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Mycotoxin residues are transferred from feed to animal products, yet, less attention has been paid to it in developing countries. There is a need to find alternative alleviation material for reducing the impact of mycotoxin. This review is meant to elucidate different additives that can reduce mycotoxin residue in animal products in the world, especially in developing countries. There is evidence of relationship between mycotoxin residue in breast milk of nursing mothers and mycotoxin exposure through crop and animal product (egg and milk) intake, especially in Asia, Africa, Middle East, Latin America, and some parts of Europe. Younger livestock tends to have more toxin residues in their tissue compared to older ones. Grazing animal are also exposed to mycotoxin intake which corresponds to high level of mycotoxins in their products including meat and milk. This review shows that phytogenic, probiotic, and prebiotic additives can decrease mycotoxin residues in milk, eggs, meat liver and other tissues of livestock. Specifically, bentonites, difructose anhydride III, yeast (Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans), Bacillus spp., or their biodegradable products can reduce mycotoxin residue in animal products. In addition, Ally isothiocyanates from mustard seed were able to mitigate mycotoxins in silo-simulated system. Evidence shows that there are now low-cost, accessible, and eco-friendly additives, which could alleviate the effect of mycotoxin in feed and food. In addition, there is need for aggressive public awareness and farmers' education on the prevalence, and danger caused by mycotoxins, as well as detoxification strategies that can reduce toxin absorption into animal products.

International audience; This work aims to analyze whether Indian mustard can be harnessed within a biorefinery system to generate energy carriers and high value-added products. Within this objective, two options of harnessing Indian mustard seed oil (IMSO) were investigated, the first for the production of ethyl biodiesel (IMSOEEs) and the second for the production of a biolubricant (IMSO2E1HEs) by transesterification of the unpurified IMSOEEs with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2E1H). Furthermore, low cost and environmentally-friendly conversion processes were targeted. The biofuel was obtained under mild conditions of ethanolysis (35 °C, atmospheric pressure, ethanol to oil molar ratio of 8, 1.1 wt% KOH, and 50 min) carried out in two-stages separated by addition of recycled glycerol, and followed by dry-purification with Indian mustard stems-based adsorbent. In order to enhance biolubricant yield, reactive distillation with optimized operating pressure was selected (0.05 bar, 70 °C, 2 wt% KOH, 2E1H to IMSOEEs molar ratio of 2, 65 min), followed by bubble-washing (assisted with citric acid) and then vacuum distillation (inferior to 0.01 bar). The produced IMSOEEs met the basic biodiesel properties with a satisfactory ester content (95.8 wt%). Similarly, a high conversion of IMOEEs (93 wt%) was reached for the biolubricant, leading to an IMSO2E1HE product that exhibited satisfactory properties, and thus has the potential to act as a biolubricant. Nevertheless, these results could be improved with a pre-treatment of the departure IMSO to remove species that are not glycerides, such as glucosinolates. Thereby, ensuring that the produced ethyl biodiesel conforms strictly to industry specifications.

Background Natural vegetable oils are widely used for newborn massage in many low resource settings. Animal models indicated that sunflower seed oil (SSO) can accelerate skin barrier recovery following damage, while other oils, including mustard oil (MO), may cause further skin barrier damage. The objective was to compare the effects of two SSO and MO used for routine massage on skin integrity in premature and full-term neonates. Methods This community-based cluster randomized controlled trial included 995 neonates assigned to full body massage with sunflower seed oil (SSO, intervention) or mustard seed oil (MO, standard practice) from July 2012–May 2014 in Sarlahi, Nepal. Skin integrity measures were evaluated over 28 days, including skin condition (erythema, rash, dryness), skin surface pH, stratum corneum (SC) cohesion/protein concentration, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Overall means and rates of change in these skin measures were compared between oil groups using bivariate random-effects models. Results 500 and 495 live born neonates received repeated massage with MO and SSO, respectively. Skin pH decreased more quickly for SSO than MO in the first week of life, with a difference in mean daily reductions of 0.02 (95% CI: 0.002–0.040). Erythema, rash and dryness increased (worsened) over days 1–14 then decreased by day 28, with no significant oil group differences. TEWL increased over time, with no significant oil group differences. Gestational age did not modify the effect; the slightly faster decrease in skin pH among SSO infants was similar in magnitude between term and preterm infants. Conclusions Oil type may contribute to differences in skin integrity when neonates are massaged regularly. The more rapid acid mantle development observed for SSO may be protective for neonates in lower resource settings. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01177111); registered August 6th, 2010.

Although spice extracts are well known to exhibit antibacterial properties, there is lack of a comprehensive evaluation of the antibacterial effect of spices against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the present study, ethanolic extracts from a total of 67 spices were comprehensively investigated for their in vitro antibacterial activities by agar well diffusion against two common food-borne bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis, with multi-drug resistance. Results showed that S. aureus was generally more sensitive to spice extracts than S. enteritidis. Of the 67 spice extracts, 38 exhibited antibacterial activity against drug-resistant S. aureus, while only four samples were effective on drug-resistant S. enteritidis. In addition, 11 spice extracts with inhibition zones greater than 15 mm were further verified for their broad-spectrum antibacterial properties using another 10 drug-resistant S. aureus strains. It was found that five spice extracts, including galangal, fructus galangae, cinnamon, yellow mustard seed, and rosemary, exhibited the highest antibacterial capacity. Further cytotoxicity of these 11 spices was determined and LC50 values were found to be more than 100 &mu, g/mL except for galangal, rosemary, and sage, whose LC50 values were 9.32 &plusmn, 0.83, 19.77 &plusmn, 2.17, and 50.54 &plusmn, 2.57, respectively. Moreover, the antioxidant activities (ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values) and total phenolic content (TPC) of spice extracts were determined to establish possible correlations with the antibacterial activity. Although the antibacterial effect was positively correlated with the antioxidant activities and TPC, the correlation was weak (r &lt, 0.5), indicating that the antibacterial activity could also be attributed to other components besides antioxidant polyphenols in the tested spice extracts. In conclusion, dietary spices are good natural sources of antibacterial agents to fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with potential applications as natural food preservatives and natural alternatives to antibiotics in animal feeding.

Experiments in plating mustard seed showed that soaking in buffered dilution water for 10 min and shaking 25 times resulted in dislodgement of most microorganisms attached to the seeds.

Whether our lives are directed by events around us or events within us, “not in our stars, but in ourselves,” is of concern in ethics, aesthetics, law, religion (the Old Testament of laws and the New Testament of “faith as a mustard seed” within us), and, of course, behavioral science, biology, and health. The present paper emphasizes the importance of contexts – ecological, social, organizational, community, policy – in health and health behavior; describes peer or social, community, and policy approaches to addressing contexts; and considers all of these with reference to the challenges of diabetes prevention and management.

The biofumigant potential of different Brassica sp. and onion for compatibility with PGPR strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens under in vitro conditions was studied. The local varieties of biofumigant crops, viz., cabbage, cauliflower, mustard, and onion, were grown in pots under greenhouse conditions. Treatments included were macerated tissue containing shoots, roots, and leaves alone and in combination with one another. Actively growing P. fluorescens cultures were streaked onto the inverted bottom of the Petri plate filled with nutrient agar and kept above the Petri plate containing macerated plant tissue in different treatments at room temperature for 48–72 h. Results showed that there was no reduction of CFU per plate compared with untreated control. No statistically significant effect was recorded for any of the amended plant material tested against P. fluorescens growth. In another study, the growth of P. fluorescens was observed for 72 h after continuous exposure to volatiles produced by hydrated mustard seed meal (different quantities) under in vitro conditions. Fungistatic effect was not observed for P. fluorescens growth against different concentrations of seed meal, and this attributed tolerance of P. fluorescent toxic volatiles produced by seed meal. This work could be important in the future for the integrated use of biofumigants/mustard seed meal along with P. fluorescens for the management of plant diseases.

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is an organic amendment-based management practice for controlling soil-borne plant pathogens. Pathogen suppression appears to be carbon source-dependent and mediated by bacteria that proliferate and produce volatile organic compounds, as well as physico-chemical changes (i.e., elevated temperature, lowered redox potential and pH, release of metal ions) in soil. ASD is under study for adoption in tree crops as a replacement for chemical-fumigation, but its widespread use is limited by incomplete understanding of its suppression mechanisms and high economic costs. The carbon substrate is one component of the ASD process that can be optimized to enhance effectiveness and affordability. While rice bran is currently the standard carbon source used for ASD, we identified three alternative substrates (molasses, mustard seed meal, and tomato pomace) that are similar in efficacy to rice bran at generating and sustaining soil anoxia and reducing populations of introduced plant pathogens. Here, we used replicated ASD field trials to determine if rice bran and the alternative carbon substrates would elicit similar soil bacterial communities (characterized via amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene v4 region) and to assess if any observed community shifts were consistent across repeated trials. We found significant, but minimal differences in community composition between ASD carbon treatments (F4, 30 = 2.80, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.22) and trials (F1, 30 = 5.24, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.10). In both trials, the abundances of Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, Selenomonadales, and Enterobacteriales increased significantly (>5 log2 fold change) in all ASD treatments compared to untreated controls. A group of shared core genera belonging to the Clostridiales and Selenomonadales were identified in both trials and constituted 22.6 and 21.5% of the communities. Bacterial taxa that were most responsive to ASD treatments had the genomic potential for denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and fermentation reactions that produce organic acids (such as acetate and butyrate) known to inhibit in vitro growth of plant pathogens based on predicted metagenomes. Together, these results indicate that reproducible and effective implementation of ASD is achievable with alternative carbon substrates to rice bran.

Much of the commercially available lecithin is produced as a byproduct of soybean oil extraction. However, there is a strong need for alternative lecithin feedstock due to the presence of allergens in soy lecithin. The objective of the present study was to determine if oilseeds from Brassicaceae family such as Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba, and Brassica napus represent viable source of lecithin. Total yields of lecithin from seed meals was quantified. Composition of extracted lecithin was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Total extractable lecithin from B. juncea, S. alba, B. napus averaged 4.27, 4.26, and 4.12 % by weight, respectively. B. napus seed contained more phosphatidylcholine (4.40 mg g−1) than both B. juncea (2.94 mg g−1) and S. alba seed (2.44 mg g−1). Total phosphatidylinositol concentrations in extracted lecithin were 1.51, 0.98, and 1.09 mg g−1 seed for B. napus, B. juncea, and S. alba, respectively. No significant difference in the ratios of specific phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol species was found among the three studied seed meals. Based on the data obtained, we have demonstrated that mustard seeds are a viable source of non-allergen phospholipids, including lecithin with potentially novel emulsifying characteristics.

Conservation agriculture (CA) is being advocated as an alternative to conventional tillage based systems, as it not only holds the potential to enhance soil biological properties, but could also sustain production in the long-run. The impact of long-term tillage and nutrient management on soil biological properties, crops performance, yield and returns were evaluated under maize-mustard rotation. Three tillage practices viz. zero tilled flatbed (ZTFB), permanent bed (PNB) and conventional tillage (CT) along with three nutrient management practices; farmer’s fertilizer practices (FFP), recommended dose of fertilization (RDF) and nutrient expert assisted: site-specific nutrient management (NE®) were tested under the field conditions for six years (2013–2019). ZTFB produced the highest average maize grain yield, which was statistically similar to PNB; however it was 28.4% greater than CT. NE® and RDF recorded 27.4% and 24.8% higher yield over FFP, respectively. Similarly, ZTFB and PNB produced 8.0% greater mustard seed yield than CT, while NE® and RDF had 23.5% and 22.3% greater seed yield compared to FFP. Average of six years indicates, ZTFB and PNB produced 9.7% and 8.9% greater maize grain equivalent yield (MGEY) than CT. Furthermore, NE® and RDF had similar MGEY, but 24.9% and 23% greater than FFP. ZTFB and PNB gave the maximum economic benefits in comparison to CT plots. CT was 18.7% and 19.3% costlier than PNB and ZTFB, while RDF was more expensive than NE® and FFP. Plots under ZTFB and PNB had 13.9% and 17.8% (0.0−0.15 m soil profile) and 14.6% and 12.5% (0.16−0.30 m soil profile) greater soil organic carbon (SOC) than CT plots. These practices also had significant (p

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) and mustard seed meal (MSM) appear to be promising non-fumigant alternatives for soilborne pathogens control. However, studies of their effect on charcoal rot ca...

There are several water-borne diseases which are highly pathogenic for humans. Among all, Vibrio genus plays a major role. Vibrio cholerae , a gram negative anaerobe, is one of the most ancient and major water borne pathogen which causes fatal disease, cholera. This study chiefly focuses on the natural or plant derived products which could be used against Vibrio . In this work, 10 pond water samples were collected and investigated for presence or absence of pathogenic Vibrio species. A rapid method, multiplex PCR,of identification has been applied for determining the species. Out of 10, 8 samples showed presence of Vibrio species in them when cultured on selective media. The identified isolates of V. cholera, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were then tested against three common spices, black cardamom( Amomum subulatum ), mustard seed ( Brassica nigra ) and liquorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra ) , extracts for their antibacterial property using agar well diffusion method. The antimicrobial assay result of spices showed a maximum activity by aqueous extract liquorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra ) of 23 ± 0.52 (mm) against V.vulnificus followed by mustard seed (Brassica nigra) of 22.1 ± 0.60 (mm) against V.vulnificus .

Indian mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss] is the predominant oilseed crop in semi-arid India, conventionally grown by repeated plowings during the rainy seasons to conserve soil moisture in fallow fields. To evaluate the effect of establishment methods on productivity, soil health and economics of mustard under various cropping systems, a field experiment was conducted for four years from 2009–2010 to 2012–2013 at the Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, India. Conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), zero tillage (ZT), and permanent furrow irrigated raised beds (FIRB) treatments were evaluated for five mustard-based cropping systems, viz., fallow–mustard, green manure–mustard, brown manure–mustard, cluster bean–mustard, and pearl millet–mustard, in split-plot design with three replications. The variable tillage practices significantly affected seed, stover, and biological yields, production efficiency, and the economics of mustard along with the bulk density and soil organic carbon dynamics. After four years of the experimentation, the highest mustard seed yield was obtained under FIRB (2765 kg ha −1 ) which was 23.6% higher over CT. The seed yield obtained under ZT (2533 kg ha −1 ) was 17.5% higher over CT. The seed yield recorded under RT was found similar with ZT, but significantly higher over CT due to higher dry matter accumulation, higher translocation efficiency, and greater sink/source potential at the seed filling stage. Among the cropping systems, highest yield was obtained under the green manure-mustard system followed by the cluster bean–mustard system. The seed yield enhancement with the green manure–mustard cropping system was 13.9% over the fallow-mustard system. The highest assimilate supply (0.33 g siliqua −1 ) was recorded under ZT. Sustainability parameters, including harvest index (0.29), sustainability yield index (0.85), and production efficiency (16.1 kg ha −1 day −1 ) were also found highest under ZT after four years of the experiment. Soil organic carbon increased to 0.39% and 0.36% in ZT and FIRB, respectively, from 0.26% in CT. A higher mass of soil organic carbon and carbon sequestration potential rate was recorded under ZT. The bulk density under ZT and FIRB decreased over CT. The soil organic carbon, the mass of soil organic carbon, and the carbon sequestration potential rate were highest in the green manure–mustard system. These parameters were similar between the pearl millet–mustard system and fallow-mustard system, indicating that an additional pearl millet crop can be successfully grown without exhausting the soil organic carbon. The net returns, profitability, and the benefit-cost ratio were highest under FIRB, followed by ZT.

The toxic nature of most organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors has necessitated the search for corrosion inhibitors with an excellent environmental profile. The present work is focused on the widening utilization of plant extracts for metallic corrosion control and reports on the corrosion inhibition effect of mustard seed extract (MSE) for typical X60 pipeline steel in 2 M HCl and 1 M H2SO4 solutions. Gravimetric and electrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potentiodynamic polarization) methods were employed. The effect of immersion time and temperature on the corrosion inhibition effect of the plant extract was also studied. Results obtained show that MSE inhibited the corrosion of steel in both media which was more pronounced in H2SO4 than in HCl environment. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the concentration of the extract but decreased with increase in temperature. The potentiodynamic polarization studies revealed that MS...

Interpretation of the parables of the mustard seed and leaven have often focused on what these parables tell us about the kingdom of God, rather than why or how they are employed in a specific Gospel for the benefit of the Gospel’s audience. This article explores the meaning and function of the parables of the mustard seed and leaven in Luke’s Gospel in light of their unique narrative co-text and metaphorical context. Such analysis reveals that Luke employs these parables as metaphors of transformation, exhorting the hearer to choose the kingdom of God or risk the consequences of rejecting it.

Summary An ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the analysis of sinigrin in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) seed and seed fractions. Separation was compared on several RP-HPLC columns (Inertsil® ODS-4 C18 and ZORBAX® Eclipse XDB-C18) with an isocratic eluent containing 100% aqueous (aq.) tetramethylammonium bromide (10 mm, pH 5.0). Sinigrin retention was affected by HPLC variables including the type of ion-pair reagent, buffer strength and pH, acetonitrile concentration, column temperature and eluent flow rate. Partial validation demonstrated this optimised chromatographic condition to be linear, accurate and precise. Multistage extraction using 70% (v/v) aq. methanol was more efficient than 50% (v/v) aq. acetonitrile. In addition, the matrix effect and recovery rate as well as processing efficiency of the analytical protocol were determined. This method is suitable for high throughput analysis of sinigrin in Ethiopian mustard seed and seed fractions.

Phytocystatins belong to the family of cysteine proteinases inhibitors. They are ubiquitously found in plants and carry out various significant physiological functions. These plant derived inhibitors are gaining wide consideration as potential candidate in engineering transgenic crops and in drug designing. Hence it is crucial to identify these inhibitors from various plant sources. In the present study a phytocystatin has been isolated and purified by a simple two-step procedure using ammonium sulfate saturation and gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-100HR from Brassica alba seeds (yellow mustard seeds).The protein was purified to homogeneity with 60.3% yield and 180-fold of purification. The molecular mass of the mustard seed cystatin was estimated to be nearly 26,000 Da by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as well as by gel filtration chromatography. The stokes radius and diffusion coefficient of the mustard cystatin were found to be 23A° and 9.4 × 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1) respectively. The isolated phytocystatin was found to be stable in the pH range of 6-8 and is thermostable up to 60 °C. Kinetic analysis revealed that the phytocystatin exhibited non-competitive type of inhibition and inhibited papain more efficiently (K(i) = 3 × 10(-7) M) than ficin (K(i) = 6.6 × 10(-7) M) and bromelain (K(i) = 7.7 × 10(-7) M respectively). CD spectral analysis shows that it possesses 17.11% alpha helical content.

This study investigated the biofumigation potential of nine Brassica species/cultivars by determining the levels of 2-propenyl glucosinolate in their roots and shoots, and their in-vitro suppression of four major soil-borne pathogens of vegetable crops. Hydrolysis of 2-propenyl GSL produces volatile isothiocyanate (ITC) compounds which are known to have anti-fungal activity. HPLC results showed that 2-propenyl GSL only occurred in root and shoot residue of flowering plants of four Brassica cultivars developed for green manuring (Caliente 199?, Mustclean?, Nemfix? and BQ Mulch?) and in the standard (mustard seed meal) treatment Fumafert?. Levels of 2-propenyl GSL varied several fold within the four Brassica cultivars, with 77-88% of the total concentrations recorded in the shoot tissues. In in vitro assays, the level of fungal suppression by volatiles emitted by hydrated shoot and root residues related to their content of 2-propenyl GSL, and the dose of residue applied to five soilborne test pathogens (S. minor, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium dissotocum and Rhizoctonia solani). The variation in 2-propenyl GLS levels found in the Brassica green manure crops tested provides scope for selecting cultivars with greater potential for biofumigation, and to control multiple soil-borne disease problems in vegetable farms.

The experiment was conducted at Shibganj upazila under Bogra district during October, 2014 to January, 2015 to observe the effect of planting dates on the yield of mustard seed. There were five planting dates viz. 25 October, 30 October, 05 November, 10 November and 15 November. Significant variations due to different planting dates were observed in plant height, number of leaves plant -1 , number of siliqua plant -1 , number of seed siliqua -1 , 1000 weight plot -1 , yield plot -1 and yield ha -1 of mustard. Results showed that the highest seed yield was1.50 t ha -1 obtained from 30 October. The lowest seed yield was 1.0 t ha -1 from 15 November. From the results, the best planting date of mustard is on 30 October in the northern parts of Bangladesh. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(4): 651-654

The risk of commodity price volatility impacts almost everyone from individuals to companies and the economy as a whole. Hedging with derivative instruments is a way to insure against such risks. In the present study, the risk reduction function of commodity futures has been evaluated for commodities in the oil and oilseeds segment, namely, refined soya oil, mustard seed, mentha oil and crude palm oil (CPO). The choice of these commodities is made because in India, oilseeds’ trading has grown phenomenally due to massive increase in its domestic consumption which is being met by imports. To attain self-sufficiency and to enhance domestic production, besides other measures, commodity futures help to improve price realization and thereby encourage farmers to increase the area under cultivation. The minimum variance hedge ratio (MVHR) is calculated using the ordinary least square (OLS) method, OLS with additional variables and error correction model (ECM). Hedging effectiveness is quantified using MVHR. The estimates of hedging effectiveness are satisfactory for more liquid futures contracts of refined soya oil and CPO which gave variance reduction to the extent of 55 and 71 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, risk reduction with mustard seed and refined mentha oil futures is only around 28 per cent. According to market reports, the latter are narrow commodities with a small market size and greater susceptibility to price manipulation and cartelization. Measures, such as, better regulatory framework, wider participation of actual users in the commodity value chain and suitable contract specifications, are most essential for lucrative commodity markets.

Mustard seed meals (MSMs) are by-products resulting from crushing mustard seeds to provide biofuel. MSMs have been applied as bio-herbicides due to the release of active glucosinolates hydrolysis products. Three experiments were conducted to determine the herbicidal activity of MSM (Sinapis alba ‘IdaGold’ and Brassica juncea ‘Pacific Gold’) in two weed species, large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). In petri dishes, MSMs were applied at 0, 50, 100, 200 or 300 g/m2. In greenhouse containers, MSMs were applied on the surface or incorporated with germination mix at 0, 1.5, 3.0 or 4.5 g/pot. In outdoor containers, MSMs were incorporated with germination mix at 0, 1.5 or 3.0 g/pot. In petri dishes, emergence percentage (EP) and emergence index (EI) of large crabgrass were lower in ‘Pacific Gold’ than ‘IdaGold’ under unsealed conditions, and EP and EI were lower under sealed than unsealed conditions at all rates. In greenhouse containers, the EP and EI of crabgrass were lower in ‘Pacific Gold’ than ‘IdaGold’ when applied on the surface at 3.0 and 4.5 g/pot, while EP and EI was lower in ‘Pacific Gold’ when applied at 1.5 to 4.5 g/pot under both two methods. The EP of amaranth was lower in ‘IdaGold’ than ‘Pacific Gold’ at 1.5 g/pot under both methods, while EI was lower in ‘Pacific Gold’ when applied on the surface than incorporated. In outdoor containers, EP and EI of crabgrass were lower in ‘Pacific Gold’ than ‘IdaGold’ at 3.0 g/pot. These results demonstrated that ‘IdaGold’ might have better herbicidal efficacy on Palmer amaranth (broadleaf weeds), whereas ‘Pacific Gold’ was more effective on large crabgrass (grass weeds).

White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seeds were investigated for their phenolic profile and antioxidant potential. Sinapic acid was identified in significant quantities, as sinapine, and also as methyl and ethyl sinapate, which are generally less reported in the literature. p-Hydroxybenzoic and sinapic acid were the main phenolic acids in both the free fraction and the fraction released from the soluble bound form, with higher p-hydroxybenzoic acid than sinapic acid. 4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetic acid and its alkyl esters were also identified. Among the flavonoids, the most abundant were quercetin and epicatechin. In addition to radical-scavenging activities, the mustard seed methanolic extract showed reducing power and chelating activity. On the basis of results of its effect in emulsion, bulk oil and oleogel oxidation assays and the polar nature of the principal antioxidant components, it would be best suitable in bulk oil and oleogel lipid systems, for the prevention of lipid peroxidation.

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) and mustard seed meal (MSM) amendments can provide effective control of soil-borne diseases including apple replant disease. These measures rely on both chemical and biological modes of action to yield effective disease control and their integration may prove beneficial or, alternatively, deleterious to overall treatment efficiency when applied in concert. Potential outcomes of integrating ASD with MSM amendments were assessed by determining the effect of treatment application sequence and ASD carbon source on generation of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) derived from Brassica juncea seed meal, structure of the rhizosphere and soil microbiome, control of apple replant pathogens, and plant growth. In bioassays conducted using ‘Gala’ apple seedlings, application of ASD or MSM treatments independently was as effective or superior to all integrated treatments for the control of replant pathogens. Application of ASD prior to MSM amendment diminished the yield of AITC attained in response to soil incorporation of the Brassica juncea:Sinapis alba seed meal. Treatment application sequence had significant effect on structure of the bulk soil fungal and bacterial community. Correspondingly, treatment application sequence significantly altered plant growth performance when orchard grass was utilized as the ASD carbon input. At harvest, rhizosphere fungal but not bacterial community composition was significantly altered in treated soil relative to the control, and sequence of treatment application had significant effect on rhizosphere fungal community structure. Failure of integrated treatments to enhance overall replant disease control may have resulted from many factors including reduced generation of active metabolites, diminished activity of mechanisms functional in pathogen suppression, or the elevated accumulation and retention of phytotoxic chemistries, the latter which would require extended plant back periods to circumvent. The findings indicate that under the experimental conditions employed, integration of ASD with MSM amendment is unlikely to yield additive or synergistic effects on apple replant disease control.

Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and development of novel lung cancer preventive and therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Brassica nigra (black mustard) seeds are commonly consumed in several Asian and African countries. Mustard seeds previously exhibited significant anticancer activities against several cancer types. In the present study, we have investigated various cellular and molecular mechanisms of anticancer effects of an ethanolic extract of B. nigra seeds against A549 and H1299 human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. B. nigra extract showed a substantial growth-inhibitory effect as it reduced the viability and clonogenic survival of A549 and H1299 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. B. nigra extract induced cellular apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion as evidenced from increased caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, treatment of both A549 and H1299 cells with B. nigra extract alone or in combination with camptothecin induced DNA double-strand breaks as evidenced by upregulation of &gamma, H2A histone family member X, Fanconi anemia group D2 protein, Fanconi anemia group J protein, ataxia‑telangiectesia mutated and Rad3-related protein. Based on cell cycle analysis, B. nigra extract significantly arrested A549 and H1299 cells at S and G2/M phases. Additionally, B. nigra extract suppressed the migratory and invasive properties of both cell lines, downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), MMP9, and Snail and upregulated the expression of E-cadherin at mRNA and protein levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that B. nigra seed extract may have an important anticancer potential against human lung cancer which could be mediated through simultaneous and differential regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage, cell cycle, migration, and invasion.

We present the results of two efficiency measures that include intraday return predictability measure based on order imbalance and measures of several variance ratio tests on intraday subsamples of nine major Indian agricultural commodity futures (castor seed, cotton oil cake, rape mustard seed, soybean, refined soya oil, crude palm oil, jeera, chana, and turmeric) quoted in the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX). We perform the efficiency measures on five subsamples with holding periods of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min over two sample periods following the announcement of the merger between the Forward Market Commission (FMC) and Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI). We compare results of tests of weak-form market efficiency of futures markets between two periods (pre-merger period and post-merger period). Our results confirm that Indian agricultural commodity futures markets continue to remain inefficient in the short-term during both pre-merger and post-merger periods. Based on these findings, it is likely that profitable trading strategies in the short intraday intervals will be available for traders and market participants during post-merger period. Thus, regulators must focus more on policy initiative so as to enhance market quality in order to address such inefficiencies in Indian commodity futures markets.

A study was taken up to test the Glycemic Index (GI) of foxtail millet (Setaria Italica). Six healthy subjects between 22-28 years were selected and informed consent was taken from all of them. White bread was used as the standard food. Test foods used were uncoated foxtail millet and coated foxtail millet prepared in the form of rice (millet was cooked only with water). White bread and all the test foods containing 50g of carbohydrates each were given to the subjects. The coatings used on the foxtail millet were gum acacia, fenugreek seed paste, curry leaves paste and aloe vera gel. Blood glucose levels were taken at the fasting level and after 30, 60, 90 and 120minutes of consumption of the white bread and all the test foods. Besides these, in order to test the GI of a mixed meal, seasoned rice (foxtail millet, onion, vegetable oil, groundnut, bengal gram dhal, black gram dhal, mustard seed, cumin seed, green chillies, curry leaves and tomato) was also prepared and given to the same subjects. Results showed that the GI ranges from 28 to 33; with fenugreek seeds coated millet having the lowest GI of 28 followed by curry leaf coated (30), aloe vera coated (31) and gum acacia coated (32) and the uncoated millet having the highest GI of 33. The GI of the mixed meal was 47. When compared to the uncoated millet, the coated ones had lower GI though the difference was not statistically significant. A negative correlation was observed between GI of coated and uncoated millet and dietary fiber (r=-0.85) but a positive correlation was there between GI of foxtail millet (coated and uncoated) and starch (r=0.95). Thus it can be inferred that the uncoated foxtail millet and coated foxtail millets are effective in lowering blood glucose levels.

Selenium (Se) is an essential dietary supplement that resolves inflammatory responses and offers antioxidant cytoprotection. In this study, we present the data on the cytoprotective effect of Se-rich mustard protein isolated from mustard cultivated in seleniferous soils in Punjab, India. The concentrations of total Se in mustard seed, oil-free mustard cake, and mustard protein were 110.0 ± 3.04, 143.0 ± 5.18, and 582.3 ± 6.23 μg g−1, respectively. The cytoprotective effect of Se-rich mustard protein was studied on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced cytotoxicity in a mouse melanoma cell line (B16-F10). When compared with TBHP treated cells (where no viable cells were found), Se-rich protein made bioaccessible through simulated gastrointestinal digestion protected melanoma cells from cytotoxicity with decreased levels of oxidative stress resulting in 73% cell viability. Such an effect was associated with a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase activity as a function of bioaccessible Se and its response towards cytoprotection.

A progressive increase in the desire for environmentally friendly lubricants by users and strict government regulations for the use of these lubricants has provided an opportunity to use plant oils as biodegradable lubricants, therefore vegetable oils have been investigated to replace oil lubricants because of their maintaining the conditions of nature (environment) properties. In this paper, the influences of the blending ratio of mustard seeds oil with commercial mineral oil (SAE40) on the tribological characteristics were investigated and compared with mineral oil using the four-ball tribotester. Mustard seeds oil was blended with mineral oil at a volumetric ratio ranging from 22.5 to 90%. All experimental works were confirmed to ASTM D4172-B standard. The results exhibit that some blends of mustard seeds oil with mineral oil have lower wear scar diameter, friction torque, Friction coefficient and a higher parameter of flash temperature value compared to mineral oil and neat mustard seed oil. In conclusion, the mustard seed oil blend (MU22.5) shows a better anti-wear and anti-friction performance compared to oil samples. Therefore, mustard seeds oil has the potential to be used as a lubricant of mating surfaces.

This study investigated the effect of yellow, black, and brown mustard seeds on color, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]), and micro-biological and sensory qualities of meatballs during storage. Heat treatment of mustard seeds affected the TBARS value of meatball samples (p

WOS: 000438315800010 PubMed ID: 30018497 This study investigated the effect of yellow, black, and brown mustard seeds on color, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]), and microbiological and sensory qualities of meatballs during storage. Heat treatment of mustard seeds affected the TBARS value of meatball samples (p

The agri-food industry generates thousands of tons of by-products such as skins, peels, seeds, leaves and other inedible fractions. Such by-products usually cause environmental issues due to their large amounts and high water activity promoting microbial development. Food by-products can be readily recycled and utilized as a source of fuel, feed and fertilizer. Therefore, it seems logical and feasible to turn food by-products into animal feeds. The purpose of this study is to produce a new animal feed compound by extruding by-products of black and white mustard seeds production. After extrusion, the feed compound obtained was dried and stored in two manners: under ambient conditions and in a climate chamber under accelerated conditions of high temperature and air humidity. Our objective was to examine the oxidative stability of the feed compound produced, and to compare the properties of black and white mustard seed extrudates. Semenska proizvodnja stvara ogromne količine prehrambenog otpada svake godine, kao što su polomljenia zrna, ljuske, nejestivi delovi biljke, kao i delovi neadekvatnih senzornih i nutritivnih karakteristika. Jednostavan način za smanjenje količine semenskog 'otpada' ogleda se u što masovnijoj upotrebi u daljim ciklusima prerade. S obzirom na samo poreklo sirovina, kao najlogičniji i najjednostavniji vid dalje upotrebe odbačenih semenskih nusproizvoda nameće se proizvodnja hrane za životinje. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio da se ispita mogućnost upotrebe nusproizvoda semenske dorade crne i bele slačice u proizvodnji novog hraniva za ishranu životinja uz primenu tehnološkog postupka ekstrudiranja. Imajući u vidu hemijski sastav sirovine, nakon ekstrudiranja pristupljeno je ispitivanju je skladišne stabilnosti proizvedenih ekstrudata, praćenjem oksidativnih promena masne faze proizvoda. Proizvedeno hranivo je osušeno i skladišteno na dva načina. Prva grupa uzoraka skladištena je na sobnim uslovima temperature i vlažnosti vazduha, dok je druga grupa uzoraka skladištena u klima komori pri ubrzanim uslovima povišene temterature (65°C) i vlažnosti vazduha (φ = 70%). Sledeći parametri sukcesivno su praćeni tokom perioda skladištenja: mikrobiološki status uzoraka, peroksidni broj kao merilo primarne oksidacije proizvoda i supstance reaktivna sa tiobarbiturinskom kiselinom (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances - TBARS) i anisidinski broj kao merilo sekundarne oksidacije proizvoda. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da proizvedeni ekstrudati pokazuju značajan potencijal kao novo hranivo za životinje. Visok sadržaj proteina, a u isto vreme i masti, svrstavaju ekstrudirane nusproizvode slačice u proteinsko-energetska hraniva. Poredeći ova dva parametra sa vrednostima konvencionalnih hraniva, može se reći da su oba ekstrudata slična ekstrudiranoj soji. Međutim, ono što predstavlja problem, jeste visok sadržaj celuloze (preko 20% u oba ekstrudata), što je značajan limitirajući faktor u ishrani životinja. Za proizvedene ekstrudate karakterističan je visok sadržaj nezasićenih masnih kiselina. Ograničenje u nesmetanoj upotrebi ovih ekstrudata u ishrani životinja predstavlja visok sadržaj eruka kiseline, jedinjenu poznatom po svom antinutritivnom dejstvu, a koji ekstrudiranjem nije bilo moguće smanjiti. Takođe je utvrđeno da je ekstrudat proizveden od nusproizvoda crne slačice stabilniji od ekstrudiranih nusproizvoda bele slačice.

Hardaliye, siyah yaş üzümleri, hardal tohumu ve vişne yaprağı kullanılarak laktik asit fermantasyonu yoluyla üretilen geleneksel alkolsüz bir içecektir. Geleneksel Hardaliye üretiminde üzüm şırasında maya faaliyetini engelleyerek alkol oluşumunu önlemek amacıyla hardal tohumu ilave edilmektedir. Buna rağmen fermentasyon ve depolama sırasında üründe arzu edilmeyen etanol oluşumu meydana gelebilmekte ve bu durum mevsim sıcaklıklarına da bağlı olarak standart kalitede ürün üretimine engel oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısıyla endüstriyel çapta üretimin yaygınlaşmasıyla beraber sorbat ve benzoatlar gibi kimyasal koruyucular Hardaliye üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, günümüzde tüketiciler, katkı içermeyen, yüksek kaliteli, güvenli, daha uzun raf ömrüne sahip ürünleri tercih etmektedirler. Bu nedenle tez kapsamında Hardaliye üretiminde starter kültür ve yüksek derişimde hardal tohumu kullanımının kimyasal koruyuculara bir alternatif olma potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, fermentasyon süresince ve farklı sıcaklıklarda depolama süresince Hardaliye örneklerinin mikrobiyal, fizikokimyasal ve duyusal kalite karakteristiklerinde meydana gelen değişimler de takip edilmiştir. Hardaliye üretiminde % 3 (w/v) konsantrasyona kadar hardal tohumu kullanımının Hardaliye fermentasyonu ve depolanması sırasında maya fermentasyonunu engellemede yeterli olmadığı bulunmuştur. Hardal tohumu ve/veya starter kültür kullanılarak üretilen Hardaliyelerde alkol miktarı, oda sıcaklığında iki ay depolama sonunda % 11 – 13 (v/v) arasında bulunurken, buzdolabı sıcaklığında depolama sonunda % 5 – 13 (v/v) arasında bulunmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda iki ay süresince depolanan örnekler içerisinde yalnızca kimyasal koruyucu kullanılarak üretilen ve buzdolabı sıcaklığında depolanan Hardaliye örnekleri alkol içerikleri bakımından yasal limitlere uygun bulunmuştur. Hardal konsantrasyondaki artışın ve starter kültür kullanımının fizikokimyasal kalite üzerine bir etkisi tespit edilememiştir. Hardal konsantrasyonunun % 2'nin üzerinde kullanılması ürünün duyusal kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Çalışma kapsamında kullanılan miktarlarda hardal tohumu, starter kültür ve kimyasal koruyucunun Hardaliye üretiminde laktik asit fermentasyonu üzerine olumsuz bir etkisi tespit edilmemiştir. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında, oda sıcaklığında depolamanın Hardaliyenin mikrobiyolojik, fizikokimyasal ve duyusal kalitesinin korunmasında yeterli olmadığı, buzdolabı sıcaklığında depolanan ve kimyasal koruyucu kullanılarak üretilen Hardaliyelerin, depolama sonunda en iyi mikrobiyolojik, fizikokimyasal ve duyusal kaliteye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Hardaliye is a traditional alcohol-free drink produced by lactic acid fermentation using red grapes, mustard seeds, and cherry leaf. In traditional Hardaliye production, mustard seed is added in order to prevent the formation of alcohol by inhibiting the yeast activity in grape must. Nevertheless, the formation of non-desirable ethanol can occur during fermentation and storage, creating obstacles in standard quality product production due to seasonal temperature variations. Therefore, chemical preservatives such as sorbates and benzoates are used in mustard production along with the widespread industrial production. However, today consumers prefer high quality, safe products with no additives and longer shelf life. Therefore, the possible use of starter culture and of relatively higher amounts of high mustard seed as alternatives to chemical preservatives has been investigated in this thesis. In this context, changes in microbial, physicochemical and sensory quality characteristics of Hardaliye samples during fermentation and storage at different temperatures were also evaluated. The use of mustard seeds up to 3% (w / v) concentration was not found to be sufficient to inhibit yeast fermentation during fermentation of Hardaliye and further storage. In Hardaliye samples produced by using mustard seed and/or starter culture, the amount of alcohol was between 11% and 13% (v / v) at the end of storage for two months at room temperature, while at refrigerator temperature it was determined between 5% and 13% (v / v). Of all the Hardaliye samples stored for two months, only the ones produced by using chemical preservatives and stored at the refrigerator temperature were in compliance with the legal limits of alcohol contents. No significant effect of the use of starter culture and of increased amount of mustard seed have been determined on the physicochemical quality. The use of more than 2% of the mustard concentration adversely affected the sensory quality of the product. No adverse effects of starter culture, chemical preservatives and mustard seed in quantities used in the study on lactic acid fermentation have been determined. Within the scope of this thesis, it has been determined that storage at room temperature is not enough to protect the microbiological, physicochemical and sensory qualities of the mustard, and that Hardaliye samples produced by using chemical preservative and stored at the refrigerator temperature provides the best microbiological, physicochemical and sensory qualities at the end of storage. 107

In this article, we illustrate the challenges and possibilities of Buddhist stories, including Zen stories and Jataka Tales, in the service of compassionate teaching. Through the tropes of these stories, we address manifestations and extensions of compassion in our teaching, including interdependence, impermanence, and equanimity. Using Buddhist stories and parables in the service of Western education can illustrate such deeper concepts and work to awaken and/or reinforce compassion, reflection, and mindfulness in teachers, pre-service teachers, and students themselves. The incorporation of Buddhist stories and parables in pre-service teacher education can focus the lenses of attention, encourage self-examination, and inspire students for further learning.

Defatted mustard seed meal powder (MSMP) is a natural source of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) — a potent antimicrobial volatile released from Brassicaceae plants when a glucosinolate (sinigrin) in the plant tissues is hydrolyzed in a myrosinase-catalyzed reaction. This study demonstrated the feasibility of entrapping MSMP particles in nonwovens produced by electrospinning poly(lactic acid)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PLA–PEO) blends into ultrafine fibers. Although MSMP particles were larger than the electrospun PLA–PEO fibers, results from scanning electron microscopy showed that the mustard seed particles were physically entrapped and uniformly dispersed within the nonwovens. Moreover, the surface of the MSMP was fully covered by the polymer blend. By changing the PLA–PEO blend ratio, AITC release rate and quantity released could be manipulated readily. Specific interactions between PLA, PEO and MSMP were not detected with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. However, differential scanning calorimetry showed that components from MSMP interfered with the chain packing of the crystalline phases of both polymers, lowering their melting temperatures. In view of the well-established antimicrobial properties of AITC, the RH-sensitive MSMP-containing nonwovens potentially can be useful in active food packaging applications. Further studies involving specific foods will shed light on the extent by which the active nonwovens affect product shelf-life.

Mustard is a leading oil crop in Bangladesh. Relevant data and information on the adoption of improved mustard varieties is very scanty and sporadic in Bangladesh. Therefore, an attempt was made to assess the extent of adoption of improved mustard varieties and their management practices at farm level. The study used data from 540 mustard growing farmers under Manikgonj, Rajshahi and Dinajpur districts. Probit regression model along with other descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected data. Analysis revealed that the farm level adoption of different production practices were not encouraging as most farmers did not follow the recommendations made by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) for mustard cultivation. The variety adoption scenario was also discouraging since only 40% of the farmers cultivated improved mustard varieties. However, farmers showed positive attitude towards adoption of improved mustard varieties since about 53% of the adopters wanted to increase area under improve mustard cultivation in next growing season considering the high yielding ability, low cultivation cost, high profit, and less labour requirements. Although mustard is considered to be a profitable crop, many farmers showed negative attitude towards its production due to some drawbacks. Non-availability of improved mustard seed was also found to be a barrier to its adoption at farm level.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(3): 363-379, September 2015

The mustard crop (Brassica spp. and Sinapis spp.) originated in the Mediterranean and is considered one of the first cultivated crops in Near East at the beginning of the Neolithic ‘agricultural revolution’. Despite high oil content in its seed that prevents it from preserving for long, there is a rich archaeobotanical evidence of its presence in both wild and the very first agricultural floras of Near East. The historical linguistic analysis suggests that the people who domesticated mustard belonged to the Afroasiatic ethnolinguistic family comprising modern Semitic peoples. The earliest Christian and Islamic texts, such as gospels and Qur’an and both having roots in the Semitic/Hebrew religious traditions, make references to the mustard crop primarily as a religious symbol, most notably in the parable of the mustard seed in the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke. Here, a mustard plant, with all its remarkable morphological aspects, may equally be viewed as a human body fulfilled with faith and as a crop with a substantial inner potential, such as high seed oil content and high protein content in biomass and seed. In other words, the image of the mustard plant is an archetype of all its potentials as a multi-purposed crop. This short communication shows that the religious symbolism may cast more light onto the earliest days and history of the cultivated plants, such as mustard. By demonstrating the existence of a peculiar space–time continuum from the beginnings of agriculture to the beginning of common era, it may also offer indirect but detailed and convincible evidence on their significance for the human population of Fertile Crescent in a joint and balanced effort with palaeobotany, archaeology, palaeogenetics and historical linguistics.

Mustard seed meals of indian mustard [InM (Brassica juncea)] and yellow mustard [YeM (Sinapis alba)], alone and combined, were tested for effects on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants and for suppression of southern root-knot nematode [RKN (Meloidogyne incognita)] and weed populations. In the greenhouse, with all seed meal treatments applied at 0.25% total w/w soil, low tomato plant stands (up to 60% dying/dead) resulted from amendment with 3 YeM:1 InM, 1 YeM:1 InM, and YeM, applied right before transplant. Compared with untreated controls, low numbers of RKN eggs per gram root were consistently recorded from amendment with 3 YeM:1 InM. In a 2012 field study, incorporation of 1 YeM:1 InM (1700 lb/acre) resulted in lower tomato root biomass than fertilizer application (504 lb/acre), YeM or InM (each 1700 lb/acre). All treatments were applied with added fertilizer to achieve 100–102 lb/acre nitrogen, 7.4 lb/acre phosphorus, 74.7 lb/acre potassium, 6.0 lb/acre sulfur, and 1.0 lb/acre boron. The lowest numbers of RKN eggs per gram root (harvest 2012) were collected from plots amended with InM (1700 lb/acre), YeM (850 lb/acre), and 3 YeM:1 InM (1700 lb/acre), but the numbers were not significantly different from fertilizer only (504 lb/acre) controls. Highest and lowest tomato yields (numbers of fruit) in 2012 were recorded from YeM (850 lb/acre) and 3 YeM:1 InM (1700 lb/acre) amendments, respectively. In 2013, there were no significant differences among treatments in eggs per gram root or in tomato yields. No mustard seed meal treatment affected weed populations. At the tested rates, YeM seed meal showed potential for use in tomato beds but results were inconsistent between years.

The physico-chemical properties of solvent-extracted oil from the seeds of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch), and the dried kernel (copra) of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) were characterized. Among these sources, spinach seed had the lowest oil content (4.5 ± 0.4%) while coconut kernel had the highest oil content (63.1 ± 2.8%). Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids for spinach, lady’s finger and noni seed oils, while erucic, eleostearic, and lauric acids were the major fatty acids for mustard seed oil, bitter gourd seed oil, and coconut kernel oil, respectively. All of the oils possessed at least three major peaks in their triacylglycerol profiles except for bitter gourd seed oil which had only one major peak (1-stearoyl, 2,3-dieleostearoyl). The last endothermic peaks were –12.4, –6.0, 6.8, 57.7, 2.7, and 24.3oC for noni, spinach,...

Jesus incorporates and makes use of Scripture mainly by use of three characteristics which are authoritative, embodied, and subversive. The characteristics of authoritative reading is demonstrated in the Sabbath controversy. Jesus makes direct references to the story of David(I Samuel 21:1-6) in order to justify the actions of his disciples. And through the use of this reference, which consists of David authority, which was bestowed upon him via being anointed, being used to protect and shield his companies illegal actions, Jesus argues that his disciples actions can thus be justified because they were with him and their deeds were made for the benefit of Jesus. In addition, Jesus argues that the disciples` deeds which may seem heretical on the day of Sabbath can be justified based on God s original intentions for the Sabbath day which emphasize that the Sabbath is for the benefit of human beings. Jesus identifies himself with "the Son of Man", and pronounces that he is able to interpret the true meaning of Sabbath by the authority of the Son of Man. The embodied way of reading the Old Testament is made clear in the conversation with the rich man(10:17-31). Jesus suggests keeping the Ten Commandments to the man who raises the question of what he should do to inherit the eternal life. But after hearing that he had kept them the commandments from his childhood, Jesus calls him to follow him after selling and giving all that he had. The soteriological implication beyond ethics is made clear in Jesus` suggestion. This is because keeping of the commandments was understood as a way of securing eternal life and wealth was considered to be a sign of the blessing of God which would be given to the well-keeper of the Torah. Instead, Jesus proposes that the way to eternal life is to be a follower of his own, forsaking an attempt to keep the soteriological sense of security in terms of obtaining the wealth. It is clear that the belief that he is the eschatological revealer of God who does not only know Gods will perfectly but also acts according to it must be behind his proposition that following him is a way of obtaining eternal life. The subversive way of reading of Scripture is demonstrated in the parables of the seed growing by itself (4:26-29) and ``the mustard seed``(4:30-32), each of which refer to texts respectively from Joel (3:12-13) and Daniel (4:11-12). The parable of the seed growing by itself is focused on the sovereignty of God and the parable of the mustard seed is mainly concerned about demonstrating the power of the kingdom of God which grows beyond human expectations. Such an emphasis on God`s sovereignty is highlighted by incorporating into Jesus` own discourse texts from the Old testament which are at the end of each parable. In the parable of the seed growing by itself, Jesus changes the metaphor of harvest from God`s judgment of nations (Joel 3:12-13) to that of harvest for God`s grace. The ``big tree`` with shelter for many birds and animals (Daniel 4:11-12), of which Jesus uses in the parable of the mustard seed, originally refers to king Nebuchadnezzar who brought the Israelites into Babylon as captives. But Jesus makes use of the parable to refer to the kingdom of God which he proclaims and under which many nations find shelter. In such a subversive reading Jesus shows that the kingdom of God progresses towards its fulfillment by itself and beyond human expectations. Finally, the present study makes an attempt to show that the source of Jesus` distinctive interpretation of Scripture is his self-understanding as an eschatological revealer of God`s will.

Metal hyperaccumulation may be an elemental defense, in which high concentrations of a metal in plant tissues decrease herbivore survival or growth rate. The Joint Effects Hypothesis suggests that a combination of metals, or a combination of a metal with an organic compound, may have an enhanced defensive effect. The enhancement may be additive or synergistic: in either case the concentration of a particular metal necessary to provide a defensive benefit for the plant is lowered. We tested the Joint Effects Hypothesis using Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) neonates fed artificial diets. Metal + metal experiments utilized diets amended with metal pairs, using four metals commonly hyperaccumulated by plants (Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn). We also conducted metal + organic compound experiments, pairing each metal with nicotine, mustard seed powder, or tannic acid. We tested for joint effects using both lethal (LC20 levels) and sublethal concentrations (10-25 % reduced larval weight) of the chemicals tested. For all experiments, either additive or synergistic effects were found. Of the metal + metal pairs tested, three (Co + Cu, Cu + Zn, and Ni + Zn) were synergistic in lethal concentration tests and only Co + Cu was synergistic in sublethal tests. For metal + organic combination lethal tests, synergism occurred for all combinations except for Co or Ni + nicotine, Ni + mustard seed powder, and Zn + nicotine. For sublethal tests, Zn + all three organic chemicals, Co + mustard seed powder or tannic acid, and Cu + nicotine, were synergistic. These results support the Joint Effects Hypothesis, suggesting that metals combined with other metals or organic compounds may be more effective against herbivores than individual metals.

Bu çalışmada, Trakya Bölgesi'ne özgü geleneksel bir içecek olan hardaliyenin laboratuvar koşullarında üretimi yapılarak mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiş, hardaliye üretim yöntemi değerlendirilmiştir. Laboratuvar ölçekli üretimde Alphonse Lavallée ve Papazkarası üzüm çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Denemelerde, farklı konsantrasyonlarda hardal tohumu kullanılmış, buna bağlı olarak mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal analizlerde beklenen şekilde farklı sonuçlar alınmıştır. Elde edilen hardaliyelerde koliform bakteri, E. coli, maya ve küf sayıları yok ya da fermantasyon boyunca kayda değer ölçüde azalırken, toplam aerobik mezofil koloni sayısı ve laktik asit bakterileri sayılarında genel olarak azalma/ artma/ azalma şeklinde bir seyir izlenmiştir. Bu seyir, asitlik artışı ile birlikte değerlendirildiğinde anlamlı bulunmuştur (P

I. Introduction: Born of "Reception and the Spirit" I begin by acknowledging that we are gathered on the traditional lands of the Tongva people. We give thanks for their reverence for and stewardship of this land throughout the ages. I am honored to be invited to speak to you who are my mentors and colleagues, friends of decades and newly met fellow travellers on the ecumenical road. It is a particular gift for me to respond to the rich presentations of John Gibaut, and I am so sorry he is not here in Burbank with us. He would have been a warm and lively presence in our midst. I am also sorry he is not here because I "knew him when." Before he was the Rev. Canon Dr. John St-Helier Gibaut, Director of the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches (WCC), he was John St-Helier Gibaut, a young postulant for ordination in the Anglican Church of Canada and a student at Trinity College, Toronto. I was a young candidate for ordination in the United Church of Canada and a student at Emmanuel College, Toronto. Thanks to the ecumenical partnership of the seven schools of the Toronto School of Theology, he and I were in several classes together, including Professor Margaret O'Gara's course, "Christian Theologies in Dialogue" at the Basilian St. Michael's College, where we first met a brand-new document, a little square booklet with green swirls on it, called Baptism, Eucharist, and Ministry (BEM). (1) He and I did not really get to know one another until we found ourselves in the same Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE) unit in the summer of 1983 at a large mental health hospital in Toronto. Some of you maybe familiar with CPE. It is an intense twelve-week fulltime program to introduce students of ministry not only to spiritual care theologies and practices, usually in a hospital, care home, or prison, but also, and perhaps more pertinently, to introduce students of ministry to themselves. Our educational supervisor was the Rev. Elizabeth (Betty) Kilbourn, one of the first women ordained in the Anglican Church of Canada. She was a force of nature with hair that made mine look tame; when it came to dress, she rarely fancied a clerical collar, and her plentiful mascara was often streaked with tears of joy or compassion. She could also see right through us. She loved us with that tough love that is determined to bring out the best in people and never let us get away with an iota of self-deception. The other students in our small group included young postulants for Roman Catholic priesthood. I was paired with one of these to serve a geriatric ward. Together we collaborated to create gentle liturgies for the ward residents. Mark played the guitar and introduced us to the emerging Catholic contemporary music of the day. Thanks to Mark, if I live long enough to find myself with failing faculties in geriatric care, I am sure I will be belting out, to the dismay of staff and residents, off-key renditions of "Earthen Vessels," "Take, Lord, Receive," and of course "Here I Am, Lord," as those St. Louis Jesuit tunes and lyrics have lodged themselves in my long-term memory bank. My 1983 summer ended with a Greyhound Bus trip to Vancouver to attend the Theological Students' Conference held in conjunction with the Sixth Assembly of the WCC, where we worshiped with the Lima Liturgy and learned the chants of Taize in the bright yellow tent that always reminded me of a mustard seed, a tiny potent symbol of Christian fruitfulness and possibility. Why did I drag you along on this thirty-one-year-old excursion down memory lane, with a tale that pales in comparison with the rich memoirs collected in the fiftieth anniversary number of the Journal for Ecumenical Studies? (2) As we have begun to discuss The Church: Towards a Common Vision (TCTCV), (3) we have already begun to voice the hope that it will be the new BEM, or at least an equally successful Child-of-BEM. Gibaut has alluded to that hope at several points in his presentations. …

Broccoli contains the glucosinolate glucoraphanin which, in the presence of myrosinase, can hydrolyse to the isothiocyanate sulforaphane, reported to have anti-carcinogenic activity. However, the myrosinase enzyme is denatured on cooking. Addition of an active source of myrosinase, such as from powdered mustard seed, to cooked brassica vegetables can increase the release of health beneficial isothiocyanates, however this has not previously been proven in-vivo. The concentration of sulforaphane metabolite (sulforaphane N-acetyl-L-cysteine (SF-NAC) in 12 healthy adults after the consumption of 200g cooked broccoli, with and without 1 g powdered brown mustard, was studied in a randomized crossover design. During the 24 hour period following consumption of the study sample all urine was collected. SF-NAC content was assayed by HPLC. When study subjects ingested cooked broccoli alone, mean urinary SF-NAC excreted was 9.8 ± 5.1 µmol per g creatinine, whilst when cooked broccoli was consumed with mustard powder this increased significantly to 44.7 ± 33.9 µmol SF-NAC per g creatinine. These results conclude that when powdered brown mustard is added to cooked broccoli the bioavailability of sulforaphane is over four times greater than that from cooked broccoli ingested alone.