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• Strengthening bioceramic through powder processing is demonstrated. • An amount of 1% nano-particles can enhance the strength of bioceramic by 60%. • A guideline for microstructure design of nano-composite is proposed. Bioactive ceramics, such as calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate, have gained attention with the increase of aged population. Contrast to bio-inert ceramics, such as alumina and zirconia, the strength of bioactive ceramics is much lower. The strength of calcium sulfate (CaSO 4) is the lowest among all. In the present study, two approaches, involving the refinement of microstructure and the addition of nano-particles, are combined to enhance the strength. Various powder-processing treatments are adopted to facilitate these approaches. A pre-grinding treatment is applied first to reduce the matrix CaSO 4 grain size. The nano-silica (SiO 2) particles are then fixed onto the CaSO 4 particles through an attrition milling process. The strength of CaSO 4 is enhanced by 60% by adding only 1 mass% nano-SiO 2 particles. The strength of the SiO 2 -CaSO 4 composites follows the Orowan-Petch relationship, indicating that their strength is dominated by the flaws. The addition of nano-particles refines the matrix grain size, consequently, the flaw size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy metabolism has been a predominant target for anti-cancer drug development. The self-assembled anti-tumor α-lactalbumin-oleic acid complex (α-LA-OA) affects the energy metabolism of tumor cells, however, the role of targeting energy metabolism in its anti-tumor mechanism still needs to be clarified. α-LA assembled with OA to form a complex with an average diameter of 144.1 ± 7.241 nm, which is 10-fold larger than α-LA alone. Furthermore, the self-assembled α-LA-OA inhibited the ATP supply from both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in HepG2 cells and HepG2-bearing nude mice. The gene expression of enzymes involved in glycolysis (HK2, aldose, PKM2, LDHB) and oxidative phosphorylation (CS, ACO2, IDH2, SDHA) was inhibited. This inhibitory effect was also evident by increased phosphorylation of AMPKα. α-LA-OA also suppressed the expression of HIF-1α and increased the expression of activated caspase-3. These findings demonstrate that the anti-tumor mechanism of α-LA-OA may be related to its inhibitory effect on the ATP supply, which then activates programmed cell death pathways. This study also indicated that α-LA-OA is a potent anti-tumor agent that targets the energy metabolism of tumor cells. • α-LA-OA inhibited ATP production from TCA cycle and glycolysis in HepG2 cells. • α-LA-OA significantly inhibited glycolysis in the solid tumors. • α-LA-OA inhibited oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production in the solid tumors. • α-LA-OA inhibited expression of enzymes regulated energy metabolism in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wet chemistry was employed to synthesis tri-metals nano-composite containing cerium, cobalt and calcium (Ce:Co:Ca). The optical and morphological properties exhibited by the synthesized nano-composite were found to be favourable for photovoltaic device applications. Consequently, the introduction of Ce:Co:Ca nano-particles in the P3HT:PCBM blend photo-active medium resulted in improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) by 104 % compared to the pristine active layer. The results unveil a new progress in achieving high overall solar cell performance through the use of triple metals composite local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect and possible light trapping mechanism in the absorber layer. Furthermore, it was noted from the investigation that device performance is dependent on the particles concentration which was varied from 0 % to 3 % by weight. The optimum NPs concentration for the best power conversion efficiency was 3 wt% that produced a PCE of 5.3 % which is an important development for open-air device preparation condition. The metals nano-particles were studied using various spectrometers such as high-resolution scanning and tunnelling electron microscopy (HRSEM and HRTEM); energy dispersion X-ray (EDX); and X-ray diffraction (XRD) etc. All results are clearly presented and discussed in the manuscript. • Tri-metallic nanocomposite was successfully synthesized and utilized in thin film solar cells. • Ce:Co:Ca composite has exhibited well aligned polycrystal structure that improved charge transport in OSC. • High power conversion efficiency was measured in thin film solar cell by the use of metals nanocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present scenario, metal nanoparticles have elicited a great deal of interest in biomedical applications because of their unique properties and antimicrobial potentials. Over the past few years, the green nanotechnology has materialized as a momentous approach for the synthesis and fabrication of noble metal salt and metal nanoparticles. The green route synthesis exploits diverse reducing and stabilizing agents from bacterial resources for the successful synthesis of metal nanoparticles. This review mainly focuses on the biosynthesis of the most commonly studied metal and metal salt nanoparticles such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, cadmium, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulphate, cadmium sulphide and many more. These noble nanoparticles can be exploited in pharmaceutical industry as antimicrobial and anti‐biofilm agents, targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, biosensors, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving compliance to oral iron is one of the essential goals. Iron Encapsulation into liposomes as nano-particles has provided newer opportunities for ameliorating tolerance with iron oral therapy. Several analytical techniques have been used for quantitative determination of iron. In this study, the liposomal iron has been determined quantitatively in capsules and oral drops by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A new simple method for disrupting liposomal structure, dissolving and extracting entrapped iron salt (ferric pyrophosphate) in one step prior using FAAS, is achieved. This method is based on acidic digestion using boiling mineral acid for 15 minutes, it was also standardized by applying it on raw material (iron III- hydroxide polymaltose complex) and the iron concentration was determined by FAAS. Through results obtained in this study, liposomes were successfully digested with an accurate determination of liposomal iron. The percentage of iron concentration was between 96 to 104 % from the authorized content in capsules and oral drops. For iron complex in raw material the percent recovery was between 96 to 99.4 %. Thus, a versatile method was developed to facilitate determination of iron in liposomal dosage forms in short time, low requirements and lower costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabrication of a MoO 3 /CoFe 2 O 4 nanocomposite targeted for the enhanced photodegradation in the visible region was carried out by using molybdenum oxide nano-rods and cobalt ferrite nano-particles obtained by a chemical co-precipitation template free route. For structural determination, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out and the crystallite size was found to be < 15 nm. For morphological analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy was used which confirmed the formation of MoO 3 nano-rods and CoFe 2 O 4 nano-particles in the synthesized nanocomposite. The thickness of the nano-rods of molybdenum oxide was estimated to be 73.6 nm, while the average size of the nano-particles of cobalt ferrite was calculated to be 24.9 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results conferred to the XRD diffractograms. Reduction in the band gap of the MoO 3 /CoFe 2 O 4 nanocomposite leads to brilliant photocatalytic degradation. Almost 91% degradation of of the methylene blue, 54% degradation of rhodamine B and 65% degradation of crystal violet was observed by the as synthesized nanocomposite. This magnificent increment was due to enhancement in the easy transmission of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band and limiting the probability of recombination rate of photoexcited species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No investigations have been performed on the rheological characteristics of cemented paste backfill (CPB) that contains nano-silica (nS) particles, although the addition of nS to CPB has been regarded as a promising approach to enhance the strength and strength gain rate of CPB at an early age. The present papers present the results of an experimental study on the impact of nano-silica (nS) on the rheological characteristics of CPB. It is found that the nanoparticles considerably impact the rheological properties of CPB, and thus alter its flow ability. The yield stress and viscosity of the CPB specimens incorporating nS are higher than that of the samples without nS. However, the magnitude of this effect is dependent on the binder type, curing time and water content. The findings described and discussed in this manuscript will support the development of the nano-CPB technology and its successful application in underground mine backfill operations. Unlabelled Image • Rheological characteristics of cemented paste backfill (CPB) with nano-silica (nS) particles are studied. • Nanoparticles, nS, considerably impact the flow ability of CPB. • Magnitude of this effect is dependent on the binder type, curing time and water content. • Addition of superplasticizer enables partial recovery of the flow ability of CPB with nS. • Findings in this manuscript will support the development of the nano-CPB technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nano CaF 2 particles of different sizes were prepared by direct precipitation. The diameters of nano CaF 2 particles prepared in mixed solvent can reach 5–7 nm, and can be effectively dispersed. The surface of nano CaF 2 was modified and coated by heterogeneous nucleation method. A shell layer of Al(OH) 3 was coated on the surface of nano CaF 2 , and the structure and coating mechanism of the coated powder were analyzed. Under varying preparation conditions, the surface morphology of CaF 2 @Al(OH) 3 was analyzed using TEM and SEM. The results showed that the coating powder showed good dispersion in mixed solvents, and the particle size of the composite powder was about 20 nm. Self-lubricating ceramic tool materials were prepared by adding coating particles to the Al 2 O 3 /Ti(C,N) matrix. The coating powder shell and the matrix material melt during sintering, so that CaF 2 forms nanostructures in the particles. thereby improving the mechanical properties of the material. Cutting experiments show that the addition of coating particles can effectively reduce the temperature, cutting force and friction coefficient in the cutting process of the tool, thus improving the cutting performance of the tool material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-technology is an emerging technology with tremendous potential and diverse applications in human health, agriculture, and animal nutrition. It also offers potential advantages in supporting research in many areas of life sciences. Nano-technology has many vital biological applications as living systems depend on many nano-scale objects like proteins, DNA, and enzymes. Trace minerals are normally used in very minute quantity in animal nutrition but issues like lower bioavailability, antagonism, and higher excretion rates from body limit their efficiency. Nano-technology offers opportunity to mediate these issues as nano-particles possess different physical and chemical properties than other forms of minerals. Nano-particles possess higher physical activity and chemical neutrality. Bioavailability can be enhanced by increasing the surface area of respective minerals by making their nano-particles. Owing to potential advantages of nano-particles, interest in exploring their potential use and efficacy in animal production has increased significantly in this decade. Although limited literature is available regarding potential effects of nano-particles in poultry nutrition, still some convincing evidences have suggested the feeding of trace minerals (zinc, copper, silver, selenium, iron, chromium, and manganese) in the diets of broilers, layers, turkeys, quails, etc. Excellent antimicrobial activities of nano-particles of Ag, Cu, and Zn, against key poultry pathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter, indicate their potential for effective use in poultry production. Recent studies have also demonstrated modulation of gut health by nano-particle through increasing abundance of beneficial microbes (Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium) and production of short-chain fatty acids. This review aims to provide insights on absorption, metabolism, and distribution of nano-minerals in the body. Moreover, potential applications and various aspects of using nano-trace minerals in different poultry species with potential effects on performance and health of birds are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-particles have become one of the most promising new approaches for pest control in recent years. In this study, laboratory trails were carried out to investigate the insecticidal potential of TiO2 nano-particles against nymphs and adults of Eurygaster testudinaria. TiO2 nano-particles were found to be highly effective against E. testudinaria. The results also showed that mortality rates of adults and nymphs were significantly increased with days after application and concentration of TiO2 nano-particles with 41.15% and 43.08% mortality, respectively at 100 mg/L after 7 days from treatment. Results indicated that TiO2 nano-particles can be used as a valuable way in pest management of E. integriceps to reduce the indiscriminate use of conventional pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Nanoparticles (NPs) are used in different industries, including electronics, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, healthcare, and environmental processes. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate their toxicity in the aquatic environment. Materials and methods: The acute toxicity of six different kinds of nano-sized particulates (SiO2, Fe3O3, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, and MgO) to Daphnia Magna were evaluated using the acute toxicity test, according to the U.S EPA method at various exposure times in different concentrations. The LC50 values and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the EPA Probit analysis program. Results: The highest to lowest LC50 of mortality of the NPs studied were as follows: Al2O3>Fe3O3>SIO2>TiO2>MgO>ZnO. At 96 hours of exposure time, NPs caused morphological change in the gut tract of D. Magna. Conclusion: In this study, all physiochemical properties of the NPs were similar to those reported in previous studies. Among these properties, chemical composition and purity of NPs are the major factors that could influence the toxicity of NPs to D.Magna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver sulphide nano-particles (NPs) have been employed as light trapping mechanism in the solar absorber layer of thin film inverted organic solar cell. The synthesized nano-particle has been characterized using high-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy (HRSEM and HRTEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The effects of Ag 2 S NPs in the newly fabricated inverted polymer solar cell with architecture ITO/ZnO/P3HT: PC 61 BM - Ag 2 S / MoO 3 / AL were characterized using optical and electrical properties of the solar absorber film. The optimized NPs in the photoactive layers are designed to improve photons harvesting, charge transport and reduced charge recombination, which resulted in the collection of high short circuit current density, as large as 16.50 mAcm - 2 . The measured high photocurrent and better device rectification has lead to improved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and device stability. The best power conversion efficiency recorded in this investigations was 5.15 % at the concentration of 1 % Ag 2 S by weight. Furthermore, the solar cells exhibited extraordinary environmental stability stored in ambient environment which is attributed to the inverted device architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel approach for collection of respirable fraction of composite dust. • Respirable fraction of composite dust can induce both cytotoxic and mild genotoxic effect in 16HBE cells. • Initial DNA damage and impairment of normal cell cycle is observable in subtoxic concentrations. • Respirable particles of all tested composites were taken by the cells. To determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the respirable fraction of composite dust (<4 μm) on human bronchial epithelial cells. Composite sticks of three commercial dental composites (Filtek Supreme XTE, Grandio, Transbond XT) were ground in an enclosed plexiglass chamber with a rough dental bur (grain-size 100 μm) and the generated airborne respirable dust was collected in a personal cyclone on a teflon filter (pore size 5 μm). Immediately after particle collection, the dust was quantified gravimetrically and the particles were suspended in cell culturing medium. Next, human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) were exposed to the suspensions (3 μg/ml–400 μg/ml). After 24 h, cell viability (WST-1 assay) and membrane integrity (LDH assay) were evaluated. Furthermore, the genotoxic effect of a sub-cytotoxic concentration (50 μg/ml) of composite dust was evaluated by the comet assay after 3 h exposure and cell cycle disturbances were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cellular uptake of particles was evaluated by transmission electronic microscope (TEM). For all three tested composite materials, a decrease in metabolic activity of 10–35% was observed when the cells were exposed to the highest concentrations (100 μg/ml–400 μg/ml). Toxicity was partially linked to membrane disruption especially after 72 h exposure. All tested composites provoked a mild genotoxic effect after short-term exposure compared to the control groups. TEM revealed that respirable particles of all tested composites were taken up by the cells. The respirable fraction of composite dust only showed cytotoxic effects at the highest concentrations, whereas mild genotoxicity was observed after exposure to a sub-cytotoxic concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the main challenge for producers and consumers of doloma-containing refractories has been to increase the performance of this kind of refractories. In this study, the addition effect of magnesium-aluminate spinel nano-particles (MgAl 2 O 4) on various properties of doloma-containing refractories such as bulk density, apparent porosity, hydration resistance and cold compressive strength have been evaluated. From 0 to 8 wt % magnesium-aluminate spinel nano-particles added to the specimens. The prepared cylindrical specimens (50*50mm2) were putted in a dryer (at 110 °C for 24 h) and then placed in an electrical furnace (at 1650 °C for 3 h). Ceramic phase's identification and microstructural evaluation of the fired specimens were donned by helping X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDX) techniques, respectively. Results showed that the bulk density increased up to 8 wt % nano-spinel. Also, the cold compressive strength values of the samples increased up to 6 wt % nano-spinel whereas the apparent porosity values were reduced. However, for the higher additive value (8 wt % nano-spinel), this trends is reversed and the cold compressive strength was decreased and apparent porosity was increased. The reason for this variation can be attributed to the formation of some micro-cracks in the specimen's matrix. As well as, due to the formation of dense microstructures by utilization of magnesium-aluminate spinel nano-particles the resistance to hydration of the specimens has increased significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure and performance of Li4Ti5O12 doped by Mg prepared by hydrothermal method and solid phase method were investigated. Lithium dihydrate, magnesium acetate and tetrabutyl titanate were used as the main raw materials. This study reveals that Mg2+ has influences on the spherical structure, crystal development of Li4Ti5O12 and the electrochemical performances. The hollow spherical structure is composed of nano-sheet structure and the nano-sheet structure can be affected by the Mg2+ content. For Li4-xMgxTi5O12, the sheet structure can be refined with the increment of Mg2+ content when x value is 0-0.1 and coarsen with the increment of Mg2+ content when x value is 0.1-0.2. The hollow spherical Li4Ti5O12 powders prepared by hydrothermal method have better performance. The optimal Mgdoped amount of hydrothermal method is 0.1. At 0.1C, the first discharge capacity of Li3.9Mg0.1Ti5O12 prepared through hydrothermal method at 0.1C and 10 cycles is 182 and 178 mA h g−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peristaltic transport of Carreau-Yasuda fluid model over a sinusoidal medium of non-Newtonian nano flow is examined. In this analysis, the channel walls are considered as ciliated with the higher and lower walls. The formulation of the 2D fluid model depends on the nonlinear (PDEs) that are transformed into simple ordinary (ODEs) by applying the dimensionless parameters and long-wavelength approximation. The numerical solution of the 2D system is taken out by applying the MATHEMATICA solver NDSolve function. The impact of various parameters, such as, flow rate parameter F , wave-length number δ , Brownian motion number N b , thermophoresis number N t , and account of eccentricity α on the velocity profile, temperature distribution, and concentration distribution and stream function are addressed with graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The effect of nano-particles and surfactants in changing the net charge of asphaltene (ASP) in the electric field was investigated. • The effect of nano-particles and surfactants on preventing asphaltene (ASP) deposition in the electro-deposition experiment was investigated. • Fabrication of electro-deposited cells with effective efficiency. • Introduction of LABS surfactant as an effective additive to inhibit asphaltene (ASP) deposition. • Introduction of SiO 2 nano-particles and CeZrO 4 nano-particles as the most effective nano-particles to prevent asphaltene (ASP) deposition. Asphaltenes (ASPs) are regarded as high molecular weight components that often deposit in the production lines and downstream infrastructure, leading to pressure drop and reduced production rate. In this paper, we investigated the potential of electro-deposition of ASP an Iranian crude oil sample encountering ASP deposition problems, to reduce the risk of well shut-in. In this regard, a systematic research plan has been designed to use the electro-deposition technique to precipitate and deposit ASP different fluid samples incluiding crude oil/n-heptane, synthetic oil (containing the same ASP)/n-heptane, crude oil/n-heptane/additive and synthetic oil/n-heptane/additive are utilized. The additives such as Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (LABS) as a surfactant, metal oxide nano-particles such as SiO 2 , γ-Al 2 O 3 , and TiO 2 and synthesized mixed-metal oxide nano-particles compounds such as CeNiO 3 , CeZrO 4 and CeCaO 3 were used. This work reveals the effect of these additives on the deposition rate of ASP particles from crude oil and compares their effectiveness. Using a homemade apparatus, the optimum direct-current electric field (EF) and time for ASP deposition were found, followed by finding the best solution of crude oil and n-heptane. As for the additives, LABS showed that ASP deposition is critically decreased on the cathode at 2000 ppm for crude oil and 1500 ppm for synthetic oil. Nano-particles exhibit different behavior in an EF. The experimental results indicated that by increasing the concentration of nano-particles, the amount of ASP deposit on the anode decreases. The results indicated that synthesized mixed-metal oxide nano-particles do not change the charge type of ASP and result in ASP deposition reduction utilizing a very low number of nano-particles. Currently, electro-deposition is a key solution to remove ASPs from crude oil. This is due to its high energy efficiency and relatively simple process. Comparing the effects of these newly proposed additives showed that, CeZrO 4 nano-particles are more efficient to inhibit ASP deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powders with coated nanoparticles on the surface as a surface modification technique can alter the surface texture of the particles. This paper explored the additional number of nanoparticles on powder packing characteristics. The adhesion mode of nanoparticles and its influence on the inter-particle force in the system were discussed. The study found that the bulk density first increases and then decreases as the content of nanoparticles increases. The incorporation of nanoparticles reduces the inter-particle force, with the optimal mass fraction of nanoparticles being 0.25%, resulting in a 4.43% increase in bulk density. The attachment mode of nanoparticles was observed and analyzed through SEM, with five possible contact modes between particles identified. The change in the inter-particle force was quantitatively analyzed through the probability of each mode. The Bo number was used to establish a prediction model for bulk density, which yielded a highly accurate prediction. [Display omitted] • The effect of nanoparticles on packing characteristics was studied. • The mechanism of nanoparticles on host particles was revealed. • The influence of nanoparticles on the interparticle force was analyzed. • A prediction model of bulk density based on interparticle force was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are a class of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) with single-stranded G-rich sequences. Owing to the selectivity of some G4s, they are emerging as targeting agents to overtake side effects of several potential anticancer drugs, and delivery systems of small molecules to malignant cells, through their high affinity or complementarity to specific targets. Moreover, different systems are being used to improve their potential, such as gold nano-particles or liposomes. Thus, the present review provides relevant data about the different studies with G4s as drug delivery systems and the challenges that must be overcome in the future research.

Hydrogen production by catalytic gasification in supercritical water (SCW) is a promising way to utilise biomass resource. Supercritical water not only provides homogeneous and rapid reaction environment for the biomass gasification but also causes catalyst agglomeration problems. In order to prepare activity and stable catalyst for biomass gasification in supercritical water, supercritical water synthesis method was utilised and the preparation method was investigated. Ni, Co, Zn and Cu metal elements were loaded on TiO2 particles which was proved to be hythothermally steady in supercritical water. And nano-particles were successfully made. Based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis methods, it turned out that metal catalysts have a uniform spherical structure with diameter around 30 nm. Metal catalysts synthesised with supercritical hydrothermal method showed certain catalytic effects. Ni catalyst had the best performance in stability while Zn catalyst possessed highest hydrogen yield.

The growth of algae, barnacles, moulds and other organisms on ship hulls, concretes, painted or coated surfaces, especially in the tropics, could be harmful and aesthetically unattractive. Control of such growths usually includes the use of coatings that may contain chemicals that can destroy these organisms, and in some cases, other lives. However, manipulation of the topography of material surfaces in the so called Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) seems to be excellent safety approach of tackling bio-fouling problems. In this work, we have fabricated hydrophobic silica coatings of different particle sizes, ranging from 10 nm to 700 nm; the coatings have been impregnated with non-volatile oil (squalane) to obtain artificial rims of Nepenthes Pitcher plant. Wettability and anti-biofouling tests carried out on the fabricated coatings using water drops and algal cell media have shown that surfaces coated with the smallest nano-sized particles (10 nm) possess better stability and anti-biofouling characteristics toward algae adhesion. Keywords: Nano-particles, Porous coating, oil-impregnation, bio-fouling, wettability

Initiation of tissue culture of many plant species is a very difficult stage due to appearance of many contaminations. The other problem might be a choice of media for regeneration. Initiation of grass species tissue cultures are thought to be very difficult. Therefore, a research was undertaken to evaluate the use of nano-silver particles for plant material disinfection and to estimate a medium Pennisetum alopecuroides. The plant material were buds and nodal explants that were disinfected in 2% NaOCl for 30 min or 0.1% HgCl2 for 1 min. Half of the explants disinfected with NaOCl were soaked in 50, 100 or 250 mg·dm Ag–3 NPs for 1 hour. Explants not soaked in nano-silver were placed on media with Ag NPs at concentrations of 4, 8 or 16 mg·dm–3. An influence of growth regulators on Pennisetum alopecuroides was evaluated in vitro. Regenerated shoots were placed on MS media with: 3 mg·dm–3 BA + 0.3 mg·dm–3 IBA, 3 mg·dm–3 KIN + 0.3 mg·dm–3 IAA, 1 mg·dm–3 BA + 0.1 mg·dm–3 IBA. It was observed that the use of nano-silver particles lowered the level of contamination. The best results were obtained when Ag NPs was used at concentration of 100–250 mg·dm–3 alone or as a supplementation of the media, at concentration of 4 mg·dm–3 for nodes and 16 mg·dm–3 for adventitious buds. The use of nodal explants allowed to obtain less contamination. Regeneration depended on a media content. The most regenerated shoots were obtained on the MS media supplemented with 1 mg·dm–3 BA and 0.1 mg·dm–3 IBA.

Although our understanding of lung cancer has significantly improved in the past decade, it is still a disease with a high incidence and mortality rate. The key reason is that the efficacy of the therapeutic drugs is limited, mainly due to insufficient doses of drugs delivered to the lungs. To achieve precise lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, nano-particles (NPs) pulmonary delivery techniques have attracted much attention and facilitate the exploration of the potential of those in inhalable NPs targeting tumor lesions. Since the therapeutic research focusing on pulmonary delivery NPs has rapidly developed and evolved substantially, this review will mainly discuss the current developments of pulmonary delivery NPs for precision lung cancer diagnosis and therapy. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

A field experiment was carried out during 2017/18 and 2018/19 seasons at the Agronomy Department Experimental Farm, Agriculture Faculty, Assiut University, to study the effect of foliar spray by some Nano micro-nutrients on production of three bread wheat cultivars. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) using strip plot arrangement with three replications. Foliar spray with tap water (solvent as a control) and Foliar spray with Fe, Mn, Zn, Fe+Mn, Fe+Zn, Mn+Zn and Fe+Mn+Zn in Nano form at 200 ppm were allocated horizontally, while bread wheat cultivars (Sids-1, Sids-12 and Gemmeaza-11) were arranged vertically. The obtained results show that the foliar spray treatment by some micro-nutrients Nano-particles had a significant effect on plant height, kernels number spike-1, 1000 kernel weight, kernel weight spike-1 and grain yield in both seasons. Thus, wheat plants which were sprayed by Fe+Mn+Zn produced the highest mean values of the most previous traits. Furthermore the studied cultivars had a significant effect on all studied traits. In addition, Gemmeaza-11 cultivar produced the highest mean values of most studied traits in the two growing seasons. Here too, the interaction between some micro- nutrients Nano-particles and bread wheat cultivars had a highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) and significant (P ≤ 0.05) influence on grain yield in the first and second seasons respectively. Thus, the highest mean values of grain yield (26.80 and 26.95 ardab fed.-1 in the tow respective seasons) were obtained from Gemmeaza- 11 cultivar which was sprayed by Fe+Mn+Zn Nano-particles in both seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper sulphide nano-particles (CuS) was successfully synthesized and incorporated in the thin film organic solar cell (TFOSC). The photo-active film of TFOSC is composed of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and (phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl) ( PC 61 BM) blend. The synthesized nano-particles were characterized using high-resolution scanning and tunnelling electron microscopy (HRSEM and HR-TEM), respectively. Copper sulphide nano-particles were used within the photo-active layer of the newly fabricated TFOSC to assist in solar energy harvesting by way of improved optical absorption and charge transport processes. The concentration of CuS in the solar absorber medium of the devices play a critical role in attaining improved power conversion efficiency. The best device performance was attained at the concentration of 3% CuS by weight in the polymer blend matrix. The result is clearly evident on the measured enhanced short-circuit current density ( J sc ) of the solar cells. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) has grown by 69% compared to pristine type solar absorber films. The best power conversion efficiency recorded in this investigations was 5.04% which is an important development in the ambient condition device fabrication. • Copper sulphide nano-particles was successfully synthesized and incorporated in the thin film organic solar cell. • CuS is found to be an important dopant for improving photons harvesting in thin film polymer solar cell. • Local surface plasmon resonance of CuS in polymer blend matrix could be responsible for improved optical absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that the particle size of the shielding material and photon energy has significant effects on the efficiency of radiation-shielding materials. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the shielding properties of the bismuth–silicon (Bi–Si) composite containing varying percentages of micro- and nano-sized Bi particles for low-energy X-rays. Radiation composite shields composed of nano- and micro-sized Bi particles in Si-based matrix were constructed. The mass attenuation coefficients of the designed shields were experimentally assessed for diagnostic radiology energy range. In addition, the mass attenuation coefficients of the composite were comprehensively investigated using the MCNPX Monte Carlo (MC) code and XCOM. The X-ray attenuation for two different micro-sized Bi composites of radii of 50 µm and 0.50 µm showed enhancement in the range of 37–79% and 5–24%, respectively, for mono-energy photons (60–150 keV). Furthermore, the experimental and MC results indicated that nano-structured composites had higher photon attenuation properties (approximately 11–18%) than those of micro-sized samples for poly-energy X-ray photons. The amount of radiation attenuation for lower energies was more than that of higher energies. Thus, it was found that the shielding properties of composites were considerably strengthened by adding Bi nano-particles for lower energy photons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increased prerequisites for ecological protection, the vegetable oil and nano-fluid-based minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technology have become a modern research trend. For instance, the palm oil exhibits superior lubricity owing to fatty acid and film-developing characteristics of the carboxyl group. Conversely, due to unique physiochemical properties of Al2O3 nano-particles, they exhibit superior lubricity during machining operations. Thus, here, it was attempted to discover the benefits of Al2O3 and palm oil–mixed nano-fluid in MQL-assisted milling of Inconel 690 for eco-benign and cleaner manufacturing. During the experiment, different concentrations (0.5–5%) of Al2O3 nano-particles were mixed with palm oil. Afterward, the performances were evaluated with respect to the surface roughness, specific cutting energy, tool wear, and cutting temperature. From an economic perspective, the determination of ideal concentration (%) of the Al2O3 nano-particle is a crucial concern. Thus, a fuzzy interference system (FIS)–based model has been developed to obtain the optimum concentration (%) of Al2O3 nano-particle. The multi-performance characteristics index (MPCI) values confirmed that 2.5% was the optimum concentration for Al2O3 in MQL milling environment. Afterward, the machining performances obtained from 2.5% Al2O3 particle concentration have been compared with dry, flood, and pure palm oil condition. It is clearly found from the comparison that MQL milling with 2.5% Al2O3 nano-particle concentration demonstrated much better machining behavior than another lubricating medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1), lung deposited surface area and particle number concentrations were measured for the first time in all Viennese subway lines inside cabins and in two subway stations, one aboveground and the other underground. The observed data were examined for significant differences between the exposure to fine particulate matter and ultrafine particles. Analysis of the trip averages in the five lines U1, U2, U3, U4 and U6 showed significant differences for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 (all three mass concentrations: p < 0.001). Medians for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were highest in the U1 (73.6, 38.9, 27.1 µg/m3, respectively) and U3 (113.3, 47.1, 26.7 µg/m3, respectively) and significantly higher in the underground subway station than in the subway station on ground level. Regarding ultrafine particles no significant differences were found between the subway lines and no significant differences between the underground subway station and the subway station on ground level; however, new air-conditioned cabins had lower particle number concentrations and both particle number concentrations and lung deposited surface area were higher in cabins with open windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous carbon xerogels were prepared from the sol-gel polymerization of resorcinol with formaldehyde (RF) followed by carbonization at a high temperature under argon atmosphere. The capacity of the carbon xerogels for direct immobilization of metal complexes was tested with a vanadium(IV) complex, [VIVO(HL)(H2O)(CH3OH)], which possesses an extended ligand π system and reactive hydroxyl groups on the L-tyrosine fragment. Textural characterization of the CXG and CXG/[VIVO(HL)(H2O)(CH3OH)] have been investigated using N2 adsorption-desorption at -196°C. Chemical surface groups were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Nano-particle size and morphology of CXG and CXG/[VIVO(HL)(H2O)(CH3OH)] nano-particles have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Catalytic activity of CXG/[VO(HL)(H2O)(CH3OH)] was investigated in the aerobic oxidation of olefins. The reaction conditions have been optimized for solvent and temperature. CXG/[VO(HL)(H2O)(CH3OH)] showed higher catalytic activity for the epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins with molecular oxygen in the presence of isobutyraldehyde. Comparison of the heterogenized catalyst, CXG/[VO(HL)(H2O)(CH3OH)], with the corresponding homogeneous catalyst, [VO(HL)(H2O)(CH3OH)], showed that the heterogeneous catalyst had higher activity and selectivity than the homogeneous counterpart. The heterogeneous catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction medium and could be re-used for other five runs without significant loss of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catechins, present in many fruits and vegetables, have many health benefits, but they are prone to degradation. Nano- and micro-particle systems have been used to stabilise catechins when exposed to adverse environments and to improve their bioavailability after ingestion. This review discusses the inherent properties of various catechins, the design of delivery formulations and the properties of catechin-loaded nano- and micro-particles. The protection afforded to catechins during exposure to harsh environmental conditions and gastrointestinal tract transit is reviewed. The bioavailability and efficacy of encapsulated catechins, as assessed by various in vitro and in vivo conditions, are discussed. Bioavailability based on uptake in the upper gut alone underestimates the bioavailability as polyphenols. The caveats with interpretation of bioavailability based on various tests are discussed, when taking into consideration the pathways of catechin metabolism including the role of the gut microflora. However, taken together, the weight of the evidence suggests that there are potentially improved health benefits with the use of appropriately designed nano- and micro-particles for delivery of catechins. Further systematic studies on the metabolism and physiological effects of encapsulated catechins in vivo and clinical trials are needed to validate the bioefficacy of the encapsulated catechins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of algae, barnacles, moulds and other organisms on ship hulls, concretes, painted or coated surfaces, especially in the tropics, could be harmful and aesthetically unattractive. Control of such growths usually includes the use of coatings that may contain chemicals that can destroy these organisms, and in some cases, other lives. However, manipulation of the topography of material surfaces in the so called Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) seems to be excellent safety approach of tackling bio-fouling problems. In this work, we have fabricated hydrophobic silica coatings of different particle sizes, ranging from 10 nm to 700 nm; the coatings have been impregnated with non-volatile oil (squalane) to obtain artificial rims of Nepenthes Pitcher plant. Wettability and anti-biofouling tests carried out on the fabricated coatings using water drops and algal cell media have shown that surfaces coated with the smallest nano-sized particles (10 nm) possess better stability and anti-biofouling characteristics toward algae adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile mats of 100% cotton, 55% polyester/45% cotton and 100% polyester, white and dyed, were functionalized by: CeO2 NPs spraying technology on a test device made at UT Dresden after oleophobization with Rukostar EEF6 or Nuva N 2114 and impregnation by applying oleophobic treatment with NUVA N 2114 or Rukostar EEE 6 simultaneously with the functionalization with CeO2NP. Analysis of the size and shape of CeO2 NPs was achieved by using SEM electronic microscopy, TEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) transmission microscopy. The durability of CeO2 NPs deposition on the surface of the textile materials was studied for the initial samples compared with those tested for acid/alkaline perspiration, washing and wear (rubbing) revealed by SEM determinations. The statistical indicator of dispersions (medium average, standard deviation, dispersion and variation coefficient) were used to compare the morphology of NPs on the surface of textiles materials (dimension and distances). The average amount of NPs deposited on the textile by the spraying technology was smaller than with the impregnation one. The antibacterial characteristics of textiles materials treated with CeO2 in correlation with fibrous composition, color and the oleophobic agent were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite films containing homogeneously dispersed scintillation nano-particles of Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce3+, in optically transparent polymer matrix, have been prepared and characterized through X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis TGA, electron scanning microscopy morphology SEM and PL photoluminescence. Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce3+ scintillator powder was successfully synthesized via Sol-Gel method. This study is realized with different mass ratios of nano-particles embedded in polystyrene and polylactic acid polymer matrix (5, 10, 15, 20%) to see the influence of nano-particles on the mechanical, structural and optical properties of films. The composites have been prepared with 200 μm thickness. It's found that the structural proprieties change with mass ratio on each sample. PL photoluminescence show the characteristic Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce3+ emission in the blue region and intensity varied for each film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poultry industry is mainly scared by affected by infections due to microorganisms which reduce the growth rate and cause economic losses. Currently, vaccines and antibiotics are utilised to combat these infectious microorganisms, but irresponsible use of antibiotics may pose health risks to consumers, and there is a need for drug-free alternatives. Nanotechnology could reduce such risks and can improve the wholesomeness of poultry meat. This review discusses the current status of nanotechnology as it relates to improving poultry health by using various nano-particles (NPs). Silver-NPs at a dose rate of 900 ppm have been used in poultry to improve their growth performance in terms of body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. NPs are thought to boost immunity in birds against numerous diseases. Gold-NPs improved the growth performance of poultry birds as well as detecting avian influenza virus with a detection limit of 2.2 pg/ml. Similarly, Copper-loaded chitosan-NPs supplementation at dose rate of 100 mg/kg feed improved growth performance, immunity, protein synthesis and caecal microbiota in broilers. Zinc oxide-NPs improved growth performance and showed anti-oxidative properties in broilers at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg. While, montmorillonite nano-composites at a level of 3 g/kg feed decreased the toxicity of aflatoxins in poultry birds. In conclusion, nanotechnology has the potential to reduce microbial load without resulting drug residues in poultry products, thus improving performance and immune status of poultry birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, lead-free 0.965Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.035BaTiO3 (BNT–BT) piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by a sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction pattern of the BNT–BT samples revealed that powder calcined at 600 °C, exhibit a pure perovskite structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to find the surface morphology and grain size of the investigated ceramics. At an optimized sintering temperature of 1150 °C, well-saturated ferroelectric (P–E) hysteresis loops with high remnant polarization (Pr = 34.8 µC/cm2) and low corrosive field (Ec = 23 kV/cm) were obtained. Electric field-induced strain of 0.137% with a dynamic piezoelectric coefficient (d33* = 196 pm/V) was observed under 75 kV/cm drawing field. In addition, high static piezoelectric constant (d33 = 138 pC/N) was recorded for the sample sintered at 1150 °C. This value of d33 is comparable to that of BNT-based bulk piezoelectric ceramics. BNT–BT nano-particles were prepared by using the acetic-acid sol–gel process, calcined at 600 °C and sintered at 1150 °C to get the optimum processing temperature. Well saturated and square type P–E hysteresis loops were obtanied with high remnant polarization (Pr = 34.8 µC/cm2) equivalent to the BNT-bulk ceramcis which were prepared through the conventional solid state reaction method [1, 2]. The high static piezoelectric constant 138 pC/N was obtained which is comparable to the BNT-based bulk ceramics [3] BNT–BT nano-particles were prepared by using the acetic-acid sol–gel process, calcined at 600 °C and sintered at 1150 °C to get the optimum processing temperature. Well saturated and square type P–E hysteresis loops were obtanied with high remnant polarization (Pr = 34.8 µC/cm2) equivalent to the BNT-bulk ceramcis which were prepared through the conventional solid state reaction method [1-2]. The high static piezoelectric constant 138 pC/N was obtained which is comparable to the BNT-based bulk ceramics [3] Highlights: In this work, lead-free 0.965Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.035BaTiO3 (BNT-BT) piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by a sol-gel process. X-ray diffraction pattern of the BNT-BT samples revealed that powder calcined at 600 °C, exhibit a pure perovskite structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to find the surface morphology and grain size of the investigated ceramics. At an optimized sintering temperature of 1150 °C, well saturated ferroelectric (P–E) hysteresis loops with high remnant polarization (Pr = 34.8 μC/cm2) and low corrosive field (Ec = 23 kV/cm) were obtained. Electric field-induced strain of 0.137% with a dynamic piezoelectric coefficient (d33* = 196 pm/V) was observed under 75 kV/cm drawing field. In addition, high static piezoelectric constant (d33 = 138 pC/N) was recorded for the sample sintered at 1150 °C. This value of d33 is comparable to that of BNT-based bulk piezoelectric ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different forms and doses of rosemary on chemical, microbial, and sensory properties of rainbow trout fed nine different diets: control (C), 20 g.kg−1 rosemary powder (20RP), 40 g.kg−1 rosemary powder (40RP), 0.3 g.kg−1 rosemary extract (0.3RE), 0.6 g.kg−1 rosemary extract (0.6RE), 0.15 g.kg−1 rosemary nanopowder (0.15RNP), 0.3 g.kg−1 rosemary nanopowder (0.3RNP), 0.15 g.kg−1 butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (0.15BHA), and 0.3 g.kg−1 BHA (0.3BHA). After 8 weeks' feeding, the fish fillets were sampled on the 1st, 4th, 8th, 12th, and 16th days and then stored on 4°C. Lower value of pH, peroxide value (PV), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), free fatty acids (FFA), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were reported in fish fed with RP, RE, RNP, and BHA; among them, RNP groups had the lowest properties (p < 0.05). Furthermore, lower total viable aerobic bacterial counts (TVC) and psychotropic counts (PTC) were observed in the fillets of the fish fed with rosemary treatments, especially in RNP treatments (7.52–9.41 log10 CFU.g−1), along with a slower spoilage in terms of sensory factors (texture, color, odor, and overall) on the 16th day. Finally, use of natural antioxidant nanorosemary in the diet may positively affect fish fillet quality and delay post-mortem deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Methylcellulose composites with particles show tailored mechanical response. • Particles of silica, alumina and boron carbide, examined also for size and shape. • Composites show increased hardening with temperature, compared to parent hydrogels. • Composites show remarkable hardening under dynamic compression, enabled by additives. Abstract Methylcellulose hydrogels are attracting considerable interest due to their unique thermo-reversible gelation. The present work focuses on the attempt to tune, control and improve the mechanical response of these hydrogels by using silica (SiO 2), alumina (Al 2 O 3) and boron carbide (B 4 C) particles, while preserving their ability to thermo-gelate. A systematic experimental study reveals the dependence of the flow stress of the hydrogel-composite on the type and size of particle additive. Methylcellulose composite hydrogels also show increased flow-stress dependence on temperature, compared to the parent hydrogel. Similarly, some of these novel composite exhibit very high strain-rate sensitivity, with up to 90 times increase of strength in the dynamic regime. Thus, the present study offers simple tools to fine-tune the mechanical properties of these highly applicable methylcellulose hydrogels, by using small amounts of additives. Of the studied composites, the best results for dynamic flow-stress increase were achieved with nanometric boron carbide particles. This could be due to the large surface area for interaction with the methylcellulose and with the particles serving as heterogenic focal points for phase-transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from Periploca hydaspidis and their antimicrobial and anti oxidant activity. The synthesis of AuNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and structure by a high resolution atomic force microscope. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy was used to study the crystallite size and different functional groups. DPPH radical scavenging activity and disc diffusion protocol was applied for the determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. A ratio of 1:8 of 1mM AuCl3 solutions with plant boiled extract used for synthesis of gold nano-particles. The formation of the gold nanoparticles was determined by the color change from yellow to dark purple which were confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Gold nano-particles were stable between 24°C and 39°C, mM concentration of the salt and neutral pH. The groups responsible for the synthesis of gold nano-paricles were Alkenes and aliphatic amines. The AuNP were cubic in nature and the nanocrystallite size was 6.99nm. Gold nano-particles revealed good antioxidant activity and controlled the growth of K. pnemoniae, E. coli, X. compestris, C. albicans and P. chrysogenum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initiation of tissue culture of many plant species is a very difficult stage due to appearance of many contaminations. The other problem might be a choice of media for regeneration. Initiation of grass species tissue cultures are thought to be very difficult. Therefore, a research was undertaken to evaluate the use of nano-silver particles for plant material disinfection and to estimate a medium Pennisetum alopecuroides. The plant material were buds and nodal explants that were disinfected in 2% NaOCl for 30 min or 0.1% HgCl2 for 1 min. Half of the explants disinfected with NaOCl were soaked in 50, 100 or 250 mg·dm-3 Ag NPs for 1 hour. Explants not soaked in nano-silver were placed on media with Ag NPs at concentrations of 4, 8 or 16 mg·dm-3. An influence of growth regulators on Pennisetum alopecuroides was evaluated in vitro. Regenerated shoots were placed on MS media with: 3 mg·dm-3 BA + 0.3 mg·dm-3 IBA, 3 mg·dm-3 KIN + + 0.3 mg·dm-3 IAA, 1 mg·dm-3 BA + 0.1 mg·dm-3 IBA. It was observed that the use of nano-silver particles lowered the level of contamination. The best results were obtained when Ag NPs was used at concentration of 100-250 mg·dm-3 alone or as a supplementation of the media, at concentration of 4 mg·dm-3 for nodes and 16 mg·dm-3 for adventitious buds. The use of nodal explants allowed to obtain less contamination. Regeneration depended on a media content. The most regenerated shoots were obtained on the MS media supplemented with 1 mg·dm-3 BA and 0.1 mg·dm-3 IBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Optimization of EPD parameters such as applied voltage, time, and media for fabrication of Carbon electrode including Pt NPs. • Development of EGS (Electrochemical Gas Sensor) for CO gas detection. • Development of general thermodynamics model for estimation of surface activity at nano-scale. • Adequate agreements between results of sensor and computation outcome. Abstract In one of our recent published work [Ghashghaie S., et al. Materials Letters , 2015. 141: p. 23–26.], we reported a successful electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of Pt/C on a non-conductive PTFE membrane to produce carbon electrode for CO electrochemical gas sensors (EGS). In the present work, the effect of deposition parameters such as applied field, time and different media on the performance of CO-EGS have been evaluated. The performance of such EGS showed that the combination of ethanol and mixed acetone-isopropanol as media, 50 V applied voltage and 5 min deposition time provides the best EPD parameters. Different experimental depositions have been investigated which leaded us to study the effect of particle size on surface activity of applied catalyst. Moreover, a generalized nano-thermodynamics model was developed to study the size and shape dependency of activity of nano-particles (NPs) as catalyst materials. In this model, in addition to surface-to-volume ratio of catalyst, the effect of surface energy of NPs has been considered. The results of our experiments have been confirmed adequately with proposed model. The introduced model can be applied generally for all physico-chemical reactions involving nano-sized catalyst and particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Flow of magneto Jeffery nanomaterial due to a nonlinear stretching sheet is considered. • Flow equations are simplified through boundary layer and small Reynold's number theory. • Analytical treatment (HAM) is used to develop series solution of the non-linear system. • Residual errors of ℏ plots are calculated. • Boundary condition yields zero mass flux aspects. Abstract This attempt featuring the Brownian movement and thermophoretic aspects in two-dimension through non-linearly stretchable surface. Disturbance to the flow is produced by transverse applied magnetic field. Flow governing system is transformed into non-linear system of ODE's via suitable transformation. Due to appearance of highly nonlinear terms, series solution is carried out via well-known method known as Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) which easily tackles the non-linear system of ODE's. The finding indicates the sheet (shapes) depend on the value of parameter n and observed that in case of non-linear stretching, velocity decreases while temperature rises for larger values of n. This is because the liquid has stronger thermal conductivity. The effects of various intensity parameters are studied graphically and compared numerically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Development of non-oil based eco-friendly metal working fluid. • Characterization of the developed metal working fluid. • Acute skin irritation toxicity study for developed metal working fluid. • Tribological and tool life studies on developed metal working fluid. • Comparison of the developed metal working fluid with the conventional metal working fluid. Abstract In this work, a new metalworking fluid (MWF) is developed. The developed MWF is eco-friendly, safe for worker's health while satisfying the minimum criterion of lubrication and cooling. In the first step, a new MWF with additives like silicon dioxide nanoparticles, menthol, surfactant, and Xanthan were added in appropriate proportion to obtain the MWF with required properties. The preliminary experiments were conducted to analyze and compare the properties of developed MWF with conventional MWF. The properties like viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific gravity and density of developed MWF was found to be comparable with the conventional MWF. In the second step, the basic properties like physical and thermal stability, specific heat capacity and rheological properties of both MWFs were compared. In the third step, acute skin irritation toxicity study of the developed MWF was performed based on the OECD 404 standard. In the fourth step, the tribological properties like coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter were measured and compared with the conventional MWF and finally, the machining experiments were conducted to measure the tool life. The results show that the properties of developed MWF were better than the existing oil-based MWF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A facile process has been developed for the encapsulation of fish oil using a thin film vortex fluidic device (VFD) operating under continuous flow, allowing control over the size of the encapsulated particles which are spheroidal in shape with diameters ranging from 50 to 250 nm. This microfluidic platform simplifies the processing procedure of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) encapsulation, as now a time and cost saving one-step process devoid of any organic solvents, in contrast to the conventional homogenization process which is inherently complex, involving multiple-steps and the use of organic solvents. Moreover, use of homogenization (as a benchmark to encapsulate fish oil) afforded much larger macro-particles, ranging in size from 2 to 4 μm. Smaller encapsulated particles fabricated using VFD processing could lead to improved absorption from fish oil. Overall, VFD processing provides a new alternative bottom–up approach to easy, scalable processing, without the need for organic solvents which are counterproductive in the food industry. Highlights • Vortex Fluidic Device reduced the fish oil encapsulation diameter from μm level to nm level. • Vortex Fluidic Device simplified water-in-oil-in-water encapsulation into one-step process. • Vortex Fluidic Device provides a new encapsulation approach for a bottom-up approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]