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NASA’s Dawn mission revealed a partially differentiated Ceres that has experienced cryovolcanic activity throughout its history up to the recent past. The Occator impact crater, which formed ~22 Myr ago, displays bright deposits (faculae) across its floor whose origins are still under debate: two competing hypotheses involve eruption of brines from the crust–mantle transition boundary (remnants of an ancient ocean) or alternatively from a shallow impact melt chamber. Here we report new constraints on the history of Occator that help in testing the hypotheses of its formation. We used high-resolution images of the Dawn Framing Camera obtained close to the end of the mission. We found a long-lasting and recent period of cryovolcanic activity, which started ≤9 Myr ago and lasted for several million years. Several resurfacing events, affecting the faculae and some (dark) solidified impact melt units, are shown to have occurred millions of years after crater formation and the dissipation of the impact-generated heat. These findings are indicative of a deep-seated brine source. Extensive volatile-driven emplacement of bright material occurred in the central floor, causing its subsidence due to mass loss at depth. Finally, a thick (extrusive) dome of bright material was raised in the central depression. The derived chronostratigraphy of Occator is consistent with a recently geologically active world, where salts play a major role in preserving liquid in a heat-starved body. High-spatial-resolution images of the bright points at Occator crater on Ceres, taken during the second extended Dawn mission, allowed reconstruction of the chronology of their formation. The area experienced extensive cryovolcanism less than nine million years ago that lasted several million years, indicating recent geological activity.

The intimate mixture of ice and silicate within the uppermost few kilometres of Ceres influences its geology and the evolution of its subsurface. Both ground ice and cryovolcanic processes have been hypothesized to form geologic terrains on Ceres, including within Occator crater, where they have been suggested to influence the post-impact surface evolution. Both types of processes involve the presence and expression of volatiles and brines, such that distinguishing between them could be difficult. Here, we use images and topography data from the NASA Dawn mission to investigate the morphology, age and distribution of mounds and hills within Occator crater, and infer their origin. The shapes and relative ages of many of these features suggest that they formed as impact-induced water-rich flows that covered the crater floor refroze in a manner similar to the formation of periglacial ice-cored mounds on Earth called pingos. We suggest that impacts on Ceres produced hydrologic conditions for surface changes in the absence of cryovolcanic processes. Our findings imply that cryo-hydrologic processes extend beyond Earth and Mars, and have been active on Ceres in the geologically recent past. Mounds within Ceres’s Occator crater may have formed by freezing of water-rich impact-induced melt, by a process analogous to that of pingo formation on Earth, according to an analysis of data from NASA’s Dawn mission.

Hydrothermal processes in impact environments on water-rich bodies such as Mars and Earth are relevant to the origins of life. Dawn mapping of dwarf planet (1) Ceres has identified similar deposits within Occator crater. Here we show using Dawn high-resolution stereo imaging and topography that Ceres’ unique composition has resulted in widespread mantling by solidified water- and salt-rich mud-like impact melts with scattered endogenic pits, troughs, and bright mounds indicative of outgassing of volatiles and periglacial-style activity during solidification. These features are distinct from and less extensive than on Mars, indicating that Occator melts may be less gas-rich or volatiles partially inhibited from reaching the surface. Bright salts at Vinalia Faculae form thin surficial precipitates sourced from hydrothermal brine effusion at many individual sites, coalescing in several larger centers, but their ages are statistically indistinguishable from floor materials, allowing for but not requiring migration of brines from deep crustal source(s)., Dawn mission’s second extended phase provided high resolution observations of Occator crater of the dwarf planet Ceres. Here, the authors show stereo imaging and topographic maps of this crater revealing the influence of crustal composition on impact related melt and hydrothermal processes, and compare features to those on Mars, Earth and the Moon.

Vitamin D improves the reproductive efficiency in animals. This study aimed to examine the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-gylcosides (1,25-vitD) on the farrowing process in sows and the vitality of their piglets. In total, 100 sows were allocated into two groups at insemination ('1,25-vitD' and 'negative control'). The 1,25-vitD group received 260-300 mg/sow/day 1,25-vitD in their feed during the gestation period. Backfat thickness, fecal score, and the farrowing process was evaluated. The piglets were categorized into live born or stillborn, and vitality was evaluated by assessing the umbilical cord and the meconium score. The number of total-born piglets in sows of '1,25-vitD' was higher and the farrowing duration was shorter than in the negative control group without showing significance in the univariable analysis. In a linear multiple regression model including the variables 'farrowing duration', 'total born piglets' and '1,25-vitD' differences became evident. We found that 1,25-vitD was associated with a reduced farrowing duration (p = 0.055). Moreover, significantly more mummies (p < 0.01) and short ruptured umbilical cords (p < 0.05) were observed in the 1,25-vitD group. This study showed an effect of 1,25-vitD on the farrowing process. However, more research is needed to better describe the mechanism of 1,25-vitD in detail.

Vitamin D improves the reproductive efficiency in animals. This study aimed to examine the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-gylcosides (1,25-vitD) on the farrowing process in sows and the vitality of their piglets. In total, 100 sows were allocated into two groups at insemination (‘1,25-vitD’ and ‘negative control’). The 1,25-vitD group received 260–300 mg/sow/day 1,25-vitD in their feed during the gestation period. Backfat thickness, fecal score, and the farrowing process was evaluated. The piglets were categorized into live born or stillborn, and vitality was evaluated by assessing the umbilical cord and the meconium score. The number of total-born piglets in sows of ‘1,25-vitD’ was higher and the farrowing duration was shorter than in the negative control group without showing significance in the univariable analysis. In a linear multiple regression model including the variables ‘farrowing duration’, ‘total born piglets’ and ‘1,25-vitD’ differences became evident. We found that 1,25-vitD was associated with a reduced farrowing duration (p = 0.055). Moreover, significantly more mummies (p < 0.01) and short ruptured umbilical cords (p < 0.05) were observed in the 1,25-vitD group. This study showed an effect of 1,25-vitD on the farrowing process. However, more research is needed to better describe the mechanism of 1,25-vitD in detail.

In interorganizational teams, processes are more complex and structures less clear than in intraorganizational settings. Different perspectives come together and authoritative positions are often ambiguous, which makes establishing what to do problematic. We adopt a ventriloquial analytical lens and pose the question: How exactly do interorganizational team members build a collaborative strategy under these conditions, in their situated interactions? Our findings show how many different voices (individual, organizational, team, and other) shape members’ strategy-making and reveal these voices’ performative authoritative effects: Members established their team’s strategy and produced the needed authority to do so through three coauthoring practices, namely, the proposition, appropriation, and expropriation of voices. When members switched between the practices and different voices, these voices were either woven together or moved apart. We sketch a conceptualization of strategy as a relational assemblage and develop a process model of strategy-coauthoring to illuminate these dynamics.

Schweinedysenterie, verursacht durch eine Infektion mit Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, ist eine Erkrankung, die wohl jedem/r Schweinepraktiker/in bereits begegnet ist. Aufgrund zunehmender Resistenzen und der angestrebten Reduktion der Anwendung von antimikrobiellen Substanzen in der Tiermedizin sowie den immer häufigeren Beschreibungen auch anderer hochpathogener Brachyspira spp., rückt die Sanierung der Schweinedysenterie vermehrt in den Mittelpunkt der Bekämpfung.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyse the continuous and subjective evaluation of echogenicity, echotexture of the puerperal uterus as well as the presence of intrauterine fluid in sows of differing parity stages. The goal was to determine associations between grayscale values and simultaneously assessed uterine diameter, body condition, and additional performance parameters such as farrowing duration, placenta expulsion duration, placenta weight and litter weight. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population included 95 sows housed either in free farrowing (n���=���46) or crated (n���=���49) stables. Transabdominal ultrasound was performed daily between postpartum days 2-14 (p.���p.) and the day before weaning. Echogenicity (ranging between anechoic (1)-hyperechoic (6)), echotexture (homogenous/heterogeneous), and the presence of intrauterine fluid (yes/no) was evaluated on three cross-sections of the uterine horn/sow/day. RESULTS In the first week p.p, most sows showed a medium (median���=���4.0) echogenicity, whereas from day 7 p.���p., echogenicity decreased (median���=���3.5 to 3.0). Echotexture between days 2-7 p.p was mainly heterogeneous, whereas between days 8-14 p.p, it proved to be mostly homogeneous. Intrauterine fluid was detected until day 9.���Echogenicity exhibited significant association with farrowing duration (FD) on days 8-14 p.���p. (p���=���0.048). Sows with FD���>���300���min showed slightly lower echogenicity (median���=���3.0) than sows with FD���������300���min (median���=���3.5). There was a positive correlation between uterine diameter and echogenicity on day 2-7 p.���p. (r���=���0,359, p���

In organizational communication scholarship, ventriloquism depicts how additional voices can partake in interactions through what we say. More specifically, the notion illustrates how someone or something can talk or act in the name of someone or something else, which presumes an interdependent connection between the two: when I speak in the name of something, I can only do so because the very same thing enables me to speak in its name. In this chapter, we spell out and illustrate four functions that this connection can have and provide guidance on how to analyze datasets ventriloquially.

Eradication of infectious diseases in pigs Lessons learned & challenges in the future In recent years, the eradication of infectious production diseases in pig farms has become more and more popular all over the world. This development is partially based on good experiences that were made elsewhere and have been published in journals or presented in conferences numerous times. Other reasons to eradicate infectious production diseases and to obtain a ‘specific pathogen free’ (SPF) status include higher revenue for animals that are sold to other farms or even access to new markets. In any case, eradications remain costly and challenging, whereby the confirmation of the SPF status on herd level is still lacking an international and sometimes national standard that allows reciprocity of recognition. This paper highlights the lessons we have learned in previous attempts to eradicate infectious diseases in pig herds. Moreover, a critical review of recent methods to confirm successful eradication and/ or SPF status will be presented. Understanding the epidemiology of an infection Thorough understanding of the epidemiology of the infection in question is of utmost importance and is not the same in every individual case. An attempt to eradicate a disease from one herd might be successful, whereby the same protocol does not lead to success in another herd, region, or country (Neirynck et al., 2020). Ideally the transmission of the pathogen into the herd, the spread of the infection within the herd, the persistence of infection in individual animals or groups of animals and, finally, the time and way of elimination of the pathogen from animals and/or their environment is known. However, this complete understanding of the epidemiology is not valid for many infectious SESSION: ERADICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES: THE PRRS EXAMPLE Biosketch Prof. Dr. med. vet. Heiko Nathues graduated from the University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover, Germany in 2004. He spent some month in a specialised pig & poultry practice in Northern Germany. From late 2004 until 2011 he was employed at the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in Bakum, Germany, where he also obtained his Dr. med. vet. in 2007 and his PhD in 2011. Awarded with a Marie-Curie Intra-European-Fellowship he joined the Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group of the Royal Veterinary College in London, from 2011 to 2013. He also obtained a Postgraduate Certificate in Veterinary Education. In 2013 he finalized his habilitation and received the venia legendi for ‘Pig diseases and population medicine’ from the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover. Since the same year, he is a professor at the Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Bern, Switzerland, where he is heading the clinic for swine. His primary areas of interest are diagnosis, epidemiology and control of porcine virus- and mycoplasmal-diseases. Prof. Nathues is a Diplomate of the European College of Porcine Health Management (ECPHM), certified as EBVS™ European Veterinary Specialist of Porcine Health Management and currently the President of the ECPHM. Since April 2017 he is representing the PHM college in the EBVS, and since April 2021 he is the Vice- President of the EBVS and a member of the Executive Committee. Abstract How to define an eradication program? Heiko Nathues, Prof. Dr. med. vet. Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland 12 production diseases in pigs or at least is not present in a given farm setting where the herd is infected, e.g. with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) (Arruda et al., 2019). The lack of information about the susceptible subpopulation, the uncertainty regarding the time that an infected individual remains infectious and thereby exposes others, and the level of protection of acquired immunity in recovered individuals lead to failure, not only in combating a pandemic such as SARS-CoV 2 (Muñoz-Fontela et al., 2022), but also in managing infectious diseases in pigs (Dorjee et al., 2013). In order to correctly assess the epidemiological situation of an infection in a given herd, veterinarians should be well aware of the susceptible group of pigs, the incubation period, and the persistence of the infection in individual pigs. For PRRSV, numerous studies describe such parameters (Corzo et al., 2010; Pileri and Mateu, 2016), although important facts such as the persistence of PRRSV for more than 250 days in single animals (Wills et al., 2003) is often neglected in the field. Evaluating the socio-economic value of an eradication Before starting any eradication programme, a spatial and socio-economic analysis (Figure 1) should highlight the feasibility and the monetary benefit. A partial budget analysis supports an informed decision regarding a particular eradication concept that is most applicable to the individual herd. FIGURE 1: OUTLINE OF A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN LIVESTOCK FARMS Such spatial analyses have been conducted for PRRSV in areas of different pig density (Fahrion et al., 2014), where the significant increase in the risk for re-infection was linked not only to the distance of neighbouring pig herds, but also their production type (i.e. sow herd vs. fattening herd vs. 1-site production system). Economic analyses have been published for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (Cadetg et al., 2019), Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (Alarcon et al., 2013) and PRRSV (Nathues et al., 2017). These studies have in common that in addition to health and performance data also livestock and market data were considered in the partial budget analysis. This process warrants a better estimation of the expected value, when eradication is selected as the combat tool for the particular infection. If spatial (i.e. geographic) or economic specifications put the ‘long term success’ of an eradication programme in question, then farmers shall be thoroughly informed and also advised to carefully consider the risk of failure or reinfection. In certain scenarios, tailor-made vaccination programmes in combination with other prevention measures might be more beneficial compared to eradication (Nathues et al., 2018). Applying sustainable eradication concepts Next to the concept of total depopulation and repopulation, which nearly always results in an elimination of the pathogen from the herd, the ‘Swiss method of eradication’ has been proven very successful in the field. In Norway and Switzerland, the Swiss method has been used to eradicate Enzootic Pneumonia on the national level (Stark et al., 2007; Gulliksen et al., 2021); both countries are considered free of the disease today. Remarkably, these efforts on national level achieved SPF status for both pig populations, where today even no more infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae can be found, although the eradication programmes aimed at combating the (clinical) disease rather than the pathogen itself. Apparently, the Swiss method, which is based on completely eliminating the susceptible subpopulation from a herd (i.e. the number of animals neither ‘infectious’ nor ‘recovered’ equals zero) can be used in case of other infections as well. The ‘Close & Roll-over’ concept that is applied to eradicate from PRRSV can be seen as a modification of the Swiss method, where the subpopulation of susceptible pigs is reduced to zero by not introducing new PRRSV uninfected pigs into the herd during six months, while waiting for all other pigs to become ‘infectious’ and thereafter becoming ‘recovered’. 13 Other eradication concepts that are based on mass treatment with antimicrobials instead of partial depopulation and elimination of the susceptible subpopulation have been used for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, but they were either unsuccessful on the spot or characterized by another breakdown in a very short period (Yeske et al., 2020). Taking this evidenced low rate of success and the concept of prudent use of antimicrobials into account, such concepts do not reflect state of the art and cannot be recommended in future. In any case, the eradication concept must be well selected based on the individual situation in the pig herd, the farmer’s social and economic capabilities, the epidemiological situation, and other aspects (Table 1). TABLE 1: PROS AND CONS OF THE DIFFERENT ERADICATION CONCEPTS Defining appropriate sampling strategies to control the success Noteworthy, appropriate sampling strategies being necessary to control the success at the end of the eradication and to continuously monitor the new status of the herd should be designed in advance. Otherwise, farm owners might be upset about the cost of controlling and maintaining the new SPF status of their herd. Once the eradication has been achieved, only monitoring programmes with highest sensitivity will truly evidence the accomplishment and build up trust among business partners. Inadequate sampling schemes, convenience-driven sampling sites, and ‘low-budgettesting’ increase the risk of false negative results and extended periods to detect breakdowns, i.e. re-infection of the herd, which might poses highest risk along the whole production chain. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) still recommends whole blood samples or serum for the direct and indirect detection of most viral pathogens. This is also valid for PRRSV, where other sample sites such as oral fluids or processing fluids are not mentioned at all. The problem of ‘alternative’ sampling sites is not only the fact that others than veterinarians, who are able to examine herd health in parallel, collect those samples, but also the significant reduction of sensitivity and specificity of such samples when correctly compared to serum samples (Prickett et al., 2008; Kittawornrat et al., 2010; Steinrigl et al., 2014; Pepin et al., 2015; De Regge and Cay, 2016). Nowadays, some studies try to compensate the lower quality of such samples (oral fluid or processing fluid from docked tails or tongues of dead animals) by increasing the number of sampled animals (De Regge and Cay, 2016; Baliellas et al., 2021). However, this approach only works in very large pig herds and does not account for inevitable future developments such as ban of tail docking, etc., where the ‘alternative material’ will no longer be accessible. The sample size and frequency of testing needs to be adopted to the individual herd, taking the risk of infection / re-infection into account. For most infectious production diseases, a maximum possible prevalence of 10% and a confidence of 95% is accepted, when calculating the exact sample size. However, in case of PRRSV the maximum possible prevalence might be reduced to 5% in case of significant impact of an infection, e.g. in a boar stud, in a PRRSV free country, etc. As soon as the population is dynamic (i.e. regular introduction of new animals such as gilts, etc.), the testing should be repeated at least every three months (Holtkamp et al., 2011). Designing tailor-made programmes Summarizing all mentioned necessities for a successful eradication of an infectious production disease in a given pig herd, it becomes obvious that tailor-made programmes are required on herd level and, in case this is favoured, on regional and national level. This not only applies to the verification of the initial success of an eradication programme, but also to the period thereafter, when SPF status is maintained. It is strongly recommended to decide for the best options, which often does not correspond to the cheapest. This regards to the selection of the concept of eradication and also to the sampling site, sample size and testing interval once a SPF status has been achieved. Nevertheless, open and transparent communication of these efforts will underline credibility and thereby facilitate trust among farmers, veterinarians and other stakeholders involved in the production of healthy pigs.

Background Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) continues to be a major economic issue for the swine industry worldwide, not only due to acute outbreaks but also endemic infections. PRRS disease severity and consequently financial losses can vary greatly between endemically infected farms and estimation of damage is challenging. This study aimed to assess the economic effect of PRRS in a systematic way at individual farm-level for endemically infected herds, using a PRRS cost simulation tool. In total 21 German sow herds with endemic PRRSV infection were investigated. Data on health and production performance, farm management and environment to be fed into the calculator was collected on each farm, and blood samples taken to confirm the PRRSV status. Results All study farms experienced a significant loss attributable to PRRS. The median farm budget across all farms was − 31 € per sow and year, compared to a median simulated farm budget of 248 € if these farms had been PRRSV negative. The median total loss attributable to PRRS was 74,181 € per farm per year, corresponding to a median total loss per sow and year of 255 €. The impact of PRRS on farm profits was − 19.1% on average and − 41% in the worst case. Conclusions The calculated losses give a good hint of the economic damage due to PRRS for the pig industry. Even in endemically infected farms, farmers face a non-negligible damage and profit from a concerted PRRS control. The calculator has proven itself in the field to render a valid estimation of losses due to PRRS in endemically infected farms.

In the Swiss pig population, only four sequence types (ST6, ST66, ST196, ST197) of Brachyspira ( B .) hyodysenteriae , an agent of Swine Dysentery (SD), have been so far detected suggesting a limited number of sources of B. hyodysenteriae in the Swiss pig production. A one year culture- and molecular-based diagnostic project was performed to identify and trace back B. hyodysenteriae in pig herds with SD, and to identify possible new STs. Up to five faecal swabs from herds with diarrhoea were examined. Three out of 141 herds tested positive for B. hyodysenteriae of ST196 (n=2) and ST66 (n=1). A common source was unlikely as none of the supplier herds or pig trader was shared and the occurrence was very low (2.1%) in the study population. This low occurrence may have resulted from the monitoring and eradications during the last ten years, emphasising their further applications to control B. hyodysenteriae.

In 164 randomly selected Swiss piglet production farms and 101 fattening farms, the indication for antibiotic use in 2012/2013 was recorded and an animal treatment index (TBI) was calculated for each age group. Sows were treated on average 0.9 days per year mainly due to mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA). Suckling piglets were treated on average 0.5 days per production cycle, mainly due to diarrhea and polyarthritis. Weaned piglets were treated during 4.4 days, especially due to diarrhea, polyarthritis and wasting. In fattening pigs, treatments were mainly due to diarrhea and HPS-suspicion, and lasted on average 4.8 days. In sows, antibiotics were used prophylactically on 22.6% of the treatment days, in suckling piglets on 50.5%, in weaners on 86.1% and in fattening pigs on 79.0% of the treatment days. A prophylactic oral antibiotic group therapy did not have a significant positive effect on daily weight gain of fattening pigs, nor was it able to reduce the number of individual or group therapies. In farms with prophylactic oral group therapy, the mortality rate during the first two fattening weeks even tended to be higher (p=0.06) than in farms without oral group therapy. Highest priority critically important antibiotics were used in 22.6% of all treatment days in sows, in 37.5% in suckling piglets, in 17.2% in weaned piglets and in 27.3% in fattening pigs. In many farms, antibiotics were not prescribed and used according to the rules of "prudent use".In 164 zufällig ausgewählten Schweizer Ferkelproduk­tionsbetrieben und 101 Mastbetrieben wurden Daten zum Antibiotikaeinsatz der Jahre 2012/2013 erhoben und für jede Altersgruppe ein Tierbehandlungsindex (TBI) berechnet. Muttersauen wurden durchschnittlich während 0.9 Tagen pro Jahr und am häufigsten wegen Mastitis-Metritis-Agalaktie (MMA) behandelt. Pro Umtrieb wurden Saugferkel durchschnittlich während 0.5 Tagen vor allem wegen Diarrhoe und Polyarthritis, Absetzferkel während 4.4 Tagen mit der Indikation ­Diarrhoe, Polyarthritis und Kümmern sowie Mastschweine wegen Diarrhoe und Hämophilus parasuis (HPS)-Verdacht durchschnittlich 4.8 Tage lang antibiotisch behandelt. Bei den Muttersauen wurde an 35.5%, bei den Saugferkeln 50.5%, bei den Absetzferkeln 87.4% und bei den Mastschweinen 79.0% der Behandlungstage bei der jeweiligen Altersgruppe Antibiotika prophylaktisch eingesetzt. Die prophylaktische, orale antibiotische Gruppentherapie hatte bei den Mastschweinen weder bezüglich Masttageszunahmen einen signifikant positiven Effekt, noch vermochte sie die Anzahl Einzel- oder Gruppentherapien zu reduzieren. In Betrieben mit prophylaktischer oraler Gruppentherapie war die Mortalitätsrate während der ersten zwei Wochen in der Mast sogar tendenziell höher (p=0.06) als in Betrieben ohne. „Highest priority critically important antibiotics“ wurden bei den Muttersauen in 22.6%, bei den Saugferkeln in 37.5%, bei den Absetzferkeln in 17.2% und in der Mast in 27.3% aller Behandlungstage der jeweiligen Alterskategorie eingesetzt. In vielen Betrieben wurden Antibiotika nicht nach den Regeln von „prudent use“ verschrieben und eingesetzt.Dans 164 exploitations suisses de production de porcelets sélectionnées au hasard et 101 exploitations d’engraissement, les données concernant l’utilisation d’antibiotiques en 2012/2013 ont été enregistrées et un indice de traitement des animaux (TBI) a été calculé pour chaque groupe d’âge. Les truies ont été traitées en moyenne 0,9 jour par an, principalement en raison d’une mammite-métrite-agalactie (MMA). Les porcelets allaités ont été traités en moyenne 0,5 jour par cycle de production, principalement en raison de diarrhée et de polyarthrite. Les porcelets sevrés ont été traités pendant 4,4 jours, en particulier en raison de diarrhée, polyarthrite et émaciation. Chez les porcs à l’engrais, les traitements étaient principalement dus à la diarrhée et à la suspicion d’Haemophilus parasuis (HPS) et duraient en moyenne 4,8 jours. Chez les truies, les antibiotiques ont été utilisés à titre prophylactique pendant 22,6% des jours de traitement, chez les porcelets nourris au lait pendant 50,5%, chez les porcelets sevrés pendant 86,1% et chez les porcs à l’engrais pendant 79,0% des jours de traitement. Une antibiothérapie prophylactique de groupe par voie orale n’a pas eu d’effet positif significatif sur la prise de poids quotidienne des porcs à l’engrais et n’a pas permis de réduire le nombre de thérapies individuelles ou de groupe. Dans les exploitations avec traitement prophylactique de groupe par voie orale, le taux de mortalité au cours des deux premières semaines d’engraissement avait même tendance à être plus élevé (p = 0,06) que dans les exploitations sans traitement de groupe par voie orale. Des antibiotiques d’importance critique de haute priorité («Highest priority critically important antibiotics») ont été utilisés dans 22,6% de tous les jours de traitement chez les truies, dans 37,5% chez les porcelets allaités, dans 17,2% chez les porcelets sevrés et dans 27,3% chez les porcs à l’engrais. Dans de nombreuses exploitations, les antibiotiques n’étaient pas prescrits ni utilisés conformément aux règles de «l’utilisation prudente».I dati sull’impiego di antibiotici nel 2012/2013 sono stati raccolti in 164 allevamenti di suinetti svizzeri selezionati a caso e 101 allevamenti da ingrasso ed è stato calcolato un indice di trattamento animale (TBI) per ogni fascia d’età. Le scrofe madri sono state trattate in media per 0,9 giorni all’anno e più frequentemente per la mastite metrite agalassia (MMA). I lattonzoli sono stati trattati per ciclo di produzione con antibiotici per una media di 0,5 giorni, principalmente contro la diarrea e la poliartrite, i suinetti svezzati per 4,4 giorni con l’indicazione diarrea, poliartrite e gracilità fisica e i suinetti da ingrasso in media per 4,8 giorni contro la diarrea e un sospettato haemophilus parasuis (HPS). Gli antibiotici sono stati utilizzati a scopo profilattico sul 35,5% delle scrofe madri, sul 50,5% dei lattonzoli, sull’87,4% dei suinetti svezzati e sul 79,0% dei suinetti da ingrasso delle rispettive fasce di età. La terapia antibiotica profilattica di gruppo per via orale non ha avuto un effetto positivo significativo sui suinetti da ingrasso in termini di aumento di peso giornaliero, né è stata in grado di ridurre il numero di terapie individuali o di gruppo. Nelle aziende con terapia profilattica di gruppo per via orale, il tasso di mortalità nelle prime due settimane di ingrasso è stato ancora più elevato (p=0,06) che nelle aziende senza terapia antibiotica. Gli “antibiotici di massima priorità e di importanza critica” sono stati utilizzati in tutti i giorni di trattamento nelle categorie di età rispettive nel 22,6% delle scrofe madri, nel 37,5% dei lattonzoli, nel 17,2% dei suinetti svezzati e nel 27,3% dei suinetti da ingrasso. In molte aziende agricole gli antibiotici non sono stati prescritti e utilizzati secondo le regole di “uso prudente”.

The distinctive bright regions within Occator crater are one of the most remarkable discoveries of the Dawn mission's exploration of Ceres. The central region is named Cerealia Facula and the additional regions in the eastern crater floor are named Vinalia Faculae. Here we summarize and synthesize the results of this special issue, which aimed to identify the driving forces behind the formation of Occator and the faculae, and thus lead us to a new understanding of the processes and conditions that occurred in Ceres’ past, and potentially in its present. The investigations presented here used Dawn data, theoretical modeling and laboratory experiments to deduce the sequence of events that led to the formation of Occator, Cerealia Facula and Vinalia Faculae, which are broken into stages 1–3. Stage 1: Occator's ejecta blanket, terraces and hummocky crater floor material formed during and shortly after crater formation. These features are located in many Cerean complex craters. However, Occator also contains the lobate materials and faculae, which are unique to Occator. We interpret the lobate materials as a slurry of water, soluble salts and boulders of unmelted silicates/salts, which flowed around the crater interior before solidifying. At least portions of the lobate materials were solidified prior to the formation of the central pit, which is suggested to form via the ‘melted uplift model’ and provides insights into central pit formation across the Solar System. We propose the outer edge of Cerealia Facula formed shortly after the Occator-forming impact, via impact-induced hydrothermal brine deposition or via salt-rich water fountaining (perhaps sourced in a pre-existing reservoir). Stage 2: the majority of Cerealia Facula is located within the central pit and is interpreted to have formed later, at least ∼18 Myr after the Occator-forming impact, via multiple depositional events. The Cerealia-Facula-forming brines may have flowed out of fractures in the walls of the central pit and/or been driven to the surface by freezing of a subsurface reservoir and/or deposited via salt-rich water fountains. Further investigations are required to identify whether the formation of the majority of Cerealia Facula is driven by processes triggered by an impact, i.e. an exogenic event, or by a combination of impact-driven and endogenic processes. Cryomagmatic intrusions are suggested to uplift the crater floor, resulting in concentric floor fractures and an asymmetric dome. Injection of a similar material is proposed to inflate part of the lobate materials, giving them a hummocky texture. The resulting stresses formed fractures in the hummocky lobate material, which allowed the Vinalia-Faculae-forming brines to travel to the surface, where they ballistically erupted. The central dome within the central pit was one of the last features to form, by laccolithic intrusion, or by volume expansion from freezing of volatiles, or by extrusion of brines. Stage 3: mixing with Ceres’ average materials and/or space weathering darken the faculae over time. Cerealia Facula and Vinalia Faculae are the brightest and freshest of the bright regions identified on Ceres’ surface. Bright regions darken over time until their eventual erasure. Thus, it is likely that faculae formation has occurred throughout Ceres’ history, but that Occator's faculae are visible today because they are geologically young. Through synthesis of the studies presented in this special issue, we find that entirely exogenic driving forces, triggered by the impact, or a combination of endogenic and impact-derived forces could explain the formation of Occator and its faculae. Whether activity is impact-triggered and/or endogenic in nature is a key question for all investigations of Ceres, and future studies may favor one possibility over the other. The investigations presented in our special issue indicate Ceres is an active world where brines have been mobile in the geologically recent past. As such, Ceres is an intriguing world that we have only begun to explore.

We present a high-resolution global shape model of Ceres determined using the stereophotoclinometry technique developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory by processing Dawn's Framing Camera data acquired during Approach to post-Low Altitude Mapping Orbit (LAMO) phases of the mission. A total of about 38,000 images were processed with pixel resolutions ranging from 35.6 km/pixel to 35 m/pixel and the final global shape model was produced with 100-m grid spacing. The final SPC-derived topography was computed relative to the (482 km, 482 km, 446 km) mean ellipsoid, which ranges from −7.3 km to 9.5 km. For the purpose of validation, we performed various error analyses to assess and quantify realistic uncertainties in the derived topography, such as dividing the data into different subsets and re-computing the entire topography. Based on these studies, we show that the average total height error of the final global topography model is 10.2 m and 88.9% of the surface has the total height error below 20 m. We also provide improved estimates of several physical parameters of Ceres. The resulting GM estimate is (62.62905 ± 0.00035) km3/s2, or the mass value of (938.392 ± 0.005) × 1018 kg. The volume estimate is (434.13 ± 0.50) × 106 km3 with a volumetric mean radius of 469.72 km. Combined with the mass estimate, the resulting bulk density is (2161.6 ± 2.5) kg/m3. Other improved parameters include the pole right ascension, α0 = (291.42763 ± 0.0002)°, pole declination, δ0 = (66.76033 ± 0.0002)°, and prime meridian and rotation rate of (W0 = 170.309 ± 0.011)° and (dW/dt = 952.1532635 ± 0.000002) deg/day, respectively. Also, for geophysical and geological studies, we provide spherical harmonic coefficients and a gravitational slope map derived from the global shape model.

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Background Lawsonia intracellularis is causing diarrhea, poor growth and sudden death in pigs. It can be found in most pig populations leading to large economic losses worldwide. Many potential risk factors for the occurrence of disease or seropositivity have been described. The current study therefore focused on herd characteristics in European countries associated with direct detection of the pathogen determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results A median number of less than 30 nursery pigs per pen was correlated to less positive nursery pigs (p p p p p p p p p Conclusions Weaning and subsequent accommodation of nursery pigs seem to be of particular importance in prevention of infection with Lawsonia intracellularis and the spread of the pathogen within the herd.

A duration of parturition beyond 300 min negatively impacts the health of the sow and the survival of piglets during parturition. Hence, oxytocin is widely used to speed up the parturition. However, oxytocin’s negative side effects raise the need of finding alternative treatments such as those already implemented in human medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) applied intravaginally (PGE2-V) (1.0 mg) or intramuscularly (PGE2-M) (2.5 mg) to improve the parturition process after expulsion of the fourth piglet compared to a placebo (PeV), which was sterile intravaginal gel or intramuscular oxytocin application (OXY-M) (20 iu) in free farrowing systems.In total, 201 eutocic sows were examined after stratification by parity and random allocation into groups: 54 (P eV), 48 (OXY-M), 50 (PGE2-V), 49 (PGE2-M). Farrowing duration (time between first piglet and last piglet), piglet interval and placenta expulsion duration (time between first and last placenta) were recorded, and each piglet was scored for meconium staining and vitality. Furthermore, stillborn piglets were categorized into ante-partum and intra-partum deaths.Under the present conditions, neither administration of PGE2 nor oxytocin revealed a significant effect on the farrowing process or the vitality of the piglets when compared to untreated sows. Nonetheless, significant differences could be detected between PGE-2 and oxytocin treatments. The duration of farrowing was significantly shorter in oxytocintreated sows (156 min) compared to sows treated intramuscularly with PGE2 (238 min). Furthermore, the placenta expulsion duration in the OXY-M group (130 min) significantly differed from PGE2-V (198 min) and PGE2-M group (218 min). Although these accelerations of parturition might be considered as a beneficial effect, routine treatment with uterotonic agents after birth of the fourth piglet in free farrowing eutocic sows cannot be recommended, because an overall benefit when compared to untreated sows was not approved.

Additional file 2: P- values of variables significant to at least one outcome variable in the univariable analysis.

Additional file 3:. Questionnaire and ANNEX which was handed over to the veterinarians who took the samples and interviewed the farmers.

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/., The goal of Project GAUSS (Genesis of Asteroids and evolUtion of the Solar System) is to return samples from the dwarf planet Ceres. Ceres is the most accessible candidate of ocean worlds and the largest reservoir of water in the inner Solar System. It shows active volcanism and hydrothermal activities in recent history. Recent evidence for the existence of a subsurface ocean on Ceres and the complex geochemistry suggest past habitability and even the potential for ongoing habitability. GAUSS will return samples from Ceres with the aim of answering the following top-level scientific questions:What is the origin of Ceres and what does this imply for the origin of water and other volatiles in the inner Solar System?What are the physical properties and internal structure of Ceres? What do they tell us about the evolutionary and aqueous alteration history of dwarf planets?What are the astrobiological implications of Ceres? Is it still habitable today?What are the mineralogical connections between Ceres and our current collections of carbonaceous meteorites? © 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved., The early concept of the white paper has benefitted from various discussions with Professor Adam Showman, who sadly passed away in March 2020. His contribution and influence are gratefully acknowledged and sorely missed. Part of this work has been carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). J.-Y.L. acknowledges partial support from the Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute 2016 (SSERVI16) Cooperative Agreement (grant NNH16ZDA001N), SSERVI-TREX to the Planetary Science Institute. J.A. acknowledges support from the European Research Council Starting Grant 757390 (CAstRA). A.J.C. and G.H.J. acknowledge support from the STFC consolidated grant to UCL-MSSL STS0002401. P. Santos-Sanz, and R. Duffard acknowledges financial support by the Spanish grant AYA- RTI2018-098657-J-I00 ’LEO-SBNAF’ (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). J.L. Ortiz, P. Santos-Sanz, and R. Duffard acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the ’Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa’ award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). J.M.T-R. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project PGC2018-097374-B-I00). J.M.T-R.’s research has been funded by the research project (PGC2018-097374-B-I00), funded by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.