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In order to solve the multiple target data association problem in underwater acoustic passive localization system, a new algorithm focus on data association in Time Difference of Arriva l(TDOA) is studied. Firstly, the zero-sum condition is used to select TDOA measurements according to the continuous measurement values within a certain period of time. Then, the selected TDOA measurements are associated with the multiple targets and the correct correlation probability is measured by the correlation degree. The algorithm is used in sea trial. Processing results show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively solve the TDOA measurement association problem, and can locate multiple targets at the same time.

Background: Enzalutamide has been approved clinically for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) but is limited by the emergence of resistance. RhoA has been shown to play a vital role in carcinogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. However, the role of RhoA in enzalu-tamide-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. Objective: This study investigated the role of RhoA and the associated mechanisms of RhoA deple-tion in enzalutamide resistance in CRPC. Methods: Western blotting, 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and colony formation assays were used to assess protein expression, survival, and proliferation of PCa cells, respectively. Xenograft experiments and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were used to detect further effects of RhoA on enzalutamide resistance in vivo. Results: In the present study, the expression of RhoA, ROCK2, p38, p-p38, and AR was upregulated in enzalutamide-resistant PCa cells treated with enzalutamide, and silencing of RhoA or ROCK2 attenuated enzalutamide-resistant cell proliferation and colony formation. Furthermore, the deletion of RhoA dramatically increased the efficacy of enzalutamide in inhibiting 22RV1-derived xenograft tumor growth. Additionally, there was no significant change in ROCK1 expression in C4-2R cells treated with or without enzalutamide. Mechanistically, the knockdown of RhoA expression reverted the resistance to enzalutamide via RhoA/ROCK2/p38 rather than RhoA/ROCK1/p38. Conclusion: Our results suggested that RhoA is a promising therapeutic target. As the inhibition of RhoA reverted enzalutamide resistance, it may increase its effectiveness in CRPC.

Using endophytic fungal elicitors to increase the accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites in plant tissue culture is an effective biotechnology strategy. In this study, a collection of 56 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from different organs of cultivated Panax ginseng, of which seven strains can be symbiotically co-cultured with the hairy roots of P. ginseng. Further experiments observed that strain 3R-2, identified as endophytic fungus Schizophyllum commune, can not only infect hairy roots but also promote the accumulation of specific ginsenosides. This was further verified because S. commune colonization significantly affected the overall metabolic profile of ginseng hairy roots. By comparing the effects of S. commune mycelia and its mycelia extract (EM) on ginsenoside production in P. ginseng hairy roots, the EM was confirmed to be a relatively better stimulus elicitor. Additionally, the introduction of EM elicitor can significantly enhance the expressions of key enzyme genes of pgHMGR, pgSS, pgSE, and pgSD involved in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides, which was deemed the most relevant factor for promoting ginsenosides production during the elicitation period. In conclusion, this study is the first to show that the EM of endophytic fungus S. commune can be considered as an effective endophytic fungal elicitor for increasing the biosynthesis of ginsenosides in hairy root cultures of P. ginseng.

Endoscopic thyroidectomy is popular among young patients because of its excellent cosmetic outcomes. But it takes a long time to become proficient and competent for surgeons. In addition, collaboration plays a critical role in endoscopic thyroidectomy. Our research aims to evaluate the learning curve of endoscopic thyroidectomy via breast areola approach, provide details of this approach, and demonstrate the importance of collaboration.The authors retrospectively analyzed 100 cases of benign and malignant thyroid disease who underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy via breast areola approach between January 2015 and December 2020, which were performed by the same group of surgeons with little experience of endoscopic thyroidectomy. The learning curve was analyzed by moving average method. The mean operation time, blood loss, tumor size, postoperative complications were used to determine learning curve progression.The learning curve in the first 30 cases were uplifted, stable at 30 to 60 cases and declined in the following cases. The mean operation time and blood loss decreased significant after the first 30 cases and again after the first 60 cases. And there was no difference in postoperative complications.A well-trained surgeon with experience in conventional open thyroidectomy can significantly reduce the total operation time by studying the learning curve. The key steps including establishment of working space and reaching for recurrent laryngeal nerve. A stable level can be achieved after 30 cases. More than 60 cases are required to become proficient. A successful endoscopic thyroid surgery requires a stable team.

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. is commonly used to treat vascular diseases because of its activity ingredients, phenolic acids, and tanshinones. Polysaccharide fraction (PSF) extracted from Trichoderma atroviride D16 could promote tanshinone accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted to describe the global gene expression of PSF-treatment hairy roots, and data analyses showed enzymes of tanshinone biosynthetic pathways were up-regulated, and genes associated to signal molecules and transcription factors were responsive. Endogenous H2O2, abscisic acid, and nitric oxide contents were measured after PSF treatment, while tanshinone accumulations were measured with treatment of exogenous H2O2 or H2O2 inhibitor on PSF-treatment S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. The results showed H2O2 was important in tanshinone biosynthesis caused by PSF and nitric oxide might be the downstream molecules of H2O2. Taken together, the study indicates that D16 PSF enhances the accumulation of tanshinones through enzymes of tanshinone biosynthetic pathways, signal molecules, and transcription factors.