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Two types of ischemic tolerance in the brain, rapid and delayed, have been reported in terms of the interval between the conditioning and test insults. Although many reports showed that delayed-phase neuroprotection evoked by preconditioning is evident after 1 week or longer, there have been a few investigations about rapidly induced tolerance, and the reported neuroprotective effects become ambiguous 7 days after the insults. The authors examined whether this rapid ischemic tolerance exists after 7 days of reperfusion in a rat focal ischemic model, and investigated modulating effects of the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine). Preconditioning with 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion reduced infarct volume 7 days after 180 minutes of subsequent focal ischemia given after 1-hour reperfusion. The rapid preconditioning also improved neurologic outcome. These beneficial effects were attenuated by pretreatment of 0.1 mg/kg DPCPX, which did not influence the infarct volume after conditioning (30 minutes) or test (180 minutes) ischemia when given alone. The results show that preconditioning with a brief focal ischemia induces rapid tolerance to a subsequent severe ischemic insult, the effect of which is still present after 7 days of reperfusion, and that the rapid ischemic tolerance is possibly mediated through an adenosine A1 receptor–related mechanism.

Cdc7, a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, controls initiation of DNA replication. A regulatory subunit, Dbf4, stimulates the kinase activity of Cdc7 and recruits it to the replication origins. Schizosaccharomyces pombe has a homologous kinase complex, composed of Hsk1 and Dfp1/Him1. Here, we report a novel protein kinase of S. pombe, Spo4, which shares common structural features with the Cdc7 kinases. In spite of the structural similarities, Spo4 is dispensable for mitotic growth and premeiotic DNA replication. Intriguingly, spo4 null mutants are defective in initiation and progression of the second meiotic division. Spindles for meiosis II are often fragmented. Spo4 kinase activity is markedly enhanced when the enzyme is associated with its regulatory subunit, Spo6, a Dbf4-like protein. Expression of Spo4 is specifically induced during meiosis. Spo4 is preferentially present in nuclei, but this nuclear localization does not require Spo6. These results suggest that Spo4 is a Cdc7 kinase whose primary role is in meiosis, not in DNA replication. This is the first report of an organism which has two Cdc7-related kinase complexes with different biological functions.

Background MAMLD1 is known to be a causative gene for hypospadias. Although previous studies have indicated that MAMLD1 mutations result in hypospadias primarily because of compromised testosterone production around the critical period for fetal sex development, the underlying mechanism(s) remains to be clarified. Furthermore, although functional studies have indicated a transactivation function of MAMLD1 for the non-canonical Notch target Hes3, its relevance to testosterone production remains unknown. To examine these matters, we performed Mamld1 knockdown experiments. Methodology/Principal Findings Mamld1 knockdown was performed with two siRNAs, using mouse Leydig tumor cells (MLTCs). Mamld1 knockdown did not influence the concentrations of pregnenolone and progesterone but significantly reduced those of 17-OH pregnenolone, 17-OH progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and testosterone in the culture media. Furthermore, Mamld1 knockdown significantly decreased Cyp17a1 expression, but did not affect expressions of other genes involved in testosterone biosynthesis as well as in insulin-like 3 production. Hes3 expression was not significantly altered. In addition, while 47 genes were significantly up-regulated (fold change >2.0×) and 38 genes were significantly down-regulated (fold change

We examined the detergency of soap and laundry detergent using the artificially soiled cloth test and the bundle test. (1) In the test of the artificially soiled cloth, two kinds of cloth were used and examined. The organically soiled cloth, which is close to the naturally soiled one, became cleaner than the artificially soiled cloth based on the criteria of 'The Japan Oil Chemists' Society' when laundry detergent was used. (2) We got higher detergency of soap when we used the artificially soiled cloth based on the criteria of 'The Japan Oil Chemists' Society.' The detergency of soap was especially high at a lower temperature. (3) Three types of machines were used when we washed. We got the highest detergency with the Terg-O-Tometer, next with the Scrab-O-Meter and finally with the Incubator. In the case of the Scrab-O-Meter, we got higher detergency of soap at a lower temperature. (4) In the bundle test, we reproduced the same conditions as an underwear which was used in everyday life. That is, the underwear was repeatedly worn and washed ten times. In this case, detergent had a higher detergency than soap. (5) In the bundle test, the detergency of both soap and detergent in the 0.2% solution was higher than that in the 0.05% solution. In the case of the 0.2% solution, we got a higher detergency from the detergent than the soap. (6) Comparing with the artificially soiled cloth test with the bundle test, the detergency of soap was always higher when we made a test of washing the artificially soiled cloth only once. But in the bundle test, the detergency of detergent was higher because soap tended to accumulate in the cloth.

15079 Background: The morbidity and survival advantage treated with the combination of hyperfractionated radiotherapy (HF) and biliary stenting has not yet established for patients with unresectable biliary tract cancers. A prospective study was carried out using HF and metallic stent in consecutive patients over 10 years in a single institution. Methods: From 1993 to 2003, consecutive 162 pts (radical 74, postoperative 83, postoperative relapse 5) were treated with HF. Out of 74 radical cases, 71 pts (36 male/35 female; median age 70yrs, range 35–88) were analyzed except 3 cases (manifestation of liver metastasis 1, ascites 1, rejection of treatment 1). Primary sites were; extrahepatic bile duct 56, gall bladder 15. Bile cytology showed adenocarcinoma in every case. HF was administered twice daily by 10MV photon, using 2 portals (ant-post), 3 portals (ant-post-right lateral) or wedged pairs (ant-lateral) with relatively small radiation fields (PTV was CTV +1∼1.5cm). Fractional dose was 1.4Gy with the interfractional interval of 4.5 hrs to a total median dose of 59.8Gy. Endpoints were overall survival and acute and late complications. Results: 1) Obstructive jaundice was relieved before HF through endoscopic biliary drainage in 92.9% (66/71). Metallic stent was applied in 66.2%(47/71), before HF in 35.2% (25/71) and after HF in 31.0% (22/71). 2) Median survival was 8 months (1–90) and 5-year survival was 28%. Multivariate analysis showed total HF dose as a sole significant prognostic factor (p=0.0347). 3) Acute complication was observed mainly in digestive tract, i.e., Grade 1–2 symptoms (anorexia, nausea) in 50.7% (36/71). Late complications were Grade 1–2 gastritis in 9.9% (7/71), Grade 3 gastric ulcer in 2.8% (2/71) and cholangitis in 1.4% (1/71). Conclusions: HF combined with meticulous biliary drainage and stenting by G-I specialists for advanced biliary tract cancers demonstrated excellent pt’s quality of life with less serious morbidities. This modality would offer useful baseline data further with appropriate systemic chemotherapy. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The motility of the digestive tract of cows having hypocalcemia induced by administrating Na2EDTA was monitored in three cows through force transducers sutured on peripheral surface of the rumen, body of the abomasum, pylorus, duodenal bulb, descending portion of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum with the purpose to investigate the influence of the concentration of calcium ion [Ca+2] in plasma on the motility of the digestive tract. The contraction was decreased in the respective portions of the digestive tract with decreasing Ca+2 concentration in plasma prior to showing anorexia or ataxia observed in milk fever. The rumen was most sensitive to plasma [Ca+2]. When plasma [Ca+2] was decreased to 0.82 mmol/l, contractions began to decrease in amplitude. When the concentration was further decreased to 50 % of the initial value, the contraction only remained 46 % of the initial level. In contrast the descending portion of the duodenum still showed 66 % of the full contraction when the plasma [Ca+2] was 50 % of the initial value. In the abomasum, stronger suppression of the contraction was observed in the pylorus than in the corpus fundus. When plasma [Ca+2] was decreased to 50 %, the contraction became 61 % of the full in the body, 47 % in the pylorus. During administration of Na2EDTA, phase III of small intestine was often suppressed in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Even when phase III was observed the intervals of migrating contractions were prolonged. The results obtained in this study showed that subclinical hypocalcemia brought about suppression of the motility in the respective portions of the digestive tract in cows, and that the sensitivity to hypocalcemia with regard to smooth muscle contraction was different among the portions. This was probably due to the difference in function of the nerves connected to the portions. It was suggested that diminished motility of the rumen and abomasum, caused by subclinical hypocalcemia, was one of the mportant pathogenic factors of enterectacsis or derangement of the abomasum. Additionally, the decreased motility of the small intestine lowered the uptake of Ca+2, and this vicious circle brought about constipation.

The adsorption of poly- DL -alanine (mean molecular weight 3900) at the mercury-solution interface was studied by means of differential capacity and surface tension measurements. The poly- DL -alanine adsorbed in the potential region between 0.0 and −1.6V( sce ). At the potentials of −0.15 and −1.1 V the maximum surface concentration Γ m , and the surface area occupied by one molecule, S , were derived from the diffusion-controlled adsorption behavior with the assumption of the diffusion coefficient. The values of S at −1.1V in 0.1 N sulfuric acid, 0.1N sodium sulfate and 0.1N sodium hydroxide were 348, 282 and 274A 2 /molecule, respectively, and the values at −0.5V became somewhat larger than the above values. The above S values derived from the differential capacity measurement were supported from those derived from the surface tension measurement by means of the Lippmann adsorption equation. The adsorbed conformation at the mercury-solution interface was discussed from those S values.

Objectives To evaluate actual post-pubertal penile size and factors affecting it in hypospadias patients, we retrospectively reviewed medical charts. Patients and methods Hypospadias patients whose external genitalia were categorized into Tanner stage 5, and whose stretched penile length was evaluated at 15 years old or older from April 2008 to April 2015, were enrolled in the present study. Stretched penile length was measured by a single examiner. Actual post-pubertal stretched penile length and factors affecting the post-pubertal stretched penile length were estimated. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann–Whitney U test and univariate and multivariate linear regression models for the determination of independent factors. Results Thirty patients met the inclusion criteria. Median age at evaluation was 17.2 years. Thirteen and 17 had mild and severe hypospadias, respectively. Endocrinological abnormality was identified in 5. Multivariate analysis showed that the severity of hypospadias and endocrinological abnormality were significant factors affecting stretched penile length. Stretched penile length in 25 patients without endocrinological abnormality was significantly longer than that in those with endocrinological abnormality (p = 0.036). Among patients without endocrinological abnormality, stretched penile length in 13 with severe hypospadias was significantly shorter than that in 12 with mild hypospadias (p = 0.004). Conclusions While the severity of hypospadias and endocrinological abnormality at post-pubertal evaluation were factors affecting post-pubertal penile size, stretched penile length in patients with severe hypospadias was shorter even in cases without endocrinological abnormality. These results suggest that severe hypospadias is not only a disorder of urethral development, but also a disorder of penile development.

We tested the detergency of the cleaning agents (i. e., soap solution, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, and linear alkylbenzen sulfonate which were mixed with Na_5P_3O_) in the casces of cotton, polyester fabric and polypropylene fabric which had been soiled by ferric oxide. The following are the results of the test which we got by comparing the rate of detergency efficiency calculated from the rate of surface reflectivity, with the rate of desorption calculated from the amount of Fe_2O_3 on the soiled fabrics. (1) The most marked detergency was recognized in the case of the po1yester fabric when it was cleaned by any detergent agent mixed with Na_5P_3O_. (2) Of the three surface active agents, SDS, and LAS showed the most marked effect on the soiled fabrics when they were mixed with Na_5P_3O_ respectively. (3) We examined the detergency of three detergents (soap solution, LAS, SDS ) taking into account their desorption also. And as the result of the examination it was found out that these different detergents had the different effects upon the soiled fabrics but the same trend of the efficiency of cleaning was recognized on the graph among them.

To examine the relation between solution and soil redeposition in dry cleaning, we chose 5 different cleaning-houses where perchloroethylene is used as solvent with the washing attached by a white cloth and other various fabrics soiled by carbon black, such as cotton, wool, polyester, and acrylonitrile, and again 5 different cleaning-houses where petroleum is used. From Oct., 1973 to Mar., 1974 we pursued our examinations of the actual conditions of these cleaning-houses. As regards the kinds of cloths and their redeposition, a generalization can not be made because there are various factors that must be considered, but a comparatively high degree of soil redeposition was acknowledged in the case of cotton and acrylonitrile. As regards various kinds of cloths and their detergent efficiency, detergent efficiency was high in wool and was remarkably low in acrylonitrile. As regards the relation between degree of soiling and detergent efficiency, we could see that there are two classes of cleaning-houses, That is, (1) the kind where the degree of soil redeposition is low and detergent efficiency is high, and (2) the kind where the degree of soil redeposition is low and detergent efficiency is also low. We conclude therefore that the examination of the degree of soiling must always be accompanied by that of the relation between it and the solution.

In order to examine the relation of detergency with formulation of detergent solutions, detergent temperature and washing time, we used three kinds of washing machines such as the agitation type and the drum type machines which are widely used at homes in Europe and America, and the pulsator type used widely in Japan. The results were as follows. 1. Of the three types of washing machines, the pulsator type had the most excellent washing effect, followed by the agitation type and the drum type machines. With the pulsator type, however, no constant washing efficiency could be obtained, i.e., scattering of effect was the greatest of the three washing machines. 2. As to the detergent solutions, it was found that washing efficiency by the drum type machine went down eminently when D_1 detergent solution, chiefly made up of LAS, was put to use. D_2 and D_3 detergent solutions showed that they were broadly adapted for any type of the three washing machines. 3. Concerning washing temperature, each washing machine was greatly influenced by temperature and showed far higher degrees of detergency as the temperature went up to 10℃, 30℃ and 50℃. 4. In relation to washing time, a significant difference could be respectively recognized at the level of 1% between washing for 20 minutes and washing for 10 minutes in using the agitation type, and between washing for 30 minutes and washing for 20 minutes in using the drum type. In addition, when these two agitation and drum types of washing machines were used for a longer time, it was revealed that each machine showed higher washing efficiency. But in case of washing time for 10 minutes and for 7 minutes when the pulsator type was used, a meaningful difference was not obtained with regard to washing efficiency.

We tested the laundering detergency of the three kinds of soiled fabrics which were the same as we had used before, to examine the detergency and soil deposition in dry cleaning, i. e., the fabrics soiled by carbon-liquid paraffin, carbon-lanolin, and carbon. We examined how different effect S.D.S. solutions and S.T.P.P. solutions of different strength had upon the detergency in laundering these soiled fabrics. The following are the results. 1. Of the three soiled fabrics, the fabric soiled by lanolin showed the highest degree of the detergency and that soiled by carbon showed the lowest. 2. A S.D.S solution had the most marked effect upon the fabrics soiled by lanolin, and liquid paraffin when it was of the strength of from 1/10 to 1/5 and upon the fabric soiled by carbon a S.D.S. solution of whatever strength we chose had almost the same effect. 3. A S.T.P.P. solution had the most marked effect upon the fabric soiled by lanolin, and when it was of the strength of 1/5,it showed the highest degree of the detergency though the strength of the surface active agent was 1/20.

As a basic study of the degradation of the fabric of the cloth in washing, we did the following test. We soaked the four kinds of wearing material (cotton, silk, wool, nylon) in ethanol-water solution, soap water, SDS, and LAS, then exposed them to the sunlight, and estimated their tensile strength and whiteness. (1) Tensile strength Silk showed the most marked weakening of tensile strength, nylon and cotton the next marked weakening, wool the least weakening. Four different solutions caused little marked difference in tensile strength, but ethanol-water solution caused the most remarkable weakening. (2) Whiteness Silk showed the most lowest degree of whiteness, wool and nylon the next lowest, cotton the highest. Ethanol-water solution caused the least whiteness, and the fabric which was not soaked in any solution and was exposed to the sun showed the remarkable lowering of whiteness. But the fabrics which were soaked in the surface active agents (soap water, SDS, LAS) and were exposed to tke sun showed the comparatively little lowering, This shows there is not any difference among these three agents.

In order to examine soiled fabrics, which are used for testing the solution of dry-cleaning, we chose three kinds of soil and examined the relation between the soiled fabrics and their soil deposition and solution. The result of the examination is that different soils, of which oil is a typical one, and different textile fabrics cause different soil deposition and solution.

In order to examine the detergency, we made a washing experiment in the following way. First, using four kinds of fabric such as cotton, silk, wool and polyester, we made two kinds of artificially stained cloth : one which was stained with volcanic ash and the other stained with oil and volcanic ash. And we washed them by using powder soap and the synthetic detergent that were both on the market. Finally the detergency was decided by the measurement of the surface reflectivity and the observation of the scanning electron microscope. The following results were gained. 1. The detergent efficiency of cotton was very high on both the cloth stained with ash and the one with oil and ash. Next the cloth of polyester was high in the detergent efficiency. On each cloth of silk and wool, the efficiency was very low. 2. With the respect to the detergent, the detergent efficiency of the synthetic detergent was much higher than that of powder soap on each of the stained cloth. 3. When we washed each cloth of silk and wool with powder soap, we got a very low detergent efficiency. On the cloth stained with ash, we received a good correlation between the result of observation of the scanning electron microscope and the detergent efficiency. But a lot of stains were observed after we washed it.

To get a basic data for the study of the degradation of fabric in washing, we measured the flexibility of the fabrics by the handle-o-meter. And to test the degree of their whiteness, we measured their reflectance. The fabrics used for the tests were five kinds : cotton, silk, wool, nylon, and acetate. The solutions used were six kinds ; distilled water, a soap solution (the strength is 3/1000), S.D.S. (the strength is 3/1000), a softening solution on the market (the strength is 1/1000), perchloroethylene, and a perchloroethylene solution (Aerosol OT is 1/100). Some of the soaked fadrics were kept in a room, the others were exposed to the sun. (1) Flexibility of the fabrics Cotton become firm when exposed to the sun. The fabrics soaked in any other solutions than perchloroethylene became soft or 'flabby'. Silk, when exposed to the sun, or soaked in any of the solutions, became less soft, the exposure or the soaking did silk rather harm in its flexibility or softness. As for nylon, a softening solution on the market proved quite efficacious on it. (2) Whiteness of the fabrics Silk showed most lowering of its whiteness when exposed to the sun, and the fabrics which had been soaked in any of the solutions and kept in a room showed no lowering in their whiteness. As for the fabrics exposed to the sun, cotton and silk which had been soaked in a soap solution (the strength is 3/1000) showed some lowering of their whiteness.

In order to examine the detergency and the redisposition of a polyester fiber, we made the tests using carbon-black as soil and examined its dispersion under the following testing conditions. Testing liquid (Ho…ion-exchange water, H_1…5°hard water) Detergents(Bo…100%E.P.O., B_1…25%E.P, O., 25%Na_5P_3O_, 50%Na_2SO_4) Strength of a detergent liquid(Co…1%, C_1…0.01%, C_2…0.05%, C_3…0.1%, C_4…0.2%, C_5…0.4%) As for the estimation of the detergency and the redeposition, we measured surface reflectivity rate, and as for the degree of dispersion after leaving untouched carbonblack solution for a fixed space of time. we measured its absorbances and by comparing them evaluated the degree of dispersion. Following are the thief results of the detergency and redeposition tests. (1) As for the detergency, ion-exchange water showed higher rate of detergency than hard water. And both ton-exchange water and hard water showed marked detergency when they were mixed with Na_5P_3O_. The B_1 detergent solution of more than 0.05% strength showed high degree of detergency. (2) As for the redeposition of a clean polyester fiber, hard water showed higher degree of detergency than ion-exchange water. As for the detergent agent the B_1 detergent showed high degree of detergency, in both cases of ion-exchange water and hard water. (3) As for the relation of the dispersion of carbon-black with the redeposition, the higher degree of dispersion it showed, the less the redeposition was. Therefore, we can suppose that the dispersion of carbon-black imposes effecfive check upon its redisposition.

Experiments were carried out with various fabrics to study both detergency and redeposition of dirts using Ferric Oxide mixed in water as model soils. The examined fabrics were cotton, polyester and poly-propylene. The results were as follows, (1) The examined fabrics dipped in water (H_2O) with Ferric Oxide were easily soiled in order of polypropylene, polyester and cotton. This results showed the reversal of the order of the consequence examined in CCl_4 with Fe_2O_3. (2) The detergency for cotton and polypropylene were a good efficiency, while polyester was inefficient.

In order to stuby the redeposition of ferric oxide and of carbon black, experiments were carried out with three kinds of synthetic fabric, nylon, polyester, polypropylene and with solution of surface-active agents, sodium dodecyle sulfate (S.D.S.), polyethylene nonyle-phenyl ether (E.P.O.). And in this cace four kinds of water which differed in hardness were used. The results were as follows : (1) The redeposition rate of Fe_2O_3 and of carbon black increased in proportion to the concentration of active agent, S.D.S. when nylon was used. In the case of polyester and polyplopylene, on the other hand, the lowest rate of the redeposition was recorded when the concentration of S.D.S. was at 0.2%. And the amounts of redeposition were remarkable in the case of each synthetic fablic in proportion as the concentration of active agent, E.P.O. was increased. (2) The redeposition rate of Fe_2O_3 and of carbon black was more influenced by th hardness of water in the solution of E.P.O. than in that of S.D.S.. And amounts of redeposition of carbon black were more susceptible to influences from the hardness of water than from those of redeposition of Fe_2O_3. (3) When the concentration of active agents, S.D.S., E.P.O., was strong the dispersion of carbon black was active. And when the hardness of water in the solution of S.D.S. and in that of E.P.O. was increased the dispersion of carbon blcak was inactive. In carbon black the disperting action was relative to the redeposition.

The 13C chemical shifts of 5-substituted polychlorobicyclo[2.2.1]heptene derivatives were determined. The chlorine, 5-endo and 5-exo substituent effects on the chemical shifts were discussed. The differences in the C3and C7 chemical shifts are shown to be helpful for the identification of the endo and exo isomers. A possible operation of the interaction of pi electrons with a carbon-chlorine dipole is also discussed.

The 13C and 19F chemical shifts induced by C–H···Base hydrogen bonding were measured for dichlorofluoromethane, chloroform, pentachloroethane, and trichloroethylene. These chemical shifts were shown to be linear using the β scale of hydrogen-bond acceptor basicities proposed by Kamlet and Taft. The analysis of the linear solvation energy relationships reveals that the particular polarizations of the C–halogen and C=C bonds play an important role in the C–H···Base hydrogen-bond formation.

Biphenyl-2-ol is composed of cis- and trans-isomers in CCl4 solution. The percentage of trans-isomer is estimated by comparison of i.r. intensities for solutions in basic solvents; the proportion of cis-isomer is obtained by comparison with 2,6-diphenylphenol.