Search

How does the appearance of a new immigrant group affect the integration of earlier generations of migrants? We study this question in the context of the first Great Migration (1915-1930), when 1.5 million African Americans moved from the US South to northern urban centers, where 30 million Europeans had arrived since 1850. We exploit plausibly exogenous variation induced by the interaction between 1900 settlements of southern-born blacks in northern cities and state-level outmigration from the US South after 1910. Black arrivals increased both the effort exerted by immigrants to assimilate and their eventual Americanization. These average effects mask substantial heterogeneity: while initially less integrated groups (i.e. Southern and Eastern Europeans) exerted more assimilation effort, assimilation success was larger for those culturally closer to native whites (i.e. Western and Northern Europeans). Labor market outcomes do not display similar heterogeneity, suggesting that these patterns cannot be entirely explained by economic forces. Our findings are instead more consistent with a framework in which changing perceptions of outgroup distance among native whites lowered the barriers to the assimilation of white immigrants.

The rise of Islamic extremism has prompted global Islamophobia and general hatred for Muslims, which is felt towards both the religion itself and ethno-religious groups such as the one present in China. The spread and acts of Islamic extremism in China might surprise the global community but the concerning level of threat on the issue affected domestic security policies. In explaining the case study, the qualitative research uses a combination of descriptive and explanatory approaches while simultaneously merging the three constructivist theory approaches from notable scholars such as Alexander Wendt, Martha Finnemore and Peter Katzenstein. The research concludes that while there may be variations of methods to combat Islamic extremism, the implementation of political re-education camp for the Uyghurs seems to be the best and most effective method in both de-extremizing the minority group from potential Islamic extremist ideology and enforcing the Chinese government’s interests. Justifications of the choice include the constructivist aspects of the international norms, repetition of historical and existing trajectories as well as the successful rate of cleansing troubled and infected people from negative ideologies based on the Chinese societal norms.

Objectives Deaf American Sign Language (ASL) users comprise a linguistic and cultural minority group that is understudied and underserved in health education and health care research. We examined differences in health risk behaviors, concerns, and access to health care among Deaf ASL users and hearing English speakers living in Florida. Methods We applied community-engaged research methods to develop and administer the first linguistically accessible and contextually tailored community health needs assessment to Deaf ASL users living in Florida. Deaf ASL users (n = 92) were recruited during a 3-month period in summer 2018 and compared with a subset of data on hearing English speakers from the 2018 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 12 589). We explored prevalence and adjusted odds of health behavior, including substance use and health care use. Results Mental health was the top health concern among Deaf participants; 15.5% of participants screened as likely having a depressive disorder. Deaf people were 1.8 times more likely than hearing people to engage in binge drinking during the past month. In addition, 37.2% of participants reported being denied an interpreter in a medical facility in the past 12 months. Conclusion This study highlights the need to work with Deaf ASL users to develop context-specific health education and health promotion activities tailored to their linguistic and cultural needs and ensure that they receive accessible health care and health education.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background: Cardiovascular deaths increased during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. However, it is unclear whether diverse racial/ethnic populations have experienced a disproportionate rise in heart disease and cerebrovascular disease deaths. Methods: We used the National Center for Health Statistics to identify heart disease and cerebrovascular disease deaths for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, and Hispanic individuals from March to August 2020 (pandemic period), as well as for the corresponding months in 2019 (historical control). We determined the age- and sex-standardized deaths per million by race/ethnicity for each year. We then fit a modified Poisson model with robust SEs to compare change in deaths by race/ethnicity for each condition in 2020 versus 2019. Results: There were a total of 339 076 heart disease and 76 767 cerebrovascular disease deaths from March through August 2020, compared with 321 218 and 72 190 deaths during the same months in 2019. Heart disease deaths increased during the pandemic in 2020, compared with the corresponding period in 2019, for non-Hispanic White (age–sex standardized deaths per million, 1234.2 versus 1208.7; risk ratio for death [RR], 1.02 [95% CI, 1.02–1.03]), non-Hispanic Black (1783.7 versus 1503.8; RR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.17–1.20]), non-Hispanic Asian (685.7 versus 577.4; RR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.15–1.22]), and Hispanic (968.5 versus 820.4; RR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.16–1.20]) populations. Cerebrovascular disease deaths also increased for non-Hispanic White (268.7 versus 258.2; RR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.03–1.05]), non-Hispanic Black (430.7 versus 379.7; RR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.10–1.17]), non-Hispanic Asian (236.5 versus 207.4; RR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09–1.21]), and Hispanic (264.4 versus 235.9; RR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.08–1.16]) populations. For both heart disease and cerebrovascular disease deaths, Black, Asian, and Hispanic populations experienced a larger relative increase in deaths than the non-Hispanic White population (interaction term, P

Discussions of white supremacy focus on patterns of whites’ stature over people of color across institutions. When a minority group achieves more than whites, it is not studied through the lens of white supremacy. For example, arguments of white supremacy in K-12 schools focus on the disfranchisement of African Americans and Latinxs. Discussions of high-achieving Asian American students have not been framed as such and, in fact, can be used to argue against the existence of white privilege. This article explains why this conception is false. White supremacy can be active even when people of color achieve more than whites. Drawing from interviews and observations of mostly white educators in Boston suburbs that have a significant presence of Asian American students, I demonstrate that even when Asian Americans outcompete whites in schools, white supremacy is active through two means. First, Asian Americans are applauded in ways that fit a model minority stereotype and frame other groups as not working hard enough. Second and more significantly, Asian Americans encounter anti-Asian stereotypes and are told to assimilate into the model of white educators. This treatment is institutionalized within the school system through educators’ practices and attitudes. These findings somewhat support but mostly contrast the notion of “honorary whiteness,” for they show that high-achieving minorities are not just tools of white supremacy toward other people of color but also targets of it themselves. Understanding how high-achieving minorities experience institutionalized racism demonstrates the far reach of white supremacy.

This study explores the lived experiences of Israeli parents of transgender young adults, depicting gender diversity as a family-relational phenomenon. The analysis of 18 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with Israeli parents of trans young adults suggests that the parents' experiences were characterized by a dialectic between feelings of vulnerability and resilience. The parents' vulnerability was shaped by their social positioning as a minority group as well as their socio-political environment, and their ability to cope with these hardships enhanced their resilience. As the parents developed their resilience through meaning-making, social support, and activism, they gained a new sense of agency alongside a deep sense of vulnerability, suggesting that vulnerability and resilience are not objective, opposite binaries but rather fluid categories that are continually constructed through the intersection of micro- and macro-level factors.En este estudio se analizan las experiencias vividas por padres israelitas de adultos jóvenes transgénero y se describe la diversidad de género como fenómeno relacional familiar. El análisis de 18 entrevistas profundas semiestructuradas con padres israelitas de jóvenes transgénero indica que las experiencias de los padres estuvieron caracterizadas por una dialéctica entre los sentimientos de vulnerabilidad y de resiliencia. La vulnerabilidad de los padres estuvo determinada por su situación social como grupo minoritario, así como por su entorno sociopolítico, y su capacidad para afrontar estas dificultades mejoró su resiliencia. A medida que los padres desarrollaron su resiliencia mediante la creación de significado, el apoyo social y el activismo, adquirieron una nueva sensación de acción junto con una sensación profunda de vulnerabilidad, lo cual sugiere que la vulnerabilidad y la resiliencia no son binarios objetivos y opuestos, sino categorías variables que se construyen continuamente mediante la intersección de factores a nivel micro y macro.这项研究探讨了变性年轻人的以色列父母的生活经历，将性别多样性描述为一种家庭关系现象。本研究对18个变性年轻人的以色列父母进行了深入半结构性访谈，访谈文本分析表明，父母的经历具备脆弱感和抗挫力两方面之间的辩证关系。父母的脆弱性是由他们作为少数群体的社会定位以及他们的社会政治环境决定的，而他们应对这些困难的能力增强了他们的复原力。当父母通过创造意义、社会支持和积极的行动来发展他们的抗挫力时，他们在深感脆弱的同时也获得了新的主观能动性，这表明脆弱和复原力不是客观的、相反的二元对立，而是通过微观和宏观因素的交织不断构建的动态的种类。.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Advance care planning (ACP) rates are low in diverse, vulnerable older adults, yet little is known about the unique barriers they face and how these barriers impact ACP documentation rates. DESIGN Validated questionnaires listing patient, family/friend, and clinician/system-level ACP barriers and an open-ended question on ACP barriers. SETTING Two San Francisco public/Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals. PARTICIPANTS One thousand two hundred and forty-one English and Spanish-speaking patients, aged 55 and older, with two or more chronic conditions. MEASUREMENTS The open-ended question on ACP barriers was analyzed using content analysis. We conducted chart review for prior ACP documentation. We used chi-square/Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and logistic regression to assess associations between ACP barriers and demographic characteristics/ACP documentation. RESULTS Participant mean age was 65 ± 7.4 years; they were 74% from racial/ethnic minority groups, 36% Spanish-speaking, and 36% with limited health literacy. A total of 26 barriers were identified (15 patient, 4 family/friend, 7 clinician/system-level), and 91% reported at least one ACP barrier (mean: 5.6 ± 4.0). The most common barriers were: (patient-level) discomfort thinking about ACP (60%), wanting to leave health decisions to "God" (44%); (family/friend-level) not wanting to burden friends/family (33%), assuming friends/family already knew their preferences (31%); (clinician/system-level) assuming doctors already knew their preferences (41%), and mistrust (37%). Compared with those with no barriers, participants with at least one reported barrier were more likely to be from a racial/ethnic minority group (76% vs 53%), Spanish-speaking (39% vs 6%), with fair-to-poor health (48% vs 34%), and limited health literacy (39% vs 9%) (p

As a “faith-based community”, the ultra-Orthodox society is a differentiated minority group, which has recently recognised intimate partner violence as a social problem. The members of this conserv...

Background: Physical activity (PA) is a strong contributor to enhancing a healthy lifestyle and preventing numerous chronic diseases. As ethnic minorities engage in low levels of PA, psychosocial and activity-based interventions for sustaining PA are crucial. Methods: The 6-month intervention incorporated culturally tailored educational workshops and weekly PA classes at a community center. Educational workshops were led by six trained community health workers (CHWs). Participants (n=37) completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires regarding PA related self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social support, enjoyment, self-regulation, goal setting, and overall PA. Results: Following the intervention, study participants exhibited increases in weekly PA levels. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test revealed higher median scores for Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES), Identified Regulation, and Intrinsic Motivation. Positive changes were observed for Physical Outcome Expectations, Social Outcome Expectations, Self-Evaluative Outcome Expectations, Physical Activity Enjoyment, Social Support for Exercise Scale – Family, Social Support for Exercise – Friends, and Exercise Goal-Setting. Conclusion: Community-based PA interventions may provide potential benefits to Filipino Americans, an ethnic Asian minority group, in identifying exercise benefits, developing proper exercise goals, increasing motivation, promoting PA behavior, and facilitating long-term PA adherence.

Alcohol use during pregnancy is a critical public health issue that results in several adverse outcomes for both mother and child. While the prevalence of and consequences of binge drinking among pregnant women is well-documented in the literature, little is known about the intersectional effect of racial/ethnic identity and veteran status. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of binge drinking among pregnant women using the intersectionality of racial/ethnic identity and veteran status. This study utilized combined data from the 2016, 2017 and 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The BRFSS is a telephone survey that collects health-related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions and use of preventative services among U.S residents. Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine the prevalence of binge drinking using the interaction between race/ethnicity and veteran status. Overall binge drinking prevalence was 3.60% among the sample of 6101 pregnant women. Binge drinking prevalence was the highest among racial/ethnic minority veterans at 17.42%, compared to 5.34% among white veterans, 4.05% among non-veteran racial/ethnic minorities and 3% among non-veteran whites, supporting the theory of intersectionality. Intersectionality Theory suggests that the stressors from membership in two vulnerable groups may lead to increased disparities. The results of this study highlight the unique experience of being a veteran and identifying as a member of a racial/ethnic minority group. This calls for a need to customize preventative measures that address the combined impact of both racial/ethnic minority group status and veteran status.

PURPOSE: In general, participation rates in cancer clinical trials are very low. However, participation rates are especially low among the socially disadvantaged and racial and ethnic minority groups. These groups have been historically under-represented in cancer clinical trials. Although many patient-related barriers have been studied, institutional factors that are essential for building clinical research infrastructure around the clinical trial enterprise in academic medical centers have been underexplored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed perspectives of cancer center professional stakeholders on the institutional factors that can potentially influence racial and ethnic minority recruitment for cancer clinical trials. Ninety-one qualitative interviews were conducted at five US cancer centers among four stakeholder groups: cancer center leaders, principal investigators, referring clinicians, and research staff. Qualitative analyses examined response data focused on institutional factors related to minority recruitment for cancer clinical trials. RESULTS: Four prominent themes emerged regarding institutional barriers among clinical and research professionals. (1) There are no existing programs currently being used to recruit or retain minorities to clinical trials. (2) Institutional efforts are needed to increase trial participation and are not specific to potential minority participants. (3) Access to cancer clinical trials and navigation within an Academic Medical Center need to be simplified to better facilitate recruitment of minority patients. (4) Community outreach by cancer centers will increase clinical research awareness in the community. CONCLUSION: Our research highlights the need to address institutional barriers to improve the success of minority recruitment. To increase participation among minority populations, medical centers must address mutable institutional barriers such as setting specific minority recruitment goals for cancer clinical trials, ensuring that cancer clinical trials are accessible, especially to minority patients, and supporting sustained community outreach programs to increase clinical research awareness.

This article attempts to delineate the issue of linguistic homogeny in Iban variants in Sarawak (Malaysia). In brief, the Iban speakers are claimed to descend from Upper Kapuas watershed, Western Kalimantan (Indonesia). Based on local traditions and oral materials, this ethnic group began to move out from Kapuas watershed and penetrate into Sarawak in sixteenth century. After several generations, they expanded to become the major ethnic group in the state. Several recent studies show that the number of ethnic Ibans in West Kalimantan is fairly small and the distribution of Iban communities often displays a pattern of distant pockets or enclaves. The purpose of this article is to explain how a minority group became a majority ethnic group in a newly settled territory. This article argues that this research question is strongly related to the ethnonym of “Iban” and regional dialect levelling or koineization. During the initial stage of the migration, the term “Iban” was an exonym. By the mid-twentieth century, the exonym “Iban” or “Sea Dayak” was gradually becoming an endonym. The change in the status of this ethnonym has enlarged the population size of the “Iban” in Sarawak. The existence of several Iban-like ethnic groups in Sarawak, for example, the Balau, Remun, Kantu’, Milikin, and Kumpang, adds support to this argument. This article revisits the issue of linguistic homogeny of the Iban language, taking the language koineization approach. A phonological analysis on the Ibanic varieties spoken in West Kalimantan offer a possible explanation that the Iban variants in Sarawak have appeared as a stable linguistic variety as a result of “dialect levelling” and “simplification”. Furthermore, the development of koine Iban seems to fulfil several features in the koine developmental continua proposed by J. Siegel (1985).

Latinos make up the nation’s largest ethnic minority group. The majority of Latinos are U.S. born, making the progress and well-being of Latinos no longer just a question of immigrant assimilation but also of the effectiveness of U.S. educational institutions and labor markets in equipping young Latinos to move out of the working class and into the middle class. One significant headwind to progress among Latinos is recessions. Economic outcomes of Latinos are far more sensitive to the business cycle than are outcomes for non-Hispanic whites. Latinos also have higher poverty rates than whites, although the gap had been falling prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Deep holes in the pandemic safety net further imperiled Latino progress in 2020 and almost surely will in 2021 as well. Policies that would help working-class and poor Latinos include immigration and education reform and broader access to affordable health care.

The Hui people are unique among Chinese ethnic minorities in that they speak the same language as Han Chinese (HAN) but practice Islam. However, as the second-largest minority group in China numbering well over 10 million, the Huis are under-represented in both global and regional genomic studies. Here, we present the first whole-genome sequencing effort of 234 Hui individuals (NXH) aged over 60 who have been living in Ningxia, where the Huis are mostly concentrated. NXH are genetically more similar to East Asian than to any other global populations. In particular, the genetic differentiation between NXH and HAN (FST = 0.0015) is only slightly larger than that between northern and southern HAN (FST = 0.0010), largely attributed to the western ancestry in NXH (∼10%). Highly differentiated functional variants between NXH and HAN were identified in genes associated with skin pigmentation (e.g., SLC24A5), facial morphology (e.g., EDAR), and lipid metabolism (e.g., ABCG8). The Huis are also distinct from other Muslim groups such as the Uyghurs (FST = 0.0187), especially, NXH derived much less western ancestry (∼10%) compared with the Uyghurs (∼50%). Modeling admixture history indicated that NXH experienced an episode of two-wave admixture. An ancient admixture occurred ∼1,025 years ago, reflecting the intensive west–east contacts during the late Tang Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. A recent admixture occurred ∼500 years ago, corresponding to the Ming Dynasty. Notably, we identified considerable sex-biased admixture, that is, excess of western males and eastern females contributing to the NXH gene pool. The origins and the genomic diversity of the Hui people imply the complex history of contacts between western and eastern Eurasians.

Police rely on citizens to report crime and victimization. Yet for many people low levels of trust in police and concerns about unjust police treatment impact their willingness to engage proactively with police. For some, defying police authority is common. This can be particularly so for ethnic, racial, and religious minority groups. The personal and vicarious experiences these groups have with police play an important role in the legal socialization process, shaping how they perceive and behave toward police. As a religious minority group Muslims have experienced intense scrutiny from police. As such, the current study examines how and why Muslims defy police authority. Using survey data from 398 Australian Muslims, this study tests whether Muslims’ concerns about procedural justice and bounded-authority violations (i.e., the belief that police overstep the boundaries of acceptable authority) have differential effects on two types of defiance: resistance and disengagement. Findings show that Muslims’ concerns about procedural justice are most important for understanding resistance, while disengagement is dominated by concerns about perceived boundary violations. Further, procedural justice moderates the association between bounded-authority concerns and resistance, but not disengagement. The implications of these findings for the legal socialization process, theory, and police practice are discussed.

This study attempts to widen the conceptual space of resilience in (Western) psychology in order to better capture the resilience landscape of an ethnic minority group ravaged by the HIV/AIDS pandemic—the Nuosu-Yi in Southwest China. Without decolonizing the construct of resilience, non-Western versions of coping with adversities cannot be properly understood. Our process of decolonization of resilience involved two steps: First, we conducted semistructured interviews with the target population ( N = 21) to take inventory of their Indigenous notions of resilience. Second, for conceptual comparison, we mapped the themes and categories, derived from thematic analysis, of the interview data onto the conceptual space of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA), which we used as proxy for mainstream conceptualizations of resilience. This mapping revealed multiple lacunae in the theoretical framework of RSA, and unique properties in the Indigenous approach to adversities in contrast. Far reaching theoretical and practical implications of this investigation are discussed.

The causes of the emigration of the members of the Russian ethnic minority from Lithuania in the last two decades are analyzed in the article. There is a lack of official statistics about the scale (numbers) and reasons for the emigration of ethnic minority groups from Lithuania. Therefore, the qualitative data analysis of Lithuanian press in the Russian language and interviews with informants of Russian nationality is presented in the article. The qualitative data analysis allows to look at the aspects on emigration from the Russian ethnic minority group perspective. The topics of articles about emigration and emigration aspects reflected in informants’ interviews are analyzed. It is considered how emigration of Russians from Lithuania is related to socio-economic, socio-psychological and other factors important to the country’s development.

Objective To analyze racial and ethnic disparities in failure to rescue (ie, death) associated with severe maternal morbidity and describe temporal trends. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using administrative data. Data for delivery hospitalizations with severe maternal morbidity, as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, were abstracted from the 1999-2017 National Inpatient Sample. Race and ethnicity were categorized into non-Hispanic White (reference), non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, other, and missing. The outcome was failure to rescue from severe maternal morbidity. Disparities were assessed using the failure-to-rescue rate ratio (ratio of the failure-to-rescue rate in the racial and minority group to the failure-to-rescue rate in White women), adjusted for patient and hospital characteristics. Temporal trends in severe maternal morbidity and failure to rescue were assessed. Results During the study period, 73,934,559 delivery hospitalizations were identified, including 993,864 with severe maternal morbidity (13.4/1,000; 95% CI 13.3-13.5). Among women with severe maternal morbidity, 4,328 died (4.3/1,000; 95% CI 4.2-4.5). The adjusted failure-to-rescue rate ratio was 1.79 (95% CI 1.77-1.81) for Black women, 1.39 (95% CI 1.37-1.41) for women of other race and ethnicity, 1.43 (95% CI 1.42-1.45) for women with missing race and ethnicity data, and 1.08 (95% CI 1.06-1.09) for Hispanic women. During the study period, the severe maternal morbidity rate increased significantly in each of the five racial and ethnic groups but started declining in 2012. Meanwhile, the failure-to-rescue rate decreased significantly during the entire study period. Conclusion Despite improvement over time, failure to rescue from severe maternal morbidity remains a major contributing factor to excess maternal mortality in racial and ethnic minority women.

Visual images of a marginalised minority group from southern Africa are analysed against a series of colonialist representations to demonstrate tangible evidence of the role of representation in both disenfranchisement and an increasing autonomy in the case of the San, who are The First Peoples of the Kalahari, commonly known outside Africa as ‘Bushmen’ and in the dominant language of Botswana as Basarwa. This particular group is represented by government and its corporate affiliates as primordial for tourist consumption, yet systemically denied their language, ethnicity and ancestral land. Analysis is supported by critical tourism literature, showing the attitudes, power dynamics and practices evident in the produced imagery. An overview of the theoretical enframing and methodology is followed by analysis of a range of visual representations of the San. Analysis herein is based on a blend of application of post-colonial theory and post-tourism critique, along with some concepts from semiotics. Most of these visual and linguistic materials have been produced by government and industry for tourist consumption, while others include my own photography and ostensibly impartial museum exhibits.

Background The public health impact of pediatric trauma makes identifying opportunities to equalize health related disparities imperative. The influence of a child’s race on the likelihood of admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is not well described. We hypothesized that traumatically injured children of minority race would have higher rates of PICU admission, compared to White children. Methods This was a retrospective review of a single institution’s trauma registry including children ≤18 years of age presenting to the emergency department (ED) whose injury necessitated pediatric trauma team activation at a Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center from July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2016. Demographics, injury characteristics and hospital utilization data were collected. Race was categorized as White or racial minority, which included patients identifying as Black, Hispanic ethnicity, Native American or “other.” The primary outcome measure was admission to the PICU. Chi square or Mann Whitney rank sum tests were used, as appropriate, to compare differences in demographics and injury characteristics between those children who were and were not admitted to the PICU setting. Variables associated with PICU admission in univariate analyses were included in a multivariate analysis. Data are presented as median values and interquartile ranges, or numbers and percentages. Results The median age of the 654 included subjects was 8 [IQR 4–13] years; 55.2% were a racial minority. Nine (1.4%) children died in the ED and 576 (88.1%) were admitted to the hospital. Of the children requiring hospitalization, 195 (33.9%) were admitted to the PICU. Children admitted to the PICU were less likely to be from a racial minority group (26.1% vs 42.5%, p p = 0.006]). Conclusions In this retrospective analysis of traumatically injured children, minority race was associated with lower odds of PICU admission, suggesting that health care disparities based on race persist in pediatric trauma-related care.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted medical research, pushing mentors and mentees to decide if COVID-19 research would be germane to the early career investigator's developing research portfolio. With COVID-19 halting hundreds of federal trials involving non-COVID-19 research, mentors and mentees must also consider the broader moral calling of contributing to COVID-19 research. At the time of writing, the National Institutes of Health had responded to the pandemic with significant funding for COVID-19 research. However, because this pandemic is a new phenomenon, few mentors have expertise in the disease and relevant established resources. As a result, many mentors are unable to provide insight on COVID-19 research to early career investigators considering a pivot toward research related to this disease. The authors suggest 4 ways for mentees and mentors to respond to the changes the pandemic has brought to research funding and opportunities: (1) include COVID-19 research in existing portfolios to diversify intellectual opportunities and reduce funding risks; (2) negotiate the mentor-mentee relationship and roles and expectations early in project discussions-considering, as relevant, the disproportionate burden of home responsibilities often borne by early career faculty members who are women and/or from a minority group; (3) address any mentor limitations in content expertise; and (4) if the decision is to pivot to COVID-19 research, select projects with implications generalizable beyond this pandemic to other infectious outbreaks or to the redesign of health care delivery. Mentors and mentees must weigh the relevance of COVID-19 research projects to the postpandemic world and the amount of available funding against the developing interests of early career investigators. Academic medical centers nationwide must enable seasoned and early career researchers to contribute meaningfully to COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 research.

Purpose: This study examines the link between organizations’ family responsive policies and employee turnover intentions, with work stress as a mediating factor. Previous studies mostly situated in western contexts have focused on aspects of employee turnover intentions. Very few studies have considered family responsive policies and practices as factors in employees’ intention to stay or quit a job, particularly in a developing country. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopted a survey approach drawing on responses from a sample of 285 respondents from selected banks. Data were analyzed using Pearson Product moment in SPSS. Findings: Analyses showed a significant negative relationship between employee turnover intentions and family care services and benefits. Findings also showed a negative relationship between family responsive policies and stress. The work underscores the importance of family-responsive policies in managing turnover intentions of employees. It shows how work stress mediates the relationship between organizations’ family responsive policies and employee turnover intentions. Practical Implications: This study has revealed that these family responsive policies could be the organizations’ strategic corporate social responsibility towards their internal stakeholders. Further, organizations desiring to benefit from workplace diversity should aim at implementing these employee maintenance activities to attract competent members from a minority group, especially married women with children who still have the greatest responsibility of managing the family. Originality/Value: Empirically, this study is the first of its kind in Ghana conducted in a crucial sector of the economy, examining the relationship among family responsive policies, work stress, and turnover intentions.

Background: Latinos are the largest minority group in the United States and when compared with non-Latino whites suffer from higher rates of certain chronic diseases. Latino community health worker...

In this study, we examine teacher perspectives of magnet school implementation in two recently converted elementary schools that had received federal grants to reduce minority group isolation. We draw on 2 years of data on teacher perspectives related to satisfaction, preparedness, and implementation of the magnet program. Surprisingly, we found that as involvement and a sense of preparation increased, teacher satisfaction decreased from the planning year to first year of implementation. We conclude by considering the implications of these findings for magnet school success in creating staff culture and climate that are more likely to support successful magnet implementation.

A postcolonial reading of literary works remains relevant since the characters, stories and various issues related to the colonial domination discussed in literary texts may serve as a means for its readers to learn more about life under colonialism. This article examines how Doris Lessing, a British-Rhodesian author, and Seno Gumira Ajidarma, an Indonesian author, reveal the issue of discrimination of African native community and Indonesian-Chinese community because of the act of othering, respectively, from a postcolonial lens. This study used the critical content analysis technique on two literary works, namely Lessing’s short story entitled “No Witchcraft for Sale” and Ajidarma’s short story entitled “Clara”, which is based on Spivak’s theory of othering. Specific dialogues and utterances related to instances of discrimination were analyzed to uncover the othering of individuals, in this case, the main characters of the stories Lessing’s short story captures the struggles encountered by the main character named Gideon, who belongs to the majority group, while Ajidarma’s short story provides the portrayal of a young native Indonesian-Chinese descent who is a member of a minority group. The study found that Gideon faced racial discrimination and on the other hand, Clara faces racial and gender discrimination. By comparing two different literary works coming from two different cultures, nationalities, and historical backgrounds focusing on the issues of othering from a postcolonial perspective, this article can serve as a means for its readers to learn more about how the discrimination stemmed from different histories and how cultural background can create similar outcomes.

Refugee Background Mature Students, with many having come from the global South to seek asylum, form a minority group in higher education. This qualitative study uses a Critical Race Theory framewo...

Persons with disabilities constitute the highest minority group in the world. This number is expected to continue to increase from year to year in line with world population growth, natural disasters and other factors. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship related to work creation which is not friendly to people with disabilities. The research method used is literature study with the main source, namely the law number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. The result of this research is that the Job Creation Law does not actually support the fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities in getting proper accommodation in the world of work. The Job Creation Law does not include a 1% quota provision for private companies and 2% for BUMN / BUMD and Government / Local Government to employ persons with disabilities from all employees, which are currently listed in the Law on Persons with Disabilities.

This study examined the level of psychological well-being between the Ethnic Minority group, commonly called “Manjo,” and the majority group called “Gomero.” Psychological well-being questionnaires were administered to a sample of 298 (independent sample from both groups). The findings demonstrated that the non-Manjo (Gomero) Ethnic group possessed a considerably high level of psychological well-being. Statistical differences were found in participants’ psychological well-being across Ethnic groups. According to the results, participants from the Manjo Ethnic Minority group had a lower level of psychological well-being (M = 211.27, SD = 17.51) compared to the majority (Gomero). A statistically significant variation in psychological well-being (theoretically embodied across a broad spectrum of measurement units) among the two independent study groups was reflected.

BACKGROUND: Asians are the fastest-growing racial/ethnic minority group in the USA and many face communication barriers when seeking health care. Given that a high proportion of Asians are immigrants and have limited English proficiency, poor patient-provider communication may explain Asians’ relatively low ratings of care. Though Asians are linguistically, economically, and culturally heterogeneous, research on health care disparities typically combines Asians into a single racial/ethnic category. OBJECTIVES: To estimate racial/ethnic differences in perceptions of provider communication among the six largest Asian subgroups. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Using a nationally representative sample of adults from the 2014–2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (N = 136,836, round-specific response rates range from 72% to 98%), we estimate racial/ethnic differences in perceptions of provider communication, adjusted for English proficiency, immigration status, and sociodemographic characteristics. MAIN MEASURES: The main dependent variable is a 4-item scale ranging from 0 to 100 measuring how positively patients view their health care providers’ communication, adapted from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS©) program. Respondents report how often their providers explain things clearly, show respect, listen carefully, and spend enough time with them. KEY RESULTS: Asians, overall, had less positive perceptions of their providers’ communication than either Whites or Latinxs. However, only Chinese-White differences remained after differences in English proficiency and immigration status were controlled (difference = − 2.67, 95% CI − 4.83, − 0.51). No other Asian subgroup differed significantly from Whites. CONCLUSIONS: Negative views of provider communication are not pervasive among all Asians but, rather, primarily reflect the perceptions of Chinese and, possibly, Vietnamese patients. Researchers, policymakers, health plan executives, and others who produce or use data on patients’ experiences with health care should, if possible, avoid categorizing all Asians into a single group.

In the text, the author demonstrated that regardless of the prevailing regime, the State, by relying on separate laws for people with disabilities (or any other minority group), has created and continues to create colonies of sorts. In the first part of the article, the author presented the difference between postcolonialism and neo-colonialism in relation to people with disabilities and in Disability Studies. Afterward, he highlighted the illusory nature of research and, above all, educational activities in favor of people with disabilities. He argues that in the case of this group of people, we are dealing with neo-colonial pedagogy rather than a postcolonial one.

Indigenous, migrant, racial, and ethnic minority group members report experiences of racism that are lifelong and damaging. To understand the context that shapes these experiences, we developed a tabular approach to analyzing focus group interviews of life course experiences of racism. The approach was grounded in critical realism and narrative analysis. Using these foundations, stories of personal experiences of racism were understood to provide evidence of enduring social structures that maintain racism. Extracts were organized into tables with rows corresponding with periods of the life-course (such as early childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, mid-life, and older age). Rows were labeled with the decade these experiences occurred to highlight sociohistorical influences. Columns in the table were used to represent the familial generation of the protagonists in the stories. Examining these experiences as occurring across different life-course periods (childhood, adolescence, and adulthood), from different cohorts and family roles (child, parent, and grandparent), and time periods revealed patterns in the persistence of racism. This approach was instrumental in identifying the ways that experiences of racism are dynamic and contested even as they are experienced as persistent across the life-course. Situating this within a critical realist framework built an explanation of the enduring social structures that support racism to persist even while experiences of racism change.

Meeting recruitment targets for clinical trials and health research studies is a notable challenge. Unsuccessful efforts to recruit participants from traditionally underserved populations can limit who benefits from scientific discovery, thus perpetuating inequities in health outcomes and access to care. In this study, we evaluated direct mail and email outreach campaigns designed to recruit women who gave birth in North Carolina for a statewide research study offering expanded newborn screening for a panel of rare health conditions. Of the 54,887 women who gave birth in North Carolina from September 28, 2018, through March 19, 2019, and were eligible to be included on the study’s contact lists, we had access to a mailing address for 97.9% and an email address for 6.3%. Rural women were less likely to have sufficient contact information available, but this amounted to less than a one percentage point difference by urbanicity. Native American women were less likely to have an email address on record; however, we did not find a similar disparity when recruitment using direct‐mail letters and postcards was concerned. Although we sent letters and emails in roughly equal proportion by urbanicity and race/ethnicity, we found significant differences in enrollment across demographic subgroups. Controlling for race/ethnicity and urbanicity, we found that direct‐mail letters and emails were effective recruitment methods. The enrollment rate among women who were sent a recruitment letter was 4.1%, and this rate increased to 5.0% among women who were also sent an email invitation. Study Highlights WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC? Under‐representation by traditionally underserved populations in clinical trials and health research is a challenge that may in part reflect inequitable opportunities to participate. WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS? Are direct‐mail and email outreach strategies effective for reaching and recruiting women from traditionally underserved and rural populations to participate in large‐scale, population‐based research? WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE? Despite sending recruitment letters and email invitations in roughly equal proportion by urbanicity and race/ethnicity, women living in rural areas were less likely to enroll (2.8%) than women from urban areas (4.2%). Additionally, enrollment rates decreased as the probability that women were members of a racial or ethnic minority group increased. HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE? Results from this study might encourage researchers to take a holistic and participant‐centered view of barriers to study enrollment that may disproportionately affect underserved communities, including differences in willingness to participate, trust, and access to resources needed for uptake.

The purpose of the study is to describe how society expresses itself in regard to people who, due to war, politics or religion, migrate from their country of origin to foreign countries. Refugees are considered minority groups. Thus, examining their behavior reveals significant data on sociocultural factors (Tsai, 2011). Under a qualitative approach and the netnography method, we used Twitter as an instrument for data collection. The model proposed by Perez-Cepeda and Arias-Bolzmann (2020), which describes cultural factors, is used to analyze the Twitter conversation flow that evidences the sociocultural factors of minority subcultures. Studies have shown that the data structure, classification, categorization, and purpose are based on the information production and consumption of the users who participate in Twitter conversations with @Refugees—the official account of the ACNUR/UNHCR Americas. The findings showed recurrent subjects and sets of ideas related to sociocultural factors, human rights, economic news, critical reflection, and religious topics. Tweets about refugees describe the sociocultural issues around this minority group. This paper focuses on refugees, the consumption of refugee information, text writing, sociocultural factors, and the environment on Twitter. This research contributes to the social sciences, especially to sociocultural interaction studies. The originality of the work is the identification of sociocultural factors related to the social sciences that emerge from minority groups' tweets through images, texts, and objects.

This study examines the understanding of the concept of diversity (pluralism and multiculturalism) in the city of Banda Aceh; the capital city of Aceh Province which is now more than 800 years old. Can the city be classified as a diversity-friendly city as it is embedded for Pematang Siantar, Manado, Kupang, or Bali, which are among the most diversity friendly regions and are tolerant to other religions and beliefs? This study adopts socio-qualitative with an ethnographic approach to present arguments about the diversity in the city of Banda Aceh. The analytical instrument seeks to empathize with Banda Aceh's value of inductivity, as well as its "particularistic" dimension so that it can be understood emphatically. This article seeks to test the hypothesis of whether or not Banda Aceh City government has sufficiently promoted the culture of minority groups, not only protecting them from violence and granting the right to live and do business. By using observation and in-depth interview techniques, this paper also shows the enigmatic side of minority groups, including the exclusion of “subaltern” groups: the weakest minority and can be called the minority of the minorities. The most apparant of this minority group is the Chinese gets a wider portion of the discussion, compared to other minorities. This is because of the complexity that this community enjoys which shapes their lives with other minority groups and builds the concept of encounters with local communities in Banda Aceh. The diversity values of this city experienced a dynamic change. In the last fifteen years, the diversity was best promoted in the city of Banda Aceh during the governance period of Mawardy Nurdin who served as mayor of Banda Aceh from 2007-2014.

Background: Students with marginalized identities report a lack of cultural competence among faculty in higher education classrooms. Identity safety cues (ISCs) signal to minority group members that their identities are valued and respected. Objective: The purpose of this study was to test for differences in students’ perceptions of their professor, sense of belonging, and academic outcomes when comparing an ISC course with a control course. Method: We randomly assigned one of two sections of a large social psychology course to receive ISCs while the other section was taught in a control format. The same professor taught both sections. Results: Participants in the ISC class believed their professor was trying to create an inclusive classroom and disapproved of social inequalities more than participants in the control course. These students also reported a higher sense of belonging and fewer absences. Conclusion: ISCs were associated with favorable impressions of faculty, a sense of belonging in the classroom, and fewer absences. Teaching Implications: Professors can make small adjustments to signal identity safety in their classrooms. These ISCs may foster a sense of belonging and motivation to attend the class for learners with diverse identities.

Black workers are the least represented minority group in the Silicon Valley high-tech workforce, constituting only 2% of the workforce at many of the top firms. Using data from an interview-based ...

This article discusses ethnic activism in advancing a religious holiday in the absorbing society among 1.5 generation social-political activists who immigrated to Israel from Ethiopia. The findings show that syncretism was created in the identity, and in the organization and leadership patterns of the Ethiopian leaders that reflected their goals. By displaying symbols of their ethnic identity, they struggled over the right of their excluded minority group to ethnic otherness and its inclusion in the collective space. They stressed the importance of these ethnic celebrations as a factor that unifies the people and the symmetry of this unity. They served as a bridge between generations, between tradition and modernity, and between the absorbing and the absorbed. The article supplies essential insights on how young leaders use their ethnic tradition as a resource for the recruitment of cultural, social, and political capital for uniting a minority group and integrating it into society.

Neste texto aborda-se as concepções de avaliação entre professores do Colégio Pedro II no Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa teve como foco um elemento central nas práticas pedagógicas, tendo sido a análise feita com base na teoria das representações sociais. Nesse sentido, os resultados da investigação revelam um conjunto representacional de avaliação cujo caráter é somativo, classificatório e centrado em provas. Os vieses diagnósticos da avaliação são destacados por um grupo minoritário de professores e o núcleo central das representações sociais dos docentes acerca de avaliação se aproxima dos limites presentes na cultura escolar tradicional e na estrutura institucional, os quais privilegiam o peso das provas nos processos de aprendizagem e progressão dos estudantes.Palavras-chave: avaliação da aprendizagem; prática docente; representações sociais.

Important health information including disease prevention and chronic disease self-management is increasingly packaged for digital use. The purpose of this sequential explanatory mixed methods study was to describe the extent of computer ownership, Internet access, and digital health information use in an ethnically diverse sample of older adults, comparing ownership, access, and use of digital health information (DHI) across ethnic groups and identifying the factors associated with them quantitatively. Significant differences in computer ownership, Internet access, and DHI use were found across ethnic groups (African American, Afro-Caribbean, Hispanic American, and European American). Logistic regression identified older age, less education, lower income, and minority group membership as significant predictors of limited DHI use. Older African Americans were one-fifth as likely to own a computer than were European Americans; Hispanic Americans were one-half as likely to have access to the Internet. We then conducted a series of focus groups which highlighted differences across ethnic groups. Participants in the African American/Afro-Caribbean group expressed frustration with lack of access to DHI but appreciation for alternative sources of information. Hispanic Americans critiqued information received from providers and drug inserts, some suggesting that a positive attitude and trust in God also contributed to getting well. European American participants evaluated various DHI websites, looking to providers for help in applying information to their personal situation. As the development and use of DHI continue, parallel efforts to increase access to DHI among economically disadvantaged and minority older adults are critical to prevent further disfranchisement.

This study moved away from the usual empirical and moral discussion about all-encompassing child maltreatment mandatory reporting outcomes toward a much more detailed and nuanced investigation of its implementation in a minority group. We focused on female Arab art-therapists in Israel working in their community. Twelve female Arab art-therapists participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using grounded theory. Participants' extreme vulnerability was an emergent quality of analysis and facilitated intersectional framing to account for the findings. The convergence of gender, ethno-culture and occupational status constituted unique obstacles to reporting. Participants described an array of systemic barriers to reporting, some of which could jeopardise their safety and that of their family and job. They raised doubts about the benefits of reporting outweighing the harm. Creating a climate in which reporting is possible and acceptable is the responsibility of the society, rather than that of individuals.

Yan Wen,1 Guohui Liu,2 Yawen Shang,1 Qing Wang1 1Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cardiovascular, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Qing WangDepartment of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xian-tai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86-13504310592Email wang_qing@jlu.edu.cnBackground: Ethnic Koreans in China are a distinct minority group. Highly educated populations are at high risk of depression. The aim of this study was to explore the associations of depression and metabolic syndrome (MS) in highly educated ethnic Koreans in China, and determine whether the associations were dependent on gender.Methods: From March 11th to 27th 2017, the natural population of 18– 70 year olds was continuously screened at Yanbian Korean Autonomous Region. Those who met the inclusion criteria were invited to complete Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). The people with SDS > 53 were assigned to depression group and those with SDS ≤ 53 were assigned to the control group. Demographic characteristics, clinical factors, life-style factors and family history were collected and compared. Besides, associations of depression with MS and its components were estimated by Spearman correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis.Results: The depression group included 367 highly educated ethnic Koreans with depression status and the control group consisted of 388 age-, education-, and gender-matched ethnic Koreans without depression. A significantly higher prevalence of MS was observed in males and females with depression status relative to the control subjects (males, 28.5% vs 6.3%, X2 = 16.162, P-value < 0.001; females, 33.0% vs 7.5%, X2 = 57.896, P-value < 0.001). Depression status was positively correlated with MS in males (r = 0.311, P-value < 0.01) and females (r = 0.332, P-value < 0.01). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, mild and moderate depression statuses were found to be significantly associated with MS development in male and female ethnic Koreans, respectively.Conclusion: Our findings suggest a close link between depression and MS independent of gender in highly educated ethnic Koreans of China.Keywords: depression, metabolic syndrome, ethnic Koreans, self-rating scale for depression, waist circumference

Objective Diane Forsythe and other feminist scholars have long shown how system builders’ tacit assumptions lead to the systematic erasure of certain users from the design process. In spite of this phenomena being known in the health informatics literature for decades, recent research shows how patient portals and electronic patients health records continue to reproduce health inequalities in Western societies. To better understand this discrepancy between scholarly awareness of such inequities and mainstream design, this study unravels the (conceptual) assumptions and practices of designers and others responsible for portal implementation in the Netherlands and how citizens living in vulnerable circumstances are included in this process. Materials and methods We conducted semistructured interviews (n = 24) and questionnaires (n = 14) with portal designers, health professionals, and policy advisors. Results In daily design practices, equity is seen as an “end-of-the-pipeline” concern. Respondents identify health care professionals rather than patients as their main users. If patients are included in the design, this generally entails patients in privileged positions. The needs of citizens living in vulnerable circumstances are not prioritized in design processes. Developers legitimize their focus with reference to the innovation-theoretical approach of the Diffusion of Innovations. Discussion and conclusion Although feminist scholars have developed important understandings of the exclusion of citizens living in vulnerable circumstances from portal design, other academic efforts have profoundly shaped daily practices of portal development. Diane Forsythe would likely have taken up this discrepancy as a challenge by finding ways to translate these insights into mainstream systems design.

When organized homosexual emancipation took root in the late nineteenth century, it was based to a large extent on the then prevailing biomedical and psychiatric conceptualizations. These presented homosexuality as an innate inclination of a minority, while science-based knowledge was seen as the road towards societal acceptance of such leaning. In this article it is argued that, as early as in the eighteenth century, distinct efforts were made towards ‘homosexual emancipation’, if preliminary and less coherent perhaps, yet also quite radical in tone and contents. While the modern gay movement largely steered a defensive course way into the twentieth century – based on a clearly demarcated minority group’s sense of ‘being different’ and ‘having no other option’ – in the eighteenth century, voices could be heard that appealed to self-determination and choice, and that used racy language and let itself be inspired by libertinism, cultural history, and literature. The examples provided in this article are derived from (mainly English and French) court archives, pamphlets, political-philosophical treatises, personal documents, and (semi-pornographic) literary texts.

In the present study, we examined satisfaction with life (SWL), group identifications, perceived discrimination, and socio-economic status among immigrants and stayers. The study had two main objectives: 1) to test the morbidity and salutary hypotheses of immigration by comparing the psycho-social characteristics of immigrants and stayers; 2) to test a resource model of well-being among immigrants and stayers by investigating the effect of different resources and stressors on SWL. The study was conducted using a random representative sample of first-generation immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel (n = 400) and a not-random large and geographically dispersed sample of Jews staying in Russia (n = 935). The comparison of immigrants and stayers revealed that immigration is a mixed blessing, salutary in some aspects and onerous in others. In general, immigrants were more satisfied with their life than stayers. In addition, identification with the country of residence was stronger among immigrants than stayers. However, immigrants reported a higher level of perceived discrimination, and their socio-economic status was lower than that of stayers. Socio-economic status, identification with the country of residence, and perceived discrimination were directly connected to SWL among immigrants and stayers. In addition, among stayers, identification with the ethnic minority group was connected to SWL, while among immigrants, identification with the country of origin was not connected to SWL. Socio-economic status and perceived discrimination also affected SWL indirectly, through their connections to identification with the country of residence among immigrants and stayers and through their connection to ethnic identification among stayers. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd The study was partly supported by a grant from Leonid Nevzlin Research Center for Russian and East European Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Israel Science Foundation Grant 244/15 .