on the patient with autologous reversed great saphenous venous conduit. Post operative course was uneventful. The pulses of the dorsalis pedis and posterir tibial arteries in left leg regained and remain strong. The Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) increased from 0.60 to 1.09. As far as arterial bypass in lower limb is concerned, the efficacy is usually not so desireable because of lack of vascular substitutes, insufficient availability of autologous vessels and also the scarcity of skilled vascular surgeon. Therefore, it becomes our long-lasting desire to find out a safe and endurable graft conduit and also to establish vascular surgery in a city where this type of surgery was absent previously. We have recently succeeded in performing femoro-popliteal bypass surgery in Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH). Probably this was the first successful femoro-popliteal bypass surgery with autologous great saphenous venous conduit for chronic arterial occlusive disease of lower limb in this hospital. JCMCTA 2015 ; 26 (1) : 46-51

A 34 yrs old man of marfan syndrome, visited us with the complaints of palpitation, easy fatigability and chest discomfort for last 1year. He was pointed out to have the aortic root enlargement with severe aortic regurgitation & mild mitral regurgitation by echocardiography and CT angiogram. We excised the aneurysm, implanted a composite graft with prosthetic valve conduit (Bentall operation), directly attached the coronary arteries to the aortic graft, and made the distal anastomosis to the divided aorta. Postoperative course was uneventful. To our knowledge, this is the first successful case of Bentall operation in national Institute of cardiovascular Diseases.Cardiovasc. j. 2015; 8(1): 78-81

The stabilization and processing of salivary transcriptome and proteome biomarkers is a critical challenge due to the ubiquitous nature of nucleases and proteases as well as the inherent instability of these biomarkers. Furthermore, extension of salivary transcriptome and proteome analysis to point-of-care and remote sites requires the availability of self-administered ambient temperature collection and storage tools. To address these challenges, a self-contained whole saliva collection and extraction system, RNAPro•SAL, has been developed that provides rapid ambient temperature collection along with concurrent processing and stabilization of extracellular RNA (exRNA) and proteins. The system was compared to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) standard clinical collection process (standard operating procedure, SOP). Both systems measured total RNA and protein, and exRNA IL-8, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-actin and ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9) by qPCR. Proteome analysis was measured by EIA analysis of interleukin-8 (IL-8), and β-actin, as well as total protein. Over 97% of viable cells were removed by both methods. The system compared favorably to the labor-intensive clinical SOP, which requires low-temperature collection and isolation, yielding samples with similar protein and exRNA recovery and stability.

In this work, a newly fabricated organic solar cell based on a composite of fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and regioregular poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with an added interfacial layer of AgOx in between the PEDOT:PSS layer and the ITO layer is investigated and an equivalent circuit model is proposed for the device. Incorporation of the AgOx interfacial layer shows an increase in fill factor (by 33%) and power conversion efficiency (by 28%). Moreover, proper correlation has been achieved between the experimental and simulated I-V plots. The simulation shows that device characteristics can be explained with accuracy by the proposed model.

The current situation with supervisory control and information procurement (SCADA) framework security is not similar with the vulnerabilities, dangers as on today and potential results. A large number of the SCADA frameworks are moderately shaky frameworks with endless and inescapable vulnerabilities. Seen data security dangers are once in a while talked about and assessed at administration level. Data security part of PC controlled basic foundations must be basically broke down. PC controlled foundations ought to be subjected to an extreme investigation. Challenges for SCADA framework security are examined in this paper. Suggestions have been made to fortify the safety efforts at PC controlled basic foundations like savvy matrix, transportation control, water circulation and others. These suggestions, when executed, will cut down essentially the danger of disappointment at basic foundations. In this paper we most survey diverse dangers states and their effect on Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA framework). We likewise audit diverse philosophy in digital security hazard appraisal for SCADA framework. We examination distinctive dangers and place them into various classes. We additionally portray diverse hazard appraisal techniques, their points, applications, affect on up and coming dangers, contrast and distinctive strategies. We additionally investigate distinctive parts of helplessness in the framework.

Background Modeling exchange rate volatility has remained crucially important because of its diverse implications. This study aimed to address the issue of error distribution assumption in modeling and forecasting exchange rate volatility between the Bangladeshi taka (BDT) and the US dollar ($). Methods Using daily exchange rates for 7 years (January 1, 2008, to April 30, 2015), this study attempted to model dynamics following generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH), asymmetric power ARCH (APARCH), exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedstic (EGARCH), threshold generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedstic (TGARCH), and integrated generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedstic (IGARCH) processes under both normal and Student’s t-distribution assumptions for errors. Results and Conclusions It was found that, in contrast with the normal distribution, the application of Student’s t-distribution for errors helped the models satisfy the diagnostic tests and show improved forecasting accuracy. With such error distribution for out-of-sample volatility forecasting, AR(2)–GARCH(1, 1) is considered the best.

case of Aorto- axillary bypass graft site with CABG. Surgical intervention gives good result. Methods: A 55 years old gentleman came to our hospital with discharging chest wound with occasional episodes of bleeding through upper chest wound. One and half years back he was operated in another hospital with Aorto-axillary bypass with CABG. CT angiogram showed - Aorto- axillary bypass graft eroding sternum and developed a chronic leak in aortic side. Urgent operation was done on 1.08.13-we went to femoro-femoral bypass first-then very carefully sternotomy was done-found a leak around aortic side of the Aorto-axillary bypass graft. With gentle pressure on leak, proceeded for total circulatory arrest, graft was taken out, found oval shaped opening at ascending aorta, it was repaired by Dacron patch with continuous proline suture. Total circulatory arrest time was 37 minutes. Distal part of the graft on axillary artery found-a silk ligature applied-sternal wound reconstruction was done with pectoral is major muscle flap. Results: The patient remained very well in ICU and was discharged from hospital on 7th post operative day in good general condition. Now more than 1 years follow up he is doing very well. Conclusion: Graft leakage at aortic site of Aorto-axillary bypass graft is not a common entity, surgical intervention with Dacron patch repair gives good outcome. Surgical Repair of aortic pseudoaneurysm a though with high risk, is only remedy to save the life of the patient.

Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world with low GDP/capita and minimum purchasing power. A third of the total population (24.3%) lives below the national poverty line ($2/day) while a half of them do live in extreme poverty level ($1.25). It’s now a national issue as high rate of poverty is the cause of permanent economic downturn and socio-economic depression in Bangladesh. Many policies have been applied by government and NGOs since its independent in 1971 to alleviate the poverty but no policy has brought a remarkable outcome. The main purpose of the study is to examine the causes for high rate of poverty in Bangladesh and insufficiency of the government agencies that are working to alleviate the poverty and propose innovative approaches to growth of entrepreneurship to bring sustainable economic growth and improve the poverty condition. The study is based on structural and semi-structural questionnaires and face to face interview. A total of 60 structural and same numbers of semi-structural questionnaires were given to 100 recipients of various age, sex, education, profession and economic levels regarding the factors to get feedback. In this research, a cooperative investment policy and a government action plan have been drawn up based on coordination between the various agencies, which allow the impoverished section of the population to save and invest collectively in order to involve them in entrepreneurship to lift themselves out of the poverty cycle and bring sustainable development. The aim of the research involving the impoverished population to entrepreneurship through co-operative investment policy and promoted government mechanisms to improve the poverty condition in Bangladesh. Search tasks: *To examine the major reasons for the high rate of poverty in Bangladesh. *To explore the impacts of entrepreneurship to accelerate the economic growth and improve the poverty condition in Bangladesh. *To discover the most effective ways to involve the impoverished population to entrepreneurship. *To develop a co-operative investment policy and an integrated government strategy covering all financial, administrative, supervisory and regulatory aspects that will regulate the state's action to accelerate the entrepreneurship and achieve economic growth. Subject of the research cooperative investment policy and improved government mechanism for poverty reduction in Bangladesh through entrepreneurship growth. Object of the research the rate of poverty, entrepreneurship. Keywords: Impoverished Population, Co-operative Investment Policy, Entrepreneurship, Government Performance, Sustainable Development.

The management of combined Coronary Artery Disease and Peripheral Vascular Disease is a challenge and brings with it numerous clinical dilemmas. The 56 year old gentleman presented to our department with significant triple vessel disease with occluded lower end of aorta just before bifurcation and occluded bilateral superficial femoral arteries. CABG with aorto-femoral and femoro popliteal bypass was done on the same setting. On 12th postoperative day he was discharged from hospital in good general condition. Follow up after 6 months of operation the patient is doing well and free of chest pain and claudication pain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v7i2.22266 Cardiovasc. j. 2015; 7(2): 159-161

Cardiovascular Journal Volume 6, No. 1, 2013, Page 74-78 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v6i1.16121