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It is possible to increase the efficiency of crop cultivation technology through the using of multifunctional equipment for soil cultivation. The analysis of tillage equipment showed that the development of a multi-functional tillage unit capable of performing the main tillage with weed removal and a set of operations for pre-sowing tillage is relevant. To quickly adapt the soil cultivating unit to changing operating conditions, the method has been developed for regulating the angle of attack of the combing machine, the width of the capture unit and the angle of entry of the working body into the substrate [1]. A method for calculating the fatigue life of the working body of a tillage unit is proposed.

In the work, porous coatings of alumina nanoparticles are investigated. The coatings were formed by various methods. The dependence of the lift height of the nanofluid on its volume was established. The properties of the coating are compared with and without microtrenches.

A significant proportion of the costs and downtime for repairs are on transmission units, and especially on the gearbox (GB). Based on the research results presented in the work, up to 76% of all transmission failures fall on the gearbox of a KamAZ 6540 automobile under ordinary operating conditions. The purpose of the study is to justify the repair and maintenance cycle (RMC) of the gearbox of the KamAZ 6540 automobile, taking into account the pre-repair operating time. The proposed methodology for assessing the pre-repair resource allows you to select the resource elements of the gearbox, taking into account the value of their resource and coefficient of variation. The structure of the RMC proposed in the work provides for: the first current repair during running hours - 125940 km; first overhaul during running hours - 251880 km; second current repair during running hours - 377820 km; second overhaul during running hours - 503760 km. Thus, changing the structure of the gearbox REC allows increasing the gearbox resource from 380 to 500 thousand km.

Thermal recycling and disinfection of waste products in different physical states represent a comprehensive solution to the problem of waste utilization. The utilization of waste materials with high moisture content (more 70…75%) is associated with a need to evaporate a significant volume of water and causes, as a consequence, substantial additional expenses on an energy source. To cut costs related to the utilization of wastes with a high amount of water it is suggested using a coal cleaning product – a coal-water slurry fuel. The direct combustion of incompletely mechanically dehydrated (to 70-75%) wastes with high water content (cake) is an economically efficient process. However, it poses a severe problem of combustion stabilizing. The paper presents outcomes of the research into the stabilization of thermal recycling waste materials with a high level of moisture by means of low-temperature plasma in the adiabatic vortex combustion chamber. To control a burning process in the technology adapter low-temperature plasma is supplied into the base of flame. An output of a plasma generator (power supply source) is estimated as 1 kW power input per 13 kg/h suspension fuel. A dynamic range of heat output for a coal-water slurry fuel and wastes is determined to be 70-100% when generating thermal energy and utilizing wastes with high moisture content by means of low-temperature plasma as a stabilizer of a combustion process. Experimental studies carried out on a machine simulator have proven the efficiency of low-temperature plasma for utilization and disinfection of waste products in commercial farming.

Film and drop condensation are important processes in technics. This article includes the features of macroscale heat transfer intensifiers under film condensation, microscale and nanoscale heat transfer intensifiers under drop condensation. It is noted that condensation heat transfer may be influenced by the wall material. The mechanism underlying this influence is the nonuniform distribution of the wall temperature in the case of a low heat conduction coefficient. Based on the research results, a dependence of the wetting angle from the combined coating consisting of 7 alumina oxide and water repellent is obtained.

Establishment of favorable organizational and territorial conditions for land use of farms, elimination of violations in the use of agricultural land and effective implementation of state support measures aimed at the development of agricultural cooperation require studying the methodology of organizing the territory and production of farms, as well as developing a strategy for their development on the basis of land management projects. Actual approaches to improve the territorial development of farms were developed by the authors based on the experience of the Tula region.

This article examines the various options for design structures and their application in construction organizations. The hypothesis on the management company role importance in improving the efficiency of the design structures’ use in construction in the Russian Federation has been put forward. The scheme “Project management - management company function”, which reflects the composition and place of the team, the relationship between project participants has been presented. The project’s resource support has been described with such a scheme for organizing a construction project. The authors have analyzed and described the differences between the management company and the developer or technical customer. Based on the system analysis methods, the authors determined the advantages of completing a construction project with the management company involvement, listed the advantages of digitalizing the project participants’ interaction and organizing a single information space. The synergistic effect of attracting a management company to carry out the construction project management function and the organization of this interaction in a single information space has been analyzed. The potential arising from the combined action of these factors is described. The options for organizing a single information space that makes it possible to unite the project participants and complement the positive impact of the management company’s participation in the project are indicated. The methods of organizing the information exchange between the construction project’s participants within the project team have been described.

The analytical signal for atomic-emission microwave plasma (AEMP) spectral analysis method is studied. It is shown that the signal consists of two parts: background signal, proportional to content of the analytical element in a sample shaped by submicron particles and metalorganic compounds; pulse signal, proportional to content of analytical element in coarse discrete particles. The “dynamic discrimination” algorithm is suggested that allows measuring the element content in a liquid or powder ore sample independently of the content shape using AEMP method. It is shown that atomic absorption (AA) and AEMP measurements of Fe, Cu agree within error for samples both low and high in content of element in submicron particles.

Impregnation of an industrial dielectric polyethylene terephthalate film having through-track micropores with new phosphorus-containing proton-conducting ionic liquids allows the electrical conductivity of this film to be increased by 7–8 orders of magnitude. The plasma-radiation curing of the vinyl ionic liquid leads to formation of a new proticinterpolymer composite film in the track holes of the film.

The formation of U1-centers in LiF:OH crystals, γ-irradiated to a dose of 1.3×104 C/kg at a temperature of 80 K, is considered in this study. The band at νmax = 2315 cm−1 is the main band of local interstitial hydrogen ions vibrations, which is more stable at room temperature (in a few month) than the additional band at νmax = 2260 cm−1. It is shown that U1-centers are Hi¯(OH¯) defects. The stabilization of interstitial hydrogen ions is occurs by the OH¯ impurity ions. The efficient formation of positively charged F2+ and F3+ color centers is due to electron traps are Hi¯(OH¯) hydrogen centers. The efficiency of F2+- and F3+-like laser color centers formation in LiF crystals is connected with thermal decomposition of Hi¯(OH¯) defects.

The article has a high practical significance, which is that the described model of processing and clustering data on banking operations has significantly accelerated the process of identifying suspicious (high risk) among them and creating a portrait of a client of a credit institution based on its cashless payments (including his counterparties).

Considering the modern risk-oriented approach to auditing, environmental instability, as well as the lack of clear recommendations for conducting selective surveys, improving sampling methods is relevant, updating and new development of methodological tools for conducting selective audits are required; the article substantiates the use of the K-means method as a selective method for constructing an audit sample, special attention was paid to the professional judgment of the auditor and his need to apply K-means clustering.

Experimental results on rotation coupling between the m = 2, n = 1 and m = 3, n = 2 tearing-modes in the T-10 tokamak are presented. In the specially chosen T-10 regime, these two modes are observed simultaneously, no modes other than these two ones being detected. For each of the two tearing-modes, a rotation irregularity expressed as frequency modulation is analyzed. The characteristics of the frequency modulation are used to identify the effect of each mode on the oscillations of the other one. According to the experiment, the frequency modulation of each mode consists of two components if the two modes are present simultaneously. The first component is related to the effect of static Error Field and the second one arises due to the mode coupling. For the modes in question with different toroidal numbers, the natural explanation of this coupling is related to the effect of plasma viscosity. The nonlinear visco-resistive TEAR-code is used for simulation and parametric analysis of the experimental data. The simulation results confirm the assumption that the observed coupling between tearing-modes with different toroidal mode-numbers can be attributed to plasma viscosity.

In recent papers [1,2], two new ways have been proposed to probe the linear polarization of gluons in unpolarized proton: using the azimuthal asymmetries and Callan-Gross ratio in heavy-quark pair leptoproduction, $lN\rightarrow l^{\prime}Q\bar{Q}X$. In this talk, we discuss in details the sensitivity of the QCD predictions for the azimuthal $\cos \varphi$ and $\cos 2\varphi$ asymmetries to the contribution of linearly polarized gluons inside unpolarized proton, where the azimuth $\varphi$ is the angle between the lepton scattering plane $(l,l^{\prime})$ and the heavy quark production plane $(N,Q)$. Our analysis shows that the azimuthal distributions under consideration vary from 0 to 1 depending on the transverse-momentum dependent gluonic counterpart of the Boer-Mulders function, $h_{1}^{\perp g}$. We conclude that the $\cos \varphi$ and $\cos 2\varphi$ asymmetries in heavy-quark pair production in DIS processes are predicted to be large in wide kinematic ranges and sensitive to the contribution of linearly polarized gluons., Comment: 6 pages. Contribution to Baldin Seminar ISHEPP XXIV, Dubna, Russia, September 17-22, 2018. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1711.05221

This work is devoted to determining the space-time area that contains a time-series trend to address mathematical expectations. A time series trajectory represents the realization of a stochastic process in discrete time; thus, its approximation is random and cannot be considered a trend valuation. We offer to interpret an arbitrary time series as a trajectory of a piecewise-stationary process. This allows for us to describe an algorithm that constructs the area where the trend is located.

The effect of astigmatism on laser air filamentation was studied numerically and experimentally. Limited supply of energy to the filament is shown to be the main feature of aberrational focusing, which facilitated the organization of quasi-solitons in the post-filament region. Quasi-solitons are realized due to the balance between linear diffraction and Kerr nonlinearity in the presence of background environment around zones with increased intensity. A highly directional SC of visible light is formed outside the visible filament zone in the resulting spatial quasi-solitons.

We propose a method of cavitating flow calculation that is based on the Eulerian–Lagrangian description of multiphase flows. The formation and growth of cavitation bubbles are described using the model of heterogeneous volume nucleation. Results of test calculations demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model.

Recently published studies on key issues in the evolution of Arctic sea ice cover are reviewed and attempts to answer disputable questions are made in the research part of the work. It is shown that climate warming, manifested in an increase in the surface air temperature, and reduction in the ice cover develop with a high degree of agreement in summer. Based on this fact, anomalies of the September ice-cover area have been retrieved from 1900. They show a significant decrease in the 1930–1940s, which is almost twice as low as in 2007–2012. The influence of fluctuations in the flow of warm and salty Atlantic water is noted in variations in the winter maximum of the ice-cover area in the Barents Sea. An accelerated positive trend has been ascertained for the air temperature in late autumn–early winter in 1993–2012 due to an increase in the open water area in late summer. Inherent regularities of the ice-cover-area variability made it possible to develop a prediction of the monthly values of sea-ice extent with a head time from 6 months to 2 years. Their strong correlation with summer air temperature is used to estimate the onset of summer ice clearance in the Arctic.

A system for automatic regulation of the process of butt welding of T-joints in wire and casing components is described. The system uses as the feedback parameter the mean rate of decrease of the force in the joint in the time period from the moment of application of welding current to heating the metal to the welding temperature, and the regulating effect is the duration of the welding current pulse. The results of experiments carried out to determine the special features of the welding process with automatic regulation are presented.

Octadecylamine (ODA)-based Langmuir-Blodgett films modified with metal hexacyanoferrates are promising ion-exchange systems. The analysis of compression isotherms has led to the conclusion that iron and copper hexacyanoferrates are embedded into ODA monolayers. Optimal conditions have been determined for transferring these hybrid films onto a solid substrate by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. The optimal time required for the formation of iron and copper hexacyanoferrates in the monolayer has been established with the use of spectrophotometric measurements. The transfer of ODA monolayers modified with iron and copper hexacyanoferrates onto a conducting substrate has been confirmed by atomic force microscopy. The EMF values of galvanic cells developed based on the ODA/Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3-KCl and ODA/Cu3[Fe(CN)6]2-NH4Cl systems have been shown to be close to the theoretical ones.

Laser-induced changes in the intervertebral discs were studied by the method of atomic force microscopy. Alteration of the proximal caudal intervertebral discs was modeled in rats: puncture and exposure to diode laser (2, 3, or 5 W) in constant or pulse regimens or only puncture (control). Nanostructure of disc surface was estimated by surface skewness, root mean square and average roughness, and coefficient of kurtosis. Maximum positive effect and signs of regenerative changes in the surface microstructure of the intervertebral discs were found after exposure to laser (2-3 W) in constant or pulse regimens.

Temperature dependences of the surface conductivity of LiF-based thin films with Cu and Au nanoclusters are measured to determine the electrotransport activation energy and I–V characteristics of the films are obtained. The memristor effect is observed in the investigated thin films, and the ratio between film resistances at the moments the electric field is switched on and off is determined. The high potential of copper nanoclusters is demonstrated.

The results of formation conditions studies of a highly directional supercontinuum (SC) in a visible spectrum range obtained upon aberration spherical-mirror focusing of a radiation pulse with a wavelength of 940 nm, duration of 70 fs, and energy of 8–15 mJ are presented. It is shown that after visible filament there are two directed white light beams diverging relative to each other at an angle of 1.4 0 . Formation every light beam occurs through a gradual conversion of the spectral composition from long wavelength to short wavelength (to 350 nm) in a spatially stable structure similar to a soliton with a transverse dimension ≤ 300 μm. The nature of the appearance these beams is due to formation of two zones with higher intensity before meridional plate owing to the distortion of the wavefront of the laser beam in conditions of the astigmatism and the Kerr effect. In result two minima in the phase distribution located outside the beam axis are realized, which lead to the appearance of two off-axis areas with higher radiation intensity and as a consequence of this the formation of two highly directional laser beams.

The paper describes a new sensor for the spatial registration and measurement of particle parameters in near and deep space. The following modern materials are applied in the sensor structure: a PVDF piezoactive film and lightweight heat-shielding high-temperature aerogel. The results from studying the aerogel morphology as well as its thermal conductivity depending on the air temperature are presented. The thermal conductivity of a SiO2-aerogel is compared with one of foreign aerogels and air. Its elemental quantitative chemical composition is determined.

Considered is the drift of 10 icebergs and 18 ice fields in the northeastern part of the Barents Sea from late May to September 2009. The drift speed is estimated by GPS measurements of geographic coordinates, and the wind, using the air pressure field. The drift variability in the range of synoptic and intraseasonal variability is analyzed by the vector-algebraic method based on the model of the random Euclidean vector. The conjugacy of the drift with the wind is represented by the indices of vector regression (the theory of A.M. Obukhov) and vector correlation. Ice fields differ from icebergs by the high velocities of drift, significant variability, and higher correlation with the wind (0.85–0.99 for fields and 0.78–0.91 for icebergs). The wind and nonwind components of the drift are singled out by the Watanabe-Gudkovich correlation method. Wind coefficients and angles of deviation for the wind drift component amounted to 0.016–0.023 and −6°…+9° for fields and 0.010–0.015 and 10°–15° for icebergs. The cyclonic circulation is developed in the area of permanent surface currents (of the nonwind nature).

Production and use of modifiers for cast iron and steel are analyzed. Compositions of standard industrial modifiers are considered with evaluation of trends in their development. It is shown that a promising area for creating a new generation of fundamentally different types of modifier is nanomodification of molten iron-carbon alloys.

The system of proton-beam formation for proton ophthalmology has been numerically simulated using the Geant4 program package. Data on the efficiency of narrow- (“pencil”) and wide proton-beam transport are presented. It is established that the use of a wide beam transport is advantageous, since it makes a significant decrease in the background-radiation level in a proton-therapy room possible and simplifies the beam-formation system.

This article presents a systematical study on structural and mechanical properties of pristine armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and fluorinated SWNTs using density functional theory. At the B3LYP/SVP and B3LYP/TZV levels, the data obtained compare with experimental and theoretical studies. The results show that fluorination in the off-axis position cannot significantly distort SWNTs framework, but axial fluorination changes the SWNT structure dramatically. It is established that there is a relatively small difference in stiffness of nanotubes which adsorbed fluorine atoms in axial and off-axis places. The permanence of general trend of Young's modulus changes is shown.

In this paper, high-speed planar waveguides of optoelectronic data bus are suggested replacing low-throughput backplane electrical interconnects. Optical polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and cost-efficient soft lithography technology are proposed for optoelectronic bus fabrication. In accordance with polymer optoelectronic data bus fabrication process work-out results the chosen materials and technology applicability was confirmed. As an optoelectronic bus characteristics measurement results, 14 dB/cm propagation losses value was obtained by general use materials.

The thermal resistance of the composite thermal stabilizer and methods for its reduction are investigated. The thermal resistance of thermal stabilizer decreases due to the heat exchange intensification in evaporator by a layer of aluminum oxide nanoparticles. A method of producing aluminum oxide nanoparticles has been developed. The liquid capillary rise height is measured in the layer of nanoparticles. Estimate of the properties stability is obtained in the coating from aluminum oxide nanoparticles. The thermal resistance dependences are obtained on the transferred heat flux for models of thermal stabilizers from steel and aluminum

The results of the study of the bias voltage effect on the structure, texture and residual stresses of Ta-coatings deposited using an inverted magnetron on a copper substrate are presented. It is shown that variations in residual stresses are non-monotonic, which is determined by the complex effect of the bias voltage on the process temperature, which affects both the formation of mechanical and thermal stresses and their partial relaxation.

In this paper, a highly linear complex filter in SOI X-FAB 180 nm technology is proposed for 25 MHz bandwidth with 25 MHz center frequency. Third harmonic compensation technique is used for transconductance amplifier design. Reactance transform is used for the filter synthesis. Layout design is discussed. Simulations show THD better than -75 dB @ 25 MHz 1 Vpp for temperature range of -40 to +200 °C.

The method for technical state evaluation of oil-lubricated units of aircraft gas turbine engines using measurement of wear particle parameters and the microwave plasma method is suggested. Diagnostic features accounting for quantity and composition of wear particles in oil samples and oil filter wash samples have been discovered. Parameter levels for non-defective engines are evaluated. Reference statistical models for non-defective engines, which take into account engine type and engine operating time, are calculated. Distribution laws of parameter values are evaluated, and value normalization functions were found. Actual validity with accuracy up to a unit has been estimated to be 85%, which is confirmed by factory disassembly study of engines, removed from operation by the results of evaluation.

The paper describes the new microwave plasma method for gaining information about wear particles in oil samples from aircraft gas turbine engines (GTE). The method allows one to measure the element concentration in the form of wear particles (the size is more than 2 micrometers), element concentration in the form of metal-organic admixture and sub-micrometer particles (less than 2 micrometers), quantity and elemental composition of particles simultaneously and in real time. The microwave plasma analyser has electrodeless microwave plasmatron of original design, which allows for the proportional ratio between size of particles and the output signal for particles less than 60 micrometers in size. For this analyser, the ratio of quantity of wear particles hitting axial (high-temperature) plasma regions to overall particle quantity is no less than 0,95. Compressor pumped air is used as a plasma-forming medium. For analysis of the oil sample from the oil filter, new diagnostic features are suggested and their relation to the technical state of the engine is suggested.

The results of calculations and parametric analysis of the plasma rotation reversal subject to the tearing mode under magnetic perturbation of the same helicity are presented. The TEAR code used for the calculations is based on the visco-resistive MHD approximation that gives coupled diffusion-type equations for the magnetic flux perturbation and for the plasma rotation velocities in toroidal and poloidal directions. The resonant magnetic perturbation consists of both the traveling perturbation induced by eddy current in the vacuum vessel and an artificially applied nonrotating magnetic perturbation produced by a current layer outside plasma. The main attention is paid to conditions necessary for the plasma velocity reversals separately in toroidal and poloidal directions, as well as for the concurrent changes of both velocity directions. The dynamics of the plasma toroidal and poloidal rotation-profile variations are also presented.

The characteristics of LiF films containing Ag nanoparticles prepared via vacuum thermal deposition and magnetron sputtering, and then painted in microwave discharge plasma, are investigated. It is shown that simple and freely available ion-plasma technologies allow us to obtain nanosized LiF layers promising for use in photonics.

This paper presents a systematical analysis of the structure and mechanical properties of armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and oxidated SWNTs by using density functional theory. Our study involves Young's modulus calculation for pristine nanotubes and oxidated models. Necessary parameters for Young's moduli determination are obtained by calculating the optimal geometries and the optimal geometries after stretching of studied objects. It is indicated that oxygen can not significantly distort the framework of SWNTs. It is established that there is a relatively small difference in strength of nanotubes that adsorbed oxygen in axial and off-axis places. The constancy of the general trend of studied Young's moduli is shown.

We study two experimental ways to measure the heavy-quark content of the proton: using the Callan-Gross ratio $R(x,Q^2)=F_L/F_T$ and/or the azimuthal $\cos(2\varphi)$ asymmetry in DIS. Our approach is based on the following observations. First, the ratio $R(x,Q^2)=F_L/F_T$ and azimuthal $\cos(2\varphi)$ asymmetry in heavy-quark leptoproduction are stable, both parametrically and perturbatively, within pQCD. Second, both these quantities are sensitive to resummation of the mass logarithms of the type $\alpha_{s}\ln(Q^{2}/m^{2})$. We conclude that the heavy-quark densities in the nucleon can, in principle, be determined from high-$Q^2$ data on the Callan-Gross ratio and/or the azimuthal asymmetry. In particular, the charm content of the proton can be measured in future studies at the proposed Large Hadron-Electron (LHeC) and Electron-Ion (EIC) Colliders., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, talk given at the 20th International Symposium on Spin Physics "Spin 2012", JINR, Dubna, Russia, September 17-22, 2012. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1010.5424

The paper is devoted to the sol-gel synthesis of proton conductive organic-silicon composite membranes based on tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and copolymers of 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and vinyl chloride (MVP-VC), 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and vinyl acetate (MVP-VA), copolymers of ethylene glycol vinyl glycidyl ether and styrene (KS-1 and KS-2), and nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic derivatives of sulfonic acids: 2-phenyl-5-benzimidazolsulfonic acid (PBISA) and pyridine-3-sulfonic acid (PSA). Properties of synthesized membranes, such as proton conductivity, activation energy, ion exchange capacity, dimensional stability have been investigated.

Adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials (IPs) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as a function of length were determined by using density functional theory. The correlation between periodic oscillations of SWCNTs local aromaticity and the values of IPs was founded. In the case of short SWCNTs an appreciable gap between vertical and adiabatic IPs was observed, whereas for longer nanotubes these values are almost equal. It was also established that the HOMO electron density distribution in neutral SWCNTs affects on SWCNT lengths upon ionization.

This article is devoted to a new block-module device used in the diagnostics of condensed combustion products of rocket engines during research and development with liquid-propellant rocket engines (Glushko NPO Energomash; engines RD-171, RD-180, and RD-191) and solid-propellant rocket motors. Soot samplings from the supersonic high-temperature jet of a high-power liquid-propellant rocket engine were taken by the given device for the first time in practice for closed-exhaust lines. A large quantity of significant results was also obtained during a combustion investigation of solid propellants within solid-propellant rocket motors.

The orientation of the lamellar phases in lyotropic systems based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) detergent has been studied by polarization optical microscopy and 2H-NMR methods. The lamellar lyotropics studied are shown to align under a strong magnetic field of 11.7 T. According to 2H-NMR data, structural transformations of the lamellar phases may occur during orientation when the sample temperature increases.

Sony ICX 259AL CCD matrices were irradiated by proton and neutron beams of a synchrocyclotron of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. The data on production cross sections, as well as the spatial and time distributions of pixels of the irradiated matrices with high dark current, are presented. The experimental data are compared with the calculation results.

Results of the Raman spectroscopy analysis of a new composite material based on a thin polycrys� talline LiF film containing gold nanoparticles are presented. The formation of spherical gold nanoparticles in the film has been confirmed by the Xray structural analysis and observation of the optical plasmon reso� nance absorption spectrum with a maximum at 534 nm. The obtained composite layers have been subjected to annealing by ruby laser (λ = 694 nm) in the spectral region on a descending longwavelength wing of the plasmon absorption band of gold nanoparticles. Raman spectroscopy has been applied for the first time to the investigation of the modification of the shape of gold nanoparticles in LiF during laser annealing. The exper� imental Raman spectra are compared with calculated modes of inphase bending vibrations generated in gold

Results are presented for application of new approaches to the problem of processing silicon and aluminum production waste with achievement of almost total waste utilization and preparation of some commercial products, i.e., spherical silicon dioxide particles, carbon nanotube concentrate, low-modulus cryolite, high grade sodium sulfate, and briquetted carbon reducing agent. This may fundamentally improve the situation within the site of an enterprise.