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Durante un período de 12 meses, 14 neonatos de Chelonia agassizii fueron mantenidos en cautiverio, para realizar estudios sobre su crecimiento. La dieta, en una proporción 1:1, consistió en pescado fresco y alimento comercial balanceado (38% de proteína). La ración diaria, fue un 8% del peso corporaL Cada tercer día se efectuó un reemplazo total del agua. En el transcurso del experimento no se observó comportamiento agresivo entre las crías. Ligeras ulceraciones alrededor de los ojos, cuello y aletas fueron exitosamente tratadas con aplicaciones tópicas de violeta de genciana. El crecimiento del largo curvo de carapacho (LCC) en el tiempo (meses) fue ajustado por la regresión exponencial LCC = exp(1.740+0.13*t). La relación pesolongitud, P = O.256*LCC

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of semen and urine culture in the diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 70 consecutive men suspected of having chronic bacterial prostatitis along with 17 asymptomatic controls, we obtained urine and semen cultures followed 1 week later by the Meares and Stamey test, our reference standard. The interpretation of each of the cultures was blind to the results of other tests. RESULTS: 139 men were referred for evaluation of chronic bacterial prostatitis and 70 received all tests. Additionally, 17 control men volunteered to participate. The Meares and Stamey Test was positive in 69 (79%) patients. The semen culture had a sensitivity of 45% and a specificity of 94%. The likelihood ratio associated with a positive semen culture was 8.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2 to 55.3); the likelihood ratio associated with a negative semen culture was 0.6 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.7). The urine culture had a sensitivity of 4% and a specificity of 100%. The likelihood ratio of a positive urine culture was infinity and of a negative urine culture was 0.96 (95% CI 0.9 to 1). CONCLUSIONS: While a positive semen culture in a symptomatic patient may suffice to select and start antibiotic treatment against chronic bacterial prostatitis, a negative culture does not rule out the condition. Urine cultures alone are not useful for diagnosing CBP. The Meares and Stamey test remains important for the diagnosis of CBP in practice.

Este estudio tuvo por objeto de evaluar abonos orgánicos provenientes de residuos de cosecha y plazas de mercado de Popayán, utilizando plantas de repollo y lechuga. Se recolectaron residuos de fincas de café y plazas de mercados de Popayán, se elaboraron pilas de compost separadamente y se analizó cada compost para determinar contenido de nutrientes. Se aplicó compost en dos etapas de cultivo como fertilizante. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres tratamientos y tres repeticiones, T0: Testigo, sin abono; T1: compost elaborado de pulpa de café, troncho de plátano y gallinaza y T2: compost elaborado con residuos de plazas de mercado. Las pruebas físico-químicas del compost cumplieron la norma NTC 5167 y la diferencia radicó en que T1 es fuente de K y P y T2 de N; la aplicación del compost al suelo mejoró pH, M.O y CIC; la ganancia promedio en peso para los cultivos supero el 300%; los análisis microbiológicos cumplieron los parámetros de INVIMA de control y vigilancia de calidad de productos alimenticios. Se concluyó que los materiales utilizados para producción de compost influyen en las propiedades físico-químicas del abono orgánico y los compostajes cumplieron con 15 parámetros de la norma NTC 5167. This study was realized to evaluate organic manures from residues of crop and markets at Popayán's city, using cabbage and lettuce plants. There were gathered residues of productive units of coffee and principal markets of the city, batteries of compost were elaborated for separated and every compost was analyzed to determine the content of nutrients. The Compost was applied in two stages of culture as alternative to chemical fertilization. Statistical experimental design was completely at random with three treatments and three repetitions, T0: Witness, without any credit; T1: elaborated compost of flesh of coffee, stem of banana and poultry droppings and T2: compost obtained from residues of market. The physicochemical tests met compost NTC 5167 boundaries and the difference was that T1 is a source of K and P, while T2 is N source; compost application in improved soil pH, content of MO and CIC, the average weight gain for cabbage and lettuce exceeded 300%, it not was necessary to provide pest control measures; microbiological test INVIMA met the parameters for quality control and monitoring of foodstuffs. It was concluded that the materials used for compost production influence the physicochemical properties of organic manures and composting met analyzed 15 parameters of the NTC 5167. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar fertilizantes orgânicos a partir de resíduos de culturas e mercados da cidade de Popayan, utilizando como indicadores das plantas de repolho e alface. Resíduos foram coletados unidades de produção de café e praças principais nos mercados da cidade, pilhas de compostagem foram preparadas separadamente e analisados a cada composto para determinar o teor de nutrientes. Composto foi aplicado em duas fases da cultura como uma alternativa aos fertilizantes químicos. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e três repetições, T0: controle, sem adubação; T1: composto feito a partir de polpa de café, banana e talo de frango e T2: compostagem de resíduos mercados. Os testes físico-met limites composto NTC 5167 e a diferença era que T1 é uma fonte de K e P, enquanto que T2 é a fonte de azoto; aplicação do composto do pH do solo melhorado, teor de MO e CIC, o ganho de peso médio de repolho e alface ultrapassou 300%, foi necessário prever medidas de controle de pragas; análises microbiológicas INVIMA conheceu os parâmetros de controle de qualidade e controlo dos géneros. Concluiu-se que os materiais utilizados para a produção de composto influenciam as propriedades físico-químicas dos fertilizantes orgânicos e compostagem met analisados 15 parâmetros do 5167 NTC.

Resumo: A adequada adubação mineral de pomares de goiabeira, sob manejo intensivo, é fator preponderante na produtividade, e o acompanhamento do estado nutricional das plantas contribui para a eficiência desta prática agronômica. Objetivou-se pesquisar o efeito de diferentes doses de nitrogênio e potássio sobre o estado nutricional de goiabeiras 'Paluma. O experimento foi conduzido em Vista Alegre do Alto-SP, em pomar irrigado, com sete anos deidade, manejado com podas de frutificação, durante quatro ciclos de produção consecutivos. O solo é o Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial com quatro doses de nitrogênio (0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 kg planta-1 de N) e quatro de potássio (0;0,55; 1,1 e 2,2 kg planta-1 de K2O). A adubação nitrogenada promoveu aumento nos teores foliares de N e Mn e decréscimo nos teores de P e B, observados do segundo ao quarto ciclo produtivo. A adubação nitrogenada elevou os teores de Ca e Mg, respectivamente, no segundo e terceiro ciclos. Com exceção doprimeiro ciclo produtivo, os teores foliares de K e Mn aumentaram em função da adubação potássica, enquanto os teores de Mg, no segundo e quarto ciclos, diminuíram em função dessa adubação. [Nitrogen and potassium fertilization in 'Paluma' guava trees: II. Effect on nutritional status of the plants]. Abstract: The proper mineral fertilization of guava orchards under intensive management, is a major factor in productivity and monitoring the nutritional status of the plants contributes to the efficiency of this agronomic practice. The aim of this study was to investigate different doses of nitrogen and potassium in the nutritional status of guava 'Paluma'. The experiment was conducted at Vista Alegre do Alto, São Paulo, in a 7 year old irrigated orchard, managedwith fruiting pruning during four consecutive growing seasons. The soil is a dystrophic Ultisol. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in factorial, with four nitrogen doses (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 kg of N plant-1) and four of potassium (0, 0.55, 1.1 and 2.2 kg of K2O plant-1), with three replications. Nitrogen fertilization promoted increased levels of leaf N and Mn and the decrease in the levels of P and B; effects observed from the second to the fourth production cycle. Nitrogen fertilization increased the Ca and Mg levels, respectively, in the second and third cycle. Except for the first production cycle, K and Mn foliar concentrations increased with increasing potassium fertilization, whereas the levels of Mg, in the second and the fourth cycle, decreased as a function of fertilization. Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-16T05:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2015Adubacaonitrogenadae.pdf: 1052183 bytes, checksum: 35b08ebdc222dc71514ce01055166fdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-14

Se presentan diferentes métodos de extracción de características en señales ECG normales y en presencia de eventos relacionados con cardiopatía isquémica, basados en mediciones de diagnóstico, la transformada wavelet y el análisis no lineal de componentes principales. Con el fin de determinar las características que contribuyen de mejor manera con el modelo, se aplican dos técnicas de selección efectiva de características empleando métodos estadísticos multivariados y univariados. La evaluación de las técnicas de extracción propuestas se realiza mediante análisis discriminante lineal y máquinas de soporte vectorial, comparando el error en la clasificación de diferentes estados de funcionalidad cardíaca. Como resultado del análisis discriminante lineal se obtiene que las características más efectivas se consiguen empleando el análisis no lineal de componentes principales sobre un latido. En este caso, el error obtenido de clasificación es de hasta el 0.22%, contra 6.78% en el caso de las wavelets, y 24.22% en el caso de las mediciones de diagnóstico. Con las máquinas de soporte vectorial se obtiene que las características más discriminantes se obtienen empleando wavelets aplicadas al latido con una precisión de clasificación hasta del 0.1%, contra 0.12% en el caso del análisis no lineal de componentes principales y 5.11% en el caso de las mediciones de diagnóstico. Different extraction methods were compared regarding the characteristics of normal ECG signals and those emitted in the presence of events related to ischemic cardiopathy based on diagnosis measurements, wavelet transformation and nonlinear analysis of main components. Methods were developed for automatic recognition between normal and ischemic ECG signals. Two effective feature selection techniques were proposed; one used multivariate statistical methods and the second univariate ones. Linear discriminatory evaluation and vector support machines were used for evaluating the proposed feature extraction techniques, comparing error when classifying different states of cardiac functionality. Nonlinear PCA offered slightly better performance compared to wavelet representation but was much better compared to diagnosis measurement. There was up to 0.22% error compared to 6.78% in the case of wavelets and 24.22% in the case of diagnostic measurements. Support vector machines increased the performance for all analysed feature extraction methods; more discriminating characteristics were obtained when using wavelets applied to heartbeat having up to 0.1% classification precision compared to 0.12% in the case of nonlinear analysis of main components and 5.11% in the case of diagnostic measurements.

Nos encontramos en la era de la optimización de costos, por lo que es necesario realizar estudios farmacoeconómicos para identificar la costo- efectividad de los anestésicos actuales. Metodología: este estudio prospectivo, cegado al paciente, comparó los costos directos, los tiempos de recuperación y satisfacción de 45 pacientes que se asignaron aleatoriamente a dos grupos de anestesia balanceada (grupo sevofluoraneremifentanil n = 24 o grupo isofluoraneremifentanil n = 21) que iban a ser sometidos a cirugías de otorrinolaringología. Resultados: los tiempos de recuperación temprana (apertura ocular, respuesta a comandos, extubación, orientación y salida de sala) fueron menores en el grupo ISO y tuvieron diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Se encontraron datos variables en los costos de adquisición de los halogenados gastados, que fueron menores para el isofluorane, lo cual hacía también menos costosos los insumos anestésicos durante las cirugías; sin embargo, los costos en la sala de cirugía, en recuperación y sala de ambulatorios y los costos totales no mostraron diferencias significativas. La satisfacción fue similar entre los dos grupos. Conclusiones: una técnica basada en sevofluorane-remifentanil no es más costo-efectiva que utilizar isofluorane-remifentanil para pacientes ambulatorios sometidos a cirugías de otorrinolaringología. We are in the of costs optimization era, reason why it is necessary to make pharmaceutical economics studies to identify the costeffectiveness of today's anesthetics. Methods: this prospective study, blinded to the patient, compared the direct costs, recovery times and satisfaction of 45 patients randomly assigned to two balanced anesthesia groups (sevofluoraneremifentanil group n = 24 or isofluoraneremifentanil group n = 21) submitted to otorhinolaringology surgical procedures. Results: the times of early recovery (ocular opening, answer to commandos, extubación, orientation and room leave) were smaller in ISO group and had statistically significant difference. Variable data was found in acquisition costs of halogenados gastados, lesser for isofluorane, which also made the anesthetic supplies less expensive during surgical procedures; nevertheless, costs in the delivery room, in recovery and ambulatory room, and the total costs did not show significant differences. Satisfaction was similar between both groups. Conclusions: a sevofluorane-remifentanil based technique is not more cost-effective than to use isofluoraneremifentanil for ambulartory patients submitted to otorhinolaringology surgical procedures.

Greater leaf thickness is usually associated with greater leaf carbon assimilation rate, but the tradeoff between thicker versus larger leaves also affects canopy structure and light interception. Many studies equate the ratio of dry leaf mass to area (leaf specific mass) with leaf thickness. This approximation has utility but ignores differences in true thickness due to variation in water or air content and other factors. To understand better variation in leaf thickness in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), 14 parameters related to thickness were compared for a diverse set of bean cultivars grown in three field environments in Colombia. The parameters included leaf thickness per se as measured anatomically or with a micrometer, leaf specific mass expressed on dry and fresh weight bases, leaf optical density measured at 670 nm, total leaf chlorophyll concentration expressed on a leaf area basis, leaf tissue density, and nitrogen concentration expressed on fresh and dry weight bases. Relative contributions of air, water, and dry matter to leaf thickness were also estimated. Most parameters showed large differences among lines, consistent with previous reports that cultivars from the Mesoamerican genepool have thicker leaves than those of the Andean genepool. Parameters varied greatly with environment and sampling date. The results support the need to control for leaf water content when studying leaf thickness. Furthermore, including mid and lateral rib tissue in leaf samples appeared to bias data sufficiently enough to double estimates of leaf thickness and specific mass. Based on time required for measurement and ability to detect cultivar differences, measuring leaf thickness with a micrometer and leaf optical density appeared the most promising for rapid characterization of leaf thickness.

Se colectaron, caracterizaron morfológicamente y evaluaron agronómicamente 133 accesiones de Cucurbita moschata en Colombia (departamentos del Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Risaralda, Quindío, Caldas, Antioquia, Bolívar, Magdalena y Atlántico), las cuales presentaron alta diversidad en tamaño, forma y color de fruto. Los descriptores pubescencia de la hoja, color mancha de la hoja, días a floración masculina, días a floración femenina, espesor de pulpa, tamaño de semilla, forma de margen de semilla, ancho de fruto y peso promedio de fruto permitieron la diferenciación de grupos. Se encontró un índice de diversidad de 62% entre las accesiones colectadas en los departamentos de la región andina con las de la Costa Atlántica. Ninguno de los grupos presentó índices de similaridad del 100%. ABSTRACT This study was carried at Candelaria (Colombia), from August 2001 to July 2003. This study aimed at evaluating, by multivariate analyses techniques, the genetic diversity of 133 accesions, collected from distinct areas of regions of Colombia. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with four replications. The data (average) were collected from three plants per plot. Thirteen nine traits were evaluated, 9 vegetatives, 24 reproductives and 1 related to susceptibility to stress. The data were analysed using the herarquical method of WARD and were transformed into a complete disjunctive table, where the modalities of each character is a new variable. The analysis revealed five cluster, with to R2 = 97% and diversity index 62%. The most important characteristics to explain the variability were: days to first female and male flower, fruit width, fruit weight, flesh thickness, leaf pubescence dorsal and ventral surface, colour of leaf spots and seed size. The 5, 7, 47 , 109 and 28 accesion might be recommended for breeding programs. Keywords: Cucurbita moschata, Germplasm, Genetic resources, plant breeding, Morphology characterization.

La presente investigación se realizó en el Departamento del Cauca, Municipio del Patía, Corregimiento El Puro, Vereda El Puro, donde se trabajó con el grupo Cooperativa Multiactiva de Mujeres Emprendedoras del Puro, Patía. El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar la descripción morfológica de la planta de piñuela Bromelia karatas paracontribuir al conocimiento de la especie y ayudar a definir caracteres de selección para la recuperación y aprovechamiento de la misma. La descripción morfológica de la planta de piñuela, se realizó mediante observación en campo de plantas en cercas vivas y su posterior análisis en laboratorio. Los resultados mostraron que la planta de Bromelia karatas, se caracteriza por ser acaule, poseer raíz homorricia, tallo inconspicuo, hoja lanceolada y arrosetadas, inflorescencia sésil y fruto fusiforme, agridulce y jugoso. This investigation was carried out in the El Puro village, of the Patía municipality in the Colombian Cauca Department, in teamwork with a group of the Cooperativa Multiactiva de Mujeres Emprendedoras del Puro. The work consisted in the morphological description of the piñuela plant, Bromelia karatas aiming to contribute to the knowledge about the species and the character’s selection for it’s recuperation and it’s management. The morphological description was done through the observation of plants arranged in fences going and through file and laboratory analyses. The results show that the Bromelia karatas plant is acaulous, has homorrhicic roots, a non-conspicuous stalk, lanceolate and rosette-like leaves, sessile inflorescence. The fruit is spindle-shaped, sweet-sour and juicy. O presente estudo foi realizado no Departamento del Cauca, Municipio del Patía, Vereda El Puro, onde trabalhou-se como a Cooperativa Multiactiva de Mujeres Emprendedoras del Puro, Patia. O objetivo do trabalho for realizar a descrição morfológica da planta Bromelia karatas para contribuir no conhecimento da especie e ajudar a definir parâmetros de seleção para a recuperação y aproveitamento desta planta. A descrição morfológica da Bromelia karatas foi realizada mediante obsevação das plantas em cercas vivas, seu análise em campo e laboratorio. Os resultados mostraram que a Bromelia karatas se caracteriza por ser acaule, possuir raíz homorricia, talo inconspicuo, folha lanceolada, inflorescencia sésil e fruto fusiforme, agridoce e suculento.

10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303374 OBJECTIVE - Olive oil polyphenols have shown beneficial properties against cardiovascular risk factors. Their consumption has been associated with higher cholesterol content in high-density lipoproteins (HDL). However, data on polyphenol effects on HDL quality are scarce. We, therefore, assessed whether polyphenol-rich olive oil consumption could enhance the HDL main function, its cholesterol efflux capacity, and some of its quality-related properties, such HDL polyphenol content, size, and composition. APPROACH AND RESULTS - A randomized, crossover, controlled trial with 47 healthy European male volunteers was performed. Participants ingested 25 mL/d of polyphenol-poor (2.7 mg/kg) or polyphenol-rich (366 mg/kg) raw olive oil in 3-week intervention periods, preceded by 2-week washout periods. HDL cholesterol efflux capacity significantly improved after polyphenol-rich intervention versus the polyphenol-poor one (+3.05% and -2.34%, respectively; P=0.042). Incorporation of olive oil polyphenol biological metabolites to HDL, as well as large HDL (HDL2) levels, was higher after the polyphenol-rich olive oil intervention, compared with the polyphenol-poor one. Small HDL (HDL3) levels decreased, the HDL core became triglyceride-poor, and HDL fluidity increased after the polyphenol-rich intervention. CONCLUSIONS - Olive oil polyphenols promote the main HDL antiatherogenic function, its cholesterol efflux capacity. These polyphenols increased HDL size, promoted a greater HDL stability reflected as a triglyceride-poor core, and enhanced the HDL oxidative status, through an increase in the olive oil polyphenol metabolites content in the lipoprotein. Our results provide for the first time a first-level evidence of an enhancement in HDL function by polyph

The study investigates the effect of land-use change on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes from soil, in savanna ecosystems of the Orinoco region (Venezuela). Gas fluxes were measured by closed static chambers, in the wet and dry season, in representative systems of land management of the region: a cultivated pasture, an herbaceous savanna, a tree savanna and a woodland (control site). Higher N2O emissions were observed in the cultivated pasture and in the herbaceous savanna compared with the tree savanna and the woodland, and differences were mainly related to fine soil particle content and soil volumetric water content measured in the studied sites. Overall N2O emissions were quite low in all sites (0-1.58 mg N2O-N m-2 day-2). The cultivated pasture and the woodland savanna were on average weak CH4 sinks (-0.05 ± 0.07 and -0.08 ± 0.05mg CH4 m -2 day-1, respectively), whereas the herbaceous savanna and the tree savanna showed net CH4 production (0.23 ± 0.05 and 0.19 ± 0.05mg CH4 m-2 day-1, respectively). Variations of CH 4 fluxes were mainly driven by variation of soil waterfilled pore space (WFPS), and a shift from net CH4 consumption to net CH4 production was observed at around 30% WFPS. Overall, the data suggest that conversion of woodland savanna to managed landscape could alter both CH4 and N2O fluxes; however, the magnitude of such variation depends on the soil characteristics and on the type of land management before conversion. © 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Con el objeto de evaluar la antracnosis (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) en el cultivo de fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris) en el Municipio de Timbío, Departamento del Cauca - Colombia, se realizó un ensayo en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con dos tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Se evaluaron dos variedades de frijol (Diacol Calima y AFR 612) en dos sistemas de manejo: Manejo Tradicional, empleado por agricultores de la zona con aplicaciones frecuentes de fungicidas para controlar la enfermedad. Se evaluaron las variables incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad en hojas, flores y vainas en las etapas V2, V4, R6 del cultivo (primera hoja trifoliada, tercera hoja trifoliada y prefloración) y en las etapas R7 (formación de vainas) y R8 (llenado de vainas), vainas/planta, producción vainas/parcela, rendimiento grano/parcela (g), peso de 100 semillas (g) y porcentaje de germinación. Los resultados mostraron que la variedad Diacol Calima bajo Manejo Tradicional presentó los porcentajes más altos de incidencia de antracnosis en las etapas V2, V4 y R6 para hojas y R8 en vainas. La variedad AFR 612 en Manejo Integrado presentó los porcentajes de incidencia de antracnosis más bajos y los mayores rendimientos. The trial was aimed at evaluating anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), in bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris) in a rural area of Timbío, located in the Cauca Department of Colombia, applying a randomized complete block (RCB) design with 2 treatments and 3 repetitions. Two bean varieties were evaluated: Diacol Calima and AFR 612, under two agricultural management systems: Traditional Management (T), in which the protocol used by farmers in the area with frequent applications of fungicides to control disease was followed, and Integrated Management (IPM) . The incidence and severity variables in leaves flowers and pods at stages V2, V4, R6, R7 and R8 of the crop and number of pods / plant, production of pods / plot, grain / plot (g) yield, weight of 100 seeds (g) and percentage of germination were assessed. The results indicated that under Traditional Management the Diacol Calima variety showed the highest rates of incidence of anthracnose in stages V2, V4 and R6 in leaves and R8 in pods. The AFR 612 variety evaluated under Integrated Management, presented the lowest percentages of anthracnose's incidence and the highest production yields. A fim de avaliar a antracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) no cultivo de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) no Município de Timbío, departamento de Cauca - Colômbia, foi realizado um delineamento em blocos casualizados em um inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e três repetições . O efeito de duas variedades de feijão (Diacol Calima e AFR 612) em dois sistemas de gestão: gestão tradicionais, utilizados pelos agricultores na área com aplicações freqüentes de fungicidas no controle da doença. As variáveis foram avaliadas a incidência ea severidade da doença nas folhas, flores e vagens em estádios V2, V4, R6 cultura (primeira folha trifoliolada, terceiro trifólio e antes da floração) e R7 estágios (formação de vagens) e R8 (o enchimento de vagens), vagens por planta, produção de vagens / parcela, produção de grãos / parcela (g), peso de 100 sementes (g) e porcentagem de germinação. Os resultados mostraram que a variedade Calima Diacol em Gestão Tradicional apresentou as maiores taxas de incidência de antracnose em estágios V2, V4 e R6 para R8 folhas e vagens. A variedade AFR 612 em Gestão Integrada apresentou as taxas de incidência de antracnose e menor rendimentos mais elevados

Selection among microgametophytes usually exploits variation in pollen grain germination. Studies of variation in pollen grain size in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) suggested that selection for size might lead to changes in sporophytic traits. To determine whether microgametophytic selection based on size would affect pollen grain size in subsequent generations or sporophytic traits that were correlated with pollen grain size, pollen grains from three crosses were separated into two size categories by sieving and then used to pollinate cv. Diacol Calima. Selection resulted in changes in pollen grain diameter for pollen from F1, F2 and F3 plants for all crosses. In vitro germination indicated no differences between vigor of large and small grains, but extraction and sieving reduced germinability. F1 seed from two of the crosses with size-selected pollen varied in weight according to pollen grain size, but in subsequent generations, the effect disappeared. Both size categories of selected pollen resulted in F2 progeny with reduced numbers of seeds per pod as compared to controls, suggesting that the size selection process may have resulted in indirect selection for traits reducing seed set. The overall results suggested that genes determining pollen grain size in bean have little or no effect on sporophytic traits such as seed size and seed yield.

El estudio de incidencia e infestación de plagas limitantes para café como Roya (Hemileia vastatrix), Broca (Hypothenemus hampei), y Mancha de hierro (Cercospora coffeicola), se desarrolló entre marzo de 2006 y Diciembre de 2007 en cuatro municipios con ocho predios sensores. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales para incidencia e infestación de cada plaga. Se siguió la metodología propuesta por CENICAFÉ, 30 árboles/ha para evaluar infestación de Broca e incidencia de la Mancha de hierro y 10 para incidencia de Roya. Se registro temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa y brillo solar para relacionar el comportamiento de las plagas con el clima. La incidencia e infestación superaron significativamente el umbral de daño económico (5%) para cada plaga. El promedio de incidencia fue de 14,7% para Roya y 4,8% para Mancha de hierro, el de infestación para Broca fue de 4,7%. La temperatura y precipitación presentaron gran relación con la dinámica epidemiológica de las plagas. Altas temperaturas están relacionadas con alta incidencia e infestación de Roya y Broca, principalmente entre junio y septiembre, contrariamente a la Mancha de hierro que estuvo relacionada con alta precipitación, principalmente entre marzo y mayo. Estos resultados alertan acerca de la presencia de estas plagas en los cultivos de la región. The epidemiological study was carried out on three Colombian coffee production limiting pests, i.e. Coffee borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari), Coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and Iron spot disease (Cercospora coffeicola) of four municipalities of the Cauca department. Eight sensoring localities were selected and sampled monthly in order to obtain the infestation and incidence of each pest during 2006 and 2007(from March and December). Sampling was done according to the process established by Cenicafé, 30 Coffee shrubs were taken for the Coffee borer and the Iron spot disease evaluation, and 10 for coffee rust evaluation per hectare respectively, the corresponding infestation and incidence percentages were obtained by grain and leaves counting. Temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and solar bright data were obtained from neighboring climatological stations, in order to relate the pests behavior with climate. The plagues infestation and incidence in most cases exceeded the 5% economical damage threshold; the mean incidence and infestation during the evaluation period was 14,7% for Rust, 4,7% for Coffee borer and 4,8% on Iron spot disease. The temperature and precipitation variables were the ones which exhibited closer relationship with the plagues epidemiological dynamics. High temperatures are related to high Coffee borer and Rust incidence, mainly between June and September, contrary to the Iron spot disease, which was related to high precipitations, mainly between March and May. The results give en alert concerning plagues presence on the regional crops. No departamento do Cauca foi realizado um estudo epidemiologico de três pragas limitantes na produção de café (Coffea arabica): a ferrugem produzida pelo fungo Hemileia vastatrix, a Broca do café produzida pelo inseto Hypothenemus hampei, e a cercosporiose produzida pelo fungo Cercospora coffeicola. O estudo foi feito nos anos 2006 e 2007 em quatro municipios onde foram escolhidos 8 fazendas nas que foram realizadas amostragens para obter a percentagem de apresentação das doenças. As amostragens foram feitas segundo a metodología proposta pelo CENICAFE. Trinta arbores por hectare foram avaliados para determinar a precença de Broca e a cercosporiose, e dez para avaliar a presença de ferrugem. Foram registrados os valores de temperatura, precipitação, humidade, e brilho solar objetivando determinar a relação entre o clima e a presença de doenças. O nivel máximo aceitável de infestação na plantação é do 5%. O promedio de infestação no periodo avaliado foi de 14,7% para a ferrugem, 4,7% para a Broca e 4,8 para a cercosporiose. Temperatura e precipitação foram as que apresentaram maior relação com a presença das doenças. Altas temperaturas estão relacionadas com maior apresentação de ferrugem e Broca, principalmente nos meses de junhio e setembro, pelo contrario, a cercosporiose, altamente correlacionada com a presença de chuvas, ocorre principalmente nos meses de marzo e maio. Estes resultados alertan sobre a presença destas pragas nas plantações da região.

El objetivo de la investigación, fue valorar la cidra papa (Sechium edule) como alternativa de alimentación para familias en desplazamiento que viven en asentamientos urbano marginales de Popayán, con el fin de contribuir a la recuperación del conocimiento tradicional asociado al uso y manejo, identificar ecotipos, identificar el significado sociocultural como alternativa para mantener los vínculos con el campo, evaluar productividad y posibilidades de manejo en espacios urbano marginales. El proceso se desarrolló mediante 'investigación participativa', donde los actores participaron en dinámicas recreativas, talleres de sensibilización y socialización, giras de intercambio de saberes, de semillas y generación de conocimientos, lo que permitió obtener información, y la apropiación del proceso. Se definieron como áreas de estudio 3 comunas de Popayán, se seleccionaron 4 asentamientos, se aplicaron 116 encuestas, se realizaron visitas mensuales por asentamiento, entablando diálogos informales con las familias participantes. Se conocieron las posibilidades de manejo de la planta, se incentivó la siembra de la misma aplicando el concepto de agricultura urbana donde se asoció la planta con otras hortalizas. Se pudo constatar que plantas como la cidra se adaptan a las condiciones que ofrecen los asentamientos y que son fuente alternativa para la alimentación de estas poblaciones, se fomentó el consumo de especies sub utilizadas, se hizo intercambio de saberes y se generaron espacios para motivar la conservación de ecotipos y especies de plantas como la cidra, que pueden resistir a las condiciones de marginalidad. The research target was to value Sechium edule as a nutrition alternative for displaced families living in Popayán's marginal urban settlements, aiming to contribute to the traditional knowledge recuperation associated it's use and management, to identify the sociocultural significance as an alternative to mantain the links with the country, to evaluate the productivity and management possibilities in urban marginal areas. The process was carried out by means of 'participative investigation' where actors participated on recreative dynamics, sensibilization and socialization workshops, knowledge generating and exchanging tours which also served for exchanging seeds, permitting to obtain information and empowerment with the process. Three communities of Popayan were defined as study areas, four settlements were selected and 116 interviews made. The settlements were visited monthly for informal dialogues with the participating families. The plant's management possibilities were studied and it's cultivation under an urban cultivation scheme in association with other orchard species incentivated. The adptation of the system under the settlement's condition was asessed as a an alimentary alternative for these population. The consumption of sub-utilized species and the ecotype's conservation were encouraged. 0 objetivo da pesquisa, foi avaliar a cidra papa (Sechium edule) como alternativa de alimentação para familias deslocadas que moram nos perímetros da cidade de Popayán, com o proposito de contribuir na recuperação do conhecimento tradicional relacionado com a utilização e manejo, identificação de ecotipos e o significado cultural como alternativa para manter os vínculos como o campo, avaliara a produtividade y possibilidades de manejo na periferia da área urbana. 0 processo foi feito atraves da 'pesquisa participativa', onde os atores participaram de jogos y atividades para crear conciência que permitiram obter informação e apropiação do processo. Foram definidas como áreas de estudo 3 comunidades de Popayán, escolhidos 4 asentamentos, aplicadas 116 encuestas, visitas mensuales por asentamento, maniendo dialogos com as familias participantes. Foram conhecidas as possibilidades de manejo da planta, motivada sua semeadura aplicando o conceito de agricultura urbana. Foi possível determinar que a cidra adapta-se as condições que oferecem os asentamentos e que são fontes alternativas de alimento para estas populações, foi motivado o consumo desta especie subutilizada. Diferentes conhecimentos foram intercambiados sobre a utilização desta especie y seu cultivo en condições marginais.

El presente trabajo en un intento de esclarecer el mayor número posible de aspectos relacionados con los dos factores de riesgo FV Leiden y Protrombina G20210A, de trombofilia hereditaria más comunes en Occidente, así como de aportar información acerca de su presencia y agresividad dentro de nuestro medio. Así, nuestros objetivos fueron los siguientes: 1. Establecer la prevalencia de FV Leiden y Protrombina G20210A en la población control, así como en la población oriunda de Navarra. 2. Establecer la prevalencia de ambas mutaciones en una población de pacientes con TEV. 3. Estimación del riesgo relativo de sufrir trombosis asociado a cada una de las dos mutaciones. 4. Observar la posible asociación de ambos defectos genéticos con otros factores de riesgo de origen adquirido o congénito. 5. Establecer si estas mutaciones predisponen a experimentar el primer episodio trombótico a una edad temprana. 6. Establecer si ambas mutaciones incrementan el riesgo de recurrencia trombótica. 7. Analizar el efecto combinado en el caso de los individuos portadores de ambos defectos genéticos (FV Leiden y Protrombina G20210A). 8. Profundizar en el mecanismo patogénico por el que el alelo 20210ª del gen de la protrombina provoca un estado de hipercoagulabilidad.

Common beau (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is grown over a wide range of environments, including sites with low or high soil temperatures at sowing time. To describe the temperature response of seed germination, 20 bean genotypes were evaluated using a rolled paper towel system with 11 constant temperatures ranging from 12 to 34 o C. Germination response was characterized by fitting cumulative counts using a maximum-likelihood analysis. Rate of germination increased from a base temperature (T b ) typically near 8 o C to an optimal development temperature (T o ) of 29 to 34 o C. T b did not differ among common bean genotypes

Background: Different isoforms of VEGF-A (mainly VEGF121, VEGF165 and VEGF189) have been shown to display particular angiogenic properties in the generation of a functional tumor vasculature. Recently, a novel class of VEGF-A isoforms, designated as VEGFxxxb, generated through alternative splicing, have been described. Previous studies have suggested that these isoforms may inhibit angiogenesis. In the present work we have produced recombinant VEGF121/165b proteins in the yeast Pichia pastoris and constructed vectors to overexpress these isoforms and assess their angiogenic potential. Results: Recombinant VEGF121/165b proteins generated either in yeasts or mammalian cells activated VEGFR2 and its downstream effector ERK1/2, although to a lesser extent than VEGF165. Furthermore, treatment of endothelial cells with VEGF121/165b increased cell proliferation compared to untreated cells, although such stimulation was lower than that induced by VEGF165. Moreover, in vivo angiogenesis assays confirmed angiogenesis stimulation by VEGF121/165b isoforms. A549 and PC-3 cells overexpressing VEGF121b or VEGF165b (or carrying the PCDNA3.1 empty vector, as control) and xenotransplanted into nude mice showed increased tumor volume and angiogenesis compared to controls. To assess whether the VEGFxxxb isoforms are differentially expressed in tumors compared to healthy tissues, immunohistochemical analysis was conducted on a breast cancer tissue microarray. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in both VEGFxxxb and total VEGF-A protein expression in infiltrating ductal carcinomas compared to normal breasts was observed. A positive significant correlation (r = 0.404, p = 0.033) between VEGFxxxb and total VEGF-A was found. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that VEGF121/165b are not anti-angiogenic, but weakly angiogenic isoforms of VEGF-A. In addition, VEGFxxxb isoforms are up-regulated in breast cancer in comparison with non malignant breast tissues. These results are to be taken into account when considering a possible use of VEGF121/165b-based therapies in patients.

Nos encontramos en la era de la optimización de costos, por lo que es necesario realizar estudios farmacoeconómicos para identificar la costo- efectividad de los anestésicos actuales. Metodología: este estudio prospectivo, cegado al paciente, comparó los costos directos, los tiempos de recuperación y satisfacción de 45 pacientes que se asignaron aleatoriamente a dos grupos de anestesia balanceada (grupo sevofluoraneremifentanil n = 24 o grupo isofluoraneremifentanil n = 21) que iban a ser sometidos a cirugías de otorrinolaringología. Resultados: los tiempos de recuperación temprana (apertura ocular, respuesta a comandos, extubación, orientación y salida de sala) fueron menores en el grupo ISO y tuvieron diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Se encontraron datos variables en los costos de adquisición de los halogenados gastados, que fueron menores para el isofluorane, lo cual hacía también menos costosos los insumos anestésicos durante las cirugías; sin embargo, los costos en la sala de cirugía, en recuperación y sala de ambulatorios y los costos totales no mostraron diferencias significativas. La satisfacción fue similar entre los dos grupos. Conclusiones: una técnica basada en sevofluorane-remifentanil no es más costo-efectiva que utilizar isofluorane-remifentanil para pacientes ambulatorios sometidos a cirugías de otorrinolaringología. We are in the of costs optimization era, reason why it is necessary to make pharmaceutical economics studies to identify the costeffectiveness of today’s anesthetics. Methods: this prospective study, blinded to the patient, compared the direct costs, recovery times and satisfaction of 45 patients randomly assigned to two balanced anesthesia groups (sevofluoraneremifentanil group n = 24 or isofluoraneremifentanil group n = 21) submitted to otorhinolaringology surgical procedures. Results: the times of early recovery (ocular opening, answer to commandos, extubación, orientation and room leave) were smaller in ISO group and had statistically significant difference. Variable data was found in acquisition costs of halogenados gastados, lesser for isofluorane, which also made the anesthetic supplies less expensive during surgical procedures; nevertheless, costs in the delivery room, in recovery and ambulatory room, and the total costs did not show significant differences. Satisfaction was similar between both groups. Conclusions: a sevofluorane-remifentanil based technique is not more cost-effective than to use isofluoraneremifentanil for ambulartory patients submitted to otorhinolaringology surgical procedures.

Las actividades al interior de los espacios laborales representan en algún momento uno o varios tipos de riesgo. Durante el desarrollo de actividades laborales las personas se ven expuestas a la ocurrencia de eventos derivados de su misma actividad y a otros externos que ponen en peligro la integridad humana, de bienes y el ambiente. El derecho a la vida es de todos, el derecho al trabajo, a la igualdad, a la salud son parte integral del ser humano., Pregrado, Profesional en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo

The VKORC1 c.-1639G>A and CYP2C9 c.430C>T and c.1075A>C polymorphisms have been associated with increased sensitivity to oral anticoagulants. However, their role in gastrointestinal bleeding is unknown. We studied the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with these polymorphisms, and how this risk was influenced by the anticoagulant dose and the use of common drugs. Eighty-nine patients with gastrointestinal bleeding during acenocoumarol therapy and 177 patients free of bleeding during acenocoumarol therapy were studied. None of the three polymorphisms constituted a serious gastrointestinal bleeding risk factor. However, patients bearing at least one of these polymorphisms were at high risk, when they simultaneously met one of the following conditions: a weekly dose of acenocoumarol higher than 15 mg [adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.19 (1.59-11.04)]; amiodarone use [adjusted OR (95% CI) = 9.97 (1.75-56.89)]; or aspirin use [adjusted OR (95% CI) = 8.97 (1.66-48.34)]. The consumption of statins was associated with a lower risk of gastrointestinal bleeding [adjusted OR = 0.50 (0.26-0.99)]. The risk of gastrointestinal bleeding during acenocoumarol therapy in carriers of any of the studied polymorphisms is severely increased with exposure to weekly doses of acenocoumarol higher than 15 mg or the use of amiodarone or aspirin.

The degree of anticoagulation obtained during oral anticoagulation therapy with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) varies among patients due to individual and environmental factors. The rate of anticoagulation influences the hemorrhagic risk. Therefore, it is plausible that patients specially sensitive to oral anticoagulants are at higher hemorrhagic risk, specially during the first weeks. The role of a series of polymorphisms of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of VKA or in the vitamin K cycle are reviewed. Three polymorphisms, two in the cytochrome P450 2C9 and one in the VKORC1 enzyme, are responsible for a high portion of the variability observed in the sensitivity to AVK. Although the available literature suggests that these genetic variants could increase the risk of severe hemorrhage, larger, well designed studies are needed to confirm this notion.

Las mariposas diurnas, escarabajos coprófagos y hormigas son útiles para obtener información rápida y eficiente sobre la diversidad de un ecosistema. Con este objetivo se realizó su caracterización en pastizales y relictos boscosos del Ecoparque Alcázares-Arenillo (EAA), ubicado en Manizales, departamento de Caldas. Las mariposas se colectaron con trampas Van Someren Rydon y jama; los escarabajos coprófagos, con trampas de caída cebadas con excremento, y las hormigas, mediante captura manual, trampas Winkler, cebos epigeos y trampas de caída instaladas en transectos lineales. Los resultados indicaron que el 43% de las especies de mariposas colectadas son exclusivas de los fragmentos boscosos y que la similitud en la composición entre los componentes del paisaje del EAA es baja. Los escarabajos coprófagos presentaron los valores más altos de abundancia y riqueza de especies en el fragmento más grande y los menores en potrero. Las hormigas presentaron diversidad similar y baja similitud entre los transectos, y se destacó que 19 de las 57 especies colectadas obtuvieron tan solo un registro en todo el muestreo. Estos resultados permitieron concluir que los relictos boscosos del EAA representan un refugio para algunas especies de estos grupos de insectos, que cada elemento del paisaje contribuye a la diversidad de la zona y que deben tomarse medidas oportunas que permitan la conservación, en especial de las especies asociadas con los fragmentos boscosos y en peligro de extinción local. Diurnal butterflies, dung beetles and ants are useful in obtaining fast and efficient data on the diversity of an ecosystem. The latter was the objective of the characterization carried out on these groups of insects in forest fragments and pastures in the Alcázares-Arenillo Ecopark (EAA) located in Manizales in the Caldas department. The butterflies were collected with Van Someren Rydon traps and an entomological net; the dung beetles with pitfall traps baited with excrement; and the ants by means of manual capture, epigeous baits, pitfall traps and Winkler traps installed in linear transects. The results showed that 43% of the collected butterflies species are exclusive of the forest fragments and that the similarity in the composition between the components of the EAA landscape is low. The dung beetles obtained the highest values of species abundance and richness in the biggest fragment, and the lowest in pasture. The ants presented similar diversity and low similarity among the transects, showing that 19 out of the 57 collected species obtained just one entry in all the sampling. These results led to the conclusion that EAA is a refuge for some species of these biological groups, each element of the landscape contributes to the diversity of the zone. Therefore, immediate actions must be taken to conserve, especially species associated with forest fragments and that are susceptible of disappearing in the future.

In spite of the great popularity which mobile devices have in our days, the Internet access through these devices is extremely limited. This must to that Web sites have not been developed taking into account the characteristics and limitations of mobile devices. Thus for example, screen restrictions, low capacity of memory and storage, high costs of Internet connection and the deficient bandwidth; among others, they have restrained the visualization of Web sites through mobile devices. This work is tried to increase the visualization of Web sites on mobile devices improving the user?s navigation experience, on the one hand, handling different formats from the resources and by another one, handling to a communications scheme more efficient for exchanging information, which with takes to diminish costs of accessing to the Web by airtime connection or by volume of information, given that the size of resources is diminished and the access time is made agile.

Much of the variability in the sensitivity to warfarin in anticoagulated patients is associated with the c.-1639G > A polymorphism of the vitamin K-epoxide reductase (VKORC1) gene. However, its association with the acenocoumarol dose in patients under anticoagulant therapy has not been studied. The c.-1639G > A genotype of VKORC1 was determined in 113 patients on stable anticoagulation requiring low (n = 42), medium (n = 42) or high (n = 21) acenocoumarol doses. To evaluate the association between acenocoumarol requirements and the c.-1639G > A variant, multivariate logistic regression models were fitted, adjusting for age, gender, and the c.430C > T and c.1075A > C variants of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). A total of 90.5% of the patients in the low acenocoumarol dose group carried the A allele of VKORC1:c.-1639G > A. The A allele independently increased the odds of requiring a low acenocoumarol dose [odds ratio (OR) 9.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-46.4; P = 0.006], especially when the homozygous form was present (OR 44.2; 95% CI 5.5-354.6; P < 0.001). The A allele was less frequent in the high dose group showing an inverse association with the requirement for high doses (OR 0.04; 95% CI 0.01-0.22; P < 0.001). The A allele of the c.-1639G > A polymorphism of VKORC1 is therefore associated with a low-dose requirement for acenocoumarol in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy.