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This empirical summary of 38 studies considers the relationship between racial group orientation and self‐concept of an individual. This issue represents a fundamental assumption of Afrocentric education practices, that the racial group orientation of the individual is related to the self‐esteem of the individual. The results demonstrate a small positive relationship (r = .138) beteen the degree to which a person has a positive orientation toward his or her own racial group and the person's positive view of self‐concept The implications that such findings have for views of communication, personal relationships, and afrocentrism are discussed.

This meta‐analysis compares the persuasiveness of using statistical versus narrative (example) evidence across 15 investigations. The results indicate that when comparing messages, statistical evidence is more persuasive than narrative evidence (r = .101).

We characterized the mechanism and pharmacodynamics of five structurally distinct inhibitors of d-amino acid oxidase. All inhibitors bound the oxidized form of human enzyme with affinity slightly higher than that of benzoate (Kd ≈ 2-4 μM). Stopped-flow experiments showed that pyrrole-based inhibitors possessed high affinity (Kd ≈ 100-200 nM) and slow release kinetics (k0.01 s(-1)) in the presence of substrate, while inhibitors with pendent aromatic groups altered conformations of the active site lid, as evidenced by X-ray crystallography, and showed slower kinetics of association. Rigid bioisosteres of benzoic acid induced a closed-lid conformation, had slower release in the presence of substrate, and were more potent than benzoate. Steady-state d-serine concentrations were described in a PK/PD model, and competition for d-serine sites on NMDA receptors was demonstrated in vivo. DAAO inhibition increased the spatiotemporal influence of glial-derived d-serine, suggesting localized effects on neuronal circuits where DAAO can exert a neuromodulatory role.

Reductions in work force (downsizing, delayering, resizing, outplacement, layoffs, demassing) are used by organizations to achieve desired economic goals and ensure survival. However, these reductions often negatively affect the work behaviors and attitudes of continuing employees and thus, may detract from the success of the reduction in work force. The purpose of this study was to increase our understanding of the effects of multiple workforce reductions on survivors by extending Brockner's (1988) model and outlining the role of communication in the process so that researchers and practitioners can better predict and control for the effects of workforce reductions. In pursuit of this goal, a causal model of effects on survivors was developed and then tested with data collected in a large, midwestern insurance company that implemented two workforce reductions. The hypothesized model was inconsistent with the data and subsequently was rejected. A revised model was then tested and found to fit at ...

This meta‐analytic review examines the connection between communication apprehension (CA) and communication behaviors. The results indicate a consistent negative relationship between the level of communication apprehension and communication skills (r = ‐.220) using a total of 36 studies involving 3742 participants. This relationship indicates that as a person becomes more apprehensive both the quantity and quality of communication behavior diminishes. Subgroup analysis indicated that the relationship was largest for ratings of the quality of communication (r = ‐.383), next largest for the quantity of communication (r = ‐.284), next largest for the impact on graded classroom communication (r = ‐.146), and smallest for nonverbal indicators (r = ‐.057). The results point to the ability of self‐report communication instruments to correlate with communication behavior.

Conducting experiments on the impact of sexually explicit material (SEM) requires the investigator to expose a person to material that may “harm” the research participant. To maintain ethical conduct for such research, investigators use some type of educational briefing to mitigate any potential impact to consuming SEM. Ten studies specifically measuring the impact of educational briefings in mitigating impacts of SEM were located in a 1,500‐article database of research relating to SEM. All studies demonstrated the effectiveness of some type of educational de‐ or prebriefing in minimizing the impact of experimental exposure to sexually explicit materials (Mr = .29, N = 1002, range .03 to .68, where rs of 0 and up indicate complete mitigation). Educational briefings appear to mitigate the effects of experimental exposure to SEM, although long‐term consequences and the comparative effectiveness of different briefing techniques have yet to be assessed.

This chapter reports the results of three meta-analyses of studies considering the relationship between television programming and sexual stereotypes. The first statistical summary indicates that television content contains numerous sexual stereotypes. The results of the meta-analytic summaries of experimental and nonex-perimental investigations demonstrate that exposure to televised material increases the acceptance of sexual stereotypes.

This meta-analytic review examines the effect that exposure to pornography produces on aggressive behavior under laboratory conditions considering a variety of possible moderating conditions (level of sexual arousal, level of prior anger, type of pornography, gender of subject, gender of the target of aggression, and medium used to convey the material). The summary demonstrates a homogeneous set of results showing that pictorial nudity reduces subsequent aggressive behavior, that consumption of material depicting nonviolent sexual activity increases aggressive behavior, and that media depictions of violent sexual activity generates more aggression than those of nonviolent sexual activity. No other moderator variable produced homogeneous findings. The implications of the results for theoretical approaches to understanding the impact of pornography receives discussion, as do the limitations of such findings.

The X-ray crystal and molecular structures of the three benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor ligands are presented and the electronic character of inverse agonist ligands is probed through molecular orbital calculations. Two of the ligands have a 6-benzylamino substituent: 6-benzylamino-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1, which is a high affinity antagonist with IC50 = 10 nM, and 6-benzylamino-β-carboline, 2, which is a moderate affinity inverse agonist with IC50 = 106 nM. The third compound, 3-ethoxy-β-carboline hydrochloride, 3, displays partial inverse agonist activity with an IC50of 24 nM. Intermolecular interactions, including extensive hydrogen bonding involving both the pyridyl nitrogen atom and the indole N—H as well as π stacking of aromatic rings, are characteristic of β-carbolines and are found in these three structures. In addition, two of these compounds are protonated in the crystalline state, thereby providing a model for interactions in the absence of the 3-carboxylic acid ester function. Electronic calculations show that (1) the partial inverse agonist ligand has the highest charge on the N(2) atom and (2) high affinity β-carbolines possess two neighboring sites that have high electrostatic attraction for a hydrogen atom in an intermolecular interaction. These findings suggest that modifications to the 3-position side chain to enhance the charge on the pyridyl N atom and provide a hydrogen bond acceptor site will facilitate the development of partial inverse agonist ligands. Keywords: β-carbolines, benzodiazepine receptor, crystallography, structure–activity relationships.

This paper quantitatively summarizes the literature examining the association between acceptance of rape myths and exposure to pornography. In this meta-analysis, nonexperimental methodology shows almost no effect (exposure to pornography does not increase rape myth acceptance), while experimental studies show positive effect (exposure to pornography does increase rape myth acceptance). Although the experimental studies demonstrate that violent pornography has more effect than nonviolent pornography, nonviolent pornography still demonstrates an effect.

An open letter written by the Global CRO Council for Bioanalysis (GCC) describing the GCC survey results on stability data from co-administered and co-formulated drugs was sent to multiple regulatory authorities on 14 December 2011. This letter and further discussions at different GCC meetings led to subsequent recommendations on this topic of widespread interest within the bioanalytical community over the past 2 years.

This investigation developed and tested a theoretical model using data from a field study evaluating the utility of court-ordered divorce mediation. Couples who had filed for divorce with child custody disputes evaluated the process of mediation as a means of settling their arguments rather than relying on the court system to resolve their conflicts. Parents' concern for their children and their expectations about mediation were found to have a positive impact on outcome. Major predictors of stress were feelings about self (self-esteem) and communication skills. The data were consistent with the model.

“The Global CRO Council (GCC) for Bioanalysis was formed in an effort to bring together many CRO leaders to openly discuss bioanalysis and the regulatory challenges unique to the outsourcing industry”

This essay responds to the analysis by O'Keefe and analyzes the impact of his suggestions. Most of what O'Keefe suggests contains merit, however a 100% acceptance of the suggestions still generates a conclusion that two‐sided refutational messages constitute the most persuasive form of message. Caution remains warranted when accepting scientific findings but prudence suggests that when the available research points to a finding and independent replications agree with that conclusion, then the cautious person should accept that point until provided substantial evidence to the contrary.

This experiment compares the (a) rank ordering of cognitive differentiation scores by observers and actors, and (b) methods of construct sampling based on instructional set. Results indicate that observer and actor codings are inconsistent but that two different methods of sampling are consistent. Additionally, data suggest that the particular score of the RCQ assigned by observers using the established procedures may not reflect the actual construct system of the individual (actor).

An investigation was carried out to identify the class characteristics of Polish people writing in English and to specifically identify those characteristics that separate Polish handwriting from English handwriting. In the first stage, 40 Polish and 40 English handwriting samples were collected and systematically examined. In total, 31 features were identified that occurred in ≥25% of the Polish handwriting samples and therefore considered class characteristics. Of these, chi-square analyses identified 21 class characteristics that occurred significantly more in Polish compared to English handwriting. Twenty-one of the class characteristics in the Polish handwriting had similar constructions to the copybook pattern thus supporting the theory that class characteristics frequently stem from the taught writing system. In the second stage, an algorithm was developed using seventeen of the class characteristics that successfully discriminated between a further 13 Polish and 12 English handwriting samples.

For the digital oilfield capabilities to be "Business as Usual" means that what is developed or selected must be deployed and used as the global standards in the daily operations of the chosen footprint of assets within our Exploration and Production operational environments. Continuous improvement of the deployment process underpins its efficiency and sustainability. Within BP, this requires the support of a global organisation operating 150 assets which needs to have assurance that the capabilities are deployed in support of the organisation's stated aims and priorities. Within BP, successful deployment of the digital oilfield capability is embodied within our Operating Management System. Challenges in achieving this include portfolio selection, marketing, deployment, long term sustainability, and customer acceptance. These challenges all need to be addressed in the delivery of these products and capabilities as well as the business workflows they are intended to support. A problem with any one of the challenge areas can slow down or stop deployment progress towards the achievement of at scale delivery and sustainable long term use. It is commonly stated and understood that the critical success factors underpinning capability are Organisation, People, Process, and Technology. For the type of digital oilfield "product" applications which are intended to deliver a capability to serve a well defined operational need on a large number of assets, the Organisation is often constrained by business needs and drivers while the People, Process and Technology elements can prove to be effective levers for change. With reference to lessons learned, this paper describes how the Field of theFuture Data to Desktop (D2D) Program has evolved to use BP's organisational resources and critical success factors as levers to deliver digital real-time data enabled capabilities at scale.

This study investigates gender differences in linguistic features of communication styles in the context of mixed public discussion groups in asynchronous, text-based CMC. The study evaluates gendered communication and language styles in situational contexts of CMC. A sample of 3000 messages from 30 Internet discussion groups was content analyzed. Results revealed gender differences in stylistic features used by discussion group participants and partially support the expectation that women’s online communication style is gendered. The data did not reveal an online communication style that significantly discriminated men’s communication. Findings point to the important role of gender enacted through language in the construction of social identity in the context of public discussion groups in CMC. Implications of this investigation and directions for the development of future research on gender in CMC are discussed.

The synthesis and affinities of six new 3-substituted beta-carbolines (6-10, 12) for the benzodiazepine receptor (BzR) are described. These analogs were used both to probe the dimensions of the hydrophobic pocket in the benzodiazepine receptor and to test the predictive ability of a previously reported 3D-QSAR regression model. Of the new analogs synthesized, the gamma-branched derivatives (isobutoxy, 7, IC50 = 93 nM; isopentoxy, 9, IC50 = 104 nM) display significantly higher affinity for the BzR than either the beta-branched (sec-butoxy, 6, IC50 = 471 nM; tert-butyl ketone, 12, IC50 = 358 nM) or delta-branched (isopentoxy, 8, IC50 = 535 nM) analogs. An exception to this rule is the gamma-branched 3-benzyloxy derivative 10 (IC50 > 1000 nM) which appears to have a chain length that is too long to be accommodated by the BzR. The standard error of prediction for these six new beta-carbolines using the original regression model is significantly lower than the standard error estimate of the cross validation runs on the training set, hence the predictions made using this model are much better than expected. In order to obtain more credible predictions, a new procedure called GOLPE (generating optimal linear PLS estimates) was used to eliminate irrelevant electrostatic and steric descriptors from the regression equation. A substantial reduction in the standard error estimate resulted. The predictions from this new regression equation were somewhat less accurate than the ones obtained with the original regression equation; however the standard error of prediction and the standard error estimate are in much closer agreement. Finally, to probe the effect that the quality of the steric and electrostatic potentials has on 3D-QSAR analyses, the semiempirical MNDO parallel PRDDOE geometries and Mulliken charges used in the original analyses were replaced with ab initio 3-21G parallel 6-31G* geometries and electrostatic potential fit charges. A modest decrease in the standard error estimate and increase in cross validated R2 resulted.

This investigation proposes and tests a path model of the adaptation process to electronic mail using the Komsky (1991) data. The results demonstrate that the user satisfaction and frequency of use are predicted by features consistent with the “media richness”; theory (Fulk, Steinfeld, Schmitz & Power, 1987). The model demonstrates some useful information on understanding the ability of an organization to smoothly and efficiently adopt an electronic mail system that employees will use frequently and satisfactorily.

A strategy for the synthesis of optically active ring-A methoxylated indole alkaloids which employs the Moody azide/Schollkopf chiral auxiliary protocol has resulted in the successful preparation of 1-benzenesulfonyl-6-methoxy-D(+)-tryptophan ethyl ester 16. This amino ester is required for the synthesis of Alstonia bisindole alkaloids including macralstonine 2 via an enantiospecific Pictet-Spengler reaction.

Although numerous studies have examined the relationship between communication apprehension (CA) and cognitive performance (e.g., IQ grade point averages, course grades, assignment grades, and test scores), the findings are equivocal. One area of findings suggests that students in the traditional educational environment experiencing high CA are at a distinct disadvantage when compared to their low or moderate counterparts. A second area of findings suggests that no significant relationship exists. A third area indicates that the nature of the instructional environment is a significant mediating variable that moderates the effects of CA on cognitive performance. In the present study, a meta‐analysis was conducted of 23 manuscripts containing information on 30 experiments that examined CA and cognitive performance. Results confirmed a statistically significant negative correlation between CA and cognitive performance. Implications for future research and classroom instruction are discussed.

Earlier research points out that sequential causal arguments judged as technically correct may still be unpersuasive. The current research examines a possible reason for this: the framework an indi...

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) usually refers to myoneural ischemia from a reversible increase in tissue pressure within a myofascial compartment. CECS of the leg is well documented, as its first description by Mavor in 1956. CECS of the foot remains underdiagnosed, and has been reported in the literature only on an anecdotal basis. Wood Jones proposed that there were 4 compartments in the foot, but Manoli and Weber suggest that there are 9 separate compartments. Clinical signs and symptoms of CECS of the foot remain vague, diverse, and lack the consistency of its counterpart in the leg. The most effective treatment is a fasciotomy. We present a literature review of the condition to increase the awareness and high index of suspicion among the clinicians as the symptoms are often vague and, to consider the condition as part of the differential diagnosis.

Contents: B.M. Gayle, Preface. Part I: Classroom Communication and Instructional Processes. R.W. Preiss, M. Allen, Meta-Analysis, Classroom Communication, and Instructional Processes. J.C. McCroskey, V.P. Richmond, L.L. McCroskey, The Role of Communication in Instruction: The First Three Decades. Part II: Educational Practices in the Classroom. C. Rich, B.M. Gayle, R.W. Preiss, Pedagogical Issues Underlying Classroom Learning Techniques. S.J. Berkowitz, Developing Critical Thinking Through Forensics and Communication Education: Assessing the Impact Through Meta-Analysis. E.J. Shapiro, J. Kerssen-Griep, B.M. Gayle, M. Allen, How Powerful is PowerPoint? Analyzing the Educational Effects of Desktop Presentational Programs in the Classroom. C.E. Timmerman, K.A. Kruepke, Comparisons of College Student Performance Across Computer-Assisted and Traditional Instruction Formats. R.W. Preiss, B.M. Gayle, M. Allen, Test Anxiety, Academic Self-Efficacy, and Study Skills: A Meta-Analytic Review. N.A. Burrell, C.S. Zirbel, M. Allen, Evaluating Peer Mediation Outcomes in Educational Settings: A Meta-Analytic Review. Part III: Classroom Interactions. J. Kerssen-Griep, B.M. Gayle, R.W. Preiss, Classroom Interaction and Educational Outcomes. P.L. Witt, L.R. Wheeless, M. Allen, The Relationship Between Teacher Immediacy and Student Learning: A Meta-Analysis. L. Bradford, E. Cooper, M. Allen, J. Stanley, D. Grimes, Race and the Classroom: Interaction and Image. S.M. Jones, K. Dindia, S. Tye, Sex Equity in the Classroom: Do Female Students Lose the Battle for Teacher Attention? J. Bourhis, M. Allen, I. Bauman, Communication Apprehension: Issues to Consider in the Classroom. M. Allen, J. Bourhis, E. Mabry, N.A. Burrell, C.E. Timmerman, Comparing Distance Education to Face-to-Face Methods of Education. L.M. Timmerman, Family Care Versus Day Care: Effects on Children. Part IV: Teacher Effectiveness and Communicative and Instructional Processes. D. Cortez, B.M. Gayle, R.W. Preiss, An Overview of Teacher Effectiveness Research: Components and Processes. B.M. Gayle, R.W. Preiss, M. Allen, How Effective Are Teacher-Initiated Classroom Questions in Enhancing Student Learning? D.M. Martin, R.W. Preiss, B.M. Gayle, M. Allen, A Meta-Analytic Assessment of the Effect of Humorous Lectures on Learning. R.W. Preiss, B.M. Gayle, Exploring the Relationship Between Listening Comprehension and Rate of Speech. R.W. Preiss, B.M. Gayle, A Meta-Analysis of the Educational Benefits of Employing Advanced Organizers. M. Allen, Relationship of Teaching Evaluations to Research Productivity for College Faculty. Part V: Meta-Analysis and Interactional and Instructional Process in the Classroom. B.M. Gayle, The Contributions of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. S.L. Young, T.G. Plax, P. Kearney, How Does Meta-Analysis Represent Our Knowledge of Instructional Communication? J.L. Applegate, Why SoTL Matters: Knowing What We Need to Know to Make Sure Our Students Learn What They Need to Know to Succeed as Citizens. M. Allen, R.W. Preiss, N.A. Burrell, What to Do in the Classroom? Evaluating the Advice.

A meta‐analysis comparing the persuasiveness of one‐sided and two‐sided messages was conducted. Based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model it was hypothesized that audience favorability would moderate the effectiveness of the messages. However, the Discounting Hypothesis predicted increased persuasiveness for the two‐sided message. The analysis indicated the existence of two types of operationalizations for two‐sided messages (refutational and nonrefutational). The results demonstrate that a two‐sided message with refutation is more persuasive than a one‐sided message while a one‐sided message is more persuasive than a two‐sided message without refutation. The findings are inconsistent with the ELM but consistent with the Discounting Hypothesis.

This brief essay continues the ongoing controversy over the status of the Role Category Questionnaire as a measure of cognitive complexity. The central thesis advanced is that several theoretical and methodological issues regarding the RCQ are still unanswered and await empirical investigation. The dozens of studies typically cited bv proponents of the RCQ demonstrate predictive validity. However, substantial unresolved questions about the measure's construct, concurrent, and face validity leave open the possibility that the RCQ score is an artifact.

Objective In the context of patients visiting cancer specialists, the objective is to test the association between both patient-centered communication (including Affective Behavior and Participation Behavior ) and Instrumental Behavior and patients' post-visit satisfaction with a variety of visit phenomena. Methods Meta-analysis of 25 articles representing 10 distinct data sets. Results Both patient-centered- and instrumental behavior are significantly, positively associated with satisfaction, with patient-centered communication having a relatively stronger association. Conclusion There is an evidence base for the efficacy of patient-centered care. Practice implications Cancer specialists need to train to improve their patient-centered communication.

Organizations pursing global opportunities find advantage in requiring the use of e-collaboration. While organizations employ e-groups strategically to accomplish tasks, empirical reports indicate a large number of group failures (Levi, 2001). E-collaboration groups may experience an increased chance of failure since establishing trust (Jarvenpaa & Leidner, 1999) and instituting shared work practices (Chudoba, Wynn, Lu,& Watson-Manheim, 2005) is often difficult.

This experiment tested the results of a meta‐analysis of message sidedness (Jackson & Allen, 1987). The results are consistent with the prior meta‐analysis. Two‐sided refutational messages were more persuasive than one‐sided messages, which were in turn more persuasive than two‐sided nonrefutational messages. Testing the generalizability of this finding using 17 messages found consistent effects across the messages.

This investigation extends previous work in mediation by developing and testing an interventionist mediation model using 91 mediated roommate disputes. A key assumption of the interventionist model is that effective mediators assume active, highly participatory roles in the mediation process. This control based model for mediation presumes that a critical function of a mediator is to orchestrate the interaction by developing and extending the information resources, enforcing the rules for the session, and encouraging disputants to make constructive proposals to reach an agreement collabora lively. The theoretical model examined the impact of expectations for reaching agreement on the mediation process using both mediators’ and disputants assessments of their sessions. The data were not inconsistent with the hypothesized model. The level of participants expectations, however, added little predictive power to the model.

One assumption of the Role Category Questionnaire (RCQ) as a measure of cognitive complexity is that the sample of constructs it elicits represents a stable feature of individual difference. Two experiments investigating the RCQ's stability were conducted. Results for Study 1 demonstrated that changing RCQ instructions elicits a significantly greater amount of constructs compared to previous studies. Study 2 also showed varying instructions for construct, production increased mean number of constructs generated and changed the rank‐ordered relationships of complexity scores. Results suggest the RCQ's method of sampling the cognitive system yields unstable and sample‐bound scores. Possible refinements in assessing cognitive complexity are discussed.

Dart Valley's Mike Allen explains how no-touch taps can assist in the fight against an organism which continues to attract much attention.

A meta-analysis of 26 studies was conducted to assess whether more complex forms of psychotherapy would be superior to control treatments of either biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation, or both. Consistent with hypotheses, more complex treatments provided a small, significant improvement over biofeedback and progressive muscle relaxation ( r = .09). A subset of the more complex behavioral treatments accounted for most of this small incremental effectiveness of more complex treatments ( r = .15). Possible sources of this incremental effectiveness are discussed.