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152. Improved Retrievals of Carbon Dioxide from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 with the version 8 ACOS algorithm [Discussion paper]

Author

O'Dell, Christopher, Eldering, Annmarie, Wennberg, Paul O., Crisp, David, Gunson, Michael R., Fisher, Brendan, Frankenberg, Christian, Kiel, Matthaeus, Lindqvist, Hannakaisa, Mandrake, Lukas, Merrelli, Aronne, Natraj, Vijay, Nelson, Robert R., Osterman, Gregory, Payne, Vivienne H., Taylor, Thomas E., Wunch, Debra, Drouin, Brian J., Oyafuso, Fabiano, Chang, Albert, McDuffie, James, Smyth, Michael, Baker, David F., Basu, Sourish, Chevallier, Frédéric, Crowell, Sean, Feng, Liang, Palmer, Paul I., Dubey, Manvendra K., García Rodríguez, Omaira Elena, Griffith, David W. T., Hase, Frank, Iraci, Laura, Kivi, Rigel, Morino, Isamu, Notholt, Justus, Ohyama, Hirofumi, Petri, Christof, Roehl, Coleen M., Sha, Mahesh Kumar, Strong, Kimberly, Sussmann, Ralf, Te, Yao, Uchino, Osamu, and Velazco, Voltaire A.

Subjects
Carbon dioxide, Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2, Greenhouse gases observations
Abstract

Since September 2014, NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite has been taking measurements of reflected solar spectra and using them to infer atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This work provides details of the OCO-2 retrieval algorithm, versions 7 and 8, used to derive the column-averaged dry air mole fraction of atmospheric CO2 (XCO2) for the roughly 100,000 cloud-free measurements recorded by OCO-2 each day. The algorithm is based on the Atmospheric Carbon Observations from Space (ACOS) algorithm which has been applied to observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) since 2009, with modifications necessary for OCO-2. Because high accuracy, better than 0.25%, is required in order to accurately infer carbon sources and sinks from XCO2, significant errors and regional-scale biases in the measurements must be minimized. We discuss efforts to filter out poor quality measurements, and correct the remaining good quality measurements to minimize regional-scale biases. Updates to the radiance calibration and retrieval forward model in version 8 have improved many aspects of the retrieved data products. The version 8 data appear to have reduced regionalscale biases overall, and demonstrate a clear improvement over the version 7 data. In particular, error variance with respect to TCCON was reduced by 20% over land and 40% over ocean between versions 7 and 8, and nadir and glint observations over land are now more consistent. While this paper documents the significant improvements in the ACOS algorithm, it will continue to evolve and improve as the CO2 data record continues to expand. Part of this work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 Project. Work at Colorado State University and the Geology and Planetary Sciences Department at the California Institute of Technology was supported by subcontracts from the OCO-2 Project.

Published
2018

153. Ensemble-based satellite-derived carbon dioxide and methane column-averaged dry-air mole fraction data sets (2003-2018) for carbon and climate applications

Author

Reuter, Maximilian, primary, Buchwitz, Michael, additional, Schneising, Oliver, additional, Noel, Stefan, additional, Bovensmann, Heinrich, additional, Burrows, John P., additional, Boesch, Hartmut, additional, Di Noia, Antonio, additional, Anand, Jasdeep, additional, Parker, Robert J., additional, Somkuti, Peter, additional, Wu, Lianghai, additional, Hasekamp, Otto P., additional, Aben, Ilse, additional, Kuze, Akihiko, additional, Suto, Hiroshi, additional, Shiomi, Kei, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Crisp, David, additional, O'Dell, Christopher, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Petri, Christof, additional, Warneke, Thorsten, additional, Velazco, Voltaire, additional, Deutscher, Nicholas M., additional, Griffith, David W. T., additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Pollard, Dave, additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Te, Yao V., additional, Strong, Kimberly, additional, Roche, Sebastien, additional, Sha, Mahesh K., additional, De Maziere, Martine, additional, Feist, Dietrich G., additional, Iraci, Laura T., additional, Roehl, Coleen, additional, Retscher, Christian, additional, and Schepers, Dinand, additional

Published
2019
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154. Characterization of OCO-2 and ACOS-GOSAT biases and errors for CO2 flux estimates

Author

Kulawik, Susan S., primary, Crowell, Sean, additional, Baker, David, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, McKain, Kathryn, additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Biraud, Sebastien C., additional, Wofsy, Steve, additional, O'Dell, Christopher W., additional, Wennberg, Paul O., additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Roehl, Coleen M., additional, Deutscher, Nicholas M., additional, Kiel, Matthäus, additional, Griffith, David W. T., additional, Velazco, Voltaire A., additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Warneke, Thorsten, additional, Petri, Christof, additional, De Mazière, Martine, additional, Sha, Mahesh K., additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Rettinger, Markus, additional, Pollard, Dave F., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Uchino, Osamu, additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Feist, Dietrich G., additional, Roche, Sébastien, additional, Strong, Kimberly, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Iraci, Laura, additional, Shiomi, Kei, additional, Dubey, Manvendra K., additional, Sepulveda, Eliezer, additional, Rodriguez, Omaira Elena Garcia, additional, Té, Yao, additional, Jeseck, Pascal, additional, Heikkinen, Pauli, additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Gunson, Michael R., additional, Eldering, Annmarie, additional, Crisp, David, additional, Fisher, Brendan, additional, and Osterman, Gregory B., additional

Published
2019
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155. Development of a balloon-borne instrument for CO<sub>2</sub> vertical profile observations in the troposphere

Author

Ouchi, Mai, primary, Matsumi, Yutaka, additional, Nakayama, Tomoki, additional, Shimizu, Kensaku, additional, Sawada, Takehiko, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Matsueda, Hidekazu, additional, Sawa, Yousuke, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Uchino, Osamu, additional, Tanaka, Tomoaki, additional, and Imasu, Ryoichi, additional

Published
2019
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156. Methane Emission Estimates by the Global High-Resolution Inverse Model Using National Inventories

Author

Wang, Fenjuan, primary, Maksyutov, Shamil, additional, Tsuruta, Aki, additional, Janardanan, Rajesh, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Sasakawa, Motoki, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Kaiser, Johannes, additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Dlugokencky, Edward, additional, Mammarella, Ivan, additional, Lavric, Jost, additional, and Matsunaga, Tsuneo, additional

Published
2019
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157. Evaluation of MOPITT Version 7 joint TIR–NIR X<sub>CO</sub> retrievals with TCCON

Author

Hedelius, Jacob K., primary, He, Tai-Long, additional, Jones, Dylan B. A., additional, Baier, Bianca C., additional, Buchholz, Rebecca R., additional, De Mazière, Martine, additional, Deutscher, Nicholas M., additional, Dubey, Manvendra K., additional, Feist, Dietrich G., additional, Griffith, David W. T., additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Iraci, Laura T., additional, Jeseck, Pascal, additional, Kiel, Matthäus, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Liu, Cheng, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Oh, Young-Suk, additional, Ohyama, Hirofumi, additional, Pollard, David F., additional, Rettinger, Markus, additional, Roche, Sébastien, additional, Roehl, Coleen M., additional, Schneider, Matthias, additional, Shiomi, Kei, additional, Strong, Kimberly, additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Té, Yao, additional, Uchino, Osamu, additional, Velazco, Voltaire A., additional, Wang, Wei, additional, Warneke, Thorsten, additional, Wennberg, Paul O., additional, Worden, Helen M., additional, and Wunch, Debra, additional

Published
2019
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159. The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Stavert, Ann R., additional, Poulter, Ben, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Canadell, Joseph G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Raymond, Peter A., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Houweling, Sander, additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Brailsford, Gordon, additional, Bruhwiler, Lori, additional, Carlson, Kimberly M., additional, Carrol, Mark, additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Crevoisier, Cyril, additional, Crill, Patrick M., additional, Covey, Kristofer, additional, Curry, Charles L., additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Hegglin, Michaela I., additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Hugelius, Gustaf, additional, Ishizawa, Misa, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Jensen, Katherine M., additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Laruelle, Goulven G., additional, Liu, Licheng, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Maksyutov, Shamil, additional, McDonald, Kyle C., additional, McNorton, Joe, additional, Miller, Paul A., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Müller, Jureck, additional, Murgia-Flores, Fabiola, additional, Naik, Vaishali, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, Noce, Sergio, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Parker, Robert J., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Prigent, Catherine, additional, Prinn, Ronald, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Regnier, Pierre, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Rosentreter, Judith A., additional, Segers, Arjo, additional, Simpson, Isobel J., additional, Shi, Hao, additional, Smith, Steven J., additional, Steele, L. Paul, additional, Thornton, Brett F., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tohjima, Yasunori, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Tsuruta, Aki, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, additional, Weber, Thomas S., additional, van Weele, Michiel, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Yin, Yi, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Wenxin, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, Zhao, Yuanhong, additional, Zheng, Bo, additional, Zhu, Qing, additional, Zhu, Qiuan, additional, and Zhuang, Qianlai, additional

Published
2019
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160. Supplementary material to "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017"

Author

Saunois, Marielle, primary, Stavert, Ann R., additional, Poulter, Ben, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Canadell, Joseph G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Raymond, Peter A., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Houweling, Sander, additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Bastviken, David, additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Blake, Donald R., additional, Brailsford, Gordon, additional, Bruhwiler, Lori, additional, Carlson, Kimberly M., additional, Carrol, Mark, additional, Castaldi, Simona, additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Crevoisier, Cyril, additional, Crill, Patrick M., additional, Covey, Kristofer, additional, Curry, Charles L., additional, Etiope, Giuseppe, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Hegglin, Michaela I., additional, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, additional, Hugelius, Gustaf, additional, Ishizawa, Misa, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, additional, Jensen, Katherine M., additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kleinen, Thomas, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Laruelle, Goulven G., additional, Liu, Licheng, additional, Machida, Toshinobu, additional, Maksyutov, Shamil, additional, McDonald, Kyle C., additional, McNorton, Joe, additional, Miller, Paul A., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Müller, Jureck, additional, Murgia-Flores, Fabiola, additional, Naik, Vaishali, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, Noce, Sergio, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Parker, Robert J., additional, Peng, Changhui, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Prigent, Catherine, additional, Prinn, Ronald, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Regnier, Pierre, additional, Riley, William J., additional, Rosentreter, Judith A., additional, Segers, Arjo, additional, Simpson, Isobel J., additional, Shi, Hao, additional, Smith, Steven J., additional, Steele, L. Paul, additional, Thornton, Brett F., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tohjima, Yasunori, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, Tsuruta, Aki, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, additional, Weber, Thomas S., additional, van Weele, Michiel, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Worthy, Doug, additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Yin, Yi, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Zhang, Wenxin, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, Zhao, Yuanhong, additional, Zheng, Bo, additional, Zhu, Qing, additional, Zhu, Qiuan, additional, and Zhuang, Qianlai, additional

Published
2019
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161. Spectral Sizing of a Coarse Spectral Resolution Satellite Sensor for XCO2

Author

Wilzewski, Jonas Simon, primary, Roiger, Anke, additional, Strandgren, Johan, additional, Landgraf, Jochen, additional, Feist, Dietrich G., additional, Velazco, Voltaire A., additional, Deutscher, Nicholas M., additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Ohyama, Hirofumi, additional, Té, Yao, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Warneke, Thorsten, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Dubey, Manvendra, additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Rettinger, Markus, additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Shiomi, Kei, additional, and Butz, André, additional

Published
2019
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164. Supplementary material to "Evaluation of MOPITT version 7 joint TIR-NIR XCO retrievals with TCCON"

Author

Hedelius, Jacob K., primary, He, Tai-Long, additional, Jones, Dylan B. A., additional, Buchholz, Rebecca R., additional, De Mazière, Martine, additional, Deutscher, Nicholas M., additional, Dubey, Manvendra K., additional, Feist, Dietrich G., additional, Griffith, David W. T., additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Iraci, Laura T., additional, Jeseck, Pascal, additional, Kiel, Matthäus, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Liu, Cheng, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Oh, Young-Suk, additional, Ohyama, Hirofumi, additional, Pollard, David F., additional, Rettinger, Markus, additional, Roche, Sébastien, additional, Roehl, Coleen M., additional, Schneider, Matthias, additional, Shiomi, Kei, additional, Strong, Kimberly, additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Té, Yao, additional, Uchino, Osamu, additional, Velazco, Voltaire A., additional, Wang, Wei, additional, Warneke, Thorsten, additional, Wennberg, Paul O., additional, Worden, Helen M., additional, and Wunch, Debra, additional

Published
2019
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165. Evaluation and Analysis of the Seasonal Cycle and Variability of the Trend from GOSAT Methane Retrievals

Author

Kivimäki, Ella, primary, Lindqvist, Hannakaisa, additional, Hakkarainen, Janne, additional, Laine, Marko, additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Tsuruta, Aki, additional, Detmers, Rob, additional, Deutscher, Nicholas M., additional, Dlugokencky, Edward J., additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Hasekamp, Otto, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Pollard, David F., additional, Roehl, Coleen, additional, Schneider, Matthias, additional, Sha, Mahesh Kumar, additional, Velazco, Voltaire A., additional, Warneke, Thorsten, additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, and Tamminen, Johanna, additional

Published
2019
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166. Evaluation of Bias Correction Methods for GOSAT SWIR XH2O Using TCCON data

Author

Trieu, Tran Thi Ngoc, primary, Morino, Isamu, additional, Ohyama, Hirofumi, additional, Uchino, Osamu, additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Warneke, Thorsten, additional, Petri, Christof, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Pollard, David F., additional, Deutscher, Nicholas M., additional, Velazco, Voltaire A., additional, Iraci, Laura T., additional, Podolske, James R., additional, and Dubey, Manvendra K., additional

Published
2019
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170. A portable FTS measurements during GOSAT and OCO-2 joint campaign in Western US 2017

Author

Shiomi, Kei, Kikuchi, Nobuhiro, Kuze, Akihiko, Hashimoto, Makiko, Suto, Hiroshi, Kataoka, Fumie, Kasa, Koki, Arai, Takehiko, Oshio, Haruki, Ohyama, Hirofumi, Morino, Isamu, Hori, Akihiro, Hedelius, Jacob, Parker, Harrison, Roehl, Coleen, Wennberg, Paul, Leifer, Ira, Iraci, Laura T., Bruegg, Carol, Schwandner, Florian M., Osterman, Gregory, and Crisp, David

Published
2017

172. Improved retrievals of carbon dioxide from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 with the version 8 ACOS algorithm

Author

O'Dell, Christopher W., primary, Eldering, Annmarie, additional, Wennberg, Paul O., additional, Crisp, David, additional, Gunson, Michael R., additional, Fisher, Brendan, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Kiel, Matthäus, additional, Lindqvist, Hannakaisa, additional, Mandrake, Lukas, additional, Merrelli, Aronne, additional, Natraj, Vijay, additional, Nelson, Robert R., additional, Osterman, Gregory B., additional, Payne, Vivienne H., additional, Taylor, Thomas E., additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Drouin, Brian J., additional, Oyafuso, Fabiano, additional, Chang, Albert, additional, McDuffie, James, additional, Smyth, Michael, additional, Baker, David F., additional, Basu, Sourish, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Crowell, Sean M. R., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Palmer, Paul I., additional, Dubey, Mavendra, additional, García, Omaira E., additional, Griffith, David W. T., additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Iraci, Laura T., additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Ohyama, Hirofumi, additional, Petri, Christof, additional, Roehl, Coleen M., additional, Sha, Mahesh K., additional, Strong, Kimberly, additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Te, Yao, additional, Uchino, Osamu, additional, and Velazco, Voltaire A., additional

Published
2018
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175. Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000–2012

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Prinn, Ronald G, Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Poulter, Ben, Peregon, Anna, Ciais, Philippe, Canadell, Josep G., Dlugokencky, Edward J., Etiope, Giuseppe, Bastviken, David, Houweling, Sander, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Tubiello, Francesco N., Castaldi, Simona, Jackson, Robert B., Alexe, Mihai, Arora, Vivek K., Beerling, David J., Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake, Donald R., Brailsford, Gordon, Bruhwiler, Lori, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick, Covey, Kristofer, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Joos, Fortunat, Kim, Heon-Sook, Kleinen, Thomas, Krummel, Paul, Lamarque, Jean-François, Langenfelds, Ray, Locatelli, Robin, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, Melton, Joe R., Morino, Isamu, Naik, Vaishali, O'Doherty, Simon, Parmentier, Frans-Jan W., Patra, Prabir K., Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters, Glen P., Pison, Isabelle, Ramonet, Michel, Riley, William J., Saito, Makoto, Santini, Monia, Schroeder, Ronny, Simpson, Isobel J., Spahni, Renato, Takizawa, Atsushi, Thornton, Brett F., Tian, Hanqin, Tohjima, Yasunori, Viovy, Nicolas, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, Weiss, Ray, Wilton, David J., Wiltshire, Andy, Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Xu, Xiyan, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Bowen, Zhang, Zhen, Zhu, Qiuan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Prinn, Ronald G, Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Poulter, Ben, Peregon, Anna, Ciais, Philippe, Canadell, Josep G., Dlugokencky, Edward J., Etiope, Giuseppe, Bastviken, David, Houweling, Sander, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Tubiello, Francesco N., Castaldi, Simona, Jackson, Robert B., Alexe, Mihai, Arora, Vivek K., Beerling, David J., Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake, Donald R., Brailsford, Gordon, Bruhwiler, Lori, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick, Covey, Kristofer, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Höglund-Isaksson, Lena, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Joos, Fortunat, Kim, Heon-Sook, Kleinen, Thomas, Krummel, Paul, Lamarque, Jean-François, Langenfelds, Ray, Locatelli, Robin, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, Melton, Joe R., Morino, Isamu, Naik, Vaishali, O'Doherty, Simon, Parmentier, Frans-Jan W., Patra, Prabir K., Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters, Glen P., Pison, Isabelle, Ramonet, Michel, Riley, William J., Saito, Makoto, Santini, Monia, Schroeder, Ronny, Simpson, Isobel J., Spahni, Renato, Takizawa, Atsushi, Thornton, Brett F., Tian, Hanqin, Tohjima, Yasunori, Viovy, Nicolas, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, Weiss, Ray, Wilton, David J., Wiltshire, Andy, Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Xu, Xiyan, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Bowen, Zhang, Zhen, and Zhu, Qiuan

Abstract

Following the recent Global Carbon Project (GCP) synthesis of the decadal methane (CH₄) budget over 2000-2012 (Saunois et al., 2016), we analyse here the same dataset with a focus on quasi-decadal and inter-annual variability in CH₄ emissions. The GCP dataset integrates results from top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry), inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven approaches. The annual global methane emissions from top-down studies, which by construction match the observed methane growth rate within their uncertainties, all show an increase in total methane emissions over the period 2000-2012, but this increase is not linear over the 13 years. Despite differences between individual studies, the mean emission anomaly of the top-down ensemble shows no significant trend in total methane emissions over the period 2000-2006, during the plateau of atmospheric methane mole fractions, and also over the period 2008-2012, during the renewed atmospheric methane increase. However, the top-down ensemble mean produces an emission shift between 2006 and 2008, leading to 22 [16-32]Tg CH₄ yr⁻¹ higher methane emissions over the period 2008-2012 compared to 2002-2006. This emission increase mostly originated from the tropics, with a smaller contribution from mid-latitudes and no significant change from boreal regions. The regional contributions remain uncertain in top-down studies. Tropical South America and South and East Asia seem to contribute the most to the emission increase in the tropics. However, these two regions have only limited atmospheric measurements and remain therefore poorly constrained. The sectorial partitioning of this emission increase between the periods 2002-2006 and 2008-2012 differs from one atmospheric inversion study to another. However, all top-down studies sugge

Published
2018

176. Improved retrievals of carbon dioxide from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 with the version 8 ACOS algorithm

Author

O'Dell, Christopher, Eldering, A, Wennberg, Paul O, Crisp, David, Gunson, Michael, Fisher, B, Frankenberg, Christian, Kiel, Matthaus, Lindqvist, Hannakaisa, Mandrake, L, Merrelli, Aronne, Natraj, V, Nelson, Robert, Osterman, Greg, Payne, V H, Taylor, T E, Wunch, Debra, Drouin, Brian, Oyafuso, F A, Chang, Albert, McDuffie, James, Smyth, Michael M, Baker, David, Basu, Sourish, Chevallier, Frédéric, Crowell, Sean, Feng, L, Palmer, Paul I, Dubey, Mavendra, Garcia, Omar E, Griffith, David W. T, Hase, Frank, Iraci, Laura T, Kivi, Rigel, Morino, Isamu, Notholt, Justus, Ohyama, Hirofumi, Petri, Christof, Roehl, Coleen M, Sha, Mahesh Kumar, Strong, Kimberly, Sussmann, Ralf, Te, Yao, Uchino, Osamu, Velazco, Voltaire A, O'Dell, Christopher, Eldering, A, Wennberg, Paul O, Crisp, David, Gunson, Michael, Fisher, B, Frankenberg, Christian, Kiel, Matthaus, Lindqvist, Hannakaisa, Mandrake, L, Merrelli, Aronne, Natraj, V, Nelson, Robert, Osterman, Greg, Payne, V H, Taylor, T E, Wunch, Debra, Drouin, Brian, Oyafuso, F A, Chang, Albert, McDuffie, James, Smyth, Michael M, Baker, David, Basu, Sourish, Chevallier, Frédéric, Crowell, Sean, Feng, L, Palmer, Paul I, Dubey, Mavendra, Garcia, Omar E, Griffith, David W. T, Hase, Frank, Iraci, Laura T, Kivi, Rigel, Morino, Isamu, Notholt, Justus, Ohyama, Hirofumi, Petri, Christof, Roehl, Coleen M, Sha, Mahesh Kumar, Strong, Kimberly, Sussmann, Ralf, Te, Yao, Uchino, Osamu, and Velazco, Voltaire A

Abstract

Since September 2014, NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite has been taking measurements of reflected solar spectra and using them to infer atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This work provides details of the OCO-2 retrieval algorithm, versions 7 and 8, used to derive the column-Averaged dry air mole fraction of atmospheric CO2 (XCO2 ) for the roughly 100 000 cloud-free measurements recorded by OCO-2 each day. The algorithm is based on the Atmospheric Carbon Observations from Space (ACOS) algorithm which has been applied to observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) since 2009, with modifications necessary for OCO-2. Because high accuracy, better than 0.25 %, is required in order to accurately infer carbon sources and sinks from XCO2 , significant errors and regional-scale biases in the measurements must be minimized. We discuss efforts to filter out poor-quality measurements, and correct the remaining goodquality measurements to minimize regional-scale biases. Updates to the radiance calibration and retrieval forward model in version 8 have improved many aspects of the retrieved data products. The version 8 data appear to have reduced regionalscale biases overall, and demonstrate a clear improvement over the version 7 data. In particular, error variance with respect to TCCON was reduced by 20% over land and 40% over ocean between versions 7 and 8, and nadir and glint observations over land are now more consistent. While this paper documents the significant improvements in the ACOS algorithm, it will continue to evolve and improve as the CO2 data record continues to expand.

Published
2018

177. Carbon dioxide retrieval from OCO-2 satellite observations using the RemoTeC algorithm and validation with TCCON measurements

Author

Wu, Lianghai, Hasekamp, Otto, Hu, Haili, Landgraf, Jochen, Butz, Andre, aan de Brugh, Joost, Aben, Ilse, Pollard, David F, Griffith, David W. T, Feist, Dietrich G, Koshelev, Dmitry, Hase, Frank, Toon, Geoffrey, Ohyama, Hirofumi, Morino, Isamu, Notholt, Justus, Shiomi, Kei, Iraci, Laura T, Schneider, Matthias, de Maziere, Martine, Sussmann, Ralf, Kivi, Rigel, Warneke, Thorsten, Goo, Tae-Young, Te, Yao, Wu, Lianghai, Hasekamp, Otto, Hu, Haili, Landgraf, Jochen, Butz, Andre, aan de Brugh, Joost, Aben, Ilse, Pollard, David F, Griffith, David W. T, Feist, Dietrich G, Koshelev, Dmitry, Hase, Frank, Toon, Geoffrey, Ohyama, Hirofumi, Morino, Isamu, Notholt, Justus, Shiomi, Kei, Iraci, Laura T, Schneider, Matthias, de Maziere, Martine, Sussmann, Ralf, Kivi, Rigel, Warneke, Thorsten, Goo, Tae-Young, and Te, Yao

Abstract

In this study we present the retrieval of the column-averaged dry air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (X CO2 ) from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite observations using the RemoTeC algorithm, previously successfully applied to retrieval of greenhouse gas concentration from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). The X CO2 product has been validated with collocated ground-based measurements from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) for almost 2 years of OCO-2 data from September 2014 to July 2016. We found that fitting an additive radiometric offset in all three spectral bands of OCO-2 significantly improved the retrieval. Based on a small correlation of the XCO2 error over land with goodness of fit, we applied an a posteriori bias correction to our OCO-2 retrievals. In overpass averaged results, XCO2 retrievals have an SD of ∼ 1.30 ppm and a station-to-station variability of ∼ 0.40 ppm among collocated TCCON sites. The seasonal relative accuracy (SRA) has a value of 0.52 ppm. The validation shows relatively larger difference with TCCON over high-latitude areas and some specific regions like Japan.

Published
2018

179. Long-term column-averaged greenhouse gas observations using a COCCON spectrometer at the high surface albedo site Gobabeb, Namibia.

Author

Frey, Matthias M., Hase, Frank, Blumenstock, Thomas, Dubravica, Darko, Groß, Jochen, Göttsche, Frank, Handjaba, Martin, Amadhila, Petrus, Mushi, Roland, Morino, Isamu, Shiomi, Kei, Kumar Sha, Mahesh, de Mazière, Martine, and Pollard, David F.

Subjects
GREENHOUSE gases, ALBEDO, SPECTROMETERS, MOLE fraction, ABSOLUTE value
Abstract

In this study we present column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2), CH4 (XCH4) and CO (XCO) from a recently established measurement site in Gobabeb, Namibia. Gobabeb is a hyperarid desert site at the sharp transition zone between the sand desert and the gravel plains, offering unique characteristics with respect to surface albedo properties. Measurements started January 2015 and are performed utilizing a ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) EM27/SUN spectrometer of the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON). Gobabeb is the first measurement site observing XCO2 and XCH4 on the African mainland and improves the global coverage of ground-based remote-sensing sites. In order to achieve the high level of precision and accuracy necessary for meaningful greenhouse gas observations, we performed calibration measurements for eight days between November 2015 and March 2016 with the COCCON reference EM27/SUN spectrometer operated at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. We derived scaling factors for XCO2, XCH4 and XCO with respect to the reference instrument that are close to 1.0. We compare the results obtained in Gobabeb to measurements at Reunion Island and Lauder from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We choose these TCCON sites because, while 4000 km apart, the instruments at Gobabeb and Reunion Island operate at roughly the same latitude. The Lauder station is the southernmost TCCON station and functions as a background site without a pronounced XCO2 seasonal cycle. We find a good agreement for the absolute Xgas values and representative diurnal variability. Together with the absence of long term drifts this highlights the quality of the COCCON measurements. In Southern hemispheric summer we observe lower XCO2 values at Gobabeb compared to the TCCON stations, likely due to the influence of the African biosphere. We performed coincident measurements with the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), where GOSAT observed three nearby specific observation points, over the sand desert south of the station, directly over Gobabeb and over the gravel plains to the north. GOSAT H-gain XCO2 and XCH4 agree with the EM27/SUN measurements within the 1s uncertainty limit. The number of coincidence soundings is limited, but we confirm a bias of 1.2 - 2.6 ppm between GOSAT M-gain and H-gain XCO2 soundings depending on the target point. This is in agreement with results reported by a previous study and the GOSAT validation team. We also report a bias of 5.9 - 9.8 ppb between GOSAT M-gain and H-gain XCH4 measurements which is within the range given by the GOSAT validation team. Finally we use the COCCON measurements to evaluate inversion-optimized CAMS model data. For XCO2 we find high biases of 0.9 ± 0.5 ppm for the OCO-2 assimilated product and 1.1 ± 0.6 ppm for the in situ-driven product with R² > 0.9 in both cases. These biases are comparable to reported offsets between the model and TCCON data. The OCO-2 assimilated model product is able to reproduce the drawdown of XCO2 observed by the COCCON instrument beginning of 2017, opposed to the in situ-optimized product. Also for XCH4 the observed biases are in line with prior model comparisons with TCCON. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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180. First ground-based FTIR observations of HFC-23 at Rikubetsu, Japan, and Syowa Station, Antarctica.

Author

Takeda, Masanori, Nakajima, Hideaki, Murata, Isao, Nagahama, Tomoo, Morino, Isamu, C. Toon, Geoffrey, F. Weiss, Ray, Mühle, Jens, B. Krummel, Paul, J. Fraser, Paul, and Wang, Hsiang-Jui

Subjects
MICROWAVE radiometers, FOURIER transform spectrometers, MOLE fraction, CRANIOMETRY, STRATOSPHERE
Abstract

We have developed a procedure for retrieving atmospheric abundances of HFC-23 (CHF3) with a ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and analysed the spectra observed at Rikubetsu, Japan (43.5° N, 143.8° E), and at Syowa Station, Antarctica (69.0° S, 39.6° E). The FTIR retrievals were carried out with the SFIT4 retrieval program, and the two spectral windows of 1138.5-1148.0 cm−1 and 1154.0-1160.0 cm−1 in the overlapping ν2 and ν5 vibrational-rotational transition bands of HFC-23 were used to avoid strong H2O absorption features. We considered O3, N2O, CH4, H2O, HDO, CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HCFC-22 (CHClF2), PAN (CH3C(O)OONO2), HCFC-141b (CH3CCl2F), and HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) as interfering species. Vertical profiles of H2O, HDO, and CH4 are preliminarily retrieved with other independent spectral windows because these profiles may induce large uncertainties in the HFC-23 retrieval. Each HFC-23 retrieval has only one piece of vertical information with sensitivity to HFC-23 in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. The retrieval errors mainly arise from the systematic uncertainties of the spectroscopic parameters used to obtain the HFC-23, H2O, HDO, and CH4 abundances. For comparison between FTIR-retrieved HFC-23 total columns and surface dry-air mole fractions provided by AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment), the FTIR-retrieved HFC-23 dry-air column-averaged mole fractions (XHFC-23) were calculated. The FTIR-retrieved XHFC-23 at Rikubetsu and Syowa Station have negative biases compared to AGAGE datasets. The trend derived from the FTIR-retrieved XHFC-23 data at Rikubetsu for December to February (DJF) data over the 1997-2010 period is 0.817 ± 0.087 ppt (parts per trillion) year−1, which is in good agreement with the trend derived from the annual global mean datasets of the AGAGE 12-box model for the same period (0.820 ± 0.011 ppt year−1). The trend of the FTIR-retrieved XHFC-23 data at Rikubetsu for DJF data over the 2007-2020 period is 0.894 ± 0.099 ppt year−1, which is smaller than the trend in the AGAGE in-situ measurements at Trinidad Head (41.1° N, 124.2° W) for the 2007-2019 period (0.984 ± 0.002 ppt year−1). The trend computed from the XHFC-23 datasets at Syowa Station over the 2007-2016 period is 0.823 ± 0.075 ppt year−1, which is consistent with that derived from the AGAGE in-situ measurements at Cape Grim (40.7° S, 144.7° E) for the same period (0.874 ± 0.002 ppt year−1). Although there are systematic biases on the FTIR-retrieved XHFC-23 at both sites, these results indicate that ground-based FTIR observations have the capability to monitor the trend of atmospheric HFC-23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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181. XCO2 retrieval for GOSAT and GOSAT-2 based on the FOCAL algorithm.

Author

Noël, Stefan, Reuter, Maximilian, Buchwitz, Michael, Borchardt, Jakob, Hilker, Michael, Bovensmann, Heinrich, Burrows, John P., Di Noia, Antonio, Suto, Hiroshi, Yoshida, Yukio, Buschmann, Matthias, Deutscher, Nicholas M., Feist, Dietrich G., Griffith, David W. T., Hase, Frank, Kivi, Rigel, Morino, Isamu, Notholt, Justus, Ohyama, Hirofumi, and Petri, Christof

Subjects
TRACE gases, CARBON monoxide, GREENHOUSE gases, CARBON dioxide, MOLE fraction, NITROUS oxide
Abstract

Since 2009, the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) performs radiance measurements in the shortwave-infrared (SWIR) spectral region. From February 2019 onward, data from GOSAT-2 are also available. We present first results from the application of the Fast atmOspheric traCe gAs retrieval (FOCAL) algorithm to derive column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2) from GOSAT and GOSAT-2 radiances and their validation. FOCAL has initially been developed for OCO-2 XCO2 retrievals and allows simultaneous retrievals of several gases over both land and ocean. Because FOCAL is accurate and numerically very fast it is currently considered as a candidate algorithm for the forthcoming European anthropogenic CO2 Monitoring (CO2M) mission, to be launched in 2025. We present the adaptation of FOCAL to GOSAT and discuss the changes made and GOSAT specific additions. This includes particularly modifications in pre-processing (e.g. cloud detection) and post-processing (bias correction and filtering). A feature of the new application of FOCAL to GOSAT/GOSAT-2 is the independent use of both S and P polarisation spectra in the retrieval. This is not possible for OCO-2, which measures only one polarisation direction. Additionally, we make use of GOSAT's wider spectral coverage compared to OCO-2 and derive not only XCO2, water vapour (H2O) and solar induced fluorescence (SIF) but also methane (XCH4), with the potential for further atmospheric constituents and parameters like semiheavy water vapour (HDO) and (in the case of GOSAT-2) also carbon monoxide (CO) total columns and possibly nitrous oxide (XN2O). Here, we concentrate on the new FOCAL XCO2 data products. We describe the generation of the products as well as applied filtering and bias correction procedures. GOSAT-FOCAL XCO2 data have been produced for the time interval 2009 to 2019. Comparisons with other independent GOSAT data sets reveal an agreement of long-term temporal variations within about 1 ppm over one decade; differences in seasonal variations of about 0.5 ppm are observed. Furthermore, we obtain a mean regional bias of the new GOSAT-FOCAL product to the ground based Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) of 0.56 ppm with a mean scatter of 1.89 ppm. The GOSAT-2-FOCAL XCO2 product is generated in a similar way as the GOSAT-FOCAL product, but with adapted settings. All GOSAT-2 data until end of 2019 have been processed. Because of this limited time interval, the GOSAT-2 results are considered to be preliminary only, but first comparisons show that these data compare well with the GOSAT-FOCAL results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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182. The Adaptable 4A Inversion (5AI): Description and first XCO2 retrievals from OCO-2 observations.

Author

Dogniaux, Matthieu, Crevoisier, Cyril, Armante, Raymond, Capelle, Virginie, Delahaye, Thibault, Cassé, Vincent, De Mazière, Martine, Deutscher, Nicholas M., Feist, Dietrich G., Garcia, Omaira E., Griffith, David W. T., Hase, Frank, Iraci, Laura T., Kivi, Rigel, Morino, Isamu, Notholt, Justus, Pollard, David F., Roehl, Coleen M., Shiomi, Kei, and Strong, Kimberly

Subjects
SOLAR radiation, GREENHOUSE gases, CLIMATE change, MOLE fraction, CARBON dioxide
Abstract

A better understanding of greenhouse gas surface sources and sinks is required in order to address the global challenge of climate change. Spaceborne remote estimations of greenhouse gas atmospheric concentrations can offer the global coverage that is necessary to improve the constraint on their fluxes, thus enabling a better monitoring of anthropogenic emissions. In this work, we introduce the Adaptable 4A Inversion (5AI) inverse scheme that aims to retrieve geophysical parameters from any remote sensing observation. The algorithm is based on Bayesian optimal estimation relying on the Operational version of the Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas (4A/OP) radiative transfer forward model along with the Gestion et Étude des Informations Spectroscopiques Atmosphériques: Management and Study of Atmospheric Spectroscopic Information (GEISA) spectroscopic database. Here, the 5AI scheme is applied to retrieve the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (XCO2) from measurements performed by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission, and uses an empirically corrected absorption continuum in the O2 A-band. For airmasses below 3.0, XCO2 retrievals successfully capture the latitudinal variations of CO2, as well as its seasonal cycle and long-term increasing trend. Comparison with ground-based observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) yields a difference of 1.33 ± 1.29 ppm, which is similar to the standard deviation of the Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) official products. We show that the systematic differences between 5AI and ACOS results can be fully removed by adding an average calculated - observed spectral residual correction to OCO-2 measurements, thus underlying the critical sensitivity of retrieval results to forward modelling. These comparisons show the reliability of 5AI as a Bayesian optimal estimation implementation that is easily adaptable to any instrument designed to retrieve column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of greenhouse gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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184. Validation of GOSAT SWIR XCO_2 and XCH_4 Retrieved by PPDF-S Method and Comparison with Full Physics Method

Author

Iwasaki, Chisa, Imasu, Ryoichi, Bril, Andrey, Yokota, Tatsuya, Yoshida, Yukio, Morino, Isamu, Oshchepkov, Sergey, Wunch, Debra, Griffith, David W. T., Deutscher, Nicholas M., Kivi, Rigel, Pollard, Dave, Roehl, Coleen M., Velazco, Voltaire A., Sussmann, Ralf, Warneke, Thorsten, and Notholt, Justus

Abstract

Column-averaged concentrations of carbon dioxide (XCO_2) and methane (XCH_4) were retrieved from spectra observed by the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) using the so-called Photon path length Probability Density Function-Simultaneous (PPDF-S) retrieval method, which explains cloud/aerosol effects in terms of light path modification. The PPDF-S data, as well as the standard products for General Users (GU) of XCO_2 and XCH_4 retrieved using the full physics (FP) method, were validated through comparison with Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) data. Results show that bias and its standard deviation of XCO_2 over the land are 0.73 and 1.83 ppm for the PPDF-S data, and −0.32 and 2.16 ppm for GU products. For XCH_4, they are 1.4 and 14.1 ppb, and −1.9 and 12.5 ppb, respectively. Although the magnitude relations between XCO_2 and XCH_4 retrieved by the PPDF-S and GU products are identical over the land, they differ over the ocean. This fact emphasizes the importance of additional validation data over the ocean. Results also show that 68% of FP data that were screened out through an Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) test passed all screening tests for the PPDF-S method, implying the applicability of the PPDF-S method to denser aerosol conditions.

Published
2017

186. The recent increase of atmospheric methane from 10 years of ground-based NDACC FTIR observations since 2005

Author

Bader, Whitney, Bovy, Benoît, Conway, Stephanie, Strong, Kimberly, Smale, Dan, Turner, Alexander J., Blumenstock, Thomas, Boone, Chris, Coulon, Ancelin, García Rodríguez, Omaira Elena, Griffith, David W. T., Hase, Frank, Hausmann, Petra, Jones, Nicholas, Krummel, Paul B., Murata, Isao, Morino, Isamu, Nakajima, Hideaki, O'Doherty, Simon, Paton-Walsh, Clare, Robinson, John, Sandrin, Rodrigue, Schneider, Matthias, Servais, Christian, Sussmann, Ralf, and Mahieu, Emmanuel

Subjects
Atmospheric methane, Fourier transform infrared, Metano atmosférico, Espectrometría de transformada de Fourier, Observación solar, Solar observations
Abstract

An increase of 0.31 ± 0.03 % year−1 of atmospheric methane is reported using 10 years of solar observations performed at 10 ground-based stations since 2005. These trend agree with a GEOS-Chem-tagged simulation that accounts for the contribution of each emission source and one sink in the total methane. The GEOS-Chem simulation shows that anthropogenic emissions from coal mining and gas and oil transport and exploration have played a major role in the increase methane since 2005. W. Bader has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 704951, and from the University of Toronto through a Faculty of Arts & Science Postdoctoral Fellowship Award. E. Mahieu is a Research Associate with the F.R.S.–FNRS. The F.R.S.–FNRS further supported this work under Grant no. J.0093.15 and the Fédération Wallonie Bruxelles contributed to supporting observational activities. The Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry at the University of Wollongong involvement in this work is funded by Australian Research Council projects DP1601021598 and LE0668470.

Published
2017

187. Study of the footprints of short-term variation in XCO2 observed by TCCON sites using NIES and FLEXPART atmospheric transport models

Author

Belikov, Dmitry A., Maksyutov, Shamil, Ganshin, Alexander, Zhuravlev, Ruslan, Deutscher, Nicholas M., Wunch, Debra, Feist, Dietrich G., Morino, Isamu, Parker, Robert J., Strong, Kimberly, Yoshida, Yukio, Bril, Andrey, Oshchepkov, Sergey, Boesch, Hartmut, Dubey, Manvendra K., Griffith, David, Hewson, Will, Kivi, Rigel, Mendonca, Joseph, Notholt, Justus, Schneider, Matthias, Sussmann, Ralf, Velazco, Voltaire A., and Aoki, Shuji

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, Atmospheric transport models, lcsh:QD1-999, Carbon dioxide, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Satellite observations
Abstract

The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) is a network of ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs) that record near-infrared (NIR) spectra of the sun. From these spectra, accurate and precise observations of CO2 column-averaged dry-air mole fractions (denoted XCO2) are retrieved. TCCON FTS observations have previously been used to validate satellite estimations of XCO2; however, our knowledge of the short-term spatial and temporal variations in XCO2 surrounding the TCCON sites is limited. In this work, we use the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) Eulerian three-dimensional transport model and the FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) to determine the footprints of short-term variations in XCO2 observed by operational, past, future and possible TCCON sites. We propose a footprint-based method for the collocation of satellite and TCCON XCO2 observations and estimate the performance of the method using the NIES model and five GOSAT (Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite) XCO2 product data sets. Comparison of the proposed approach with a standard geographic method shows a higher number of collocation points and an average bias reduction up to 0.15 ppm for a subset of 16 stations for the period from January 2010 to January 2014. Case studies of the Darwin and Reunion Island sites reveal that when the footprint area is rather curved, non-uniform and significantly different from a geographical rectangular area, the differences between these approaches are more noticeable. This emphasises that the collocation is sensitive to local meteorological conditions and flux distributions.

Published
2017

188. Comparisons of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) XCO2 measurements with TCCON

Author

Wunch, Debra, Wennberg, Paul, Osterman, Gregory, Fisher, Brendan, Naylor, Bret, Roehl, Coleen, O'Dell, Christopher, Mandrake, Lukas, Viatte, Camille, Kiel, Matthäus, Griffith, David W. T., Deutscher, Nicholas M., Velazco, Voltaire, Notholt, Justus, Warneke, Thorsten, Petri, Christof, De Mazière, Martine, Sha, Mahesh, Sussmann, Ralf, Rettinger, Markus, Pollard, David, Robinson, John, Morino, Isamu, Uchino, Osamu, Hase, Frank, Blumenstock, Thomas, Feist, Dietrich G., Arnold, Sabrina G., Strong, Kimberly, Mendonca, Joseph, Kivi, Rigel, Heikkinen, Paul, Iraci, Laura, Podolske, James, Hillyard, Patrick W., Kawakami, Shuji, Dubey, Manvendra K., Parker, Harrison A., Sepúlveda, Eliezer, Garcìa, Omaira E., Té, Yao, Jeseck, Pascal, Gunson, Michael R., Crisp, David, Eldering, Annmarie, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of Toronto, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Spurengase und Fernerkundung (IMK-ASF), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), University of Wollongong [Australia], Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry [Wollongong] (CAC), University of Bremen, Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Physics [Toronto], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAER), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Tsukuba] (JAXA), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMet), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract

International audience; NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) has been measuring carbon dioxide column-averaged dry-air mole fraction, XCO2, in the Earth's atmosphere for over 2 years. In this paper, we describe the comparisons between the first major release of the OCO-2 retrieval algorithm (B7r) and XCO2 from OCO-2's primary ground-based validation network: the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The OCO-2 XCO2 retrievals, after filtering and bias correction, agree well when aggregated around and coincident with TCCON data in nadir, glint, and target observation modes, with absolute median differences less than 0.4 ppm and RMS differences less than 1.5 ppm. After bias correction, residual biases remain. These biases appear to depend on latitude, surface properties, and scattering by aerosols. It is thus crucial to continue measurement comparisons with TCCON to monitor and evaluate the OCO-2 XCO2 data quality throughout its mission.

Published
2017

189. An 1.57 μm Optical Fiber-based Differential Laser Absorption Spectrometer for a Column-averaged Dry Air Mixing Ratio of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

Author

Sakaizawa, Daisuke, Kawakami, Shuji, Nakajima, Masakatsu, Tanaka, Tomoaki, Inoue, Makoto, Morino, Isamu, and Uchino, Osamu

Subjects
atmospheric CO2, DIAL, IPDA, LAS, airborne measurement
Abstract

Airborne measurements of the partial column-averaged dry-air mixing ratio of CO2 (XCO2) and moderate airplane height detection were performed using an amplitude-modulated 1.57-μm differential laser absorption spectrometer (LAS). The LAS system proved to be compact, reliable, and rigid in the field measurements. Airborne demonstration flights resulted in a high correlation coefficient of 0.987 between XCO2 observed from LAS and XCO2 calculated from in situ measurements. The average XCO2 obtained from LAS and in situ data agreed within 1.5 ppm, and the method achieved a measurement precision of 2.5 ppm for spiral measurements., 資料番号: PA1410052000

Published
2014

190. Influence of differences in current GOSAT XCO2 retrievals on surface flux estimation

Author

Takagi, Hiroshi, Houweling, Sander, Andres, Robert J., Belikov, Dmitry, Bril, Andrey, Boesch, Hartmut, Butz, Andre, Guerlet, Sandrine, Hasekamp, Otto, Maksyutov, Shamil, Morino, Isamu, Oda, Tomohiro, O'Dell, Christopher W., Oshchepkov, Sergey, Parker, Robert, Saito, Makoto, Uchino, Osamu, Yokota, Tatsuya, Yoshida, Yukio, Valsala, Vinu, Earth and Climate, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
surface fluxes, column CO2 concentration, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], CO2 sources and sinks, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Earth Science, inverse modeling, GOSAT
Abstract

International audience; We investigated differences in the five currently-available datasets of column-integrated CO2 concentrations (XCO2) retrieved from spectral soundings collected by Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and assessed their impact on regional CO2 flux estimates. We did so by estimating the fluxes from each of the five XCO2 datasets combined with surface-based CO2 data, using a single inversion system. The five XCO2 datasets are available in raw and bias-corrected versions, and we found that the bias corrections diminish the range of the five coincident values by ~30% on average. The departures of the five individual inversion results (annual-mean regional fluxes based on XCO2-surface combined data) from the surface-data-only results were close to one another in some terrestrial regions where spatial coverage by each XCO2 dataset was similar. The mean of the five annual global land uptakes was 1.7 ± 0.3 GtC yr-1, and they were all smaller than the value estimated from the surface-based data alone.

Published
2014

191. Characterisation and potential for reducing optical resonances in FTIR spectrometers of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC).

Author

Blumenstock, Thomas, Hase, Frank, Keens, Axel, Czurlok, Denis, Colebatch, Orfeo, Garcia, Omaira, Griffith, David W. T., Grutter, Michel, Hannigan, James W., Heikkinen, Pauli, Jeseck, Pascal, Jones, Nicholas, Kivi, Rigel, Lutsch, Erik, Makarova, Maria, Imhasin, Hamud Kh., Mellqvist, Johan, Morino, Isamu, Nagahama, Tomoo, and Notholt, Justus

Subjects
OPTICAL resonance, ATMOSPHERIC composition, SPECTROMETERS, INFRARED spectra, FOURIER transforms
Abstract

Although optical components in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers are preferably wedged, in practice, infrared spectra typically suffer from the effects of optical resonances ("channeling") affecting the retrieval of weakly absorbing gases. This study investigates the level of channeling of each FTIR spectrometer within the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). Dedicated spectra were recorded by more than twenty NDACC FTIR spectrometers using a laboratory mid-infrared source and two detectors. In the InSb detector domain (1900-5000 cm-1), we find that the amplitude of the most pronounced channeling frequency amounts to 0.1 to 2.0 ‰ of the spectral background level, with a mean of (0.68 ± 0.48) ‰ and a median of 0.60 ‰. In the HgCdTe detector domain (700-1300 cm-1), we find even stronger effects, with the largest amplitude ranging from 0.3 to 21 ‰ with a mean of (2.45 ± 4.50) ‰ and a median of 1.2 ‰. For both detectors, the leading channeling frequencies are 0.9 and 0.11 or 0.23 cm-1 in most spectrometers. These observed spectral frequencies correspond to the optical thickness of the air gap in between the beam splitter and compensator plate (0.9 cm-1) and the beam splitter substrate itself (0.11 and 0.23 cm-1). Since the air gap is a significant source of channeling and the corresponding amplitude differs strongly between spectrometers, we propose new beam splitters with the wedge of the air gap increased to at least 0.8°. We tested the insertion of spacers in a beam splitter's air gap to demonstrate that increasing the wedge of the air gap decreases the 0.9 cm-1 channeling amplitude significantly. This study shows the potential for reducing channeling in the FTIR spectrometers operated by the NDACC, thereby increasing the quality of recorded spectra across the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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192. A Decade of GOSAT Proxy Satellite CH[sub 4] Observations.

Author

Parker, Robert J., Webb, Alex, Boesch, Hartmut, Somkuti, Peter, Barrio Guillo, Rocio, Di Noia, Antonio, Kalaitzi, Nikoleta, Anand, Jasdeep, Bergamaschi, Peter, Chevallier, Frederic, Palmer, Paul I., Feng, Liang, Deutscher, Nicholas M., Feist, Dietrich G., T. Griffith, David W., Hase, Frank, Kivi, Rigel, Morino, Isamu, Notholt, Justus, and Oh, Young-Suk

Abstract

This work presents the latest release (v9.0) of the University of Leicester GOSAT Proxy XCH[sub 4] dataset. Since the launch of the GOSAT satellite in 2009, this data has been produced by the UK National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) as part of the ESA Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI) and Copernicus Climate Change Services (C3S) projects. With now over a decade of observations, we outline the many scientific studies achieved using past versions of this data in order to highlight how this latest version may be used in the future. We describe in detail how the data is generated, providing information and statistics for the entire processing chain from the L1B spectral data through to the final quality-filtered column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (XCH[sub 4]) data. We show that out of the 19.5 million observations made between April 2009 and December 2019, we determine that 7.3 million of these are sufficiently cloud-free (37.6%) to process further and ultimately obtain 4.6 million (23.5%) high-quality XCH4 observations. We separate these totals by observation mode (land and ocean sun-glint) and by month, to provide data users with the expected data coverage, including highlighting periods with reduced observations due to instrumental issues. We perform extensive validation of the data against the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), comparing to ground-based observations at 22 locations worldwide. We find excellent agreement to TCCON, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.92 for the 88,345 co-located measurements. The single measurement precision is found to be 13.72ppb and an overall global bias of 9.06 ppb is determined and removed from the Proxy XCH[sub 4] data. Additionally, we validate the separate components of the Proxy (namely the modelled XCO[sub 2] and the XCH[sub 4]/XCO[sub 2] ratio) and find these to be in excellent agreement with TCCON. In order to show the utility of the data for future studies, we compare against simulated XCH[sub 4] from the TM5 model. We find a high degree of consistency between the model and observations throughout both space and time. When focusing on specific regions, we find average differences ranging from just 3.9ppb to 15.4ppb. We find the phase and magnitude of the seasonal cycle to be in excellent agreement, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.93 and a mean seasonal cycle amplitude difference across all regions of -0.84ppb. This data is available at https://doi.org/10.5285/18ef8247f52a4cb6a14013f8235cc1eb (Parker and Boesch, 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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193. On the consistency of methane isotopologue retrievals using TCCON and multiple spectroscopic databases.

Author

Malina, Edward, Veihelmann, Ben, Feist, Dietrich G., and Morino, Isamu

Subjects
METHANE, DATABASES, ISOTOPOLOGUES, VAPORS
Abstract

In this study we perform retrievals of the two main methane isotopologues 12CH4 and 13CH4 using measurements from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) from two sites, namely Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean and Tsukuba, Japan. Using the TCCON GGG2014 retrieval environment retrievals are performed using four separate spectroscopic databases and a set of spectral fit windows. Databases used include the TCCON spectroscopic database; the HITRAN2016 database; the GEISA2015 database; and the ESA SEOM-IAS database. We assess the retrievals using standard TCCON methane windows, and specific windows (in the 4190-4340 cm-1 range) based on the sensitivity of the instruments TROPOMI present on Copernicus Sentinel-5P (S5P) and the future Sentinel 5 (S5) mission present on MetOp-SG. We assess the biases in retrieving methane isotopologues using these different spectral windows and different spectroscopic databases. The sensitivity of these retrievals (across windows and databases) to errors in the a priori information, specifically pressure, temperature, methane and water vapour are also assessed. We find significant biases between retrievals calculated using differing spectroscopic databases and windows for both methane isotopologues, with up to a 3 % bias between 12CH4 retrievals and 20 % bias in 13CH4 retrievals. Retrievals using the 4190-4340 cm-1 spectral range show the results with the least variation between spectroscopic databases, and we therefore recommend that this band should be used in future TCCON methane retrievals. Results obtained with the SEOM-IAS database show the lowest fit residuals. Uncertainty on 13CH4 retrievals are relatively high (0.1-2 ppb, combination of systematic and random). The sensitivity to a priori assumptions are shown to be significant for both 12CH4 and 13CH4. Uncertainty in the pressure cross sections is shown to be the most significant, with variations across all spectroscopic databases and spectral windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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196. Improved Retrievals of Carbon Dioxide from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 with the version 8 ACOS algorithm

Author

O'Dell, Christopher W., primary, Eldering, Annmarie, additional, Wennberg, Paul O., additional, Crisp, David, additional, Gunson, Michael R., additional, Fisher, Brendan, additional, Frankenberg, Christian, additional, Kiel, Matthäus, additional, Lindqvist, Hannakaisa, additional, Mandrake, Lukas, additional, Merrelli, Aronne, additional, Natraj, Vijay, additional, Nelson, Robert R., additional, Osterman, Gregory B., additional, Payne, Vivienne H., additional, Taylor, Thomas R., additional, Wunch, Debra, additional, Drouin, Brian J., additional, Oyafuso, Fabiano, additional, Chang, Albert, additional, McDuffie, James, additional, Smyth, Michael, additional, Baker, David F., additional, Basu, Sourish, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Crowell, Sean M. R., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Palmer, Paul I., additional, Dubey, Mavendra, additional, García, Omaira E., additional, Griffith, David W. T., additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Iraci, Laura T., additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Ohyama, Hirofumi, additional, Petri, Christof, additional, Roehl, Coleen M., additional, Sha, Mahesh K., additional, Strong, Kimberly, additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Te, Yao, additional, Uchino, Osamu, additional, and Velazco, Voltaire A., additional

Published
2018
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197. Ground-based measurements of column-averaged carbon dioxide molar mixing ratios in a peatland fire-prone area of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Author

Iriana, Windy, primary, Tonokura, Kenichi, additional, Inoue, Gen, additional, Kawasaki, Masahiro, additional, Kozan, Osamu, additional, Fujimoto, Kazuki, additional, Ohashi, Masafumi, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Someya, Yu, additional, Imasu, Ryuichi, additional, Rahman, Muhammad Arif, additional, and Gunawan, Dodo, additional

Published
2018
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198. Carbon dioxide retrieval from OCO-2 satellite observations using the RemoTeC algorithm and validation with TCCON measurements

Author

Wu, Lianghai, primary, Hasekamp, Otto, additional, Hu, Haili, additional, Landgraf, Jochen, additional, Butz, Andre, additional, aan de Brugh, Joost, additional, Aben, Ilse, additional, Pollard, Dave F., additional, Griffith, David W. T., additional, Feist, Dietrich G., additional, Koshelev, Dmitry, additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Toon, Geoffrey C., additional, Ohyama, Hirofumi, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Shiomi, Kei, additional, Iraci, Laura, additional, Schneider, Matthias, additional, de Mazière, Martine, additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Warneke, Thorsten, additional, Goo, Tae-Young, additional, and Té, Yao, additional

Published
2018
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200. Philippines TCCON Project: One-year Measurement Results and Future

Author

Morino, Isamu, primary, Velazco, Voltaire A., additional, Hori, Akihiro, additional, Uchino, Osamu, additional, Ohyama, Hirofumi, additional, Sakai, Tetsu, additional, Izumi, Toshiharu, additional, Nagai, Tomohiro, additional, Bagtasa, Gerry, additional, Yoshida, Yukio, additional, Kiel, Matthäus, additional, Bukosa, Beata, additional, Deutscher, Nicholas M., additional, Fisher, Jenny A., additional, and Griffith, David W. T., additional

Published
2018
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