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Oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) play an important role in the formation of atmospheric aerosols. Due to various analytical challenges in measuring organic vapors, uncertainties remain in the formation and fate of OOMs. The chemical ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometer (CI-Orbitrap) has recently been shown to be a powerful technique able to accurately identify gaseous organic compounds due to its great mass resolving power. Here we present the ammonium ion (NH4+) based CI-Orbitrap as a technique capable of measuring a wide range of gaseous OOMs. The performance of the CI-(NH4+)-Orbitrap was compared with that of state-of-the-art mass spectrometers, including a nitrate ion (NO3-) based CI coupled to an atmospheric pressure interfaced to long time-of-flight mass spectrometer (APi-LTOF), a new generation of proton transfer reaction-TOF mass spectrometer (PTR3-TOF), and an iodide (I-) based CI-TOF mass spectrometer equipped with a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO-CIMS). The instruments were deployed simultaneously in the Cosmic Leaving OUtdoors Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) during the CLOUD14 campaign in 2019. Products generated from α-pinene ozonolysis across multiple experimental conditions were simultaneously measured by the mass spectrometers. NH4+-Orbitrap was able to identify the widest range of OOMs (i.e., O = 2), from low oxidized species to highly oxygenated volatile organic compounds (HOM). Excellent agreements were found between the NH4+-Orbitrap and the NO3--LTOF for characterizing HOMs and with the PTR3- TOF for the less oxidized monomeric species. A semi-quantitative information was retrieved for OOMs measured by NH4+-Orbitrap using calibration factors derived from this side-by-side comparison. As other mass spectrometry techniques used during this campaign, the detection sensitivity of NH4+-Orbitrap to OOMs is greatly affected by relative humidity, which may be related to changes in ionization efficiency and/or multiphase chemistry. Overall, this study shows that NH4+ ion46 based chemistry associated with the high mass resolving power of the Orbitrap mass analyzer can measure almost all-inclusive compounds. As a result, it is now possible to cover the entire range of compounds, which can lead to a better understanding of the oxidation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a controller unit for reactivity monitoring and automatic power control that was designed and constructed for the 500 kW Dalat Nuclear Research Reactor (DNRR). For power control and reactivity calculations, frequency signals from neutron measurement channels of starting and working ranges of the reactor are used. Two abovementioned independent functions were combined in an Artix-7 FPGA board for determining reactivity values by solving the point reactor kinetics equations with six delayed neutron groups and for stabilizing the reactor power at preset levels by determining the unbalance voltage signal to control the automatic control rod. With real-time calculations, the newly developed controller can monitor the reactor reactivity and control the reactor power online. The developed controller unit's reactivity measuring and power stabilizing capabilities were assessed using the DNRR in normal operation and assumed emergency conditions and compared with those of the preexisting imported BNO-102R1 module of the DNRR control and protection system, known as ASUZ-14R. The results of the experiments show that the produced FPGA-based unit and the BNO-102R1 unit have the same technical characteristics and features, with the disparities being less than 5% and 1%, respectively, in reactivity measurement and power stabilization. The experimental data of reactivity measurements by the FPGA-based unit and the calculation results were also compared and found that the relative deviations between those are also less than 10%. The developed controller unit is capable of carrying out a variety of training and operational experiments on the DNRR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This invited Team Profile was created by the Ebenhan Lab (Professor Thomas Ebenhan and Professor Jan Rijn Zeevaart) at the Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, Pretoria (South Africa) in collaboration with Arno C. Gouws, Professor Hendrik G. Kruger, and Professor Tricia Naicker from the Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit at the University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban (South Africa); Professor Olivier Gheysens from the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐Luc and Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium); and ProfessorThavendran Govender from the Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa (South Africa). Researchers at these institutes have a 10‐year track record of joint publications. The review written by this collaboration provides a summary of the relevant antibiotic‐derived PET radiotracers, grouped either by radiotracer development for infection imaging, or radio‐antibiotic PET imaging for pharmacologic drug characterization. The review includes a critical, in‐depth evaluation, addressing the challenges and pitfalls of developing antibiotic‐derived PET radiotracers as infection imaging agents. "Antibiotic‐Derived Radiotracers for Positron Emission Tomography: Nuclear or 'Unclear' Infection Imaging?", A. C. Gouws, H. G. Kruger, O. Gheysens, J. R. Zeevaart, T. Govender, T. Naicker, T. Ebenhan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, e202204955. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This invited Team Profile was created by the Ebenhan Lab (Professor Thomas Ebenhan and Professor Jan Rijn Zeevaart) at the Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, Pretoria (South Africa) in collaboration with Arno C. Gouws, Professor Hendrik G. Kruger, and Professor Tricia Naicker from the Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit at the University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban (South Africa); Professor Olivier Gheysens from the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐Luc and Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium); and ProfessorThavendran Govender from the Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa (South Africa). Researchers at these institutes have a 10‐year track record of joint publications. The review written by this collaboration provides a summary of the relevant antibiotic‐derived PET radiotracers, grouped either by radiotracer development for infection imaging, or radio‐antibiotic PET imaging for pharmacologic drug characterization. The review includes a critical, in‐depth evaluation, addressing the challenges and pitfalls of developing antibiotic‐derived PET radiotracers as infection imaging agents. "Antibiotic‐Derived Radiotracers for Positron Emission Tomography: Nuclear or 'Unclear' Infection Imaging?", A. C. Gouws, H. G. Kruger, O. Gheysens, J. R. Zeevaart, T. Govender, T. Naicker, T. Ebenhan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, e202204955. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laboratory experiment was conducted at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research with a prototype of planetary gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) based on a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector and a proton detector (PD) configured with the GRS in the coincidence mode. The instrument set-up allows to detect gamma rays produced in the target irradiated by protons using integrated gamma-ray spectra (all detected gamma rays) as well as tagged gamma-ray spectra that select only photons synchronized with the proton detection. The latter option improves signal-to-noise ratio by selecting prompt photons produced in the irradiated target. The main objective was to conduct experiment with an irradiation of 11 samples of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) with high energy protons (170 MeV) to find a set of uniquely characterized gamma-ray lines that confidently indicate the presence of the given REE. These measurements are acquired to understand the conditions of a hypothetical space experiment on the lunar surface aimed for the reconnaissance of lunar resources. In this experiment, ambient gamma radiation is produced by charged particles of Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs). 45 significant gamma-ray lines were found for 11 tested samples of REEs in total. This list includes 7 gamma-ray lines which have already been identified in the existing catalog of characteristic gamma-ray lines produced in the inelastic scattering reactions. 18 gamma-ray lines are unique and they were detected for an individual REE only. Other 27 detected gamma-ray lines are associated with several REEs and therefore were combined into 10 joint groups. Some groups are rather large and consists of 4 REEs. The proposed method of spectrometry with the options of time- integrated and tagged spectra allowed to determine the fraction of the gamma-ray lines, which occurs promptly at moment of proton-nuclei interaction. For some gamma-ray lines such a fraction is rather large and approaching 50%, and for some other gamma-ray lines it could be as small as 10–15%. The obtained experimental results were used to predict the expected intensities of the REEs gamma-ray lines in a future gamma-ray spectrometric experiment on the lunar surface. In particular, for a hypothetical lunar ore field it is estimated that a gamma-ray spectrometer with 10 times larger total effective area, than one used for the experimental set-up, may detect Cerium gamma-ray line at 553 keV after 1.6 h of signal accumulations. • Gamma-ray spectrometry of Rare Earth Elements (REE) on the Moon surface. • Laboratory measurements of REE with prototype of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Spectrometer with HPGe detector. • Reference data for REE nuclear lines from the experiment at proton accelerator. • Detectability of REE nuclear lines on the lunar surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential use of a pulsed neutron source (PNS) to measure reactivity during nuclear fuel loading as a means to prevent core loading errors has been studied at the GUINEVERE facility. This facility couples the deuteron accelerator GENEPI-3C to the fast neutron subcritical reactor VENUS-F at the Belgian Nuclear Research Center SCK·CEN. The 14-MeV neutrons are produced in the reactor core center via T (d , n) 4 H e fusion reactions. PNS experiments were performed in five reactor configurations corresponding to the different loading steps of VENUS-F. The evolution of the neutron flux during these PNS experiments was measured by several 235U fission chambers in various positions in the inner and outer reflector and analyzed using the area-ratio method. The results show that, despite strong spatial effects, a strong correlation between the reactivity values given by the area-ratio method and some reference reactivity values remains throughout the reactor unloading. Monte Carlo simulations were first validated by comparison with the data and then used to investigate the sensitivity of the method to a core loading error. First results show that some loading errors could be experimentally detected using a PNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new compact time-of-flight neutron detector is being planned for the identification and energy measurement of neutrons produced in nucleus-nucleus interactions at energies up to 4 AGeV at the BM@N experiment, located at the Nuclotron (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia). This detector will be used to measure neutron yields and azimuthal flows, which should be sensitive to the equation of state of dense nuclear matter, as shown in various theoretical models It is proposed to use plastic scintillators produced at JINR and IFTP and silicon photomultipliers with a sensitive area of 6 × 6 mm2 for photon registration, one for each scintillation cell. To achieve the required neutron energy resolution (of the order of several percent) in the energy range up to 4 GeV, the time resolution of scintillation detectors should be 100−150 ps. The concept of a time-of-flight neutron detector is discussed. The results of measurements of the light yield and time resolution of several scintillation detector specimens of various sizes and two types of silicon photomultipliers are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-intensity proton beam of the TRIUMF 500 MeV cyclotron offers unique opportunities to produce rare isotopes by irradiating a variety of targets. In particular, the ISAC (Isotope Separation and ACceleration) facility provides the infrastructure to deliver customized rare ion beams for fundamental research in nuclear physics, astrophysics, material science, and nuclear medicine. A continuous effort is made to develop new radioactive ion beams (RIB) and improve their intensity or purity, properties that depend strongly on the type of target, operating conditions, the ion source, and beam transport efficiency. Yield data and theoretical production rates based on FLUKA and G eant 4 simulations are collected in the TRIUMF Isotope Database , providing a valuable resource for RIB development and experiment planning. This paper introduces the newly upgraded TRIUMF Isotope Database and presents examples on how its resources can be used to plan experiments and understand the origin of certain RIB. In particular we discuss the collection of 155Tb which is an important component of medical isotope research at TRIUMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Algerian NAA laboratory at the Nuclear Research Centre of Birine participated in the framework of PTNAT-IAEA project organized by IAEA. This paper presents the results of the proficiency tests performed during 2021–2022 by using k0-NAA method. The analytical work is based on the determination of major, minor and trace element in a sandy soil sample (PTNATIAEA/18) 2021 and clay sample (PTNATIAEA/19) 2022. The measurand mass fraction of 28 elements have been determined by using k0-NAA technique. The statistical parameters z-score and zeta score established in full compliance with ISO 13528 have been evaluated and good agreement is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New values of neutron fluxes and spectral parameters f and α were determined experimentally in all irradiation devices of the TRIGA Mark I IPR-R1 nuclear research reactor at Nuclear Technology Development Centre (CDTN), Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Sets of monitors Au, Fe, Zn and Zr were irradiated bare and Cd-covered, according to "Cd-ratio for multi-monitor" method. Values were validated by analysing the certified reference material BCR-320R irradiated in chosen channels. The calculations were made based on irradiation channel values and the average values of the Carousel. The results of En-score point out that the k0-method is producing reliable results. From now on, the values of mass fractions in several matrices, the production and studies with radioisotopes will be more accurate and the activities calculated more precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical techniques for modeling and simulating dangerous or complex systems, such as nuclear technology systems, often require high-performance computing to process and analyze available data. In this paper, simple and quick method to support studies and research related to nuclear fuel is presented. This reasonably simple method helps to predict different concentrations of actinides and fission products in nuclear fuels without the need for expensive specialized programs and highly-trained researchers. The great importance of this approach is the speed of predicting the components of nuclear fuel concentrations, which in turn leads to quick decision-making, such as the possibility of operating fuel at higher burnup values, predicting the amount of gases resulting from nuclear fission (which may accumulate and cause problems in nuclear fuel such as volume swells), and other important decisions in nuclear fuel technology. The predicted equations have been generalized for higher values of burnup and compared with comparable results from MCNP codes. The equations deduced in calculating the different concentrations of xenon and krypton isotopes resulting from fission in burnup of nuclear fuel showed very precise results with discrepancies (magnitude of an error between the data points and the corresponding predicted ones) less than 2%. The suggested method offers a great advantage for researchers, which are the use one of any simple or common computational programs available to most researchers and do not need much experience to deal with, such as MATLAB, Excel that are easy to use for regression analyses. In this paper, the advantages of the proposed method are explained along with the limitations of its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friedrich Dürrenmatt and Hans Magnus Enzensberger are universal intellectuals in the sense that they are also interested in developments in the natural sciences. It is therefore not surprising that they both visited CERN independently of each other. The visit was reflected in their essayistic works, but also shows interesting connections with their fiction. The differences in their perspectives are very marked. Dürrenmatt's vision remains that of a layman, who, from a professional point of view, glides over the surface. The author views modern physics research primarily from a moral point of view, and his attitude is conditioned by the context of the moral failure of physics during the Second World War. Enzensberger, on the other hand, is an example of a man of letters who is sovereignly oriented in natural sciences. Besides the moral dimension of modern research, he is primarily interested in the aesthetic potential of scientific content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GPDs offer a mixed position and momentum representation, allowing proton tomography, explaining its spin structure in terms of the orbital and intrinsic angular momentum of quarks and gluons, or introducing a notion of pressure exerted by quarks and gluons inside a hadron. Quark and Gluon Dynamics The fundamental theory of the strong interaction, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), invokes quarks and gluons as the fundamental degrees of freedom, and relies on a limited number of parameters and principles. To test the limits of our understanding of QCD, the DPhN teams are exploring two fields of research linked to hadronic matter: the study of the structure of the bound states of quarks and gluons, and the study of the phases of this matter. The Institute for Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU) at the French Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission (CEA) was created in 1992 by bringing together the scientific and technological components of entities dedicated to particle physics, nuclear physics, and astrophysics. [Extracted from the article]

At present, powder materials are used in almost all known branches of science and technology such as the automotive industry and metalworking, medicine and nuclear research. This is a wide range of structural and tool materials, and special-purpose materials that have good heat resistance, wear resistance, and resistance within corrosive media. Ultrafine powders are used extensively in development of new functional materials and nanomaterials, since an increase in the discrete nature of structural elements leads to a significant change in material properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the popular image of the nuclear future of Czechoslovakia in the mid-1950s and analyzes the push for a Czechoslovak-Soviet nuclear utopia. The article describes the foreign orientation of Czechoslovakia's nuclear research through 1955 and the first joint nuclear activities between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. The article also shows how Czechoslovak-Soviet friendship was integrated in practice into the image of the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and it analyzes the image of civilian nuclear activities that was presented to Czechs and Slovaks in a campaign of popularization in the mid-1950s. Soviet "nuclear assistance" to Czechoslovakia, announced in January 1955, corresponded with a change in the popular vision of the nuclear age in Czechoslovakia when a remote nuclear future was transformed into a "lived utopia." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-1950s, Atoms for Peace provided a crucial boost for the study of nuclear physics in Hungary, a country that fell under Communist rule and Soviet domination after World War II. Several small, insulated centers of nuclear research already existed, but after President Dwight Eisenhower's speech to the United Nations General Assembly on 3 December 1953, calling for the development of Atoms for Peace programs, Hungary's efforts began to grow quickly. In the glow of the moment, with significant support from the government and the ruling Communist party, Hungarian physicists established new research centers, bought and constructed instruments, published specialized books and journals, held conferences, and organized university courses and programs to train experts both at home and in the USSR. These activities constituted a new, vibrant nuclear culture encompassing diverse areas of life (agriculture, medicine, and some parts of industry) and eventually some cooperative links with Western and Soviet-bloc scientific communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiat's nuclear activities began in the immediate postwar period, when the company financed initiatives meant to reconstruct applied and theoretical research on nuclear physics in Italy. However, its actual industrial involvement originated in the framework of the Atoms for Peace initiative, which provided the opportunity for the purchase of an American Machine and Foundry pool-type reactor for a research center founded by Società Ricerche Impianti Nucleari (SORIN), a joint-venture created in 1956 by Fiat and the Italian chemical company Montecatini. SORIN developed know-how and technology in the electromechanical and biomedical industries. The SORIN center was the first private initiative within the Atoms for Peace framework. This article is a first attempt to assess Fiat's involvement in the nuclear sector, shedding light on the reception of Atoms for Peace in Italy and the way various actors on the Italian nuclear scene used it to pursue their own objectives during the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The articles in this special issue shed light on the influence of the Eisenhower administration's "Atoms for Peace" proposal on the civilian nuclear programs of five European countries, including Italy and France, which were member-states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Hungary and Czechoslovakia, which were part of the USSR's Communist bloc; and Spain, which did not become a member of NATO until nearly three decades later. Based on detailed archival research, the articles analyze the commercial, scientific, practical, and cultural aspects of nascent nuclear research programs in these five countries. The authors demonstrate that all five acted early on to pursue peaceful nuclear activities for their own economic benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose : Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based PET (immunoPET) imaging can characterise tumour lesions non-invasively. It may be a valuable tool to determine which patients may benefit from treatment with a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) and evaluate treatment response. For 89Zr immunoPET imaging, higher sensitivity of state-of-the art PET/CT systems equipped with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based detector elements may be beneficial as the low positron abundance of 89Zr causes a low signal-to-noise level. Moreover, the long physical half-life limits the amount of activity that can be administered to the patients leading to poor image quality even when using long scan durations. Here, we investigated the difference in semiquantitative performance between the PMT-based Biograph mCT, our clinical reference system, and the SiPM-based Biograph Vision PET/CT in 89Zr immunoPET imaging. Furthermore, the effects of scan duration reduction using the Vision on semiquantitative imaging parameters and its influence on image quality assessment were evaluated. Methods: Data were acquired on day 4 post 37 MBq 89Zr-labelled mAb injection. Five patients underwent a double scan protocol on both systems. Ten patients were scanned only on the Vision. For PET image reconstruction, three protocols were used, i.e. one camera-dependent protocol and European Association of Nuclear Medicine Research Limited (EARL) standards 1 and 2 compliant protocols. Vision data were acquired in listmode and were reprocessed to obtain images at shorter scan durations. Semiquantitative PET image parameters were derived from tumour lesions and healthy tissues to assess differences between systems and scan durations. Differently reconstructed images obtained using the Vision were visually scored regarding image quality by two nuclear medicine physicians. Results: When images were reconstructed using 100% acquisition time on both systems following EARL standard 1 compliant reconstruction protocols, results regarding semiquantification were comparable. For Vision data, reconstructed images that conform to EARL1 standards still resulted in comparable semiquantification at shorter scan durations (75% and 50%) regarding 100% acquisition time. Conclusion: Scan duration of 89Zr immunoPET imaging using the Vision can be decreased up to 50% compared with using the mCT while maintaining image quality using the EARL1 compliant reconstruction protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 19 terrestrial algae were identified from different surfaces of the courtyard of the Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN) Institute for Nuclear Research in Debrecen. Organisms were identified at the lowest possible taxonomic level. Various species of Cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, charophytes, and diatoms were characteristic components of the studied terrestrial community. Green algae (Klebsormidium sp., Trebouxia sp., and Apatococcus sp.) represent the dominant element in almost all samples mainly on the surfaces of green patches on pavements. Some rare Cyanobacteria species, Hassallia byssoidea, Gloeocapsopsis chroococcoides, Gloeocapsopsis pleurocapsoides, and Gloeocapsa novacekii were found on the old artificial surfaces. A member of the Hungarian Red List, Cylindrocystis brebissonii was also found under an old transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The halo phenomenon in exotic nuclei has long been an important frontier in nuclear physics research since its discovery in 1985. In parallel with the experimental progress in exploring halo nuclei, the covariant density functional theory has become one of the most successful tools for the microscopic study of halo nuclei. Based on spherical symmetry, the relativistic continuum Hartree–Bogoliubov theory describes the first halo nucleus 11 Li self-consistently and predicts the giant halo phenomenon. Based on axial symmetry, the deformed relativistic Hartree–Bogoliubov theory in continuum has predicted axially deformed halo nuclei 42 , 44 Mg and the shape decoupling effects therein. Based on triaxial symmetry, recently the triaxial relativistic Hartree–Bogoliubov theory in continuum has been developed and applied to explore halos in triaxially deformed nuclei. The theoretical frameworks of these models are presented, with the efficacy of exploiting symmetries highlighted. Selected applications to spherical, axially deformed, and triaxially deformed halo nuclei are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a deep geological disposal system, bentonite buffer material is an important barrier used to protect the disposal canister from the inflow of groundwater and prevent the outflow of radionuclides. This study aimed to characterize the mineralogical and chemical reactions of bentonite caused by copper corrosion of the canister in a radioactive waste repository. We investigated the d-spacings of montmorillonite in Gyeongju bentonite (Ca-type, KJ-I) under groundwater-saturated conditions over 10 years and compared their characteristics with those of Wyoming bentonite (Na-type, MX-80) in the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Underground Research Tunnel. Mineralogical investigations using X-ray diffraction and focused ion beam energy-dispersive spectroscopy indicated that no transformation of smectite or neo-formed clay phases occurred. In the Ca-type bentonite (KJ-I), the swelling was observed when it was in contact with rolled plate (RP) and cold-spray-coated (CSC) copper, with d-spacing expansions of 2.9% and 3.8%, respectively. In contrast, the Na-type bentonite (MX-80) showed d-spacing expansions of 17.6% and 19.6% when it was in contact with the RP and CSC Cu, respectively. The Cu concentration and distribution indicated that the corrosion products dissolved and then diffused into the surrounding bentonite, with maximum penetration depths of 2.0 and 0.5 mm over 10 years, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in-flight fragment (IF) separator of RAON, the main device for producing rare isotope (RI) beams for nuclear science research and applications, is under development. The IF separator consists of a target, beam dump, magnets, and detector systems. The high-power target and beam dump for the 80 kW primary beam were fabricated using graphite. The IF magnet system consists of a total of 8 dipole magnets, 15 sets of quadrupole magnet triplet, 2 sextupole magnets, and power supply systems. In the high radiation region near the target and beam dump, warm iron high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets and radiation-resistive dipole magnet are used. In the other region, cold iron low temperature superconducting (LTS) quadrupole magnet triplets and normal conducting (NC) dipole and sextupole magnets are used. Fabrication of all IF magnets have been completed and on-site installation is in progress. Also, detectors for particle identification (PID) and data acquisition (DAQ) systems are currently being installed at the focal planes of the IF separator. The current status of IF separator is briefly introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tpx3Cam is a newly developed time-stamped camera. With the ability to record the arrival time and position of each event simultaneously, it becomes a powerful tool in atomic and molecular research. As an inherent weakness, the time-walk effect resulting in a deviation in the arrival time is a major obstacle in improving the experimental resolution and reconstruction of momentum along the time-of-flight. We developed an analytic expression to describe and correct the time-walk effect, which is independent of different fragments once the parameters of the spectrometer, the microchannel plate (MCP), the phosphor screen, and the Tpx3Cam, such as voltages on the spectrometer and MCP, are fixed. With the time-walk correction, 3D momentum distributions of N+ and N2+ from the N2 molecule's Coulomb explosion were well extracted, paving a way for filming molecular dynamics in three dimensions with time-stamped velocity map imaging. Simultaneously, a denoising method based on data filtering is presented for Tpx3Cam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This fourth Resource Letter on the Manhattan Project comprises over 140 new sources to complement the 390 listed in the first three on this topic. Books, review papers, and journal articles are cited for the categories of general works; specific topics within the Manhattan Project; technical and historical works; biographies and autobiographies; international wartime programs, allied intelligence, and the use of the bombs; postwar developments; and educational materials. A separate section lists videos and websites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social concerns regarding the safety of high-level radioactive waste have increased with growing public awareness of environmental issues and nuclear power. The performance assessment of deep geological disposal systems is crucial to reduce the uncertainties associated with high-level radioactive waste disposal and enhance the overall public confidence in nuclear safety. Accordingly, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has undertaken various studies on the development of a deep geological disposal system for high-level waste and disposal safety evaluation. The KAERI Underground Research Tunnel (KURT), South Korea's only underground research laboratory dedicated to radioactive waste disposal, was constructed in 2006 and expanded in 2015. Since its construction, numerous in-situ experiments have been conducted and are currently underway in the KURT. The KURT plays a significant role in assessing the feasibility, safety, stability and appropriateness of a deep geological disposal system in South Korea and also provides an opportunity to revitalize industrial-academic-scientific cooperation between related institutions. This report summarizes two key in-situ experiments and international joint research conducted between 2007 and 2017 to assess the performance of the engineered and natural barriers of the KURT. The research experiences from the in-situ tests conducted at the KURT will provide crucial information on the safety and feasibility validation of the deep geological disposal system and will be an important contributor to the success of the Korean high-level radioactive waste disposal program in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, COVID-19 affected radiopharmaceutical laboratories. This study sought to determine the economic, service, and research impacts of COVID-19 on radiopharmacy. This online survey was conducted with the participation of employees from nuclear medicine and radiopharmaceutical companies. The socioeconomic status of the individuals was collected. The study was participated by 145 medical professionals from 25 different countries. From this work, it is evident that 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (2-[18F]FDG), and 99mTc-labeled macro aggregated albumin 99mTc-MAA were necessary radiopharmaceuticals used by 57% (83/145and 34% (49/145;) respondents, respectively for determining how COVID infections affect a patient's body. The normal scheduling procedure for the radiopharmacy laboratory was reduced by more than half (65%; 94/145). In COVID-19, 70% (102/145) of respondents followed the regulations established by the local departments. Throughout the pandemic, there was a 97% (141/145) decrease in all staffing recruitment efforts. The field of nuclear medicine research, as well as the radiopharmaceutical industry, were both adversely affected by COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the power quality (PQ) is an essential issue to ensure the safe and accurate operation of sensitive equipment particularly for nuclear installations. Assessment of PQ involves collecting and analysing data resources and then evaluating it with reference to PQ standards. There are many alternatives for PQ and it is difficult to make an appropriate selection among them in the existence of their multiple criteria which are usually conflicted. So this selection subject can be classified as a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. To do so, a reliable and scientific method for studying and evaluating the overall system PQ is required. This study aims to assess performance of PQ for the electrical power system at a Nuclear Research Reactor (NRR) during a certain period using multiple measures for the most decisive PQ phenomena. It focuses on a number of the most important PQ phenomena namely frequency fluctuation (deviation), unbalances of current and voltage, current and voltage harmonic distortion, flicker and power factor. After combining all results into six samples (alternatives), the criteria weights are determined based on an objective method for weighting which is called CRITIC method. Then, the alternatives are ranked using compromise MCDM method-VIKOR method. The obtained results are analyzed and discussed to evaluate performance of NRR electrical system from the PQ view. It showed that the compromise solution that obtained by CRITIC-VIKOR can be a guide to facilitate the PQ evaluation of nuclear installation electrical system. Also, it can empower the operators with the benefits of benchmarking and monitoring a single index instead of several indices. Moreover, it is very useful for helping stakeholders to understand how the PQ performance changes under a certain operating condition of the facility. Finally, it is can be considered as a good model to weight each PQ phenomena and identify the time intervals for best and worst total PQ in NRR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interview of Weizsäcker (by Dieter Hoffmann, June 3, 1992) on Farm Hall and the German uranium project (reprinted from the 1993 edition). Letters (to family and colleagues) from Gerlach, Heisenberg, von Laue, Weizsäcker. Stephan Schwarz received his Ph.D. degree in physics at the University of Stockholm and has been employed in the Swedish Agency for Defence Research and the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, the European Nuclear Energy Agency in Paris, and CERN in Geneva. [Extracted from the article]

A precision current source of the PIT11-260 type with a power of 2.2 MW is designed to supply the superconducting structural magnets of the Booster of the NICA collider plant, which is being created at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. The source generates periodic trapezoidal current pulses with an amplitude of up to 10 kA with an accuracy of 0.001–0.01%. For this purpose, the source is made on the basis of a modular multilevel transistor voltage converter in combination with a 6.1-MJ capacitive energy-storage device, which reduces the influence of a powerful pulse-periodic load on the public network and removes the problem of penetration of disturbances from the mains into the power-supply circuits of the superconducting magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flux weighted average cross sections of the 141Pr(γ,n)140Pr, 160Gd(γ,n)159Gd and 162Er(γ,n)161Er nuclear reactions induced by 10 and 15 MeV energy bremsstrahlung photons are measured with offline gamma spectrometry. The cross sections are reported with detailed uncertainties in the associated parameters. The measured cross sections are compared with the theoretical cross sections calculated using TALYS 1.95 code for eight different gamma strength functions. The average cross sections are also compared with the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations of the nuclear reactions induced by bremsstrahlung photons. The measured cross sections are important for the nuclear database and nuclear astrophysics research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) project at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, Dubna, Russia) is aimed at the construction of a new accelerator complex for heavy ions and polarized particles. Heavy-ion collisions at NICA are planned to be studied in the region of the highest net-baryon density, which favors the formation of bound nuclear systems with strangeness hypernuclei. The multipurpose detector (MPD) at NICA is designed to reconstruct interactions of relativistic nuclei in a high-multiplicity environment. In this paper, we report the feasibility study results for the reconstruction of Λ 3 H, Λ 4 H and Λ 4 He in Bi+Bi collisions at the nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy, s N N = 9.2 GeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]