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Visible symptoms of tepal senescence in cut Iris x hollandica (cv. Blue Magic) flowers were delayed by placing one cut daffodil flower (Narcissus pseudonarcissus, cv. Carlton) in the same vase. Addition of mucilage, exuded by daffodil stems, to the vase water had the same effect as the flowering daffodil stem. The active compound in the mucilage was identified as narciclasine (using LC/MS, GC/MS, 1H and 13C-NMR, and comparison with an authentic sample of narciclasine). The delay of senescence, either by mucilage or purified narciclasine, was correlated with a delayed increase in protease activity, and with a considerable reduction of maximum protease activity. Narciclasine did not affect in vitro protease activity, but is known to inhibit protein synthesis at the ribosomal level. Its effects on senescence and protease activity were similar to those of cycloheximide (CHX), another inhibitor of protein synthesis, but the effective narciclasine concentration was about 100 times lower than that of CHX. It is concluded that the delay of Iris tepal senescence by daffodil stems is due to narciclasine in daffodil mucilage, which apparently inhibits the synthesis of proteins involved in senescence.

Visible symptoms of tepal senescence in cut Iris x hollandica (cv. Blue Magic) flowers were delayed by placing one cut daffodil flower (Narcissus pseudonarcissus, cv. Carlton) in the same vase. Addition of mucilage, exuded by daffodil stems, to the vase water had the same effect as the flowering daffodil stem. The active compound in the mucilage was identified as narciclasine (using LC/MS, GC/MS, H-1 and C-13-NMR, and comparison with an authentic sample of narciclasine). The delay of senescence, either by mucilage or purified narciclasine, was correlated with a delayed increase in protease activity, and with a considerable reduction of maximum protease activity. Narciclasine did not affect in vitro protease activity, but is known to inhibit protein synthesis at the ribosomal level. Its effects on senescence and protease activity were similar to those of cycloheximide (CHX), another inhibitor of protein synthesis, but the effective narciclasine concentration was about 100 times lower than that of CHX. It is concluded that the delay of Iris tepal senescence by daffodil stems is due to narciclasine in daffodil mucilage, which apparently inhibits the synthesis of proteins involved in senescence. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Extracts from five species of Hymenocallis Salisbury (Amaryllidaceae) were examined by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS), for sources of bioactive alkaloids; especially of the isocarbostyril type such as the antitumor compound narciclasine. Ten different alkaloids were identified, all of them exhibiting skeletons of the lycorine, galanthamine, and pyrrolophenanthridine types considered typical for the family. The detection of 1-O-acetyl-pseudolycorine and 4,5-dehydro-anhydrolycorine constitutes the first report of these alkaloids for the genus. In addition, the identification of anhydropseudolycorine and 4,5-dehydro-anhydropseudolycorine from several species constitutes the first report of these alkaloids as naturally occurring compounds. Neither of the species contains isocarbostyrils and, due to the low alkaloid concentrations observed, they show no promise as a source of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids.

Narciclasine (NCS), an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid from Narcissus tazetta bulbs, is a potent plant growth inhibitor. It shows a broad range of inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth in wheat (Triticum aestivum). In this study, the chlorophyll content of light‐grown wheat seedlings was markedly reduced in the presence of NCS. In etiolated wheat leaf sections, the greening process initiated upon illumination was inhibited by NCS. The block of chlorophyll accumulation in the presence of NCS was most probably due to the block of the formation of 5‐aminolevulinic acid, an essential chlorophyll precursor. Western blot analysis showed that the formation of light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (LHCII) was also inhibited by NCS. Electron microscopy studies provided direct observation that the formation of chloroplast and internal membrane systems were blocked when etioplasts were illuminated in the presence of NCS. Thus, our study showed that NCS inhibited chlorophyll and chlor...

Narciclasine (NCS), isolated from mucilage of Narcissus bulb, showed inhibitory effects on growth and plastid development of excised radish cotyledons. NCS (0.1 mumol/L) started to show inhibitory effects on isocitrate lyase and hydroxypyruvate reductase activities after 24 h incubation in light. When NCS concentration was increased to 10 mumol/L, the activities of both enzymes are completely inhibited. From ultrastructural studies, NCS markedly prevented the degradation of protein bodies and lipid bodies, as well as chloroplast formation of excised radish cotyledons. There was only little degradation of protein and lipid bodies, and almost no chloroplast formation in the excised radish cotyledon treated with 1 mumol/L NCS. Therefore, our results provide clear evidence that NCS inhibited the transition of glyoxysomes and peroxisomes, and chloroplast development.

Bioassay-guided (cancer cell line) separation of an extract prepared from Narcissus cv. Ice Follies (from The Netherlands) led to the isolation of a new Amaryllidaceae isocarbostiryl, 3-epipancratistatin (1b), as well as narciclasine (2). This Narcissus cultivar was found to be a good source of narciclasine. The structure of 1b was established by high-resolution mass and high-field 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. Against a panel of murine and human cancer cell lines, 3-epipancratistatin (1b) led to cell growth inhibition (GI(50) 2.2-0.69 μg/mL) some 100× less than that found for pancratistatin (1a) and narciclasine (2), thereby revealing an important configurational requirement in 1a for strong cancer cell growth inhibition.

An efficient procedure was found for synthetic conversion of the sparingly soluble anticancer isocarbostyril narciclasine (1), a component of various Narcissus species, to a cyclic phosphate designated narcistatin (3b). The reaction between narciclasine, tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen phosphate, and p-toluenesulfonic acid in pyridine afforded pyridinium narcistatin (3a) in reasonable yields. Transformation of narcistatin (3a) to, for example, the water-soluble prodrug sodium narcistatin (3d) was easily achieved by cation exchange chromatography. Narcistatin (3b) and 15 salt derivatives were evaluated against a panel of human cancer cell lines, and the range (0.1-0.01) of GI(50) values in micro g/mL was found to parallel that shown by the parent narciclasine.

Biocatalytic approaches have yielded efficient total syntheses of the major Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, all based on the key enzymatic dioxygenation of suitable aromatic precursors. This paper discusses the logic of general synthetic design for lycoricidine, narciclasine, pancratistatin, and 7-deoxypancratistatin. Experimental details are provided for the recently accomplished syntheses of narciclasine, ent-7-deoxypancratistatin, and 10b-epi-deoxypancratistatin via a new and selective opening of a cyclic sulfate over aziridines followed by aza-Payne rearrangement. The structural core of 7-deoxypancratistatin has also been degraded to a series of intermediates in which the amino inositol unit is cleaved and deoxygenated in a homologous fashion. These truncated derivatives and the compounds from the synthesis of the unnatural derivatives have been tested against six important human cancer cell lines in an effort to further develop the understanding of the mode of action for the most active congener in this group, pancratistatin. The results of the biological activity testing as well as experimental, spectral, and analytical data are provided in this manuscript for all relevant compounds.

Recently, studies on Lycoris type alkaloids received the attention of scholars home and abroad. Lycoris type contains lots of alkaloids, it can be divided into seven types according to its molecular structure, including Lycorine, Crinine, Galanthamine, Tazettine, Narciclasine, Lycorenine, Homolycorine and Montanine. Researches have shown that Lycoris type possess multiple phamocology activity, such as strong anti-tumor activity of human breast cancer cell (MCF-7), human leukemia cell(HL-60); and strong inhibition effect of flu virus, measles virus, polio virus and SARS virus; Besides, Lycorine type has strong anti-Acetylcholinesterase effect. In a word, Lycorine type, Lycoris type alkaloids carries multiple pharmacology effect and is a promising substance.

Several unnatural derivatives of narciclasine were prepared in which the C-7 carbon was replaced with nitrogen. The 7-aza derivative and its N-oxide were prepared by the coupling of iodopicolinic acid with a conduramine unit derived chemoenzymatically from bromobenzene. Intramolecular Heck reaction was used to construct the isocarbostyryl ring system. The compounds were submitted to biological screening against cancer cell lines. Full experimental and spectra data are provided for all new compounds.

The cytochrome P45O activities of the naturally occurring Amaryllidaceae alkaloid narciclasine (3), isolated from Narcissus pseudonarcissus, and synthetic derivative trans-dihydronarciclasine (5) are reported. While narciclasine was found to possess potent inhibitory activity to human CYP3A4, its dihydro analogue was inactive. This study revealed that the C1-C10b double bond is required for inhibition of this crucial metabolizing enzyme. Compound 5 also demonstrated no inhibition of the related human cytochromes CYP19 and CYP1A1. This study elevates the status of trans-dihydronarciclasine (5) as a highly privileged, readily available molecule, with potent and selective anticancer activity.

Enantioselective total syntheses of the antitumor alkaloids, (+)-narciclasine and (+)-pancratistatin, are reported. These syntheses feature a stereo- and regiocontrolled aryl enamide photocyclization to construct a common, advanced intermediate possessing a trans-fused BC substructure. Differential functional group interchange in the C-ring of this phenanthridone core structure allows for the production of the two target natural products in enantiomerically pure form.

Two 2-yr crops of tropical spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis) plants were grown in field soil in clear-plastic-wall open-top enclosures in the Sonoran Desert environment of central Arizona. Half of the plants were exposed to ambient air of 400 ppm atmospheric CO(2) concentration and half of them were exposed to air of 700 ppm CO(2). This 75% increase in the air's CO(2) content resulted in a 48% increase in aboveground plant biomass and a 56% increase in belowground (bulb) biomass. It also increased the concentrations of five bulb constituents that have been demonstrated to possess anticancer and antiviral activities. Mean percentage increases in these concentrations were 6% for a two-constituent (1:1) mixture of 7-deoxynarciclasine and 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine, 8% for pancratistatin, 8% for trans-dihydronarciclasine, and 28% for narciclasine, for a mean active ingredient percentage concentration increase of 12%. Combined with the 56% increase in bulb biomass, these percentage concentration increases resulted in a mean active ingredient increase of 75% for the 75% increase in the air's CO(2) concentration used in our experiments.

The development of an approach to the total synthesis of the title alkaloids is described. The approach utilizes as the key strategic element a stereoselective 6-exo radical cyclization of a vinyl radical to an O-benzyloxime radical acceptor group. The vinyl radical was itself generated by regioselective addition of phenylthiyl radical to a disubstituted alkyne. The regiochemical issues of such additions, which result in different outcomes with tri-n-butylstannyl radicals and phenylthiyl radicals, are discussed. The first such synthesis described, that of (−)-lycoricidine, proceeded in 14 steps and 11% overall yield from 10 and served to develop the radical chemistry required. A second-generation synthesis, this time of the natural (+) enantiomer, was developed using insights gleaned from the first study and proved much more efficient, providing the target alkaloid in nine steps and 44% overall yield. This approach was then employed in the more demanding case of (+)-narciclasine. Several problems arising ...

The title alkaloid has been synthesized in eight operations from dibromobenzene and o -vanillin, via enzymatic oxidation of the former compound, Suzuki coupling and a Bischler-Napieralski type cyclization as the key transformations.

Calprotectin is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein complex that is abundant in cytosol of neutrophils. The concentration of calprotectin in extracellular fluids is greatly increased under various inflammatory conditions in vivo. We recently demonstrated that calprotectin inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis of various cell types including tumor cells and normal fibroblasts; therefore, extracellular calprotectin might cause tissue destruction in severe inflammatory diseases. We previously found that an alkaloid, lycorine inhibits induction of apoptosis by calprotectin. In this paper, we examined the inhibitory activities of other Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, namely, lycoricidinol, hippeastrine and ungerine against the cytotoxicity of calprotectin. Lycoricidinol (narciclasine) inhibited calprotectin-induced cytotoxicity at more than 10-fold lower concentration (IC50=0.001-0.01 microg/ml) than lycorine, while the effects of the latter two alkaloids were very weak. Therefore, we next checked the prophylactic effect of lycorine and lycoricidinol on the adjuvant arthritis model in rats. Lycoricidinol, but not lycorine, significantly suppressed the degree of swelling of adjuvant-treated as well as untreated feet, suggesting that lycoricidinol might be a candidate as a the drug having marked suppressive activity for inflammation which might be influenced by calprotectin.

An inhibitor was isolated from the secreted mucilage of Narcissus tazetta L. bulbs. Based on X-ray analysis, the inhibitor was identified as narciclasine (NCS), an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid. NCS inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of rice and Chinese cabbage in a dose-dependent manner. NCS interacted with plant hormones in some physiological responses. Indole-3-acetic acid could not overcome the inhibition of elongation of wheat coleoptile sections caused by NCS. NCS suppressed the gibberellin-induced α-amylase production in barley seeds and cytokinin-induced expansion and greening of excised radish cotyledons.

A stereoselective approach to densely functionalized cyclohexanoids from 7-norbornenone is delineated. Construction of the phenanthridone core present in pancratistatin has been accomplished through this protocol.

The stereoselective synthesis of a possible intermediate for the synthesis of the narciclasine alkaloids from D-glucose is described. The key step of the sequence is a quinone methide initiated cyclization reaction. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

A major problem in flower bulb cultivation is weed control. Synthetic herbicides are mainly used, although they cause a range of problems, and integrated weed control through application of naturally occurring allelochemicals would be highly desirable. Flower bulb production creates large amounts of leftover biomass. Utilizing this source for weed control may provide new applications of the bulb crops. We therefore screened 33 flower bulb extracts for allelochemical activity against weeds. Several methanol and chloroform extracts were observed to inhibit germination and growth of Senecio vulgaris L. and Lolium perenne L., as representatives of di- and mono-cotyledonous weeds, respectively. Narciclasine was identified as the bioactive compound in Narcissus. The extract of Amaryllis belladonna L. was equally active, but did not contain any narciclasine. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the A. belladonna extract resulted in the identification of lycorine as the bio-active compound. The IC50 measured for radicle growth inhibition was 0.10 µM for narciclasine and 0.93 µM for lycorine, compared to 0.11 mM of chlorpropham, a synthetic herbicide. Therefore, the leftover biomass from the spring bulb industry represents an interesting potential source for promising allelochemicals for further studies on weed growth inhibition.

Narcissus pseudonarcissus (L.) cv. Carlton is being cultivated as a main source of galanthamine from the bulbs. After galanthamine, haemanthamine and narciclasine are the next most abundant alkaloids in this cultivar. Both these compounds are promising chemical scaffolds for potential anticancer drugs. For further research and drug development, a reliable supply of these compounds will be needed. In this study a field experiment was conducted to investigate the levels of galanthamine, haemanthamine and narciclasine in plants of N. pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton. In a field experiment alkaloids in the bulbs, leaves and roots were analyzed by quantitative (1)H NMR to monitor the variations during the growing season. Major primary and secondary metabolites were identified in the various plant parts. Multivariate data analysis was performed on the (1)H NMR spectra to investigate how metabolites changed in the plant organs over time. The results show that the leaves have relatively high concentrations of the alkaloids before flowering. The bulbs had lower concentrations of the compounds of interest but would have a higher total yield of alkaloids due to bigger biomass. Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton represents a good source of galanthamine, and can potentially be a source of the other major alkaloids depending on choice of organ and harvest time.

Condensation of substituted O-toluamide anions on to di-O-isopropylidene D-gulono-1,4-lactone followed by intramolecular aldol cyclisation provides 2-aryl-cyclohexenones which were in turn transformed into protected forms of 4a-epi-narciclasine and iso-narciclasine via a reductive amination.

By cloning Hymenocallis littoralis, a practical biosynthetic procedure was developed for producing pancratistatin [1]. The plant tissue culture-->greenhouse-->field production sequence was successively utilized for increasing an original 1.5 kg of wild H. littoralis bulbs to some 60,000 bulbs at present. In the central Arizona Sonoran Desert, the tropical H. littoralis was found to reach a maximum pancratistatin content in October and a minimum in May. Generally pancratistatin [1] was accompanied by lesser yields of narciclasine [2], 7-deoxynarciclasine [3], and 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarcicasine [4]. Improved laboratory and pilot-plant scale techniques were also developed for the isolation of pancratistatin [1] from difficult-to-separate mixtures of narciclasine [2] and 7-deoxynarciclasine [3]occurring in H. littoralis.

Le mauvais pronostic associé aux mélanomes est dû aux taux de réponses très faibles de ces cancers à la radiothérapie et à la chimiothérapie, cette résistance provenant essentiellement de la résistance des mélanomes aux stimuli pro-apoptotiques qui représentent la majorité de l’arsenal anticancéreux actuel.Les plantes de la famille des Amaryllidaceae ont été utilisées dans la médecine traditionnelle à travers le monde notamment pour le traitement des tumeurs. Il s’est avéré que les composés responsables de l’activité anticancéreuse de ces traitements traditionnels étaient des alcaloïdes, dont les isocarbostyriles. Nous avons voulu caractériser les propriétés anticancéreuses de la narciclasine, un isocarbostyrile, in vitro et in vivo, et étudier son mécanisme d’action antitumoral dans des cellules de mélanome.Nous avons tout d’abord analysé l’activité inhibitrice de croissance in vitro de ces composés et nous avons observé que l’activité de ces produits était indépendante du caractère résistant ou non des lignées cancéreuses aux stimuli pro-apoptotiques. De plus, à l’exception de la pseudolycorine, ces composés ont une activité cytostatique au niveau de la croissance des cellules cancéreuses. Nous avons ensuite identifié le facteur d’élongation eEF1A, une GTPase, comme étant une cible potentielle de la narciclasine. De nombreux effets biologiques exercés par la narciclasine (inhibition de la synthèse protéique, désorganisation du cytosquelette d’actine, etc…) peuvent s’expliquer grâce à cette cible. Des travaux antérieurs à ma thèse mais auxquels j’ai participé, suggéraient déjà l’implication d’autres GTPases appartenant à la famille des Rho GTPases comme pouvant être également des cibles de la narciclasine. Nous avons également identifié au cours de notre travail de thèse d’autres GTPases, telle que Rac1, comme étant des cibles de la narciclasine. Nous avons toutefois observé que certaines GTPases telles que Ran ne semblaient pas être des cibles de la narciclasine lorsque celle-ci exerce ses effets antitumoraux. Ainsi, si de nombreuses GTPases semblent être des cibles privilégiées de l’action antitumorale de la narciclasine, toutes les GTPases ne le sont pas. Nous avons observé en fait que la narciclasine n’entre pas en compétition avec le GDP / GTP au sein de la poche GTP du facteur d’élongation eEF1A. Des études d’activité in vivo réalisées par notre groupe, soit antérieures à mon travail de thèse (gliomes, cancer du poumon NSCLC), soit au cours de ma thèse (mélanomes), ont montré que la narciclasine à des doses non toxiques (administrations chroniques de 1 mg/kg par voie orale ou par voie intraveineuse) apporte un bénéfice thérapeutique dans différents types de modèles de cancers (gliomes, mélanomes, cancers NSCLC) à conditions que les cellules tumorales soient greffées de manière orthotopique au sein du cerveau de souris immunodéficientes. Ces mêmes cancers s’avèrent insensibles à ces doses non toxiques de narciclasine lorsque les cellules sont greffées en dehors du cerveau chez la souris immunodéficiente. L’ensemble de nos résultats suggèrent que la narciclasine pourrait devenir un nouvel outil dans le combat contre les cancers cérébraux primaires et secondaires, les métastases cérébrales constituants un problème d’importance pour des cancers tels que les mélanomes, les cancers du poumon, les cancers du sein, les cancers rénaux et les cancers colorectaux. Les cancers primaires du cerveau représentent environ 5% de l’ensemble des cancers solides de l’adulte et jusqu’à 20-30% chez l’enfant. Les métastases cérébrales, dont principalement les métastases cérébrales de mélanomes, représentent également environ 5% de l’ensemble des cancers solides de l’adulte., Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The authors' recent work on the synthesis and characterization of hydrogels and their application for the entrapment of biologically active species is reviewed. The methodology based on low temperature radiation-induced polymerization of acrylic and methacrylic glass-forming monomers is outlined. Immobilization of enzymes, such as penicillin acylase. arginase and glucose oxidase, as well as yeast cells is discussed. Hydrogels as drug delivery systems for the controlled release of both narciclasine, an antimitotic agent, and peptides and proteins with different molecular weights are described.

Background Narciclasine (NCS) is an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid isolated from Narcissus tazetta bulbs. NCS has inhibitory effects on a broad range of biological activities and thus has various potential practical applications. Here we examine how NCS represses plant root growth. Results Results showed that the inhibition of NCS on cell division in Arabidopsis root tips and its effects on cell differentiation are concentration-dependent; at low concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 μM) NCS preferentially targets mitotic cell cycle specific/cyclin complexes, whereas at high concentration (5.0 μM) the NCS-stimulated accumulation of Kip-related proteins (KRP1 and RP2) affects the CDK complexes with a role at both G1/S and G2/M phases. Conclusions Our findings suggest that NCS modulates the coordination between cell division and differentiation in Arabidopsis root tips and hence affects the postembryonic development of Arabidopsis seedlings.

Seventy alkaloids of galanthamine, lycorine, homolycorine, tazettine, haemanthamine, narciclasine, and tyramine types were detected by GC/MS in 25 Galanthus elwesii and seven Galanthus nivalis populations, collected from different locations in Bulgaria. Intraspecies diversity in the alkaloid profiles regarding the main alkaloid types (chemotypes) was observed. Tyramine-type protoalkaloids (namely, hordenine and its derivatives) were dominant in 19 populations of G. elwesii. In other populations of G. elwesii, the plants accumulated mainly homolycorine-, lycorine-, and galanthamine-type alkaloids. The alkaloid profiles of G. nivalis were dominated by narciclasine-, galanthamine-, lycorine-, haemanthamine-, or tazettine-type compounds. Geographical distribution of chemotypes indicated a relationship between populations, since adjacent populations often displayed similar alkaloid profiles. The results from year-to-year sampling and transplantation experiments imply genetic determination of alkaloid synthesis in the two studied species of Galanthus.

The bulbs of Hymenocallis littoralis, collected in Hawaii and horticulturally grown in Arizona, and bulbs of Hymenocallis caribaea and Hymenocallis latifolia, collected in Singapore, were found to contain a cytotoxic, isocarbostyril-type biosynthetic product, 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine [2]. This new compound inhibited the cytopathicity and/or replication of various viruses. Companion cytotoxic constituents of H. littoralis and Hymenocallis sp. were found to be pancratistatin [1], narciclasine [5], and 7-deoxynarciclasine [4]. These four compounds, along with four other closely related compounds, were comparatively evaluated in the National Cancer Institute's in vitro cytotoxicity panel. Although there were striking differences in overall potency, some of the compounds shared a highly characteristic differential cytotoxicity profile against the 60 diverse human tumor cell lines comprising the NCI panel. As a group, the melanoma subpanel lines were most sensitive; certain individual lines within other subpanels (eg., NSC lung, colon, brain, renal) were as much as a thousand-fold or more sensitive than the less sensitive lines.

Some “seco” analogues of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids narciclasine and lycoricidine have been prepared in enantiomerically pure form from D-glucose using Ferrier carbocyclization as the key step. N-acylation of the resulting amines 21, 22, 25 and 26 with several aromatic acids led to amides 31–34 structurally related to narciclasine and lycoricidine. These seco analogues are devoided of biological activity.

Some “seco” analogues of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids narciclasine and lycoricidine have been prepared in enantiomerically pure form from D-glucose using Ferrier carbocyclization as the key step. N-acylation of the resulting amines 21, 22, 25 and 26 with several aromatic acids led to amides 31–34 structurally related to narciclasine and lycoricidine. These seco analogues are devoided of biological activity.

Both enantiomeric forms, (S)-4 and (R)-4, of the tetracyclic skeleton associated with the title alkaloids 1 and 2 have been prepared; the key step involved silver isocyanate-promoted ring-opening of gem-dibromocyclopropane 5 and trapping of the resulting allylic isocyanate (±)-6 with (–)-menthol.

Condensation of substituted O-toluamide anions on to di-O-isopropylidene D-gulono-1,4-lactone followed by intramolecular aldol cyclisation provides 2-aryl-cyclohexenones which were in turn transformed into protected forms of 4a-epi-narciclasine and iso-narciclasine via a reductive amination.

The stereoselective synthesis of a possible intermediate for the synthesis of the narciclasine alkaloids from D-glucose is described. The key step of the sequence is a quinone methide initiated cyclization reaction. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

A stereoselective approach to densely functionalized cyclohexanoids from 7-norbornenone is delineated. Construction of the phenanthridone core present in pancratistatin has been accomplished through this protocol.

The title alkaloid has been synthesized in eight operations from dibromobenzene and o -vanillin, via enzymatic oxidation of the former compound, Suzuki coupling and a Bischler-Napieralski type cyclization as the key transformations.

Enantioselective total syntheses of the antitumor alkaloids, (+)-narciclasine and (+)-pancratistatin, are reported. These syntheses feature a stereo- and regiocontrolled aryl enamide photocyclization to construct a common, advanced intermediate possessing a trans-fused BC substructure. Differential functional group interchange in the C-ring of this phenanthridone core structure allows for the production of the two target natural products in enantiomerically pure form.

Many microbes synthesize potentially autotoxic antibiotics, mainly as secondary metabolites, against which they need to protect themselves. This is done in various ways, ranging from target-based strategies (i.e. modification of normal drug receptors or de novo synthesis of the latter in drug-resistant form) to the adoption of metabolic shielding and/or efflux strategies that prevent drug–target interactions. These self-defence mechanisms have been studied most intensively in antibiotic-producing prokaryotes, of which the most prolific are the actinomycetes. Only a few documented examples pertain to lower eukaryotes while higher organisms have hardly been addressed in this context. Thus, many plant alkaloids, variously described as herbivore repellents or nitrogen excretion devices, are truly antibiotics—even if toxic to humans. As just one example, bulbs of Narcissus spp. (including the King Alfred daffodil) accumulate narciclasine that binds to the larger subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome and inhibits peptide bond formation. However, ribosomes in the Amaryllidaceae have not been tested for possible resistance to narciclasine and other alkaloids. Clearly, the prevalence of suicide avoidance is likely to extend well beyond the remit of the present article.

The cardiovascular activity of the aqueous (A) and 30% MeOH (B) fractions of an ethanol extract of the daffodil bulbs (Narcissus tazetta) was examined using in vivo and in vitro preparations of normotensive rats and in the presence/absence of various blockers: α, β-adrenergic, cholinergic, ganglionic, histaminergic, enzyme converson inhibitor, calcium channel. These fractions (A and B) produced similar dose-dependent hypotensive responses in the anesthetized animals. The responses induced by fraction B might be mediated via adrenergic and cholinergic receptor activation. In isolated atrial preparations, fraction A increased the atrial rate (+ ve chronotropism) but not the atrial tension (inotropism). Fraction B, however, produced negative chronotropic but positive inotropic responses. Fraction B had no effect on the untreated tail vascular smooth muscle but increased the tension on AVP-preconstricted helical strips. It is suggested that the daffodil bulb contains cardiovascular active substances, the sum total of the effects produced accounts for the hypotensive action. It is further shown that these substances are distinct from those of well-documented antimitotic narciclasine.

Twenty-nine Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and their derivatives belonging to the five most common groups, including lycorine, lycorenine, tazettine, crinine, and narciclasine types, were evaluated for antiproliferative, apoptosis-inducing, and anti-invasive activities in vitro. The antiproliferative properties of each test compound are in agreement with those reported in the literature, while the high potency of amarbellisine is reported for the first time. It was also found that with the exception of ungeremine, amarbellisine, and hippeastrine, the antiproliferative effect of the potent compounds is apoptosis mediated. Thus, apoptosis in Jurkat cells was triggered by narciclasine, narciclasine tetraacetate, C10b-R-hydroxypancratistatin, cis-dihydronarciclasine, trans-dihydronarciclasine, lycorine, 1-O-acetyllycorine, lycorine-2-one, pseudolycorine, and haemanthamine. With the exception of narciclasine, lycorine, and haemanthamine, the apoptosis-inducing properties of these compounds are reported for the first time. The collagen type I invasion assay revealed potent anti-invasive properties associated with N-methyllycorine iodide, hippeastrine, clivimine, buphanamine, and narciclasine tetraacetate, all of which were tested at non-toxic concentrations. The anti-invasive activity of buphanamine is particularly promising because this alkaloid is not toxic to cells even at much higher doses. This work has resulted in the identification of several novel leads for anticancer drug design.

Narciclasine (1) is a plant growth regulator that has been previously demonstrated to be proapoptotic to cancer cells at high concentrations (or = 1 microM). Data generated in the present study show that narciclasine displays potent antitumor effects in apoptosis-resistant as well as in apoptosis-sensitive cancer cells by impairing the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in cancer cells at concentrations that are not cytotoxic (IC(50) values of 30-90 nM). The current study further revealed that any chemical modification to the narciclasine backbone generally led to compounds of variable stability, weaker activity, or even the complete loss of antiproliferative effects in vitro. However, one hemisynthetic derivative of narciclasine, compound 7k, demonstrated by both the intravenous and oral routes higher in vivo antitumor activity in human orthotopic glioma models in mice when compared to narciclasine at nontoxic doses. Narciclasine and compound 7k may therefore be of potential use to combat brain tumors.

Bulbs of Pancratium maritimum were found to contain a new glucosyloxy phenolic metabolise as well as 14 known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. The structure of the phenolic metabolite was elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods, and it was identified as narciclasine-4- O -β- d -glucopyranoside. When tested in Artemia salina and potato disc assays the new glucoside showed cytotoxic and antitumour activity very similar to narciclasine.

The synthesis of the title compound [(−)- 1 ] has been achieved, for the first time, by reacting the aryl boronic acid ester 4 with the aminoconduritol derivative 6 under Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling conditions then subjecting the product phenanthridinone 23 to a global deprotection process using trimethylsilyl bromide. The aromatic building block 4 was prepared in ten steps from piperonal while compound 6 was obtained in nine steps from the enantiomerically pure cis -1,2-dihydrocatechol 7 . This last compound is available, in multi-gram quantities, through a whole-cell-mediated biotransformation of bromobenzene using genetically engineered organisms that over-express the responsible enzyme, namely toluene dioxygenase. Since the enantiomer of compound 7 is available by related means, the present work also represents a formal total synthesis of the alkaloid narciclasine [(+)- 1 ]. The single-crystal X-ray analysis of compound 13 is reported.