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[Display omitted] • Terpene derivative-based green DES was used as an extraction solvent in DLLME. • A single ESI-LC-MS/MS based method was developed for 37 multi-class metabolites. • DOE was used to identify significant extraction parameters. • Method validation and MU were estimated as per SANTE and EURACHEM guidelines. Demonstrated a new natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (NADES) based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) approach/method to extract and enrich 37 multi-class metabolites (MCM) such as pesticides, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites from a complex animal- originated food matrices. The extraction solvent (NADES) synthesized from an equimolar mixture of the terpenes, thymol and menthol. The analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) employing electrospray ionization, and an enzymatic deconjugation of metabolites was carried out with β-glucuronidase. The parameters were optimized using the design of experiments (DoE). Further, the method was validated, and measurement uncertainty was also calculated. The detection and quantitation limits of the method were 0.03 to 0.4 ng/mL and 0.1 to 1.32 ng/mL, respectively. Recovery and expanded uncertainty ranged from 81.3 to 112.3 % and 8.9 to 19.7 %. The pertinence of the method was proven in identifying/finding metabolites in egg and meat samples ranging from 0.31 to 7.83 ng/g and 0.51 to 9.78 ng/mL in milk samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roses are woody perennial flowering plants cultivated worldwide for several ornamental, cosmetic, and medicinal purposes. Rose flowers are rich in anthocyanins including cyanidin, peonidin, and its derivatives. In this study natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-based ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins was carried out from fresh and dried rose flowers. A total of 12 NADES were prepared based on combinations of organic acid derivatives, mixture of sugars, and choline chloride derivatives for extraction. Conventional solvent-acidified methanol (80 % v/v) was also used as a control to compare the efficiency of solvent systems. Total anthocyanin content was higher in dried rose flower extracts. When using sugar and organic acid-based systems, the highest anthocyanin content was observed in extracts of NADES composed of glucose: citric acid (1:1) (636 ± 26.64 mg/L) and glucose: lactic acid (1:1) (564.73 ± 14 mg/L) based systems. Amongst, the choline chloride derivatives-based solvent systems, highest anthocyanin content (826.59 ± 17.35 mg/L) was observed in a combination of lactic acid-choline chloride (1:1) based system. The anthocyanins extracted in sugar-based NADES systems showed better thermal stability at higher temperatures and when stored at 4 ℃ and −20 ℃. NADES-based extracts (N8) from dried rose flowers also showed higher antioxidant capacity as per DPPH scavenging activity (IC 50 value: 0.0021 ± 0.007 mg/ml) and was in correlation with anthocyanin contents. HPLC analysis of NADES-based and control extracts revealed the presence of cyanidin chloride. The outcome of the study showed efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from rose flowers using lactic acid: choline chloride (1:1) and lactic acid: glucose (1:1) based NADES systems. • Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES)-based extraction of rose anthocyanins • Highest anthocyanin content was in lactic acid and choline chloride based NADES • Cyanidin chloride was detected in NADES-based anthocyanin floral extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • DES offers eco-friendly alternatives in membrane technology, enhancing sustainability. • Advancements in DES integration into various membranes improve diverse separation processes. • Classification of DES reveals hydrophilic and hydrophobic types, each with unique applications. • Challenges such as DES leaching impact membrane performance, highlighting research gaps. • DES exhibits versatility, acting as solvents, pore-forming agents, and surface modifiers. • Further research on DES in membranes is crucial for optimizing and understanding their potential. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are emerging as environmentally friendly and effective alternatives in membrane technology, offering a sustainable edge over traditional solvents. This review compiles the latest advancements in the incorporation of DES into polymeric membrane systems for diverse separation processes, including ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), pervaporation, and membrane distillation (MD). Special attention is devoted to preparation methods involving DES in Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation (NIPS), Interfacial Polymerization (IP), and electrospinning. Notable developments include the integration of DES into various membrane types, such as Thin-Film Composite (TFC) in NF and FO, Supported Liquid Membranes (SLMs) in pervaporation, and asymmetric mixed matrix membranes in UF. The review introduces a classification of DES as either hydrophilic or hydrophobic, revealing their respective roles and applications. A critical examination of hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and acceptors (HBA) offers insights into the separation mechanisms behind DES-based membranes. A central challenge addressed is the complex behavior of DES leaching within membranes, which has varying implications on the performance, efficiency, and purity of filtration processes. While some studies have shed light on the stability and intentional leaching of DES components to enhance membrane functionality, research is notably sparse when it comes to the specific issue of DES leaching in water filtration processes. This highlights an existing research void and suggests a direction for future studies. This comprehensive review serves as a roadmap for the further development and wider industrial adoption of DES-based membrane technologies while identifying both strengths and areas for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NADES offer greener alternatives for liquid phase microextraction. • HF-LPME technique benefits from NADES' environmental friendliness. • Automation advancements improve efficiency of NADES-based extraction. • Potential limitation in the utilization of NADES. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have gained significant attention as green solvents due to their unique properties, such as high solubility, low volatility, low toxicity, and tunability. Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) is a sample preparation technique that plays a crucial role in analytical chemistry, and the use of NADES as extraction solvents in LPME offers numerous benefits compared to traditional solvents. NADES can effectively extract bioactive compounds from natural sources without damaging their structure and activity. They can also serve as solvents and catalysts in organic reactions, enhancing the bioavailability of natural compounds. In addition, NADES can be utilized as mobile or stationary phases in chromatographic techniques for separating and analyzing natural compounds. The review highlights the efficiency of NADES in terms of extraction ability, analyte stabilization capacity, and detection compatibility. Moreover, the availability of their components, ease of preparation, low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and biodegradability make NADES attractive for researchers in the field of analytical chemistry. The applications of NADES in LPME contribute to the principles of green analytical chemistry and green sample preparation by providing a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to sample preparation. A comprehensive overview of the applications of NADES in liquid phase microextraction is provided, emphasizing their potential for advancing green practices in analytical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Study of the interacting mechanism of curcumin in the NADES comprising Menthol, Myristic acid using DFT method. • Validation of the data using experimental techniques (FTIR, Raman and SERS) • and computational methods. • UV–vis spectral analysis is performed to assess the stability of the NADES complex. • Slow degradation of the curcumin is observed in Men-Myr-Cur solvent. • Men-Myr-Cur solvent can extract more curcumin from the raw turmeric rhizome. The present work is aimed at analyzing the structural and chemical properties of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) comprising Menthol, Myristic Acid, and Curcumin, employing both computational and experimental methods. The enchanting pursuit of this theoretical study is to unravel the amicable interacting sites of these compounds using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at B3-LYP/6–31 + G (d,p) basis set. The intramolecular and intermolecular charge transfer between the hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) are affirmed by the NBO (natural bond orbital) study and AIM (atoms in molecules) analysis of the titled compounds. Through first-order hyperpolarizability parameters, the application of NLO onto the molecules supports the enhancement of the electron transfer. This paper also accounts for the interacting nature of C O, O–H, and C–H vibrational modes of the Men-Myr-Cur compound (Menthol + MyristicAcid + Curcumin) using Raman Spectroscopic and Infrared techniques. The theoretically computed Raman and IR vibrational wavenumbers are found to be in good agreement with the experimentally obtained values of the Raman, SERS, and FTIR. Moreover, the molecular docking analysis against the 7U5B receptor yields a remarkable binding energy of −6.15 kcal/mol, indicating the significant bioactive nature of the complex. Solubility and stability of Curcumin, both extract and standard samples in NADES are tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials have garnered significant attentions for various industrial applications due to their remarkable structural and physicochemical properties. Consequently, the impact of the increased discharge of GO into the environment also becomes a matter of significant concern due to the toxicity of GO nanoparticles to human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, efficient removal of GO from wastewaters before discharge into water bodies is crucial and remains a critical challenge in wastewater treatment due to the formation of highly stable GO suspensions in aqueous media. Accordingly, this work investigates the flocculation of aqueous GO suspensions using a range of single and hybrid coagulant/flocculant systems comprising a choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) coagulant and commercial high-molecular-weight polyacrylamide (PAM) based flocculants with variable surface charge densities. The effect of variations in the coagulant/flocculant charge type, charge density, and dosage on GO deflocculation was examined using residual turbidity, zeta potential, and floc size measurements. Cationic PAMs demonstrated the best performance among single flocculant systems with GO removal efficiency exceeding 97% and compact settleable flocs (D 50 > 20 µm) at optimum doses in the range of 15–20 mg/L. The high charge density of FO 4800 SH further enhanced the GO removal efficiency by 1.1% and reduced the required optimum dose by 5 mg/L compared to FO 4350 SH. Hybrid flocculant systems revealed that anionic PAMs are the best performing flocculants when utilized with a fixed concentration of NADES coagulant. High GO removal efficiencies exceeding 98%, maximum zeta potential reduction, and the formation of large flocs (D 50 > 20 µm) were achieved. The low charge density variant AN 923 SH offered better flocculation conditions by reducing the optimum PAM dose required by 5 mg/L compared to AN 956 SH. The NADES/AN 923 SH hybrid system was determined to be the optimal combination for a highly efficient treatment of GO suspensions at a fixed NADES dose of 0.048 M and a low optimum PAM dose of 5 mg/L that resulted in a GO removal efficiency of 98.1%, turbidity of 2.5 NTU, zeta potential of − 3.7 mV, and a mean D 50 floc size of 26.1 µm. [Display omitted] • Graphene Oxide (GO) removal using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) coagulant and polyacrylamide (PAM) flocculants. • Cationic PAMs removed more than 97% GO from suspensions in single coagulant/flocculant systems. • NADES/anionic PAM systems exceeded 98% GO removal in hybrid coagulant/flocculant systems. • Charge type and density of PAMs influenced the flocculation efficiency of GO suspensions. • Hybrid systems considerably reduced the optimum PAM dose by > 66% for maximum GO removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients is an important aspect of drug processing and formulation. Although caffeine was a subject of many studies aiming to quantify saturated solutions, many applied solvents suffer from not being environmentally friendly. This work fills this gap by presenting the results of solubility measurements in choline chloride natural deep eutectic solvents, ccNADES, comprising one of seven of the following polyalcohols: glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol, glucose, sucrose, maltose and fructose. The ratio of ccNADES components was optimized for maximizing caffeine solubility at room temperature. Additionally, temperature dependent solubility was measured for the first four systems exhibiting the highest solubility potential, both in their neat forms and in mixtures with water. Results were used for intermolecular interactions assessments using the COSMO-RS-DARE approach, which led to a perfect match between experimental and computed solubility values. An important methodological discussion was provided for an appropriate definition of the systems. Surprising linear trends were observed between the values of fitting parameters and water-ccNADES composition. In addition, comments on selection of the values of the fusion thermodynamic parameters were provided, which led to the conclusion that COSMO-RS-DARE solubility computations can effectively compensate for the inaccuracies of these important physicochemical properties.

Deep eutectic solvents (DES), compared to classic ones, have interesting properties, such as the ability to solubilize compounds differing in polarity or increased dissolution of selected chemical compounds. They also offer specific interactions between the mobile and stationary phases. Those features make them promising solvents in chromatographic techniques, including the use in the separation of complicated samples. The first quantitative analysis with eutectic thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is presented in the paper. As a case study, five alkaloids from Chelidonium maius were selected as target compounds. A wide range of terpene-based DESs was investigated to develop the chromatographic system, both pure and after dilution. Moreover, a novel approach was employed to adjust polarity, involving mixing DESs differing in chromatographic properties. This procedure has proved to be effective. The best results were obtained with a 2:1 (wt/wt) mixture of DESs: camphor + phenol and menthol + limonene, with a 20% addition of methanol. The chromatographic system was validated and checked on the real sample, which made it the first applicable and operational quantitative eutectic TLC system.

We compared different extraction methods for isolation of isoflavones from soybean molasses. Since conventional extraction methods are time-consuming, expensive and unsustainable, we have compared them with the NADES extraction method, which does not have these disadvantages. Fermentation-assisted technique and extraction with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) were compared to the conventional extraction methods. Based on the results obtained, we selected the optimal technique for isoflavones isolation. Isoflavones were identified by gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometer (GC-MS), whereas their quantities were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo metabolism of daidzein to S-equol was performed in rats with quantification of a yield of S-equol as a result of daidzein in vivo conversion in rats’ intestines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) represent a promising group of green solvents employed for the extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. Due to the wide range of polarities of investigated solutes, and an outstanding number of combinations of NADES components, fine tuning and selection by software for modeling and evaluation of thermodynamic properties of solvents and solutes is a necessary step preceding the extraction from real samples. In this study, four hydrophilic NADES were chosen for the prediction of solubility of 19 bioactive compounds from Mediterranean plants, which was performed by COSMO-RS software. NADES structure optimization was performed by pseudocomponent approach and individual constituent approach. Change of hydrogen bond donor components of NADES did not show a significant influence on the solubility of screened solutes. According to both approaches, the investigated systems represent promising solvents for extraction of hydrophilic and moderately lipophilic flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenylpropanoids, while being unsuitable for extraction of the most lipophilic (logkow ≥ 4) natural products and compounds lacking polar functional groups due to the absence of sites participating in hydrogen bond formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study in which a simple, practical observation significantly changed the perception of basic phenomena regarding the mechanism of cell functioning, and thus was able to change the existing theory. This observation drew attention to the fact that the extract obtained from the dry plant substance with the use of pure alcohol, after distilling off the solvent, does not give a dry concentrated extract, and the viscous residue cannot be dried by distillation. This is a phenomenon that practically every phytochemist has encountered since the inception of this field of knowledge. It turned out that the explanation for the described phenomenon is the presence of eutectic solvents. Eutectic solvents are formed by mixing specific solid components, which liquefy without the addition of solvents, thanks to a significant lowering of the melting point of the mixture compared to the melting points of the starting materials. Although more than a hundred years have passed since the description of the above phenomenon, in the field of natural sciences, eutectic solvents have been treated as a curiosity for a long time, while in medical sciences - and more specifically in pharmacy - they were considered an inconvenience causing pharmaceutical incompatibilities. In fact, they are essential for the functioning of cells, enabling plants to develop frost resistance, being responsible for the ability to cryopreserve animal tissues, or allowing the dissolution of substances which are otherwise insoluble inside the cell in either the lipid layer or the aqueous part of the cell juice. The described discovery, made in 2011, allowed for a leap improvement in the understanding of the functioning of living cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional food is lately an interesting topic from the new product development perspective; complex motivation and expectations of consumers regarding it present a challenge when new products are designed. Co-creation is an interesting alternative to the standard practices by the R & D departments since it directly involves consumers in the various stages of the creation process. This work aims to describe experiences of engaging consumers in different development stages of a functional food product within a project realized at a food research institute. Four consecutive studies were conducted: the first study explored current trends in Serbia regarding the way consumers use functional food and are informed about it; the second study described development of a raspberry seeds extract with antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity confirmed in vitro; the third study tested the same extract in a sample of consumers, validating its usability in food products; and the fourth study described a co-creation session with 18 participants, during which a number of activities were realized to stimulate idea generation. Rather than the final product idea itself, this work is valuable because of detailed insights into the various phases of the co-creation process. It is shown that consumers and food researchers can together engage in the new food product development process as long as the communication between them is rich and with mutual understanding.

The research aimed to use natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as an extractant for fractionation of compounds of selected elements from young barley and to compare it with the fractionation of elements from certified element materials. The use of such a comparison made it possible to prove the possibility of extracting the same forms of elements (species) from different materials, which confirmed the option of using NADES as extractants in speciation analysis. The research was conducted with hyphenated techniques—separation by high-performance chromatography coupled to an isotope-specific detector, mass spectrometry (MS) with ionization in inductively coupled plasma (ICP)—which are widely used in speciation analysis. Natural deep eutectic solvents also help introduce Green Analytical Chemistry principles (GAC). According to the results of our studies, the use of different NADES permit the extraction of various metals from a single sample. Moreover, using other natural solvents of eutectic properties helps extract different species of a given metal.

Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) herbal dust has been recognized as a potential underutilized resource for the recovery of antioxidants. The aim of this paper was to optimize natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction of polyphenols to obtain improved antioxidant activity of extracts determined by selected in vitro assays (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS). Twenty different NADES systems were investigated in the first step of the screening of the extraction solvent and l-proline (Pro)–glycerine (Gly) based solvents provided the best results. Preliminary experiments organized by 25−1 fractional factorial design narrowed down the number of extraction factors from five (temperature, extraction time, NADES type, water content and L/S ratio) to three and determined their experimental domain for the final step. A face-centered central composite design with temperature (40–55–70 °C), extraction time (60–120–180 min) and L/S ratio (10–20–30 g NADES/g sample) was applied for influence analysis and process optimization. Multi-response optimization suggested a temperature of 65 °C, time of extraction of 180 min and L/S ratio of 28 g NADES/g DW as optimal extraction parameters. Experimental validation confirmed good agreement between experimental and predicted results in the extract obtained at optimal conditions and the interactions in the most suitable NADES (N16; Pro–Gly–H2O; 1:2:1) were confirmed by the 1H-NMR.

Since their introduction, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have emerged as a promising, eco-friendly alternative to petrochemicals to dissolve plant metabolites. As the demand for sustainable, green cosmetics is growing, those solvents represent unexplored opportunities to develop innovative extracts with unique phytochemical footprints and biological activities. However, despite the number of NADES described in the literature, only a few can actually be used for cosmetic applications because of safety or regulatory issues. This chapter will first introduce the regulatory framework and green chemistry requirements that cosmetic active ingredients have to comply with. To answer the challenging question of how NADES can support innovation in the cosmetic industry, the second part will present the strategy chosen by Gattefossé to develop, characterize and industrialize solvents and extraction processes that overcome cosmetic constraints. Finally, the value-added of NADES compared to traditional extraction solvents in terms of their phytochemical composition and biological efficacy on human skin and skin models will be discussed through concrete examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In new food product development, one of the major challenges is to enable the preservation of the designed food properties throughout its shelf life. During the shelf life, food ingredients undergo different deteriorative changes thus affecting their chemical, sensory and nutritional properties (e.g. texture, appearance, flavor, nutritional value, beneficial health effects). Different strategies have been applied to food products to stabilize food ingredients and improve the oxidative stability, such as: the use of chemical additives, antioxidants, and utilization of encapsulation/microencapsulation techniques. However, in recent years the change of consumer needs and expectations from food industry have dramatically changed, requiring more natural, less processed and "free from" ingredients food. Therefore, the importance of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) made of natural primary metabolites is rising especially in the food sector. However, studies presenting the stabilization ability of NADES are still scarce. This chapter overviews the unique physicochemical properties of NADES accountable for stabilization of solutes and their application related to stabilization of food and its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An insufficient vocabulary and lack of a proper molecular grammar tends to simplify the exquisite organization of the cellular environment in which plant metabolism is orchestrated. Chaos at the cellular level would not have enabled plants to evolve as the chemists par excellence in nature. Certain molecules such as sugars, amino acids and organic acids, are always present in considerable amounts in plant cells. In the proper stoichiometric ratios, they may form natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and thereby provide a third intracellular phase in addition to oil and water. With a negligible vapor pressure and superior ability to solubilize natural products, they may fine tune the localization and activity of enzymes and guide storage of natural products in dense bio-condensates through liquid-liquid phase separation. In the absence of a stringent lipid bilayer border, such dynamic compartments may allow for swift mixing and demixing depending on metabolic demands. In plants, aromatic amino acids serve as precursors of an impressive diversity of bioactive natural compounds including alkaloids, cyanogenic glucosides and phenylpropanoids. This product diversity is largely achieved through combinatorial assembly of sequential enzymes into efficient enzyme complexes, metabolons, that facilitate substrate channeling and dependent on their configuration establish metabolic highways towards formation of specific end products. Based on specific experimental systems, we discuss how new technologies with improved spatial and temporal resolution are now making it possible to study the dynamics of plant metabolism based on metabolon and bio-condensate formation making these substantive words in the glossary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The involvement of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) in biological processes has been speculated but experimental evidence based on their observation in cells and biochemical reactions is still largely missing. Nevertheless, a sum of observations and analogies between NADES physical-chemical properties and those of peculiar cellular environments allows raising interesting hypothesis on the role they could play. To contribute to the current thinking on NADES in biological systems, an overview of these unusual liquid media is first presented with a special focus on how their occurrence in Nature (animal and plant) and hypothetical roles in cell metabolism were supported by experimental approaches. Then, a discussion pointing out the diversity of membranes formation and structures, describes, while challenging the readers, how NADES may be related with membrane systems. The occurrence of NADES in the cell and their possible interaction with highly organized intracellular structures and membrane-less organelles is also discussed. Observations already made with NADES metabolites in cells allow discussing the possible roles and effects of NADES on cell metabolism in connection with membranes or subcellular assemblies. Finally, suggestions for further investigations regarding the occurrence and the contribution of NADES in the regulation of cellular functions are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huge quantities of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaves (OPL) are generated as agricultural biomass from oil palm plantations. OPL are known to contain significant amounts of flavonoids. For maximal exploitation of these valuable antioxidant compounds, an innovative and sustainable extraction method employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) combined with ultrasonic assisted extraction was developed. Various NaDES composed of choline chloride as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and 1,2 propanediol (PD), 1,4 butanediol (BD), glycerol (GLY), glucose (GLU), maltose (MAL), and lactic acid (LA) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) were synthesized. The influence of these compositions, the methods of their synthesis, molar ratios, and water contents on their capacity to extract flavonoids from OPL was evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that methods which incorporate a heating step produced NaDES with the best capacity to extract OPL flavonoids. These thermal methods combined with molar ratios of 1:3 or 1:4 and water contents of 17 to 50% were found to be the optimal conditions for preparing NaDES, specifically when applied to the PD, BD, and GLY NaDES. Subsequently, UHPLC-UV/PDA-MS/MS analysis revealed NaDES extracts recovered by macroporous adsorption resin XAD7HP were able to optimally extract at least twelve luteolin and apigenin derivatives in OPL NaDES extracts prepared from glycerol and 1,4-butanediol demonstrated better and comparable efficiency as aqueous methanol in extracting flavonoids from OPL. The in vitro studies of antioxidant and wound healing properties supported these findings by exhibiting good free radical scavenging, cell proliferation, and migration activities. Additionally, the NaDES extracts also showed non-cytotoxicity effects at 1000 µg/mL and below on 3T3 fibroblast cells. Results of the study showed that NaDES could be a promising eco-friendly green solvent to extract bioactive OPL flavonoids that have great potential for applications as wound healing agents.

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of spontaneous microbial maceration on the release and extraction of the flavonoids and phenolics from olive leaves. Bioprofiling based on thin-layer chromatography effect-directed detection followed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy proved to be a reliable and convenient method for simultaneous comparison of the extracts. Results show that fermentation significantly enhances the extraction of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The polyphenolic content was increased from 6.7 µg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) to 25.5 µg GAE, antioxidants from 10.3 µg GAE to 25.3 µg GAE, and flavonoid content from 42 µg RE (rutin equivalents) to 238 µg RE per 20 µL of extract. Increased antioxidant activity of fermented ethyl acetate extracts was attributed to the higher concentration of extracted flavonoids and phenolic terpenoids, while increased antioxidant activity in fermented ethanol extract was due to increased extraction of flavonoids as extraction of phenolic compounds was not improved. Lactic acid that is released during fermentation and glycine present in the olive leaves form a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) with significantly increased solubility for flavonoids.

The principles of 'green chemistry' are gaining importance in agri-food sector due to the need to reduce pollution from toxic chemicals, make industrial processes safer and more sustainable, and to offer 'clean-labeled products' required by the consumers. The application of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) - natural product-based green liquids is considered the promising alternative to conventional organic solvents. This review is intended to summarize and discuss recent advances related to physicochemical properties of NADES, their applications, compatibility with analytic techniques and toxicological profile, pointing out the challenges and necessary improvements for their wider utilization in agri-food sector. NADES allow extraction of wide range of food compounds and they are proven to be convenient for food-related applications. However, their potential for industrial scale-up utilization is not completely investigated. Examined NADES are readily biodegradable, but only preliminary studies on NADES toxicity which include limited number of NADES molecules are available. Apart from fundamental research dealing with NADES formation and the nature of the interactions and structure underpinning the liquid phase formation, the question of purity of NADES obtained by different synthetic methodologies need to be addressed in the future. Data on physicochemical properties of synthetized NADES are still needed as they are relevant for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural Deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) are promising green solvents for the extraction of phytochemical compounds with antioxidant properties. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the behavior of the antioxidant properties of Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) root in hydrophilic NaDESs. For this purpose, two NaDESs constituted of sodium acetate:lactic acid (SALA 12) and sodium acetate:formic acid (SAFA 12) were synthesized to evaluate the antioxidant properties of Alkanet. 70% ethanol, 80% methanol and water were used as conventional solvents for comparison. SALA 12 and SAFA 12 were characterized considering their viscosities and FITR spectra. The extracts obtained with SALA 12 and SAFA 12 presented the best results when compared to the conventional solvents. The NaDES presented the highest extraction performance was SAFA 12. This prominent NaDES was subjected to the response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design to figure out the optimum conditions to have the maximum antioxidant activity of Alkanet root. For total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and DPPH radical scavenging, the optimum conditions were 1:4 molar ratio, 45% water content and 25% mL solvent ratio. The confirmed responses at the optimum conditions were 390.16 mg GAE/g, 10.69 mg ECE/g and 444.68 mmol TE/g, respectively. NaDES molar ratio and water content were found to impact most significantly the antioxidant properties Alkanet. The thermal stability experimentation revealed that phytochemicals along with the antioxidant properties of Alkanet were more stable in NaDES. These findings revealed that novel NaDES is an efficient green solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties from plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste biomass (agave bagasse) and native birch wood were used as raw materials for a novel fractionation and derivation process to produce cellulose acetates (CAs). During the first stage of the fractionation process, a significant amount of hemicelluloses and lignin were dissolved from the biomass using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) that consisted of a mixture of choline chloride and lactic acid with the molar ratio of 1:9. Then, the residual solid material was delignified by bleaching it with a mixture of acetic acid and sodium chlorite. The fractionation process generated differently purified pulps (celluloses) which were converted to CAs. The crystallinity index, polymerization degree, chemical composition, and thermal properties of the differently purified pulps and CAs were analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of the acetylation process and to characterize the CAs. The chemical derivation of the differently purified cellulose samples generated CAs with different degrees of substitution (DSs). The more purified the cellulose sample was, the higher its DS was. Moreover, some differences were observed between the acetylation efficiencies of birch and agave bagasse. Typically, cellulose purified from birch by treating it with NADES followed by bleaching was acetylated more completely (DS = 2.94) than that derived from agave bagasse (DS = 2.45). These results revealed that using green solvents, such as NADES, to treat both agave bagasse (waste biomass) and birch wood, allowed pure fractions to be obtained from biomass, and thus, biomass could be valorized into products such as CAs, which present a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have been shown to be more effective in extracting plant marker compounds than are organic solvents. In this study, mixtures of choline chloride or betaine with three combinations of sugar molecules (glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol) and three combinations of organic acids (lactic acid, citric acid, and malic acid) were used as solvents in ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of trans-cinnamaldehyde and coumarin from cinnamon bark [Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume]. Optimization of extraction conditions to obtain the optimal trans-cinnamaldehyde content was performed by varying the percentage of water in NADES and extraction time. Efficiency of extraction was determined by conventional extraction performed by maceration, reflux, and the soxhlet method using 96% ethanol for comparison. Trans-cinnamaldehyde and coumarin contents were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The surfaces of samples before and after extraction were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study results showed that choline chloride-citric acid (1:2) with 40% water addition for 30 minutes produced the highest trans-cinnamaldehyde content of 9.24 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight. The highest trans-cinnamaldehyde content from conventional extraction using the maceration method was 1.93 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight. SEM analysis of sample surfaces showed that the ruptured cells in the NADES-UAE method gave a higher trans-cinnamaldehyde yield than that from the shrunken and damaged cells in the conventional extraction. NADESUAE provided higher extraction efficiency for trans-cinnamaldehyde and coumarin from C. burmannii than that of the conventional methods using 96% ethanol as solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) as green solvent had succeeded in attracting caffeine and chlorogenic acid from green coffee beans. NADES has very low eutectic points and chlorogenic acid in extract is thermolabile so that freeze-drying is suitable as drying method. This study aimed to produce and investigate the effect of addition of maltodextrin, Arabic gum and Aerosil® in freeze-dried NADES extract of green coffee beans and obtain the validation method of NADES extract by HPLC. In pretreatment of freeze drying, addition of water was needed as antisolvent and excipients (maltodextrin, Arabic gum, and its combination at 25%, 30%, and 35% and Aerosil® at 1%, 2%, and 3%) were added to improve the quality of dried extract. All samples were frozen first at -80°C for 24 hours, then freeze drying was carried out for 26 hours under pressure conditions of 0.036 mbar and ice condenser temperature of -104.7°C. The freeze-dried products were evaluated for caffeine and chlorogenic acid content, yield drying, and moisture content. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid levels had a significant difference (p <0.05) to the addition of different excipients. Moisture content had a significant effect on the addition of excipients and Aerosil® (p <0.05) while the drying yield had no significant effect (p> 0.05). The freeze-dried extract had been dried successfully that the increasing excipients improve the physical qualities and reducing stickiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) combined with microwave intensify EOs extraction. • Implementing NADES for extracting essential oils (EOs) constitutes a green alternative. • Extracted compounds of obtained EOs differ depending on the selected NADES. • Extraction with NADES improved the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the obtained EOs. Due to the increasing demand for green technologies for the extraction of essential oils, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have emerged as a type of environmentally friendly solvents. This work aimed to study the use of different NADES in combination with microwave pretreatment for intensifying the extraction of Aloysya citriodora (Mexican lippia) essential oil (ACEO), a barely studied plant. The chemical composition (GCMS–) and biological activities (antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compounds) of the obtained oils are reported. The yield of ACEO extracted with NADES increased from 0.10 to 0.21 %. The main compounds of each ACEO were verbenone (28–54 %), limonene (2–10 %), and spathulenol (3–15 %). ACEOs extracted with NADES showed better antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. The ACEO extracted by Ch:OA reduced 3.6 log CFU/mL against Listeria monocytogenes. Meanwhile, ACEOs extracted by Ch:CA and Ch:OA showed the highest antioxidant activities (27.77–35.95 mg TE/mL of EO), and total phenolic compounds (15.33–17.35 mg GAE/mL of EO). Overall results suggest that using these green solvents aided the extraction method and may represent a study opportunity for extracting natural products without harming the environment, improving the process efficiency through a sustainable and innovative approach, with promising industrial applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ILs and NADES are non-flammable, non-toxic, and biodegradable, being greener and safer than traditional solvents. • NADES have higher vapor pressures and weaker heat stability than Ionic liquids. • ILs can remove organic pollutants from aqueous media efficiently. • NADES have advantages over IL, namely low cost, chemical inertness with water, ease of synthesis in high purity. • Scaling up the synthesis is difficult owing to high raw material costs and difficulty maintaining product quality. Wastewater treatment is a vital process to protect people and local ecosystems from toxic elements found in wastewater and keep the environment clean. However, conventional wastewater treatment methods may not consistently exhibit environmentally friendly characteristics or effectively eliminate organic contaminants from water. The need for an environmentally friendly and efficient technological solution becomes essential. A novel approach for removing organic contaminants from wastewater has recently been discovered that makes use of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and Ionic liquids (ILs). This approach has yielded significant results and has the potential to revolutionize wastewater treatment technology. ILs and NADES are two types of solvents that have recently received much interest due to their unique characteristics, such as sustainability, biodegradability, and low toxicity. This review presents a comprehensive overview of novel extraction techniques for different organic pollutants from wastewater using ILs, such as pesticides, and dyes, and non-organic pollutants like heavy metals from wastewater using ILs and NADES. It highlights the potential of these solvents as a green alternative to conventional solvents for extracting organic pollutants. Besides, it illustrates the categories of ILs and NADES, their benefits and drawbacks, their major challenges, and the possible difficulties that can arise while scaling up their applications. Additionally, the paper delivers a detailed compilation of various applications of ILs in the extraction of organic contaminants. This review aims to provide valuable insights for the continuous development of NADES and ILs, as well as to enhance understanding of these innovative green solvents, and to promote their utilization in the extraction of organic pollutants from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal stability of a protein is an important concern for its practical application in food processing industries. In this study, we have carried out classical molecular dynamics simulations to systematically investigate the effect of NADES (natural deep eutectic solvent) on the stabilization of the protein β -Lactoglobulin (BLG) at different temperatures. This study sheds light on the very aspects of NADES composed of betaine and sorbitol on the stability of the protein. NADES provides better stability to the protein up to a temperature of 400 K than in water. It is observed that the protein starts to unfold above temperature 400 K in spite of the presence of NADES which is quiet evident from the root mean square deviation (RMSD) and radius of gyration (Rg) plots. The decreasing average solvent accessible surface area (SASA) values and increasing intra-protein hydrogen bonds indicate better stability of the protein in NADES medium than in water at temperatures 300 K and 400 K. At high temperatures viz. 450 K and 500 K the number and distribution of solvent species (betaine and sorbitol) around the protein surface show an increment that are evident from the calculations of solvation shell, radial and spatial distribution functions. Increased number of betaine molecules that interact with the protein through electrostatic interaction may lead to destabilization of the protein at these temperatures. This study suggests that NADES could be used as an ideal medium for thermal stability of the protein BLG up to a temperature of 400 K. Beyond this temperature, NADES used for this study fails to exert stabilization effect on the protein. [Display omitted] • MD simulation of the protein β -lactoglobulin and NADES at different temperatures. • At low temperature the stabilizing effect of NADES is more pronounced than pure water. • At high temperature NADES fail to exert their effect on protein stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effect of CC and LA-based NADES on Ageratina adenophora flowers essential oil. • Isolation and characterisation of new epoxysesquiterpene molecule. • Absolute configuration determination of new molecule using SC-XRD. • Anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of essential oils and isolated molecule. During the past decade, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have emerged as a green alternative to conventional organic solvents due to properties like low toxicity, diverse metabolite solubility, and biodegradability. In the present study, choline chloride (CC) and lactic acid (LA)-based NADES has been utilized as pre-extraction media prior to the hydrodistillation of Ageratina adenophora flowers. CC and LA were used in three different molar ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) along with water to extract essential oil from flowers. The essential oil yield was found to be increased from 2.84 mg/g to 13.52 mg/g using NADES-assisted hydrodistillation. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyse the chemical diversity of the essential oils. In addition, a new epoxy containing sesquiterpene molecule named 5,11-epoxycadin-3,4-en-8-one, was also isolated from the essential oil without chromatography techniques. The molecular structure and absolute configuration have been deduced using NMR spectroscopy (1D & 2D NMR), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), respectively. Also, the morphology of the crystal surface was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of the essential oils and isolated new molecule has also been investigated. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reuse of food chain residues is topical. This revaluation can extract bioactive compounds from these residues. However, extraction involves chemicals that cause environmental damage. In the present work, an experimental design with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) has been carried out for extracting bioactive compounds from orange peel residues. NADES have a very low environmental impact. The tests were performed with five different NADES, mixed with 70% water. The results were compared with ethanol–water 50%, v:v, showing that NADES solvents provided better extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The shelf-life of the extracts was also evaluated, based on the above tests, for 4 weeks, finding significant changes from day 15 of storage at 4 °C.

In this study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) formed by choline chloride (ChCl), sucrose, fructose, glucose, and xylose, were used to extract antioxidants from the halophyte Polygonum maritimum L. (sea knotgrass) and compared with conventional solvents (ethanol and acetone). NADES and conventional extracts were made by an ultrasound-assisted procedure and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant properties by the radical scavenging activity (RSA) on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and copper chelating activity (CCA). Samples were profiled by liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-QTOF-MS analysis. ChCl:fructose was more efficient in the DPPH assay, than the acetone extract. ChCl:sucrose and ChCl:fructose extracts had the highest ORAC when compared with the acetone extract. NADES extracts had higher CCA, than the acetone extract. The phenolic composition of the NADES extracts was less complex than the conventional extracts, but the proportions of major antioxidants, such as flavonols and flavan-3-ols, were similar in all the solvents. Myricitrin was the major flavonoid in all of the samples, while gallic acid was the main phenolic acid in the conventional extracts and present in a greater amount in ChCl:fructose. Results suggest that NADES containing ChCl and sucrose/fructose can replace conventional solvents, especially acetone, in the extraction of antioxidants from sea knotgrass.

DES are mixtures of two or more compounds, able to form liquids upon mixing, with lower freezing points when compared to the individual constituents (eutectic mixtures). This attitude is due to the specific hydrogen-bond interactions network between the components of the mixture. A notable characteristic of DES is the possibility to develop tailor-made mixtures by changing the components ratios or a limited water dilution, for special applications, making them attractive for pharmaceutical purposes. In this review, we focused our attention on application of ChCl-based DES in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. In this context, these eutectic mixtures can be used as solvents, solvents/catalysts, or as chemical donors and we explored some representative examples in recent literature of such applications.

Deep eutectic solvents are liquid mixtures of solid components at room temperature, which present exceptional properties: high solvent capacity, high biodegradation, low volatile organic compound character, and relatively low toxicity. Furthermore, there are an important number of DES described, formed by different components and ratios, and thus, the studied applications are also numerous. In this review, we focused on the applications related to health. One of the most promising applications of DES is the development of oral liquid formulations of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients, although it currently remains at an early stage. We have analyzed the potential and limitations of DES with this regard. Furthermore, DES have been used as synthesis media. In this work, we revised the use of DES to obtain bioactive natural products via synthesis or extraction process. Finally, the usefulness of DES in other interesting applications for promoting health has been also examined: this is the case of genomics studies, nano-carriers for the encapsulation of anticancer drugs or stabilization of samples for medical purposes.

Theophylline, a typical representative of active pharmaceutical ingredients, was selected to study the characteristics of experimental and theoretical solubility measured at 25 °C in a broad range of solvents, including neat, binary mixtures and ternary natural deep eutectics (NADES) prepared with choline chloride, polyols and water. There was a strong synergistic effect of organic solvents mixed with water, and among the experimentally studied binary systems, the one containing DMSO with water in unimolar proportions was found to be the most effective in theophylline dissolution. Likewise, for NADES, the addition of water (0.2 molar fraction) resulted in increased solubility compared to pure eutectics, with the highest solubilisation potential offered by the composition of choline chloride with glycerol. The ensemble of Statistica Automated Neural Networks (SANNs) developed using intermolecular interactions in pure systems has been found to be a very accurate model for solubility computations. This machine learning protocol was also applied as an extensive screening for potential solvents with higher solubility of theophylline. Such solvents were identified in all three subgroups, including neat solvents, binary mixtures and ternary NADES systems. Some methodological considerations of SANNs applications for future modelling were also provided. Although the developed protocol is focused exclusively on theophylline solubility, it also has general importance and can be used for the development of predictive models adequate for solvent screening of other compounds in a variety of systems. Formulation of such a model offers rational guidance for the selection of proper candidates as solubilisers in the designed solvents screening.

The solubility of theobromine was studied both experimentally and theoretically. The solubility was determined spectrophotometrically at 25 °C in neat organic solvents, aqueous binary mixtures, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and ternary NADES mixtures with water. It was found that addition of water in unimolar proportions with some organic solvents increases theobromine solubility compared to neat solvents. Additionally, using NADES results in a solubility increase of the studied compound not only in relation to water but also DMSO. The addition of water (0.2 molar fraction) to NADES is responsible for an even larger increase of solubility. The measured solubilities were interpreted in terms of three theoretical frameworks. The first one—belonging to the set of data reduction techniques—proved to be very efficient in quantitative back-computations of excess solubility of theobromine in all studied systems. The default approach utilizing the well-recognized COSMO-RS (Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents) framework offered at most a qualitative solubility description. The extended search for possible contacts provided evidence for the existence of many intermolecular complexes that alter the electron density of the solute molecule, thus influencing solubility computations. Taking into account such intermolecular contacts by using the COSMO-RS-DARE (Conductor-like Screening Model for Realistic Solvation-Dimerization, Aggregation, and Reaction Extension) framework seriously increased the accuracy of solubility computations.

Aiming to fulfil the sustainability criteria of future biorefineries, a novel biomass pretreatment combining natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) and microwave (MW) technology was developed. Results showed that NaDESs have a high potential as green solvents for lignin fractionation/recovery and sugar release in the following enzymatic hydrolysis. A new class of lignin derived NaDESs (LigDESs) was also investigated, showing promising effects in wheat straw delignification. MW irradiation enabled a fast pretreatment under mild condition (120 °C, 30 min). To better understand the interaction of MW with these green solvents, the dielectric properties of NaDESs were investigated. Furthermore, a NaDES using the lignin recovered from biomass pretreatment as hydrogen bond donor was prepared, thus paving the way for a “closed-loop” biorefinery process.

Emerging neoteric solvents are being the subject of growing attention due to their lower cost and environmental impact, so they are being applied in a broad spectrum of industries. Among them, the pharmaceutical sector is demanding new environmentally friendly and non-toxic solvents able to enhance drugs solubility and stability. The introduction of ionic liquids turned out to be a breakthrough in the field of Green Chemistry opening up new separation and catalysis opportunities. In this sense, the options represented by Deep Eutectic Solvents make up an attractive alternative due to the low cost of their raw material, simple synthesis, and eco-friendly character. In line with these findings, Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Solvents and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents are new and promising alternatives to improve the bioavailability of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. This leading article is focused on providing a general picture of the advantages and drawbacks of these new solvents as well as the main research lines and perspectives to achieve efficient drugs delivery systems. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as solvation media for enhancement of solubility of sulfonamides, as well as gaining some thermodynamic characteristics of the analyzed systems. Significance: Low solubility of many active pharmaceutical ingredients is a well-recognized difficulty in pharmaceutical industry, hence the need for different strategies addressing this problem. Among such strategies, those that are environmentally and economically beneficial are of particular interest. Methods: The solubility of sulfanilamide and sulfacetamide in 21 different NADES compositions comprising choline chloride with sugars or sugar alcohols was measured spectrophotometrically. Thermodynamic parameters describing the studied systems were determined using the COSMO-RS computational protocol. Results: All of the considered NADES compositions gave an increase in solubility of the studied sulfonamides, with the highest solubilities obtained for the system comprising choline chloride and glycerol in unimolar proportions, which gave a solubility advantage of 83.7 and 73.8 for sulfanilamide and sulfacetamide, respectively. Theoretical studies indicated that the dissolution of both considered sulfonamides has a low endothermic character, with the lowest enthalpy values obtained for the most optimal, i.e. unimolar, proportions. The non-monotonous trend of enthalpy of dissolution was also discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions. Conclusions: The obtained results show the feasibility of using NADES as solubility enhancers for sulfonamides and encourage for further exploration in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have received considerable attention of biochemical and food industry due to their low toxicity and cost, remarkable solubilisation ability, negligible volatility at room temperature and good selectivity. In this sense, the purpose of this work was to synthesize various NADES based on several natural components (lactic acid (La), glucose (G), choline chloride (C) and citric acid (Ca)). In order to direct future applications, the NADES were characterized with respect to their physical (density), rheological, surface and thermal properties. The influence of temperature, type of organic acid, and water content in each of these systems were also evaluated. The samples were compared in two groups: with and without water (W) (LaGW (5:1:3) and LaG (5:1)), and with different organic acids (CLa (1:1) and CCaW (1:1:1)). Viscosity and density were inversely affected by the temperature for all samples; the water content in the LaG (5:1) and LaGW (5:1:3) samples resulted in differences in viscosity. Density values ranged from 1.13 g mL−1 (CLa (1:1) at 323 K) to 1.30 g mL−1 (CCaW (1:1:1) at 293 K). There was no significant difference between LaG (5:1) and LaGW (5:1:3) , but there was a significant difference between CLa (1:1) and CCaW (1:1:1). The Ostwald-de-Waele rheological model indicated that only CCaW (1:1:1) presented a distinct change in rheological behaviour in response to an increase in temperature: it presented Newtonian behaviour at 298 K and pseudoplastic behaviour at 333 K. The Arrhenius model showed a good fit for the effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity of all NADESs. The apparent viscosities of the NADESs were compared to the surface tension and were directly proportional: the surface tension increased with an increase in viscosity. The thermal characterisation revealed a glass transition for NADES LaG (5:1) , LaGW (5:1:3) and CCaW (1:1:1) at temperatures below 220.03 K, confirming their formation and stability. Based on the results, the proposed NADES may be expected to be potential green solvents in the diverse fields of food, pharmaceuticals and chemistry technology. Graphical abstract Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Natural solvents showed outstanding performance as plant biocompounds vehicle. • Antifungal activity of Larrea extracts were higher than their individual compounds. • Topical formulations prepared with Larrea extracts showed satisfactory performance. Abstract Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast commonly found in mouth, gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Under certain conditions, it causes skin, mucosal and systemic infections. With growing concern over the emergence of resistant strains to conventional antifungals, the development of novel antifungal agents for the management of this pathogen is an urgent need. In the present work, novel bioextracts from folk medicinal plants were directly used as active ingredient in a topical formulation for dermal candidiasis. With the aim to replace hazardous traditional reagents, a natural solvent composed by lactic acid: glucose: water (LGH) was used as vehicle for bioactive compound extraction. Furthermore, phenolic and alkaloid composition were determined by HPLC and their individual antifungal effect was evaluated. LGH extracts of Larrea spices demonstrate a significant antimicrobial activity against C. albicans being higher than their individual bioactive constituents. Notably, the mixture of Larrea cuneifolia and L divaricata extracts in topical formulations reveal a synergistic antifungal effect highlighting their potential for candidiasis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to concentrate on developing new solvents for extraction of selected metal complexes from young barley. Estimation of the amount of elements in compound, not only their total concentration, is very important because only a part from total content of metal is absorbed by human organism. At the beginning, the total amount of elements in young barley was established as 16.69 ± 0.22 μg g−1 (RSD 1.36%) for copper, 156.29 ± 0.82 μg g−1 (RSD 0.52%) for manganese, 155.35 ± 1.29 μg g−1 (RSD 0.83%) for zinc, 9.10 ± 0.21 μg g−1 (RSD 2.36%) for molybdenum, and 0.35 ± 0.01 μg g−1 (RSD 1.63%) for cobalt. The LOD of analyzed elements were as follows (μg L−1): Mn 0.59, Co 0.05, Cu 0.33, Zn 1.2, and Mo 0.12. The LOQ of studied metals were as follows (μg L−1): Mn 1.9, Co 0.18, Cu 1.1, Zn 4.0, and Mo 1.4. After that, the most suitable solvents were identified. The determination of total and extractable amount of metals in young barley was carried out by standalone inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, a complementary analysis of extracted metal complexes was performed using size exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) method. It was confirmed that the natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are able to extract different metal and metal species in comparison with commonly used solvents. The study indicated that extraction by using the NADES has been successfully applied for determination of metals and metal complexes in young barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A thermophysical characterization at p = 0.1 MPa and at several temperatures of glyceline and glyceline-water is presented. • A ternary NADES has been synthesized and characterized by NRM techniques. • Some derivates properties of the two NADES have been calculated. • Results have been analyzed in terms of effect of temperature and inclusion of water. • The inclusion of water increases the molar volume and the fluidity of the ternary NADES. Abstract In this paper, two Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents, glyceline (Gly) and glyceline-water (GlyW), containing choline chloride as acceptor H-bond compound and glycerol as donor H-bond group are studied. For glyceline the mole relation is 1 (choline chloride): 2 (glycerol) and for glyceline-water the mole relation is 1 (choline chloride): 1.99 (glycerol): 1.02 water. The ternary NADES has been synthetized and characterized chemically by NMR techniques for this work. Several thermophysical properties in a wide range of temperature (278.15–338.15) K and at atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa) have been measured for both compounds: density, ρ , speed of sound, u , refractive index, n D , surface tension, σ , isobaric molar heat capacity, C p , m , kinematic viscosity, ν , and electric conductivity, κ. Furthermore, some related properties have been also calculated: isobaric expansibility, α p , isentropic compressibility, κ S , molar refraction, R m , entropy and enthalpy of surface formationper unit surface area (Δ S s and Δ H s), and dynamic viscosity, η , and viscous flow and electrical conductivity activation energies. The results have been discussed in terms of the effect of temperature and the inclusion of water. We conclude that the compound containing water into the structure has a higher molar volume and a higher fluidity. The binary NADES (Gly) is a more structured liquid than ternary one (GlyW). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]