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154. Einführung

Author

Fottner, Johannes, Galka, Stefan, Habenicht, Sebastian, Klenk, Eva, Meinhardt, Ingolf, Schmidt, Thorsten, Fottner, Johannes, Galka, Stefan, Habenicht, Sebastian, Klenk, Eva, Meinhardt, Ingolf, and Schmidt, Thorsten

Published
2022
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159. First report from the German COVID-19 autopsy registry

Author

Böcker, Jana, Schmidt, Jens, Tholen, Pauline, Majeed, Raphael, Wienströer, Jan, Weis, Joachim, Bremer, Juliane, Knüchel, Ruth, Breitbach, Anna, Cacchi, Claudio, Freeborn, Benita, Wucherpfennig, Sophie, Spring, Oliver, Braun, Georg, Römmele, Christoph, Märkl, Bruno, Claus, Rainer, Dhillon, Christine, Schaller, Tina, Sipos, Eva, Hirschbühl, Klaus, Wittmann, Michael, Kling, Elisabeth, Kröncke, Thomas, Heppner, Frank L., Meinhardt, Jenny, Radbruch, Helena, Streit, Simon, Horst, David, Elezkurtaj, Sefer, Quaas, Alexander, Göbel, Heike, Hansen, Torsten, Titze, Ulf, Lorenzen, Johann, Reuter, Thomas, Woloszyn, Jaroslaw, Baretton, Gustavo, Hilsenbeck, Julia, Meinhardt, Matthias, Pablik, Jessica, Sommer, Linna, Holotiuk, Olaf, Meinel, Meike, Mahlke, Nina, Esposito, Irene, Crudele, Graziano, Seidl, Maximilian, Amann, Kerstin U., Coras, Roland, Hartmann, Arndt, Eichhorn, Philip, Haller, Florian, Lange, Fabienne, Schmid, Kurt Werner, Ingenwerth, Marc, Rawitzer, Josefine, Theegarten, Dirk, Birngruber, Christoph G., Wild, Peter, Gradhand, Elise, Smith, Kevin, Werner, Martin, Schilling, Oliver, Acker, Till, Gattenlöhner, Stefan, Stadelmann, Christine, Metz, Imke, Franz, Jonas, Stork, Lidia, Thomas, Carolina, Zechel, Sabrina, Ströbel, Philipp, Wickenhauser, Claudia, Fathke, Christine, Harder, Anja, Ondruschka, Benjamin, Dietz, Eric, Edler, Carolin, Fitzek, Antonia, Fröb, Daniela, Heinemann, Axel, Heinrich, Fabian, Klein, Anke, Kniep, Inga, Lohner, Larissa, Möbius, Dustin, Püschel, Klaus, Schädler, Julia, Schröder, Ann-Sophie, Sperhake, Jan-Peter, Aepfelbacher, Martin, Fischer, Nicole, Lütgehetmann, Marc, Pfefferle, Susanne, Glatzel, Markus, Krasemann, Susanne, Matschke, Jakob, Jonigk, Danny, Werlein, Christopher, Schirmacher, Peter, Domke, Lisa Maria, Hartmann, Laura, Klein, Isabel Madeleine, Schwab, Constantin, Röcken, Christoph, Friemann, Johannes, Langer, Dorothea, Roth, Wilfried, Strobl, Stephanie, Rudelius, Martina, Stock, Konrad Friedrich, Weichert, Wilko, Delbridge, Claire, Kasajima, Atsuko, Kuhn, Peer-Hendrik, Slotta-Huspenina, Julia, Weirich, Gregor, Barth, Peter, Wardelmann, Eva, Evert, Katja, Büttner, Andreas, Manhart, Johannes, Nigbur, Stefan, Bittmann, Iris, Fend, Falko, Bösmüller, Hans, Granai, Massimo, Klingel, Karin, Warm, Verena, Steinestel, Konrad, Umathum, Vincent Gottfried, Rosenwald, Andreas, Kurz, Florian, Vogt, Niklas, von Stillfried, Saskia, Bülow, Roman David, Röhrig, Rainer, and Boor, Peter

Published
2022
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160. Emotion recognition and social functioning in individuals with autism spectrum condition and intellectual disability.

Author

Daniela Tamas, Nina Brkic Jovanovic, Stanka Stojkov, Danijela Cvijanović, and Bozana Meinhardt-Injac

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

ObjectiveMost previous studies have examined emotion recognition in autism spectrum condition (ASC) without intellectual disability (ID). However, ASC and ID co-occur to a high degree. The main aims of the study were to examine emotion recognition in individuals with ASC and co-occurring intellectual disability (ASC-ID) as compared to individuals with ID alone, and to investigate the relationship between emotion recognition and social functioning.MethodsThe sample consisted of 30 adult participants with ASC-ID and a comparison group of 29 participants with ID. Emotion recognition was assessed by the facial emotions test, while. social functioning was assessed by the social responsiveness scale-second edition (SRS-2).ResultsThe accuracy of emotion recognition was significantly lower in individuals with ASC-ID compared to the control group with ID, especially when it came to identifying angry and fearful emotions. Participants with ASC-ID exhibited more pronounced difficulties in social functioning compared to those with ID, and there was a significant negative correlation between emotion recognition and social functioning. However, emotion recognition accounted for only 8% of the variability observed in social functioning.ConclusionOur data indicate severe difficulties in the social-perceptual domain and in everyday social functioning in individuals with ASC-ID.

Published
2024
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162. Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome: Update from the ESID Registry and comparison with other autoimmune-lymphoproliferative inborn errors of immunity

Author

Seidel, Markus G., Seppänen, Mikko R.J., Gennery, Andrew, Kanariou, Maria G., Tantou, Sofia, Grigoriadou, Sofia, Cericola, Gabriella, Hanitsch, Leif G., Scheibenbogen, Carmen, Hlaváčková, Eva O., Krivan, Gergely, McGuire, Frances K., Leahy, Timothy Ronan, Edgar, John David M., Bakhtiar, Shahrzad, Bader, Peter, Rohner, Geraldine Blanchard, Haerynck, Filomeen, Claes, Karlien, Lehmberg, Kai, Müller, Ingo, Farmand, Susan, Fasshauer, Maria, Graf, Dagmar, Neves, Joao Farela, Kostyuchenko, Larysa, Gonzalez-Granado, Luis Ignacio, Jeseňák, Miloš, Carrabba, Maria, Fabio, Giovanna, Pignata, Claudio, Giardino, Giuliana, Karadağ, Ilknur Kökçü, Yıldıran, Alişan, Hancioglu, Gonca, Králíčková, Pavlína, Steinmann, Sandra, Pietrucha, Barbara Maria, Gernert, Michael, Soomann, Maarja, Witte, Torsten, Markocsy, Adam, Wolska-Kusnierz, Beata, Randrianomenjanahary, Philippe, Rouger, Jérémie, Kostaridou, Stavroula, Zabara, Dariia V., Rodina, Yulia A., Shvets, Oksana A., Maccari, Maria Elena, Wolkewitz, Martin, Schwab, Charlotte, Lorenzini, Tiziana, Leiding, Jennifer W., Aladjdi, Nathalie, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abou-Chahla, Wadih, Aiuti, Alessandro, Azarnoush, Saba, Baris, Safa, Barlogis, Vincent, Barzaghi, Federica, Baumann, Ulrich, Bloomfield, Marketa, Bohynikova, Nadezda, Bodet, Damien, Boutboul, David, Bucciol, Giorgia, Buckland, Matthew S., Burns, Siobhan O., Cancrini, Caterina, Cathébras, Pascal, Cavazzana, Marina, Cheminant, Morgane, Chinello, Matteo, Ciznar, Peter, Coulter, Tanya I., D’Aveni, Maud, Ekwall, Olov, Eric, Zelimir, Eren, Efrem, Fasth, Anders, Frange, Pierre, Fournier, Benjamin, Garcia-Prat, Marina, Gardembas, Martine, Geier, Christoph, Ghosh, Sujal, Goda, Vera, Hammarström, Lennart, Hauck, Fabian, Heeg, Maximilian, Heropolitanska-Pliszka, Edyta, Hilfanova, Anna, Jolles, Stephen, Karakoc-Aydiner, Elif, Kindle, Gerhard R., Kiykim, Ayca, Klemann, Christian, Koletsi, Patra, Koltan, Sylwia, Kondratenko, Irina, Körholz, Julia, Krüger, Renate, Jeziorski, Eric, Levy, Romain, Le Guenno, Guillaume, Lefevre, Guillaume, Lougaris, Vassilios, Marzollo, Antonio, Mahlaoui, Nizar, Malphettes, Marion, Meinhardt, Andrea, Merlin, Etienne, Meyts, Isabelle, Milota, Tomas, Moreira, Fernando, Moshous, Despina, Mukhina, Anna, Neth, Olaf, Neubert, Jennifer, Neven, Benedicte, Nieters, Alexandra, Nove-Josserand, Raphaele, Oksenhendler, Eric, Ozen, Ahmet, Olbrich, Peter, Perlat, Antoinette, Pac, Malgorzata, Schmid, Jana Pachlopnik, Pacillo, Lucia, Parra-Martinez, Alba, Paschenko, Olga, Pellier, Isabelle, Sefer, Asena Pinar, Plebani, Alessandro, Plantaz, Dominique, Prader, Seraina, Raffray, Loic, Ritterbusch, Henrike, Riviere, Jacques G., Rivalta, Beatrice, Rusch, Stephan, Sakovich, Inga, Savic, Sinisa, Scheible, Raphael, Schleinitz, Nicolas, Schuetz, Catharina, Schulz, Ansgar, Sediva, Anna, Semeraro, Michaela, Sharapova, Svetlana O., Shcherbina, Anna, Slatter, Mary A., Sogkas, Georgios, Soler-Palacin, Pere, Speckmann, Carsten, Stephan, Jean-Louis, Suarez, Felipe, Tommasini, Alberto, Trück, Johannes, Uhlmann, Annette, van Aerde, Koen J., van Montfrans, Joris, von Bernuth, Horst, Warnatz, Klaus, Williams, Tony, Worth, Austen J.J., Ip, Winnie, Picard, Capucine, Catherinot, Emilie, Nademi, Zohreh, Grimbacher, Bodo, Forbes Satter, Lisa R., Kracker, Sven, Chandra, Anita, Condliffe, Alison M., and Ehl, Stephan

Published
2023
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164. Deduction Theorem: The Problematic Nature of Common Practice in Game Theory

Author

Meinhardt, Holger I.

Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

We consider the Deduction Theorem used in the literature of game theory to run a purported proof by contradiction. In the context of game theory, it is stated that if we have a proof of $\phi \vdash \varphi$, then we also have a proof of $\phi \Rightarrow \varphi$. Hence, the proof of $\phi \Rightarrow \varphi$ is deduced from a previously known statement. However, we argue that one has to manage to establish that a proof exists for the clauses $\phi$ and $\varphi$, i.e., they are known true statements in order to show that $\phi \vdash \varphi$ is provable, and that therefore $\phi \Rightarrow \varphi$ is provable as well. Thus, we are not allowed to assume that the clause $\phi$ or $\varphi$ is a true statement. This leads immediately to a wrong conclusion. Apart from this, we stress to other facts why the Deduction Theorem is not applicable to run a proof by contradiction. Finally, we present an example from industrial cooperation where the Deduction Theorem is not correctly applied with the consequence that the obtained result contradicts the well-known aggregation issue., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

Published
2019

165. Tracking without bells and whistles

Author

Bergmann, Philipp, Meinhardt, Tim, and Leal-Taixe, Laura

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

The problem of tracking multiple objects in a video sequence poses several challenging tasks. For tracking-by-detection, these include object re-identification, motion prediction and dealing with occlusions. We present a tracker (without bells and whistles) that accomplishes tracking without specifically targeting any of these tasks, in particular, we perform no training or optimization on tracking data. To this end, we exploit the bounding box regression of an object detector to predict the position of an object in the next frame, thereby converting a detector into a Tracktor. We demonstrate the potential of Tracktor and provide a new state-of-the-art on three multi-object tracking benchmarks by extending it with a straightforward re-identification and camera motion compensation. We then perform an analysis on the performance and failure cases of several state-of-the-art tracking methods in comparison to our Tracktor. Surprisingly, none of the dedicated tracking methods are considerably better in dealing with complex tracking scenarios, namely, small and occluded objects or missing detections. However, our approach tackles most of the easy tracking scenarios. Therefore, we motivate our approach as a new tracking paradigm and point out promising future research directions. Overall, Tracktor yields superior tracking performance than any current tracking method and our analysis exposes remaining and unsolved tracking challenges to inspire future research directions.

Published
2019
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167. Unbounded circumambient patterns in segmental phonology

Author

McCollum, Adam G, Bakovic, Eric, Mai, Anna, and Meinhardt, Eric

Subjects
Cognitive Sciences, Linguistics, Languages & Linguistics
Abstract

We present an empirical challenge to Jardine's (2016) assertion that only tonal spreading patterns can be unbounded circumambient, meaning that the determination of a phonological value may depend on information that is an unbounded distance away on both sides. We focus on a demonstration that the ATR harmony pattern found in Tutrugbu is unbounded circumambient, and we also cite several other segmental spreading processes with the same general character. We discuss implications for the complexity of phonology and for the relationship between the explanation of typology and the evaluation of phonological theories.

Published
2020

170. Prospective Newborn Screening for SCID in Germany: A First Analysis by the Pediatric Immunology Working Group (API)

Author

Speckmann, Carsten, Nennstiel, Uta, Hönig, Manfred, Albert, Michael H., Ghosh, Sujal, Schuetz, Catharina, Brockow, Inken, Hörster, Friederike, Niehues, Tim, Ehl, Stephan, Wahn, Volker, Borte, Stephan, Lehmberg, Kai, Baumann, Ulrich, Beier, Rita, Krüger, Renate, Bakhtiar, Shahrzad, Kuehl, Joern-Sven, Klemann, Christian, Kontny, Udo, Holzer, Ursula, Meinhardt, Andrea, Morbach, Henner, Naumann-Bartsch, Nora, Rothoeft, Tobias, Kreins, Alexandra Y., Davies, E. Graham, Schneider, Dominik T., Bernuth, Horst v., Klingebiel, Thomas, Hoffmann, Georg F., Schulz, Ansgar, and Hauck, Fabian

Published
2023
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172. Identification of Epigenetically Regulated Genes Distinguishing Intracranial from Extracranial Melanoma Metastases

Author

Westphal, Dana, Meinhardt, Matthias, Grützmann, Konrad, Schöne, Lisa, Steininger, Julian, Neuhaus, Lena T., Wiegel, Miriam, Schrimpf, Daniel, Aust, Daniela E., Schröck, Evelin, Baretton, Gustavo B., Beissert, Stefan, Juratli, Tareq A., Schackert, Gabriele G., Gravemeyer, Jan, Becker, Jürgen C., von Deimling, Andreas, Koelsche, Christian, Klink, Barbara, Meier, Friedegund, Schulz, Alexander, Muders, Michael H., and Seifert, Michael

Published
2023
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174. NF-κB/RelA controlled A20 limits TRAIL-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer

Author

Claudia Geismann, Charlotte Hauser, Frauke Grohmann, Christian Schneeweis, Nico Bölter, Jan-Paul Gundlach, Günter Schneider, Christoph Röcken, Christian Meinhardt, Heiner Schäfer, Stefan Schreiber, and Alexander Arlt

Subjects
Cytology, QH573-671
Abstract

Abstract The emergence of resistance to systemic therapies in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still a major obstacle in clinical practice. Both, constitutive and inducible NF-κB activity are known as key players in this context. To identify differentially expressed and TRAIL resistance mediating NF-κB target genes, TRAIL sensitive and resistant PDAC cell lines were analyzed by transcriptome assays. In this context, A20 was identified as an NF-κB/RelA inducible target gene. Translational PDAC tissue analysis confirmed the correlation of elevated A20 protein expression with activated RelA expression in PDAC patients. In in vitro experiments, an elevated A20 expression is accompanied by a specific resistance toward TRAIL-mediated apoptosis but not to chemotherapeutic-induced cell death. This TRAIL resistance was attributed to A20´s E3-ligase activity-mediating Zink finger domain. Furthermore, the ubiquitin-binding scaffold protein p62 was identified as indispensable for the TRAIL-mediated apoptosis-inducing pathway affected by A20. The results of this study identify A20 as a possible therapeutic target to affect resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in PDAC cells.

Published
2023
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176. Revisiting autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome caused by Fas ligand mutations

Author

Maccari, Maria Elena, Schneider, Pascal, Smulski, Cristian Roberto, Meinhardt, Andrea, Pinto, Fernando, Gonzalez-Granado, Luis Ignacio, Schuetz, Catharina, Sica, Mauricio Pablo, Gross, Miriam, Fuchs, Ilka, Kury, Patrick, Heeg, Maximilian, Vocat, Tatjana, Willen, Laure, Thomas, Caroline, Hühn, Regina, Magerus, Aude, Lorenz, Myriam, Schwarz, Klaus, Rieux-Laucat, Frederic, Ehl, Stephan, and Rensing-Ehl, Anne

Published
2023
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178. Correction: EGFL7 loss correlates with increased VEGF-D expression, upregulating hippocampal adult neurogenesis and improving spatial learning and memory

Author

Barth, Kathrin, Vasić, Verica, McDonald, Brennan, Heinig, Nora, Wagner, Marc Christoph, Schumann, Ulrike, Röhlecke, Cora, Bicker, Frank, Schumann, Lana, Radyushkin, Konstantin, Baumgart, Jan, Tenzer, Stefan, Zipp, ·Frauke, Meinhardt, Matthias, Alitalo, Kari, Tegeder, Irmgard, and Schmidt, Mirko H. H.

Published
2023
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179. Cataloging SCN resistance loci in North American public soybean breeding programs

Author

Anser Mahmood, Kristin D. Bilyeu, Mária Škrabišová, Jana Biová, Elizabeth J. De Meyer, Clinton G. Meinhardt, Mariola Usovsky, Qijian Song, Aaron J. Lorenz, Melissa G. Mitchum, Grover Shannon, and Andrew M. Scaboo

Subjects
soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), SCN (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), resistance to Heterodera glycines 1 (Rhg1), genome wide association study (GWAS), α-soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein (α-SNAP), Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a destructive pathogen of soybeans responsible for annual yield loss exceeding $1.5 billion in the United States. Here, we conducted a series of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to understand the genetic landscape of SCN resistance in the University of Missouri soybean breeding programs (Missouri panel), as well as germplasm and cultivars within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Uniform Soybean Tests—Northern Region (NUST). For the Missouri panel, we evaluated the resistance of breeding lines to SCN populations HG 2.5.7 (Race 1), HG 1.2.5.7 (Race 2), HG 0 (Race 3), HG 2.5.7 (Race 5), and HG 1.3.6.7 (Race 14) and identified seven quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with SCN resistance on chromosomes 2, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 18. Additionally, we evaluated breeding lines in the NUST panel for resistance to SCN populations HG 2.5.7 (Race 1) and HG 0 (Race 3), and we found three SCN resistance-associated QTNs on chromosomes 7 and 18. Through these analyses, we were able to decipher the impact of seven major genetic loci, including three novel loci, on resistance to several SCN populations and identified candidate genes within each locus. Further, we identified favorable allelic combinations for resistance to individual SCN HG types and provided a list of available germplasm for integration of these unique alleles into soybean breeding programs. Overall, this study offers valuable insight into the landscape of SCN resistance loci in U.S. public soybean breeding programs and provides a framework to develop new and improved soybean cultivars with diverse plant genetic modes of SCN resistance.

Published
2023
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180. Future Directions in the Diagnosis and Treatment of APDS and IEI: a Survey of German IEI Centers

Author

Sven Vanselow, Leif Hanitsch, Fabian Hauck, Julia Körholz, Maria-Elena Maccari, Andrea Meinhardt, Georgios Sogkas, Catharina Schuetz, and Bodo Grimbacher

Subjects
PID, IEI, APDS, immunodeficiency, stem cell transplantation, HSCT, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

IntroductionThe diagnosis and treatment of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) is a major challenge as the individual conditions are rare and often characterized by a variety of symptoms, which are often non disease-specific. Ideally, patients are treated in dedicated centers by physicians who specialize in the management of primary immune disorders. In this study, we used the example of Activated PI3Kδ syndrome (APDS), a rare IEI with an estimated prevalence of 1:1,000,000. We conducted surveys by questionnaire and interviewed physicians at different IEI centers in Germany.MethodsWe queried structural aspects of IEI care in Germany, diagnostic procedures in IEI care (including molecular diagnostics), distribution of APDS patients, APDS symptoms and severity, treatment algorithms in APDS, the role of stem cell transplantation and targeted therapies in IEI with focus on APDS. We were especially interested in how genetic diagnostics may influence treatment decisions, e.g. with regard to targeted therapies.Results/discussionMost centers care for both pediatric and adult patients. A total of 28 APDS patients are currently being treated at the centers we surveyed. Patient journeys vary considerably, as does severity of disease. Genetic diagnosis continues to gain importance - whole genome sequencing is likely to become routine in IEI in the next few years. According to the experts interviewed, stem cell transplantation and - with new molecules being approved - targeted therapies, will gain in importance for the treatment of APDS and IEI in general.

Published
2023
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181. The ego in psychedelic drug action – ego defenses, ego boundaries, and the therapeutic role of regression

Author

Tobias Buchborn, Hannes S. Kettner, Laura Kärtner, and Marcus W. Meinhardt

Subjects
psychedelics, ego regression, ego defenses, ego boundary, character, psycholytic therapy, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

The ego is one of the most central psychological constructs in psychedelic research and a key factor in psychotherapy, including psychedelic-assisted forms of psychotherapy. Despite its centrality, the ego-construct remains ambiguous in the psychedelic literature. Therefore, we here review the theoretical background of the ego-construct with focus on its psychodynamic conceptualization. We discuss major functions of the ego including ego boundaries, defenses, and synthesis, and evaluate the role of the ego in psychedelic drug action. According to the psycholytic paradigm, psychedelics are capable of inducing regressed states of the ego that are less protected by the ego’s usual defensive apparatus. In such states, core early life conflicts may emerge that have led to maladaptive ego patterns. We use the psychodynamic term character in this paper as a potential site of change and rearrangement; character being the chronic and habitual patterns the ego utilizes to adapt to the everyday challenges of life, including a preferred set of defenses. We argue that in order for psychedelic-assisted therapy to successfully induce lasting changes to the ego’s habitual patterns, it must psycholytically permeate the characterological core of the habits. The primary working principle of psycholytic therapy therefore is not the state of transient ego regression alone, but rather the regressively favored emotional integration of those early life events that have shaped the foundation, development, and/or rigidification of a person’s character – including his or her defense apparatus. Aiming for increased flexibility of habitual ego patterns, the psycholytic approach is generally compatible with other forms of psychedelic-assisted therapy, such as third wave cognitive behavioral approaches.

Published
2023
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193. Where Are we with Inclusive Digital Further Education? Accessibility Through Digitalization

Author

Branig, Meinhardt, Engel, Christin, Schmalfuß-Schwarz, Jan, Müller, Emma Franziska, Weber, Gerhard, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Auer, Michael E., editor, Hortsch, Hanno, editor, Michler, Oliver, editor, and Köhler, Thomas, editor

Published
2022
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197. Lifting Layers: Analysis and Applications

Author

Ochs, Peter, Meinhardt, Tim, Leal-Taixe, Laura, and Moeller, Michael

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing
Abstract

The great advances of learning-based approaches in image processing and computer vision are largely based on deeply nested networks that compose linear transfer functions with suitable non-linearities. Interestingly, the most frequently used non-linearities in imaging applications (variants of the rectified linear unit) are uncommon in low dimensional approximation problems. In this paper we propose a novel non-linear transfer function, called lifting, which is motivated from a related technique in convex optimization. A lifting layer increases the dimensionality of the input, naturally yields a linear spline when combined with a fully connected layer, and therefore closes the gap between low and high dimensional approximation problems. Moreover, applying the lifting operation to the loss layer of the network allows us to handle non-convex and flat (zero-gradient) cost functions. We analyze the proposed lifting theoretically, exemplify interesting properties in synthetic experiments and demonstrate its effectiveness in deep learning approaches to image classification and denoising.

Published
2018

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