Search

The solubilities of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate in sulfuric acid solutions were measured at temperatures ranging from 278.15 to 338.15 K by using a dynamic method. The concentration of sulfuric acid solution ranged from 0 to 80wt%,. The solubilities of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate increased with temperature, and both of them were the lowest at 70wt%, of sulfuric acid solution(w 3 0 =0.70)while the highest in pure water. The solubility data were correlated by the modified Apelblat equation. Based on the solubility difference between 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate, a new technique in which sodium sulfate was used to replace sodium sulfite in the neutralization reaction was developed. The suitable mole ratio of H2O to Na2SO4 in the neutralization reaction was 80:1, and that of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate to Na2SO4 was 3.2:1. The material balance under the suitable mole ratios was given and discussed.

We have investigated the effect of Al/B ratio on the Product Consistency Test (PCT) response. In an aluminoborosilicate soda-lime glass based on a modified International Simple Glass, ISG-3, the Al/B ratio varied from 0 to 0.55 (in mole fractions). In agreement with various models of the PCT response as a function of glass composition, we observed a monotonic increase of B and Na releases with decreasing Al/B mole ratio, but only when the ratio was higher than 0.05. Below this value (Al/B

pH-potentiometry and mathematical modeling were used to study interactions in the system $$ {\text{Ni}}^{2 +}{-}{\text{MoO}}_{4}^{2 -}{-}{\text{H}}^{ + } {-}{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} $$ acidified to mole ratio $$ Z = \nu ({\text{H}}^{ + } )/\nu \left( {{\text{MoO}}_{4}^{2 - } } \right) = 1.00 $$ , within the acidity interval Z = 0.6–2.5 at 298 ± 0.1 K, with background electrolyte NaNO3 (I = 0.1–0.5 mol·dm−3). Previously unknown thermodynamic constants and Gibbs energies for the formation reactions of Anderson type heteropoly anions H x [Ni(OH)6M6O18](4−x)− (M = Mo, W) from $$ {\text{MoO}}_{4}^{2 - } $$ and H+, as well as their standard Gibbs energies of formation $$ \Delta G_{\text{f}}^{0} $$ , were calculated. For the first time, the speciation schemes of the ions in Ni2+– $$ {\text{MoO}}_{4}^{2 - } $$ –H+–H2O (M = Mo, W) solutions are proposed.

Beta zeolite has a large number of applications and increasing the mesoporosity to enhance accessibility of active sites will further improve their performance. In this work we evaluated the effects of conditions of alkaline treatment (temperature and reaction time) on formation of mesoporous in Beta zeolite, starting from a Beta zeolite with SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 mole ratio (SAR) of 40 and 73. The zeolite with SAR 73 suffered drastic loss in microporosity in agreement with previous literature reports. Yet, the zeolite Beta with a lower SAR (40) showed gradual variations in properties that were followed in further details. The temperature and reaction time of the treatment that offered the best compromise between meso-area, micropore volume (MiPV) and crystallinity was found. From the characterization of the samples a model of re-crystallization and re-organization of the pore structure during mesopore formation in Beta zeolite was proposed.

5A zeolites were facilely synthesized from attapulgite clay and sodium aluminate precursors. The optimum synthesis condition for 4A zeolite (Na-form) were H2O/attapulgite ratio of 40:1 volume/mass, NaOH/attapulgite mass ratio of 2.35:1, the crystallization time was 4 h at 80–85 °C. The 4A zeolite was converted to related 5A zeolite (Ca-form) through ionic exchanges using calcium chloride solution with the Si/Al mole ratio of 1.3. SEM images demonstrated that as-synthesized 5A zeolites are ordered cubic crystals, average crystals length dimension is 1–2 μm. And the zeolites product had a specific surface area of 482 m2 g−1 and total pore volume of 0.274 cm3 g−1. The static adsorption experiments showed that the equilibrium adsorption capacities of n-decane and n-pentadecane on produced 5A zeolite were 0.253 and 0.510 g g−1, respectively. And the adsorption equilibrium time of n-decane and n-pentadecane on 5A zeolite were 45 and 60 min, respectively. The experimental adsorption data of n-decane and n-pentadecane on three zeolites could be properly fitted by the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm model.

Purpose – This paper aims to address the polymerization of 1-decene by [Emim]Cl/AlCl3 ionic liquid and the film-forming properties of the product compared with commercially available base stocks. Design/methodology/approach – Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of [Emim]Cl/AlCl3 mole ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time and water on the polyreaction. Poly alpha-olefin (PAO) is prepared under optimal reaction condition. Film-forming properties of PAO have been compared with those of Group I, Group II and Group III base stocks, which are selected with approximately the same viscosity. Findings – Experimental results show that after a 4-h reaction time, yield of PAO can be higher than 85 per cent and viscosity index can be up to 160 with [Emim] Cl/AlCl3 mole ratio of 2:1, catalyst dosage of 3 per cent wt. and water content of 20 ppm. A strong influence of water on reaction is observed. With approximately the same viscosity, PAO shows the superiority in film thickness at low-sliding speeds compared with Group I and Group II base stocks. At high temperature, PAO provides a thicker film than other base stocks. Originality/value – In recent years, there has been considerable interest in ionic liquids. As a novel catalyst, it has so many advantages including low corrosion, low toxicity, low cost and a potentially wide range of properties compared with traditional catalysts. This paper reports the polymerization of 1-decene by [Emim]Cl/AlCl3 ionic liquid and the study on lubricating properties of PAO compared with mineral base stocks.

This study presents a rate-based model of an absorber packed column for simultaneous absorptions of acid gases into methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) aqueous solution. The model is in good agreement with experimental data. The parametric study showed that the concentration of acid gases in the sweet gas stream increases by decrease in the specific surface area of packing. The peak of selectivity factor decreases with the increase in the mole ratio of CO2/H2S in the gas feed along the packed column. The sensitivity analysis reveals that selecting the accurate correlations of the gas-side mass transfer coefficient and specific surface area is vital.

High-quality AgGaSe2 nanocrystals with a novel orthorhombic structure have been successfully prepared via a facile colloidal synthesis method, and the crystalline phase can be tuned by adjusting the concentration of oleylamine and the reactant mole ratio of selenium.

In this contribution, stable nanomagnetite slurry have been successfully prepared by coprecipitation method. The synthesis parameters, such as reaction temperature, heating time, surfactant concentration and precipitating agent addition rate affected magnetic properties of synthetic nanomagnetite slurries were also investigated. We discovered the optimum reaction parameters based on the highest saturation magnetization obtained under our experimental condition to disperse magnetite nanoparticles in the aqueous medium using dodecanoic acid as a surfactant. The highest saturation magnetization was achieved when 0.5:1 mole ratio of dodecanoic acid to magnetite was used and NH4OH with an addition rate of 5 ml min−1 was added to the solution while time and temperature for heating were 45 min at 80 °C.

This research aims to synthesize Mg/Al hydrotalcite with mole ratio variations of Mg/Al precursor through low supersaturated precipitation method. Mg/Al hydrotalcite was synthesized with Mg/Al mole ratio variation of 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1. Mg/Al hydrotalcite was synthesized using NaOH and Na2CO3 base solutions. The mixture of precursor was stirred for 2 hours then treated by hydrothermal at 100 °C for 4 hours. Results of the synthesis Mg/Al hydrotalcite with mole ratio variations is a white powder. The formation of the structure of Mg/Al hydrotalcite showed by certain peaks in the FTIR spectra and XRD diffractogram.The results of data analysisshowed that variation of mole ratio Mg/Alcauses a shift of peak in the XRD diffractogram shifted towards the left along with a comparative increase in mole ratio Mg/Al, but the main functional groups on the compound Mg/Al hydrotalcite increasingly formed with better.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) emerge as a new class of DESs and have attracted great attention. Surface tension and surface thermodynamic properties are key physiochemical parameters for better utilization of PEG-based DESs. However, surface-related physical parameters of PEG-based DESs have not been investigated. Here, comprehensive investigation on surface tension, surface thermodynamic properties and the corresponding factors (e.g., hydrogen-bonding donor, component type, temperature, water, organic solvent, inorganic salt solution, molecular weight of PEG, concentration and mole ratio) were carried out. Moreover, PEG-based DESs dissociation in water was investigated and it was found that DESs would almost dissociate in water at the concentration of around the turning point at xH2O = 0.9, however, no such a turning point of dissociation would exist in other solvents.

Biodiesel is a diesel engine fuel produced from renewable material and contains fatty acid alkyl ester from triglyceride or oils through transesterification reactions with short chain alcohols and catalysts. In this study biodiesel was synthesized using crude palm oil (CPO) using CaO catalyst from blood cockle shells calcined at 900 °C for 5 hours and impregnated with H2SO4 (1,2 and 3M). The catalyst was characterized by XRD and XRF. The biodiesel was synthesized with variation of stirring speed (300, 400, 500, 600 rpm) and mole ratio of oil to methanol (1:6, 1:9, 1:12, 1:15 and 1:18. The maximum biodiesel results obtained on a H2SO4 (3M)/CaO catalyst with a stirring speed of 500 rpm and mole ratio of oil to methanol was 1:12 at the transesterification reaction stage and using a CaO catalyst calcined at 900 °C for 5 hours produced a yield of 96.69%. The characteristics of biodiesel produced was water content 0.05%, specific gravity 890 kg/m3, viscosity 4.46 mm2s−1, carbon residue 0.05% and acid number 0.5 mg KOH g−1. It can be concluded biodiesel, meets the quality requirements of SNI 7182-2015

Phase change solvents have a great potential to reduce the energy consumption in the CO2 capture process. In this work, a class of novel phase change solvents composed of ionic liquids with some solvents are developed and the performances for capturing CO2 are investigated. Such a class of phase change solvents present very competitive CO2 capture capability, e.g., the CO2 capacity by [TETA]Br-PMDETA-water system is high to 2.631 mol CO2/L under the conditions of 303 K, 4 M, [TETA]Br and PMDETA mole ratio 3:7, while avoid the solvent loss, a major problem in traditional phase change solvents, because ionic liquids are not volatile. Further, the phase change solvents can be regenerated at 423 K and the regeneration efficiency remains above 95% after four cycles. The absorption and phase transition mechanism are revealed with 13C NMR, and such a high capture capability is ascribed to the mutual promoting effect of [TETA]Br and PMDETA.

Crystal SiO2-coated Sr2+-doped red γ-Ce2S3 (Sr2+-doped γ-Ce2S3@c-SiO2) pigments were successfully synthesized via the Stober method using Sr2+-doped CeO2 and amorphous SiO2 (a-SiO2) sol as the precursors. Further, the effects of the Ce3+/Si4+ mole ratio x, sulfurization temperature, and calcination temperature on the color performance, acid corrosion resistance, and temperature stability of the Sr2+-doped γ-Ce2S3@c-SiO2 pigments were systematically investigated. The results reveal that Sr2+-doped γ-Ce2S3@c-SiO2 exhibiting improved acid corrosion resistance and color performance (L* = 38.22, a* = 28.97, and b* = 25.49) can be obtained when x = 0.4. The γ-Ce2S3 pigments can be effectively protected from oxidation at high temperatures by applying a transparent crystal SiO2 (c-SiO2) coating layer on the pigment surface. The oxidation temperature of the Sr2+-doped γ-Ce2S3 increased from 479 °C to 883 °C by applying c-SiO2 encapsulation, demonstrating considerable application potential in the ceramic pigment industry.

To develop a new process for reducing SO2 to elemental sulfur, the reduction of SO2 with carbon materials heated by electrical and microwave were investigated on a fixed bed experimental system. The effects of carbon species, temperature, SO2 concentration and C/SO2 molar ratio on SO2 reduction were studied. The results showed that coconut shell activated carbon has the best reduction effect among the six carbon materials. With the increase of reaction temperature, the XSO2 gradually increased. However, the YS rapidly decreased at 800°C and reached a minimum value of only 55 % at 900℃. The XSO2 increased with the increase of C/S mole ratio, but the YS showed a different trend according to the different reaction temperature. By comparing the effects of microwave heating and electrical heating on the reduction of SO2, the much lower temperature was required to obtain the same XSO2 under microwave heating than that under electrical heating. Also for the SS, the results obtained under microwave heating were higher than that of electrical heating. When the reaction temperature was 950℃, XSO2 was about 98 % under both heating modes. However, YS under microwave heating was 95 %, while YS under electrical heating was only 85 %.

A new calix[4]arene derivative in 1,3-alternate conformation bearing four fluorescent 1,3,4-oxadiazole units was synthesized as a fluorescent chemosensor. This chemosensor displayed a highly selective recognition of Cu 2+ among various metal ions by the fluorescence quenching. The binding between the chemosensor and Cu 2+ showed 1:2 stoichiometry which was investigated by means of mole ratio method.

When the stoichiometric proportion of Cu in Ca4 − xCuxTi4O12 polycrystalline ceramics is decreased from 3 to 2 and then to 1, the room-temperature permittivity is reduced by one order of magnitude during each step. Ca/Cu atomic disorder is observed only in some grains of Ca3CuTi4O12 single-phase polycrystalline ceramics, and the disorder is not the origin of the giant permittivity in CaCu3Ti4O12. Quantitatively, the permittivity magnitude is related to the mole ratio of polaronlike 3d electrons from Cu ions.

Water pollution has become a great problem and aroused worldwide concern. As a new class of materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit significant potential for wastewater treatment due to their high surface area, porosity, stability and tunability. In this work, flower-like hierarchical Ni-Zn MOF microspheres were synthesized via a facile solvothermal method. The mole ratio of Ni to Zn had a great influence on the morphology and microstructure of the final products. With the increase mole ratio of Zn to Ni, the morphology of MOFs gradually changed from spheroidal structure to rod-like structure. Using the Congo red (CR) experiment to evaluate the adsorption performance, Ni-Zn MOF displayed superior adsorption capacity towards CR (460.90 mg g−1), compared with Ni MOF (276.70 mg g−1) and Zn MOF (132.20 mg g−1). Besides the tuned morphology and pore structure, electron transferring from Zn species to Ni species would also favor the physicochemical adsorption of Ni-Zn MOF towards CR.

Honeycomb-like CO3O4 nanosheets with high specific surface area were successfully synthesized on porous nickel foam by the facile hydrothermal method followed by an annealing treatment (300 °C), which were used as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. The effects of mole ratio of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and Co(NO3)2 (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 and 6:1）as the reactants on morphological evolution and electrochemical performance of the electrodes were investigated in detail. X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were applied to characterize the structure and morphology of the products. The electrochemical performance was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge. The results indicated that phase constituents were almost unaffected with the change in mole ratio of HMT and Co(NO3)2. However, the significant morphological evolution of Co3O4 was observed with increasing the mole ratio, which was described as followed: the nanosheets accompanied with a large number of spherical nanoparticles→the formation of some strip-like particles due to the agglomeration of spherical nanoparticles→the formation of new nanosheets resulting from the growth of strip-like particles→the formation of coarse flower-like particles owing to the connection among the nanosheets→the nanosheets gradually covered with flower-like particles. Accompanied with the change, the specific surface area was increased firstly, and then decreased. A maximum was obtained in the HMT and Co(NO3)2 mole ratio of 4:1, which was further validated by CV and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The specific capacitance value was 743.00 F·g-1 at 1 A·g-1 in the galvanostatic charge/discharge test, which was apparently higher than those in the other mole ratios (139.11 F·g-1 in 1:1, 280.46 F·g-1 in 2:1, 503.29 F·g-1 in 3:1, 463.75 F·g-1 in 5:1 and 363.74 F·g-1 in 6:1). The change was also observed in the CV test with a scanning rate of 5 mV·s-1 (121.32 F·g-1 in 1:1, 217.33 F·g-1 in 2:1, 559.86 F·g-1 in 3:1, 693.56 F·g-1 in 4:1, 423.35 F·g-1 in 5:1 and 321.64 F·g-1 in 6:1). Co3O4 synthesized in the mole ratio of 4:1 also demonstrated an excellent cyclic performance, in which about 97% of the initial specific capacitance was remained at 1 A·g-1 for 500 cycles in the galvanostatic charge/discharge test. This excellent electrochemical performance was ascribed to high specific surface area of Co3O4 nanosheets that provide enough channels and space for ions transportion.

Polyoxometalate (POM) based gels are synthesized by reacting POMs with an excess of caprolactam. These POM-entrapped caprolactam gels are thermoreversible and possess good mechanical strength. The gelation of POMs in caprolactam matrix brought the gel acidity similar to the physiological pH. The cytotoxicity studies on SCC 131 cell lines using these gels show 50% of cell death in the range of 2 to 6 mM concentration in 48 h. The supramolecular caprolactam matrix with active protons and the redox property of POMs are responsible for the cytotoxicity effect. SYNOPSIS Two thermoreversible, hydrophilic gels containing Keggin-type polyoxometalates are synthesized by gradually increasing the caprolactam to polyoxometalate mole ratio. They both have physiological pH and show cytotoxicity effect on SCC 131 head and neck cancer cell lines within 24 hours.

Trehalose, commonly found in living organisms, is believed to help them survive severe environmental conditions, such as drought or extreme temperatures. With the aim of trying to understand these properties, two recent neutron scattering studies investigate the structure of trehalose water solutions but come to seemingly opposite conclusions. In the first study, which looks at two concentrations of trehalose-water mole ratios of 1:100 and 1:25, the conclusion is that trehalose hydrogen-bonds to water rather weakly and has a relatively minor impact on the structure of water in solution compared to bulk water. On the other hand, for the other, using a mole ratio of 1:38, the conclusion is that the water structure is rather substantially modified by the presence of trehalose and that the hydrogen bonding between water and trehalose hydroxyl groups is significant. In an attempt to try to understand the origin of these divergent views, which arise from similar but independent analyses of different neutron diffraction data, we have performed additional X-ray scattering experiments, which are highly sensitive to water structure, at the same trehalose-water concentrations used in the first study, and combined these with empirical potential structure refinement on the previously collected neutron data. The new analysis unequivocally confirms that trehalose does indeed have only a minor impact on the structure of water, at all three concentrations, and forms relatively weak hydrogen bonds with water. Far from being discrepant with the existing literature, our new analysis of the different datasets suggests a natural explanation for the increased glass-transition temperature of trehalose compared to other sugars and hence its enhanced effectiveness as a protectant against drought stress.

A facial method of fabricating methyl-modified silica nanobowl using a polystyrene template with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) as co-precursors was reported. The morphology of the nanobowl was determined by the mole ratio of TEOS and MTES, and the size and shell thickness of the PS@SiO2. And the 2D ordered nanostructure has also been developed with a nanobowl opening perpendicular to the glass substrate surface by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. These 2D ordered nanobowl structures present an adjustable antireflection property. The single-side nanobowl coating has a transmission improvement of 4.5% compared to the uncoated glass at a wavelength of 540 nm. Furthermore, the nanobowl structures have good hydrophobicity with a contact angle up to 130° without any additional treatment. The quantitative deformation behavior of the methyl-modified silica nanobowl was also discussed.

The structural changes during three-step synthesis of low-molar ratio urea&ndash, formaldehyde (UF) resin were tracked by quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analysis and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI&ndash, MS). Condensations that produced polymers were found to be linked by ether bonds in addition to hydroxymethylation reactions at the first alkaline stage with a formaldehyde to urea ratio of 2:1. Considerable formation of branched methylene linkages, with the highest content among all the condensed structures, was the key feature of the acidic stage. Notable changes were observed for the chemical structures and molecular masses of the resin components after the formaldehyde to urea molar ratio was lowered to 1.2 by adding post-urea at the final alkaline stage. Specifically, most of the branched hydroxymethyl groups on the polymers were cleaved, resulting in a significant decrease in the branching degree of the polymers. The performance degradation of the UF resin was attributed to this debranching effect and the production of components with low molecular masses. Based on the observations, the curing pattern of low molar ratio UF resin was postulated and branched polymeric formaldehyde catcher bearing urea-reactivity was proposed.

A simple extractive spectrophotometric technique has been developed and validated for the determination of miconazole nitrate in pure and pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of a chloroform-soluble ion-pair complex between the drug and bromocresol green (BCG) dye in an acidic medium. The complex showed absorption maxima at 422 nm, and the system obeys Beer’s law in the concentration range of 1–30 µg/mL with molar absorptivity of 2.285 × 104 L/mol/cm. The composition of the complex was studied by Job’s method of continuous variation, and the results revealed that the mole ratio of drug : BCG is 1 : 1. Full factorial design was used to optimize the effect of variable factors, and the method was validated based on the ICH guidelines. The method was applied for the determination of miconazole nitrate in real samples.

Waste eggshell is proposed as a highly active catalyst for glycerol carbonate production from dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and glycerol. The effect of reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst loading on the reaction performance were investigated in order to find a suitable operating condition. CaO derived from waste eggshell exhibits catalytic activity comparable to commercial CaO. By using CaO eggshell, glycerol conversion of 96% can be achieved within 90 min of reaction time under 2.5:1 feed molar ratio of DMC to glycerol, 0.08 mole ratio of CaO to glycerol and reaction temperature of 60°C. The catalyst was examined by XRD, TGA/DSC, SEM, N2 adsorption-desorption and Hammett indicators method. Utilization of eggshell as a catalyst for glycerol carbonate production not only provides a cost-effective and value-added of waste eggshell as a green catalyst, but also decrease amount of waste and its treatment cost which is ecologically friendly.

Amaç: Valsartan, Vilazodon Hidroklorür ve karışımları ile Cu(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) ve Zn(II) metal iyonları arasında meydana gelen komplekslerin, stokiyometrik oranlarının mol oran yöntemi ile belirlenerek, doğru, sağlam, hızlı, basit ve düşük maliyetli bir UV-Vis spektrofotometrik yöntem geliştirmektir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, Valsartan, Vilazodon hidroklorür ve karışımlarının ayrı ayrı ve Cu(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) ve Zn(II) metal iyonları arasında meydana gelen kompleksler için ultraviyole-görünür bölgede spektrumları alındı. Ayrıca, Valsartan ve Vilazodon Hidroklorür'ün Cu(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) ve Zn(II) arasında oluşturacakları komplekslerin stokiyometrik oranı mol oran yöntemi kullanılarak belirlendi. Yöntemin uygunluğu, validasyon parametreleri tarafından test edildi.Bulgular: Valsartan ve Vilazodon Hidroklorür için sırasıyla, 2,20-10,89 µg/mL ve 2,4-12,0 µg/mL konsantrasyon aralığında doğrusal olduğu bulundu. Mol oran yöntemine göre, Vilazodon Hidroklorür'ün Cu(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) ve Zn(II) metal iyonları arasında oluşturduğu komplekslerin stokiyometrisi 1:1, Valsartan'ın Cu(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) metal iyonları arasında oluşan kompleksin stokiyometrisi 1:1 fakat Zn(II) metal iyonu ile oluşturduğu kompleks 1:2 olarak tayin edildi. Vilazodon Hidroklorür'ün geri kazanımı %97,1, Valsartan'ın geri kazanımı %92,0-97,5 aralığında bulundu. Sonuçlar: Geliştirilen UV-Vis spektrofotometrik yöntemin, kesin, tekrarlanabilir ve doğru olduğu tespit edildi ve benzer ilaç etken maddelerin metal kompleks çalışmalarında başarı ile uygulanabilir ekonomik bir yöntem olarak düşünülmektedir. Valsartan ve Vilazodon Hidroklorür ile metal iyonları arasında oluşan komplekslerin tedaviye olumlu veya olumsuz etki göstereceği düşünülmektedir. Aim: Developing a accurate, safe, fast, simple and low-cost UV-Vis spectrophotometric method by determining the complexes occured between Valsartan, Vilazodone Hydrochloride and their mixtures and Cu(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II) metal ions and their stoichiometric ratios with using mole ratio method.Material and Method: In this study, the separately spectrums of Valsartan, Vilazodon Hydrochloride and their mixtures and the complexes occured between Cu(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II) metal ions were taken in ultra-violet area. In addition, stoichiometric ratios of the complexes occured between Valsartan and Vilazodone Hydrochloride with Cu(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II) metal ions were determined using mole ratio method. Findings: For Valsartan and Vilazodon Hydrochloride respectively, it was found that they are linear between 2.20-10.89 µg/mL and 2.4-12.0 µg/mL concentration range. According to mole ratio method, the stoichiometry of the complexes between Vilazodone Hydrochloride and the metal ions of Cu(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II) is 1:1; the stoichiometry of the complexes between Valsartan and the metal ions of Cu(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) is 1:1, however the complex of the metal ion of Zn (II) is determined as 1:2. The percentage recovery for the Vilazodon hydrochloride and Valsartan were found 97.1 % and 92-97.5 %, respectively.Results: It was determined that the develop UV-Vis spectrophotometric method was precision, reproducible and accurate and it is considered that it is a successfully applicaple low-cost method in the metal complex studies of both drug active ingredients. It is considered that the complexes between Valsartan and Vilazodone Hydrochloride's with metal ions would affect treatments positively or negatively. 93

By fluorescence spectroscopy it has been established that coal derived asphaltene (CDA) forms aggregates in CCl4 medium. The new feature of this compound is that even before aggregate formation it can incorporate water molecules and the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) in nonaqueous medium increases with increase in ω (= water:CDA mole ratio). The fluorescence spectroscopic determination of the equilibrium constant (K) of the molecular complex of [60] fullerenes with CDA in carbon tetrachloride medium has revealed that K increases on addition of microquantities of water. This observation has been rationalized by assuming that the nitrogenatoms at one end of CDA molecules attach themselves to the water micropool and thus producing a different conformation with a wider distance at the other end. This pre-organization further facilitates inclusion. By utilizing fluorescence variation of [60]fullerene/CDA complex in CCl4 as continuous medium with change in ω a critical ω (=5) has been found. The forma...

The influence of TiO 2 incorporation in Al 2 O 3 support was investigated in the catalytic activity of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) reactions. Alumina–titania supported CoMo sulfide catalysts (mole ratio 1:0, 1:0.25, 1:50, 1:0.75, and 0:1) were prepared by sol-gel method. The CoMo sulfide catalysts were characterized by BET, NH 3 -TPD, H 2 -TPR, XRD and TEM techniques. Guaiacol and quinoline were used as model compounds in HDO and HDN reactions, respectively. The liquid products were examined by GC-FID and GC-MS. The results suggest that TiO 2 incorporated Al 2 O 3 support obviously involves the catalytic activity on the HDO and HDN reactions. The role of the partial incorporation of TiO 2 into Al 2 O 3 was discussed.

Salt lake brine was reacted with activated aluminum-based alloys and lithium was precipitated. The effects of aluminum-based alloys on precipitating lithium were investigated and the reasonable alloy used to extract lithium from brine was obtained. The effects of the mole ratio of Al to Li and Ca content of Al–Ca alloy, the initial concentration of lithiumion ion in solution, reaction temperature and reaction time on the adsorption rate of lithium were studied, and the optimized process parameters were determined. The results show that the mole ratio of Al to Li and Ca content of Al–Ca alloy and reaction temperature have great influences on the precipitation rate of lithium. The precipitation rate of lithium reaches 94.6% under the optimal condition, indicating that Al–Ca alloy is suitable for the extraction of lithium from salt lake brine.

A pH-sensitive controlled release system was proposed in this work, which consists of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized on the pore outlets with poly(4-vinylphenybronic acid-co-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate) [P(VPBA-DMAEA)]. Four kinds of P(VPBA-DMAEA)-gated MSNs were synthesized and applied for the pH-sensitive controlled release. The results showed that P(VPBA-DMAEA) can work as a pH-sensitive nanovalve. The release behavior of the hybrid nanoparticles could be adjusted by changing the mole ratio of VPBA and DMAEA. With the increasing of the mole ratio of VPBA, the leakage of the entrapped molecules in the pores of MSNs could be decreased at neutral and alkaline conditions. By altering the pH of buffer from 4.0 to 8.0, the valve could be switched “on” and “off” reversibly. In addition, cells viability results indicated that these P(VPBA-DMAEA)-gated MSNs had good biocompatibility. We believe that these MSNs based pH-sensitive controlled release system will provide a promising nanodevice for sited release of drug delivery.

Nano-size powder was synthesized by relatively simple hydrothermal reaction method. Finely dispersed Ti hydroxide precursor was first precipitated using and NaOH solution by applying ultrasonic power and washed thoroughly to remove and ion. Then hydrothermal reaction was done at for 6 hrs using solution prepared by washed Ti hydroxide precursor slurry and with Ti:Ba mole ratio of 1:1. 200 ~ 500 nm size and uniform size distributed powder was synthesized by relatively low temperature and simple process.

For the purpose of improving hydrogen release capacity of NaBH4, hydrogen generation performance of NaBH was catalyzed by Co2B and TiO2 compound with different mole ratio and percentage composition are investigated. The experiment mainly concentrated in the hydrogen generation rate and the hydrogen generation volume. The results indicate that the effects of hydrogen release of NaBH when the proportions and amount of Co2B/TiO2 are not obvious. Changing the proportions and the amount, the amount of hydrogen release by hydrolysis of NaBH4 are between 343- 375ml. However, the study on the rate of hydrogen release finds that the effects of the proportion and amount of the compound catalyst on the rate of hydrogen release are very marked. The rate of hydrogen release of the catalyst samples presents an obvious increase when the amount of Co2B/TiO2 is between 1-4%. Among all the samples of compound catalyst, the rate of hydrogen release of the sample with 5% Co2B/2TiO2 is the largest.

Nanosized zeolite K-L catalysts were synthesized by the hydrothermal method starting from silica sol and potassium aluminate. The crystallinities of the zeolite K-L catalysts increased with increasing the SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio of reaction solution and prolonging the autoclaving time. Nanosized and well-dispersed zeolite K-L catalysts were synthesized when the SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio was more than 26:1. Well-crystallized and nanosized zeolite K-L catalysts showed high catalytic activity for the chlorination of toluene to p-chlorotoluene. When the nanosized zeolite K-L catalyst was synthesized with the SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio of 31:1 at the autoclaving temperature of 150 °C for 96 h, the selectivities of p-chlorotoluene and o-chlorotoluene were 76.2% and 20.0%, respectively, at the complete conversion of toluene.

Technetium-99m (99m Tc) tetrofosmin is widely used in nuclear medicine as a diagnostic agent for myocardial perfusion and as a tumor imaging agent. As a parenteral preparation it requires an evaluation of its pharmacokinetics and stability in-vivo. Since 99m Tc has a short half-life and is only available in very low concentrations, it is impossible to characterize its chemical properties and presence in the body. Due to this reason, only technetium-99 (T 1/2 = 5 × 10 5 years), which is available in macro quantities, or natural rhenium can be used for this purpose. In this study rhenium-188 ( 188 Re) tetrofosmin will be synthesized and applied, because non-radioactive Re can be easily obtained. Synthesis and radiochemical purity analysis of carrier-added 188 Re-tetrofosmin were carried out as a model to study the in-vivo stability of technetium-99m tetrofosmin. Rhenium-188 was used as a tracer to identify the formation of rhenium tetrofosmin. Rhenium gluconate was synthesized first prior to the formation of rhenium tetrofosmin. The quality of labeling for both rhenium gluconate and rhenium tetrofosmin was analyzed using paper- and thin-layer chromatography, respectively. Rhenium gluconate can be synthesized with high labeling yield within 1 hour, whereas rhenium tetrofosmin was synthesized both in room temperature and in an elevated temperature with various tetrofosmin-to-rhenium mole ratios.The results showed that heating at 95 o C led to a higher yield of more than 90% within 30 minutes. Rhenium tetrofosmin could be produced in high radiochemical purity using an excess of tetrofosmin with mole ratio of 2000. It is concluded that rhenium tetrofosmin could be synthesized through the formation of rhenium gluconate, and a higher yield could be obtained in a shorter time by heating process. Received: 04 October 2014; Revised:14 April 2015; Accepted:15 April 2015

To develop super-high strength Al–Li alloy, the microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg, Ag and Zn micro-alloyed Al–(3.2–3.8)Cu–(1.0–1.4)Li alloys (mass fraction) with T8 temper were studied. The results showed that 1% of lower Li content restricted the strengthening effect of increasing Cu content, while simultaneous increase in Cu and Li contents contributed effectively to the enhancement of strength. The alloys were mainly strengthened by plenty of fine and well dispersed T1(Al2CuLi) precipitates. There were also some minor precipitates of θ ′(Al2Cu) and δ′(Al3Li), which became less in number density, even disappeared during the aging process. Meanwhile, higher Li content favored the formation θ ′ and δ ′ and a small amount of S′(Al2CuMg) phases. In addition, strengthening effect and microstructure variation were analyzed through total non-solution mole fraction of Cu and Li and their mole ratio. To obtain Al–Li alloy with super-high strength, the total mole fractions of Cu and Li should be increased, and their mole ratios should also be kept at a certain high level.

Recycled aggregate by the recycling construction waste has a lot of advantage such as the developing the alternative resource and protecting of environment. However, recycled aggregate is used as the low quality grade, because it is difficult to remove old mortar from aggregate. To use the recycled aggregate as high quality grade, it is important to develop the technology to produce the high quality recycled aggregate. To manufacture the high quality recycled aggregate, old mortar attached on the aggregates should be removed efficiently. Therefore, in this study, we suggested the optimum condition to remove old mortar effectively using sulfuric acid and low speed wet rotary mill for high quality recycled fine aggregate. The results shows that the recycled aggregate satisfy on the standards of KS F 2573 in density, absorption and solid volume, when adequate condition of sulfuric mole ratio and aggregate ratio are make.

The KRISS low frost-point humidity generator which has been operated by the two-temperature method in the frost-point range from $$-95\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ to $$-40\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ since 2006 is reformed to a two-temperature, two-pressure type, in order to extend the calibration capability to a frost point of $$-105\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ . The temperature and pressure of the saturator were controlled to $$-95\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ and 1 MPa, respectively. The water-vapor mole ratio generated by the upgraded humidity generator reached $$4\,\hbox {nmol}{\cdot }\hbox {mol}^{-1}$$ . The uncertainty of the generator was estimated by calculations as well as a series of experiments including the stability of the generated frost point, the saturation efficiency with a varied gas flow rate, and the change of water-vapor mole ratio in the tubing line. The standard uncertainty of the generator is less than $$0.09\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ at the frost point of $$-95\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ and is increased to $$0.19\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ at the frost point of $$-105\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ . The increase in uncertainty is mainly due to the water adsorption/desorption on the internal surface of tubing from the saturator to the hygrometer.

Three kinds of low-fluorine YB2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) starting sols with F/Ba = 6, 4 and 2 were applied to fabricate multilayer YBCO films on LaAlO3 substrates by multi-coating technique. Influence of the fluorine content in the sols and the thickness of single-coated layer on the properties of multilayer YBCO films was discussed in detail. The critical current density (J c) of multilayer YBCO films derived from F/Ba = 6 and 4 sols dropped sharply with thickness. However, using sol with F/Ba = 2, the J c of multilayer films decreased slowly with thickness. Moreover, the thinner the single-coated film, the less the amount of a-axis-oriented grains inside the multilayer films, resulting in the improvement in J c of the final thick films. Through multi-coating technique, YBCO films as thick as 1.1–1.2 μm were prepared. The J c of the optimized thick YBCO films reached a high value of 4.23MA/cm2 at 77 K, 0T. Compared with the YBCO films derived from other low-fluorine sols, the YBCO films prepared using the ultralow-fluorine sol with mole ratio of F/Ba = 2 show the higher superconducting current transportation ability. Using this solution, the “thickness effect” of multilayer thick YBCO films is degraded obviously. Moreover, lowering the thickness of every layer film through controlling the withdrawal speed can also suppress the formation of a-axis grains, thus enhancing the critical current density of final thick YBCO films.

In this study, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium imidazolide ([Bmim]Im) was found effective to catalyze the glycerolysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) for selective production of diacylglycerols (DAG). About 60 % content of DAG and 80 % conversion of TAG were achieved with [Bmim]Im at 15 % (wt% based on TAG), without requirement of any other catalyst and reaction medium. In addition, the weight ratio of DAG to monoacylglycerols (MAG) was at 0.9 when the glycerol/TAG mole ratio was 5:1, indicating [Bmim]Im was selective for DAG generation.

Ceria supported on various commercial TiO2 catalysts were prepared by wet-impregnation method. We confirmed that the correlation between physicochemical properties of TiO2 supports and SCR activities. Physicochemical properties of the various TiO2 were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, X-ray photoelectron spectro- scopy (XPS), and pH analysis. Ce/Ti catalyst exhibited different SCR activities with respect to physicochemical properties of TiO2. An excellent activity was obtained as the surface area of TiO2 increased. In the case of CeOx surface density, the excellent activity in a range of 2.5∼14.5 CeOx/nm 2 was achieved and the activity tended to decrease above 14.5 CeOx/nm 2 . The O/Ti mole ratio of TiO2 in the range of 1.32 to 1.79 showed an excellent SCR activity. It was also confirmed that the pH of the TiO2 has no effects on the SCR activity. In order to achieve excellent SCR activities, ceria oxide should be sup- ported on TiO2 possessing a high specific surface area and certain O/Ti mole ratio. In addition, the catalyst with the low CeOx surface density resulted from the high dispersed ceria oxide should be prepared.

This research investigates a remediation technique for antimony involving the adsorption and co-precipitation of aqueous antimony by in-situ formed ferric hydroxide. Flocculation is initiated by the oxidation of iron(II) with potassium ferrate(VI), K2FeO4, along with oxidation of the more toxic Sb(III) to Sb(V). A 3/1 mole ratio of Fe(II)/Fe(VI) and a total Fe/Sb mole ratio of 300/1 was needed to achieve total antimony concentrations below the maximum contaminant levels for drinking water (6 μg/l).

The liquid-phase esterification of acetic acid with n-butanol has been studied over tungsten oxide supported on alumina, silica and silica–alumina containing two different W loadings. They were prepared by the impregnation of precipitated supports and characterized using X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, SEM-EDX and NH3-TPD techniques. The effects of esterification conditions including the reaction time and temperature, the acid-to-alcohol mole ratio, the amount of catalyst and the catalyst reusability as well as the effect of reactant pre-adsorption on the reaction conversion were investigated. The best catalytic performance was obtained with WO3 supported on silica-alumina with a silica-to-alumina mole ratio of 0.4 (10W-Si(0.4)Al sample). The activity of the different catalysts ranged as follows (the conversion of acetic acid at 120 min reaction time in parenthesis): 10W-Si(0.4)Al (95.5) > 10W-Al (86.2) > 10W-Si(1.0)Al (82.1) > 10W-Si(2.5)Al (79.8) > 5W-Al (77.5) > 10W-Si (75.9) > 5W-Si (70.6). The catalytic activity correlated well with the total number of acid sites determined by NH3-TPD. In all cases the reaction was completely selective to n-butyl acetate. Reactant pre-adsorption experiments suggested that the reaction follows the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. A good reusability of the 10W-Si(0.4)Al catalyst after three reaction cycles was observed.

The process for production high-purity methylal, which used methanol and formalin in the presence of cation-exchange resin catalyst, was investigated in the reactive and extractive distillation column. Effect of feed mole ratio of formaldehyde in the extracting and reacting section, molar ratio of methanol and formaldehyde, reflux ratio on the content of methylal in the distillate were investigated. The results show that the purity of methylal can reach 99.1% under the optimum conditions.

One system of Shrinkage reducing monomer was prepared by esterification reaction, the test method of esterification rate was discussed, to find out the significant factors of the esterification rate by using the orthogonal design. The influence of ether-to-acid mole ratio, reaction temperature, catalyst dosage and reaction time on the esterification was also investigated. The results demonstrate that the suitable esterifying conditions mainly require the suitable proportion of MA to C5H12O3 as 1~1.05 to 1, and under the temperature of 120~125°C, and 3~3.5hours of reaction time.